Elec 102 Module 3

MODULE III
OHM’S LAW AND ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS
Lesson 1 Ohm’s Law and Power

Formula Application
Lesson 2 Circuit Components and

Types of Electrical Circuit
Lesson 3 Electrical Tools,

Equipment and Measuring
Instruments
Lesson 4 Electrical Plans and

Estimates, Lighting,
Convenience and Auxiliary
Outlets
2
MODULE III
OHM’S LAW AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
 INTRODUCTION
Electricity is present in all areas of technology. Electricity is a source

of power for motors, actuators, lights, communication and computing
systems. Electrical signals contain information and allow the transmission of
information in computer networks, telecommunication systems, music and
in the nervous systems of our bodies. For mechanical engineers, the key
uses of electricity are for supplying power to motors, and to the
transmission of and detection of signals used to measure and control the
behavior of electromechanical systems.
It is important to have more than just a knowledge of the vocabulary

and concepts. Engineers need to be able to work with mathematical models
of electrical circuits in order to predict the behavior of circuits, to select
and use sensors, to choose supporting components (resistors, capacitors,
diodes, etc.) and to control motors, lights and other devices.
OBJECTIVES
After studying the module, you should be able to:
1. discuss the principle and importance of ohm’s law, its formula and
the relationship between current, voltage and resistance in the
analysis and application electrical circuits.
2. describe and analyze the concept and principle of the different types
of electrical circuits as applied in a circuit.
3. understand, can solve and explain simple circuit problems applying

the ohm’s law formula and electrical circuit analysis.
4. demonstrate the proper usage of electrical tools and measuring

instruments and have basic knowledge on electrical planning and
estimate.
ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

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 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER
There are four (4) lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully
after which you answer the exercises/activities to find out how well you
have understood the lessons. Submit your output to your teacher/tutor.
In case of problems, discuss them with your teacher/tutor during the

face-to-face meeting.
God bless and enjoy reading ! ! ! . . .
Lesson 1
 OHM’S LAW AND POWER FORMULA

APPLICATION
Introduction
Humankind has indeed harnessed electricity, the basis of technology,

to improve our quality of life. The flicker of numbers on a handheld
calculator, nerve impulses carrying signals of vision to the brain, an
ultrasound device sending a signal to a computer screen, the brain sending a
message for a baby to twitch its toes, an electric train pulling its load over a
mountain pass, a hydroelectric plant sending energy to metropolitan and
rural users—these and many other examples of electricity involve electric
current, the movement of charge.
Early History
In January 1781, before Georg Simon Ohm's work, Henry Cavendish
experimented with Leyden jars and glass tubes of varying diameter and
length filled with salt solution. He measured the current by noting how
strong a shock he felt as he completed the circuit with his body. Cavendish
wrote that the "velocity" (current) varied directly as the "degree of
electrification" (voltage). He did not communicate his results to other
scientists at the time, and his results were unknown until Maxwell published
them in 1879.
Francis Ronalds delineated "intensity" (voltage) and "quantity"
(current) for the dry pile—a high voltage source—in 1814 using a gold-leaf

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electrometer. He found for a dry pile that the relationship between the two
parameters was not proportional under certain meteorological conditions.
Ohm did his work on resistance in the years 1825 and 1826, with his
complete theory of electricity and published his results in 1827 as the book
Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet ("The Galvanic Circuit
Investigated Mathematically").He found that the voltage drop over a part of
a circuit is the product of the current through and the resistance of that
part. This formed the basis of the law that we use today. The law is one of
the fundamental relations for resistors. He drew considerable inspiration
from Fourier's work on heat conduction in the theoretical explanation of his
work. For experiments, he initially used voltaic piles, but later used a
thermocouple as this provided a more stable voltage source in terms of
internal resistance and constant voltage. He used a galvanometer to
measure current, and knew that the voltage between the thermocouple
terminals was proportional to the junction temperature. He then added test
wires of varying length, diameter, and material to complete the circuit.
His colleagues didn’t appreciate his findings, and the law was not
easily accepted. Ohm was a teacher at a gymnasium in Cologne at that
time, and he decided to resign. Later he became professor of experimental
physics at the University of Munich. Later in his life, he finally got
recognition and received the Copley Medal in 1841 from the Royal Society.
Description of Ohm’s Law
The law was named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm,
who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied
voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various
lengths of wire. This reformulation of Ohm's law is due to Gustav Kirchhoff.
Georg Simon Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the

electrical current flowing through a fixed linear resistance is directly
proportional to the voltage applied across it, and also inversely proportional
to the resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and
Resistance forms the basis of Ohms Law. Also, Ohm's law describes the way
current flows through a resistance when a different electric potential
(voltage) is applied at each end of the resistance. One way to think of this is
as water flowing through a pipe. The voltage is the water pressure, the
current is the amount of water flowing through the pipe, and the resistance
is the size of the pipe. More water will flow through the pipe (current) the
more pressure is applied (voltage) and the bigger the pipe is (lower the
resistance).
Resistors were used as representations for load resistance in a circuit.
Resistors are passive elements that introduce resistance to the flow of
electric current in a circuit. A resistor that functions according to Ohm’s law
is called an Ohmic resistor. When current passes through an Ohmic resistor,
the voltage drop across the terminals is proportionally to the magnitude of
resistance. Ohm’s law formula stays also valid for circuits with varying
voltage or current, so it can be used for AC circuits as well.

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The current that flows through most substances is directly

proportional to the voltage applied to it. The German physicist Georg
Simon Ohm (1787–1854) was the first to demonstrate experimentally that
“the current in a metal wire is directly proportional to the voltage applied
and inversely proportional to the resistance”. One arrives at the usual
mathematical equation that describes this relationship:
I = V / R… (Ohm’s law formula),
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes(A), V is

the voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts(V), and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms(Ω).
Ohms law formula can be used when two of three variables are known. The
relation between resistance, current and voltage can be written in different
ways. To remember this, the Ohm triangle calculator might be helpful. Two
examples below will show the use of the triangle calculator.
or
or
This important relationship is the basis for Ohm’s Law. It can be viewed as
a cause-and-effect relationship, with voltage the cause and current the

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effect. This is an empirical law, which is to say that it is an experimentally

observed phenomenon, like friction. Such a linear relationship doesn’t
always occur. Any material, component, or device that obeys Ohm’s law,
where the current through the device is proportional to the voltage applied,
is known as an ohmic material or ohmic component. Any material or
component that does not obey Ohm’s law is known as a non-ohmic material
or non-ohmic component.
Examples:
1. Consider a 1 ohm resistor in a circuit with a voltage
drop from 100V till 10V across its terminals. What is the
current through the resistor? The triangle reminds us
that:
2. Consider a 10 ohm resistor in a circuit subject to a

current of 2 Ampere and a voltage of 120V. What is the
voltage drop across the resistor? Using the triangle
shows us that:
V
Thus the voltage at the end terminal is 120-20 = 100V
POWER FORMULA
Power is the rate at which work is done. It is also the rate at which
energy is expended. The SI unit of power is watt (adapted from its
proponent James Watt). The quantity work in relation to power has to do
with a force causing a displacement. Work has