Hindawi

Shock and Vibration

Volume 2017, Article ID 9135715, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9135715

Research Article
Dynamic Modeling and Characteristic Analysis of Floating Raft
System with Attached Pipes

Longlong Ren,1,2,3 Yang Li,4 Xiuchang Huang,1,2,3 and Hongxing Hua1,2,3

1
Institute of Vibration, Shock and Noise, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Shanghai 200240, China
4
Information Science and Engineering School, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Longlong Ren; renlonglong@sjtu.edu.cn

Received 18 January 2017; Accepted 3 April 2017; Published 20 April 2017

Academic Editor: Tony Murmu

Copyright © 2017 Longlong Ren et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The vibration transmission performance of a floating raft system with attached pipes is investigated in this paper. The
frequency response function-based (FRF-based) substructure synthesizing method whose accuracy has been verified by numerical
simulations and experiment is applied for modeling the system. The power flow through the transmission paths is used for exploring
the additional vibration transmission path provided by the attached pipes. The results show that the existence of the additional
transmission paths caused by the pipes breaks the symmetries of the system, which leads to the enhancement of the coupling
between each substructure. Consequently, it degrades the vibration isolation performance of the raft system. Moreover, a parametric
study is performed to investigate the effects on the mean-square velocity of the hull of the attached pipes, which gives a brief
guideline for designing the attached pipes.

1. Introduction floating raft vibration isolation system through the theory

of flexible multibody dynamics and some typical nonlinear
Floating raft system is widely used in ships and submarines phenomena, such as subharmonics, superharmonics, and
due to its excellent performance on vibration isolation and attractor coexistence, were observed through time domain
noise reduction. The prediction and control of vibration analysis. However, the method on the basis of the neglecting
isolation performance are the critical issues in designing a of the flexibility of the system is largely limited and, besides,
floating raft system. With the rapid developments of the it also can lead to serious deviation. In order to consider the
acoustic design of submarine, the demand for more precise flexibility of the system, many common numerical simulation
and efficient modeling of floating raft system is becoming methods are developed. Being the most common one, finite
urgent. element method (FEM) brings tremendous convenience to
In the past decades, many researches have been done the response calculation of a complex dynamic system in
on the floating raft system, and most of these works were the low frequency range [5]. Jenkins et al. [6] used FEM
based on two-stage isolation theory [1]. Nelson [2] studied to demonstrate the detailed characteristics of a typical raft-
the vibration isolation of a floating raft system, where the isolator-receiver system via secondary force inputs. Zhang
raft was considered as a rigid body and a design guide for et al. [7] studied the effectiveness of improving the low
the selection of vibration isolation equipment was produced. frequency vibration isolation performance of the floating
Gardonio et al. [3] established the vibration transmission raft system by setting dynamic vibration absorbers on the
equation of a low frequency isolation system based on multi- raft based on FEM. Nevertheless, FEM is only suitable for
rigid-body dynamics. Zhang et al. [4] analyzed the influence the system modeling with good accuracy in low frequency
of the nonlinearity of the rigid-flexible coupling nonlinear range; what is more, with the increment of the elements,
2 Shock and Vibration

the computational expense will soar and rounding error will

occur [8]. In most studies, the raft and the base are usually Cable
simplified as beams [9], plates [10–12], cylindrical shells [13], Hull
or other flexible structure [14–16]. In accordance with the
requirement of the engineering practice, the precise model of Machinery Machinery
Shaft
the raft system is demanded. As we all know, the complexity
of floating raft system is mainly induced by the following Upper Pipe
isolator
three facts: multiexcitation caused by multimachinery on
board, the hardly negligible flexibility of the raft and base,
and the intense coupling effect between the substructures
[9]. In consequence of deficiencies of aforementioned meth- Floating
raft
ods, the synthesis methods like mobility/impedance syn-
thesizing method, four-pole parameter method, frequency Lower
response function-based (FRF-based) substructure synthe- isolator
sizing method, and so on were proposed. Choi et al. [17]
investigated the force and power transmitted to the base Base
structure by the mobility/impedance synthesis method. The
four-pole parameter method [18] is a classical method for
achieving dynamic characteristics of a coupled system con-
nected in series or in parallel. Ha and Kim [19] extended Figure 1: Sketch of the floating raft system with attached equipment.
this method from original single-input/single-output (SISO)
system to multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) system.
Huang et al. [20] studied the vibration transmission and
vibroacoustic optimization of a cylindrical shell immersed ideal two-stage isolation system usually cannot be achieved in
in water and a floating raft attached to it on the inside practical floating raft system [26]. The differences of isolation
based on FRF-based substructure synthesizing method. It performance between theoretical model and practical model
is worth mentioning that the well-developed FRF-based call for a more precise modeling of floating raft system and
substructure synthesizing method adopted in the present a deep discussion of the coupling mechanism of attached
paper has an advantage in incorporating both the numerical equipment and other substructures.
and experimental FRFs of subsystems into the whole system The aim of this paper is therefore to develop a gener-
model [21, 22]. alized FRF-based dynamic modeling method of a practical
Transmissibility has often been used in the evaluation of floating raft system with attached pipes, attaining a deeper
vibration performance. Beyond mobility, the use of power understanding on its vibration performance. Numerical
flow in the problem of floating raft system is very valuable simulations by the FEM and experimental study are then
because it combines both force and velocity in a single conducted to validate the present method, respectively. Sub-
quantity. The concept of power flow incorporating both force sequently, a general discussion is provided to reveal the power
and velocity characteristics was proposed by Goyder and flow characteristics of the system with and without attached
White [23], who used the rate of power flow to represent pipes. Furthermore, a parametric study is performed to
the dynamic response of beams and plates. By using space- investigate the influence of the mass and connecting stiffness
harmonic analysis method, Yan et al. [24] studied the char- of the attached pipes on the mean-square velocity of the
acteristics of the vibrational power flow propagation in an hull. The work of this paper may provide a reference for
infinite periodic ring-stiffened cylindrical shell immersed the design of attached equipment in a practical floating raft
in water. Xiong et al. [25] developed a hybrid active and system.
passive vibration control approach by treating the total power
flow transmission as performance index and a hybrid con- 2. Model Description and Solution
trol mechanism demonstrated from the viewpoint of power
flow. As shown in Figure 1, a typical floating raft system usually
From a review of the literature, it appears that the consists of machineries, floating raft, base-hull, and vibration
traditional modeling of the floating raft system only con- isolators. Moreover, there are many attached equipment like
cerns the vibration transmission along the supporting path shafting, pipes, cables, and so on. Since the attached equip-
(machineries-raft-base) while neglecting the influence of the ment are connected with other components of the system, for
nonsupporting attached equipment like pipes, cables, and so example, the floating raft and hull, they may bring not only
on. A great amount of engineering practices indicate that additional stiffness and mass for the system but also some
the attached equipment becomes the major vibration trans- extra paths for the vibration transmission. Thus, the vibration
mission path in the frequency domains dominated by the energy which is generated by the running machineries
resonances of it; thus they cannot be ignored. Therefore, with will be transmitted to the hull along various paths, which
the introduction of the disturbance we mentioned before, a dramatically increases the complexity of dynamic modeling
40 dB/decade vibration isolation performance possessed by of the system.
Shock and Vibration 3

D D D

B P B B P

A A A

(a) (b)

Figure 2: (a) Sketch of the FRF coupling of the synthesis; (b) synthesizing process.

In this paper, a FRF-based substructure synthesizing isolators. x̃1 , x̃2 , ̃f1 , ̃f2 denote the displacement and force
method is chosen for modeling the floating raft system vector at both ends of the isolators. Taking the effects of the
with attached pipes. The whole system can be divided into mounting angles into account, then
five substructures: the base-hull 𝐴, the floating raft 𝐵, the
machineries 𝐷, the attached pipes 𝑃, and the vibration ̃ 𝑆 (T𝐴) , −1
isolators. The correlation of these substructures is shown Z𝑆11 = T𝐴Z 11
in Figure 2(a). And the following part is the synthesizing −1
process on the basis of the general joint description method ̃ 𝑆 (T𝐵 ) ,
Z𝑆12 = T𝐴Z 12
developed by Liu and Ewins [21]. As shown in Figure 2(b), the (3)
̃𝑆 𝐴 −1
FRF-based substructure synthesizing method is used three Z𝑆21 = T𝐵 Z21 (T ) ,
times to synthesize 𝐴 and 𝐵 with the participation of the
lower isolators at first, and then synthesize A-B and 𝐷 with −1
̃ 𝑆 (T𝐵 ) ,
Z𝑆22 = T𝐵 Z
the participation of upper isolators, and lastly synthesize A-B- 22
D and 𝑃 with the participation of corresponding isolators. As
a consequence, the FRF representation of the entire floating where T denotes the transformation matrix; its elements are
raft system can be obtained, which brings about the force the direction cosines of the axes of the isolators. If the isolators
or displacement expressions. Before synthesizing, the FRF are mounted vertically, T is an identity matrix.
representation of the substructures A, B, D, and 𝑃 can be The FRF representation of base-hull 𝐴 and raft 𝐵 which
expressed as follows: are connected through the lower isolators after the first
synthesizing process is [9]
x𝑖sub Hsub
𝑖𝑖 Hsub
𝑖𝑐 f𝑖sub
{ sub } = [ sub sub ] { sub } , (1) 𝐴
H𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴
H𝐴𝐵 F𝐴
{ X𝐼,1 }
} 𝐼𝐼,1 H𝐼𝐼,1 H𝐼𝐶,1 𝐼𝐶,1 { 𝐼,1 }
x𝑐 H𝑐𝑖 H𝑐𝑐 f𝑐 {
{
{ 𝐵 }
} [ 𝐵𝐵 ] {
{
]{ 𝐵 } }
}
{
{ X𝐼,1 }
} [ H𝐵𝐼𝐼,1 H𝐵𝐴 {
H𝐼𝐶,1 ] { F𝐼,1 }}
[ 𝐼𝐶,1
{ 𝐴 }
= [ ]
𝐴𝐵 ] { 𝐴 }
, (4)
where H is the FRF matrix of the substructures. x and f, {
{ }
X𝐶,1 } [ 𝐴
H𝐶𝐶,1 H𝐶𝐶,1 ] {{ F𝐶,1 }
}
{ } [ { }
respectively, denote the displacement vectors and the force { 𝐵 }
{ } {
{ }
}
{X𝐶,1 } [ sym H𝐵𝐶𝐶,1 ] {F𝐵𝐶,1 }
vectors. The superscript subrepresents the substructures A,
B, D, and 𝑃. The subscript 𝑖 represents the internal points
including the excited points and the inspection points before where the subscript 1 after comma denotes the results after the
synthesizing. The subscript 𝑐 represents the coupling points first synthesizing process. The subscripts 𝐼 and 𝐶 represent
which are coupled with isolators before the corresponding the internal points and coupling point after synthesizing,
synthesizing process. respectively. And
The isolators are analytically described as impedance
matrix H𝐴
𝐼𝐼,1

̃f 𝑆 ̃𝑆 Z
Z ̃𝑆 x̃1𝑆 = H𝐴
𝑖𝑖
1 11 12
{ }=[ 𝑆 ] { }, (2)
̃f 𝑆 ̃ Z
Z ̃𝑆 x̃ 𝑆
+ H𝐴 + 𝐵 1 𝐵 1 1+ 1 1+ 1 𝐴
2 21 22 2 𝑖𝑐 D1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z21 − H𝑐𝑐 Z22 Z12 Z11 − Z12 Z11 ) H𝑐𝑖 ,

where the superscript 𝑆 is 1, 2, or 3, which represents the lower H𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵

𝐼𝐼,1 = −H𝑖𝑐 D1 H𝑐𝑖 ,
isolators, upper isolators, and the isolators on the attached
̃ denotes the impedance matrix of the
pipes, respectively. Z H𝐴𝐴 𝐴 + 𝐵 1 1+
𝐼𝐶,1 = H𝑖𝑐 D1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z22 + I) Z12 ,
4 Shock and Vibration

H𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝐼𝐶,1 = −H𝑖𝑐 D1 H𝑐𝑐 , H𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝐶𝐶,1 = −H𝑐𝑐 D1 H𝑐𝑐 ,

H𝐵𝐼𝐼,1 H𝐵𝐶𝐶,1 = H𝐵𝑐𝑐 D+𝑇 𝐴 1 1+

1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z11 + I) Z21 ,

= H𝐵𝑖𝑖 D+1

+ H𝐵𝑖𝑐 D+𝑇 𝐴 1 𝐴 1 1+ 1 1+ 1 𝐵
1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z12 − H𝑐𝑐 Z11 Z21 Z22 − Z21 Z22 ) H𝑐𝑖 , = H𝐵𝑐𝑐 (Z22 Z+12 Z11 − Z21 ) H𝐴
𝑐𝑐

H𝐵𝐴 𝐵 +𝑇 𝐴
𝐼𝐶,1 = −H𝑖𝑐 D1 H𝑐𝑐 ,
+ (H𝐵𝑐𝑐 Z22 Z+12 + Z+12 Z11 H𝐴 +
𝑐𝑐 ) + Z12 .
(5)
H𝐵𝐵 𝐵 +𝑇 𝐴 1 1+
𝐼𝐶,1 = H𝑖𝑐 D1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z11 + I) Z21 ,
And continuing the synthesizing process twice, one can
H𝐴 𝐴 + 𝐵 1 1+
𝐶𝐶,1 = H𝑐𝑐 D1 (H𝑐𝑐 Z22 + I) Z12 , obtain the whole FRF representation of the system as follows:

𝑃 𝑃
X𝐼,3 } 𝑃𝑃
H𝐼𝐼,3 { F
{
{ }
sym { 𝐼,3 } }
{
{ }
} [ ]{{
{
}
}
}
{ 𝐷 }
{ X𝐼,3 } [ 𝐷𝑃 ]{{F }𝐷 }
{
{
{
}
}
}
[ H𝐼𝐼,3
[ H𝐷𝐷
𝐼𝐼,3
]{
]{{ 𝐼,3 }
}
}
{
{ }
} [ ]{{ }
}
{
{ 𝐵 } } [ 𝐵𝑃 ]{{ 𝐵 } }
{
{ X }
} H𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐵
]{{ F }
}
{
{
𝐼,3 } [
}
H
[ 𝐼𝐼,3 𝐼𝐼,3 H𝐼𝐼,3 ]{{ 𝐼,3 }
}
{
{ }
} ]{{ }
{
{ 𝐴 } }
[
[ 𝐴𝑃 ]{{ 𝐴 } }
}
{ X𝐶,3 } [H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴 { F }
{
{
{
}
}
} [ 𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 ]{
]{{ 𝐶,3 }}
}
{
{ 𝐵 } } [ 𝐵𝑃 ]{{ }
}
{
{ }
} [ ]{{ 𝐵 } }
{X𝐶,3 }
{ } [H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 ]{{ 𝐶,3 }
{ F }
{
{ }
} [ ]{ }
}
{
{ 𝐷 } } [ 𝐷𝑃 ]{{ 𝐷 } }
X [H
𝐶,3 } = [ 𝐶𝐼,3
H𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷
𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 ] F
𝐶,3 } , (6)
{
{ } ]{
{
{ }
} [ ]{{ }
}
{
{ 𝐴 } } [ ]{{
{
}
}
{ X𝐼,3
{ } [ H𝐴𝑃
} H𝐴𝐷 H𝐴𝐵 H𝐴𝐴 H𝐴𝐵 H𝐴𝐷 H𝐴𝐴 ]{{ F𝐼,3 }
𝐴 }
}
{
{ }
} [ 𝐼𝐼,3 𝐼𝐼,3 𝐼𝐼,3 𝐼𝐶,3 𝐼𝐶,3 𝐼𝐶,3 𝐼𝐼,3 ]{ }
{
{ }
} [ ]{{
{
}
}
}
{
{ 𝑃 } } [H𝑃𝑃 ]{ 𝑃 }
H𝑃𝐷 ]{ F𝐶,3 }
𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝑃
{
{ X𝐶,3 }
} [ 𝐶𝐼,3 𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 H𝐶𝐼,3 H𝐶𝐶,3 {
{ }
}
{
{ }
} [ ]{{ }
}
{
{ }
} [ ]{{ }
}
{
{X𝑄,3 }
𝐷 }
} [ 𝐷𝑃
H𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝑃 𝐷𝐷 ]{{F } }
{
{ } [H𝑄𝐼,3 𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 ]{{
𝐷
𝑄,3 }
}
{
{ }
} [ ]{ }
{
{ } [ 𝐴𝑃 ]{{ }
}
{ 𝐴 } } [H 𝐴𝐴 ]{{ 𝐴 }
}
{
{X }
} H𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝐷
𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 ]{{F }
{
{ 𝑄,3 }
}
[ 𝑄𝐼,3
[ ]{{ 𝑄,3 } }
}
{
{ 𝐵 } } {
{ }
𝐵𝑃 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 { 𝐵 } }
{X𝑄,3 } [H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑃 𝐵𝐷
𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝐼,3 H𝑄𝐶,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 H𝑄𝑄,3 F
] { 𝑄,3 }

where the subscripts 2 and 3 after comma represent the results (b) The response of coupling points on raft
after the second and third synthesizing process, respectively. 𝐵
The subscript 𝑄 represents the coupling points which connect X𝐶,3 = H𝐵𝐷 𝐷
𝐶𝐼,3 F𝐼,3 , (8)
𝑃 and A, B, and D.
Since the FRF matrix of the whole system has been where H𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐷 𝐵 +𝑇 𝑃 3 𝑃 3 3+ 3
𝐶𝐼,3 = H𝐶𝐼,2 +H𝑖𝑐 D3 (H𝑐𝑐 Z12 −H𝑐𝑐 Z11 Z21 Z22 −
obtained, locating the external force to the corresponding Z3+ 3 𝐷
21 Z22 )H𝑐𝑖 .
position in the FRF matrix, then we can get the vibration
response of arbitrary coupling points. Taking the coupling (c) The response of coupling points on attached pipes
points of base-hull, raft, and attached pipes, for example, 𝑃
X𝐶,3 = H𝑃𝐷 𝐷
𝐶𝐼,3 F𝐼,3 , (9)
when the external force is exerted on the centroids of
machineries, these vibration response expressions are given
as follows: where H𝐷𝑃 𝑃 +𝑇 𝑃 𝑃𝑃 3 3+ 3
𝐼𝐶,3 = −H𝑖𝑐 D3 H𝑐𝑐 , D3 = H𝐶𝐶,2 (Z22 Z12 Z11 −
Z21 )H𝐶𝐶,3 + (H𝐼𝐼,2 Z22 Z12 + Z12 Z11 H𝐶𝐶,3 ) + Z3+
3 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 3 3+ 3+ 3 𝑃𝑃
12 .
(a) The response of coupling points on base-hull
After obtaining the vibration response of the coupling
𝐴
points, one can get the isolator transmission force by using
X𝐶,3 = H𝐴𝐷 𝐷
𝐶𝐼,3 F𝐼,3 , (7) the upper and lower vibration response of the isolator and its
impedance matrix. The transmitted force on the base via the
lower isolator of the floating raft can be expressed as
where H𝐴𝐷 𝐶𝐼,3 = H𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐷 +𝑇 𝑃 3
𝐶𝐼,2 + H𝐶𝑃,2 D3 (H𝑐𝑐 Z12 −
H𝑃𝑐𝑐 Z311 Z3+ 3 3+ 3 𝐷𝐷
21 Z22 − Z21 Z22 )H𝑃𝐼,2 . F𝐵𝐶,3 = − (Z221 X𝐶,3
𝐴
+ Z222 X𝐶,3
𝐵
). (10)
Shock and Vibration 5

Pipeline z x
vibration isolator y
z
Hull x
Upper Machines
isolator
Machine 1
Machine 2
Machine 3
Floating raft

Lower
isolator Attached pipes

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Sketch of the floating raft system: (a) front view, (b) sectional view.

And the transmitted force on the hull via the attached and usually is used to judge the structural acoustic radiation
pipes can be expressed as ability.
It should be noted that the calculated results subsequent
F𝐵𝑄,3 = − (Z21,3 X𝐶,3
𝑃 𝐵
+ Z22,3 X𝑄,3 ). (11) are represented as decibel (dB). The physical quantities such
as displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be expressed
Based on the obtained force and vibration response, the as
transmitted power flow on base-hull via supporting path and
nonsupporting path can be written as |𝑎|
20 log10 ( ) (dB) , (15)
𝑎ref
1
𝑃̃𝐶,3
𝐵
= Re (F𝐵∗ 𝐵
𝐶,3 (𝑗𝜔X𝐶,3 )) and the physical quantities such as mean-square velocity and
2
(12) power flow can be expressed as
1
𝑃̃𝑄,3
𝐵
= Re (F𝐵∗ 𝐵
𝑄,3 (𝑗𝜔X𝑄,3 )) .
2 |𝑏|
10 log10 ( ) (dB) , (16)
In addition, based on the transmission force, one can get 𝑏ref
the vibration response on the surface of the hull which can be where when 𝑎 represents displacement, 𝑎ref = 10−12 m; when
expressed as 𝑎 represents acceleration, 𝑎ref = 10−6 m/s2 . When 𝑏 represents
F𝐵𝐶,3 mean-square velocity, 𝑏ref = (10−9 m/s)2 ; when 𝑏 represents
X𝑓 = H𝐵𝐶𝑓 [ ], (13) power flow, 𝑏ref = 10−12 W.
F𝐵𝑄,3

where X𝑓 represents the vibration response on the surface of 3. Numerical Verification

the hull and H𝐵𝐶𝑓 represents the FRF matrix from the coupling In this section, a typical model of floating raft system is
points on base and hull. built to verify the present modified FRF-based substructure
Then, its normal mean-square velocity can be expressed synthesizing method. As illustrated in Figure 3, the system
as consists of three main parts, a set of machine, floating raft,
1 ∗ and a reinforced monolayer hull. All the substructures are
V2 = (𝑗𝜔X𝑓 ) 𝐴 0 (𝑗𝜔X𝑓 ) , (14) connected with each other through vibration isolators. The
4𝜋𝑟𝐿
base-hull is an open-ended cylindrical shell with dimensions
where 𝑟 represents the radius of the hull; 𝐿 is the length of of 1.4 m × 0.75 m × 0.006 m (length × radius × thickness).
the hull; 𝐴 0 is the area matrix. During the design of the There are four separate bases equidistantly distributed on the
floating raft system, we usually take acoustic performance as a hull, and the distance between each two is 0.05 m. Every base
guide. The normal mean-square velocity which embodies the is constructed by two square plates, whose dimensions are
distribution of velocity on the hull can be the representation 0.3 m × 0.3 m × 0.012 m (length × width × thickness). Addi-
of spatial averaging results on the surface of the hull. It is tionally, there are two kinds of connection type of the attached
akin to the radiated sound power of the hull to some extent pipes; one is connected between two machines; another is
6 Shock and Vibration

120
120
80

80
Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)
40

40
0

0
−40

−40 −80

0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Present method Present method

FEM FEM
(a) (b)
120
150

100
Mean-square velocity (dB)

80
Amplitude (dB)

50
40

0
−50

−100 −40
0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Present method Present method

FEM FEM
(c) (d)

Figure 4: Comparison of the synthesized FRFs and the simulated results excited by single-sourced single-direction force: (a) displacement
of the lower isolator in 𝑧-direction; (b) displacement of the lower isolator in 𝑥-direction; (c) displacement of point between hull and attached
pipes in 𝑧-direction; (d) mean-square velocity of hull surface.

connected between machine and hull. The dimensions of method proposed by this paper, which obtains the FRF matrix
the pipe are 0.06 m × 0.0475 m (outer diameter × inner of the system by combining the FRF of the substructures;
diameter). The stiffness, the structural damping coefficients the second one is FEM which solves the vibration response
of the upper isolator and pipe isolator are 5.5 × 104 N/m, 6 of the system by building the FEM model. What comes into
× 104 N/m, 1.45 × 104 N/m, 6 × 105 Nm/rad, 6 × 105 Nm/rad, notice is that when modeling the system by using FRF-base
6 × 105 Nm/rad, and 0.01, respectively. The stiffness and the synthesizing method, the FRF matrices of the substructures
structural damping coefficients of the lower isolator are 2.22 can also be obtained by FEM method. Based on the FRF
× 104 N/m, 2.42 × 104 N/m, 5.8 × 104 N/m, 2.42 × 105 Nm/rad, matrices of the substructures, the FRF matrix of the floating
2.42 × 105 Nm/rad, 2.42 × 105 Nm/rad, and 0.01, respectively. raft system is obtained by the FRF-based synthesis method.
The masses of the three machines are 65 kg, 50 kg, and 65 kg, Firstly, considering the operating condition that the exter-
respectively. nal force is single-sourced and single-direction, the vertical
The dynamic model of the floating raft system is built unit force is applied on the centroid of machine 2 which is
towards two methods. First one is FRF-based synthesizing also the centroid of whole system. Secondly, in consideration
Shock and Vibration 7

160
160

120 120

Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)

80
80

40
40

0
0
0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Present method Present method

FEM FEM
(a) (b)

150 150
Mean-square velocity (dB)

100 120
Amplitude (dB)

50 90

0 60

0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Present method Present method

FEM FEM
(c) (d)

Figure 5: Comparison of the synthesized FRFs and the simulated results excited by multisourced multidirection forces: (a) displacement of
the lower isolator in 𝑧-direction; (b) displacement of the lower isolator in 𝑥-direction; (c) displacement of point between hull and attached
pipes in 𝑧-direction; (d) mean-square velocity of hull surface.

of the operating condition that the external forces are multi- 4. Experiment Verification
sourced and multidirection, the three machines are all excited
by an 𝑥-direction unit force, a 𝑦-direction unit force, and In this section, two kinds of test models are established to
a unit moment around 𝑧-axis. Some displacement response verify the correctness of the method proposed in this paper.
results are demonstrated in Figures 4 and 5. As shown in these The first one includes floating raft, hull with base, and rigid
figures, the results obtained by the FRF-based substructure body mass and based on that the second one includes the
synthesizing method are in good agreement with the results attached pipes.
obtained by FEM, which means the FRF-based substructure
synthesizing method is with sufficient accuracy and can 4.1. Experimental Floating Raft System without Attached Pipes.
accurately predict the vibration transmission characteristics For the test model with no attached pipes shown in Figure 6,
of the floating raft system. the parameters are as follows. The mass ratio of the machine,
8 Shock and Vibration

(a) (b)

Mass 3
Mass 2
Mass 1

(c)

Figure 6: (a) Test model of the raft; (b) test model of the hull with base; (c) test model of the floating raft system without attached pipes.

raft, and the base-hull is 1 : 0.4 : 3. The rubber isolators are pipe and the machine and hull are usually flexible adapters
used as the elastic connection. The size of floating raft shown and elastic clamps. And they are all replaced by isolators of
in figure is 1.2 m × 0.86 m × 0.12 m, and its weight is 72.783 kg. type BE-15 in this experiment as shown in Figure 8(b).
The base-hull shown in Figure 6(b) is a semicylindrical shell; A vertical exciting force was applied at the center of mass
its length, radius, and wall thickness are 1.52 m, 0.75 m, and 3. Other test conditions are the same with previous test. The
0.006 m, respectively. The base on the hull is discrete and the mobility of the connecting points on the hull was tested. There
number is 4, each base is constituted by two vertical panels are two connecting points: point 1 connects attached pipe
and a triangular bracket. The mass of the base-hull is about and hull; point 2 connects attached pipe and hull. The tested
528 kg. Three rigid blocks are used for representing machines results are shown in Figure 9; it is shown that reasonable
and these masses are 65 kg, 50 kg, and 65 kg, respectively. agreement is obtained for the measured and synthesis results.
During the following synthesizing process, the FRF matrix of
each substructure is obtained through the test data.
A vertical exciting force was applied at the center of mass 5. Effect Study of the Attached Pipes
2. It can be observed from Figure 7 that the driving and
transfer FRF curves of the machine 2 obtained by the FRF- 5.1. Transmission of the Energy Influenced by Attached Pipes.
based substructure synthesizing method are consistent with Figure 10(a) illustrates the comparison of total input power
the test data of the assembly system in the whole frequency flow of the hull with and without attached pipes when
range, and the key resonance peaks are predicted accurately. machine 2 is excited by a unit vertical force. As shown in this
figure, the total energy transmitted to the hull increases from
4.2. Experimental Floating Raft System with Attached Pipes. 28.8 dB to 67.9 dB in the frequency range of 57 Hz∼450 Hz
Besides that, a floating raft system with attached pipes was and from −7.05 dB to 27.9 dB in the frequency range of
also tested to verify the validity of this synthesized method. 530 Hz∼900 Hz when considering the attached pipes. There
In the experimental model, a circular pipe is taken as the are two transmission paths in the floating raft system: via
attached pipes, and its outer diameter is 0.06 m, and its inner supporting structure such as upper and lower isolators and
diameter is 0.0475 m. The experimental model is shown in via attached pipes. Figure 10(b) shows the power flow via
Figure 8(a); mass 2 and mass 3 are connected with hull by these two paths. As shown in the figure, the transmission path
attached pipes, respectively. The isolators among the attached via attached pipes becomes the key energy transmission path
Shock and Vibration 9

120 120

100 100
Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)
80 80

60 60

40 40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Experiment Experiment
Present method Present method
(a) (b)
120

100
Amplitude (dB)

80

60

40
0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Experiment
Present method
(c)

Figure 7: Comparison of the measured FRFs and the synthesis results for floating raft system without attached pipes: (a) driving FRF of the
exciting point; (b) transfer FRF from exciting point to one point on top surface of the raft; (c) transfer FRF from exciting point to one point
on bottom surface of the raft.

Mass 1
Mass 2

Mass 3 2

Attached pipes

(a) (b)

Figure 8: (a) FRF test setup of the floating raft system with attached pipes; (b) a close view of pipes and masses connection.
10 Shock and Vibration

100 100

80 80

Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Experiment Experiment
Present method Present method
(a) (b)

Figure 9: Comparison of the measured FRFs and the synthesis results for floating raft system with attached pipes: (a) transfer FRF from
exciting point to point 1; (b) transfer FRF from exciting point to point 2.

100
80

50 40 463 Hz
Power (dB)
Power (dB)

0
0

−40
−50

0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

w/o attached pipes Total power flow Via attached pipes

With attached pipes Via supporting structure
(a) (b)

Figure 10: Effects of the attached pipes on power flow transmitted to the hull: (a) power flow with/without attached pipes; (b) power flow via
different transmission paths.

in the frequency ranges of 57 Hz∼450 Hz and 530 Hz∼900 Hz, 5.2. Parametric Study of the Attached Pipes. Based on the
which means the vibration isolation performance of the research on the influence rule of the attached pipes in the
system is weakened, and when in other frequency ranges, raft floating system, a parametric study was performed in
the path via supporting structure dominates the power flow. this section targeting at the primary design variables of
For example, from the modal results one can know that the the attached pipes (e.g., mass and connecting stiffness).
frequency 463 Hz is dominated by the vibration of the raft Then the vibration performance of the system is analyzed
and the harsh vibration of the raft significantly enhances the quantitatively by comparing the results under different
power flow via the supporting structure. parameters.
Shock and Vibration 11

100

Mean-square velocity (dB)

50

−50
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

5% 10%
20% 40%

Figure 11: Effects of the mass of attached pipes on the synthesized results.

Figure 11 shows that the normal mean-square velocity of stiffness between the attached pipes and the floating raft. The
the hull surface varies with the attached pipes mass. In this figure shows that the response of the hull surface is barely
study the attached pipes masses are specified as 5%, 10%, affected by the change of the stiffness except some resonance
20%, and 40% of the mass of machine 2, respectively. As peaks. It is indicated that the elastic connection between
shown in the Figure 11, with the varying of the attached mass the attached pipes and floating raft only plays a supporting
in the low frequency range (below 50 Hz), the mean-square role and barely affects the transmissibility via the attached
velocity of the hull surface has little change. In the middle pipes.
frequency range (50 Hz∼450 Hz), the transmissibility of the
system is very sensitive to the variation of the mass, and as
the attached pipes mass decreases, the amplitude of the mean- 6. Conclusion
square velocity increases. In the high frequency range the In this paper, the FRF-based substructure synthesizing
transmissibility is basically impregnable and the magnitudes
method is used to model the complex dynamic system
of the mean-square velocity under these four conditions are
with multiple transmission paths. The whole FRF matrix of
consistent.
a representative floating raft system is built by using the
Figure 12 shows the normal mean-square velocity of
the hull surface varies with the connecting stiffness. In developed method. The vibration responses of the system
this calculated model, the attached pipe has connections considering six degrees of freedom under different exciting
with machine 2, floating raft, and the hull, so the research conditions are obtained. Numerical simulations and exper-
on the influence of these three types connecting stiffness iment study have been carried out to verify this method
is conducted in the following. The connecting stiffness is which is applicable to model floating raft system. Then a
specified as 0.1, 1, and 10 times of the upper isolator stiffness; research on the influence of attached pipes is developed on
in the meantime, the conditions of nonconnection and rigid the basis of transfer path analysis. After the parametric study
connection are also considered in the comparison. As shown on the vibration transmission and response of the design
in Figures 12(a) and 12(b), the stiffness of isolators connecting parameters of the attached pipes, some conclusions which can
the attached pipes and machine 2, the attached pipes, and be drawn from this work are summarized as follows. Firstly,
hull, respectively, has significant influence on the normal the attached pipes can not only change the symmetry of the
mean-square velocity of the hull surface. When the ratio of system, but also add the mass and stiffness to power plant.
stiffness is less than 0.1, the curve changes little compared This can enhance the coupling effect of the substructures.
with the nonconnection condition. When the ratio is between Secondly, the attached pipe is the second transmission path
0.1 and 10, the amplitudes of the mean-square velocity of the system; the vibration energy can also be transmitted
increase with the stiffness in the middle frequency range. to the hull via them. The vibration isolation performance will
And when the ratio further increases till the rigid connection be significantly deteriorated by the short-circuiting. Accord-
condition, the response amplitudes dramatically increase in ing to that, a reasonable mass and connecting stiffness of
the frequency range above 50 Hz; that means the vibration attached pipes should be chosen through parameter design to
isolation effect of the system gets worse severely. Figure 12(c) diminish the transmitted vibration in the required frequency
illustrates the normal mean-square velocity influenced by the range.
12 Shock and Vibration

100 100
Mean-square velocity (dB)

Mean-square velocity (dB)

50 50

0 0

−50 −50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Nonconnection 10k1 Nonconnection 10k1

0.1k1 Rigid connection 0.1k1 Rigid connection
k1 k1
(a) (b)

120
Mean-square velocity (dB)

80

40

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Frequency (Hz)

Nonconnection 10k1
0.1k1 Rigid connection
k1
(c)

Figure 12: Effects of the connection stiffness of attached pipes on the synthesis results: (a) the stiffness of isolator between attached pipes and
machine; (b) the stiffness of isolator between attached pipes and hull; (c) the stiffness of isolator between attached pipes and raft.

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Vibration, vol. 207, no. 1, pp. 61–93, 1997.
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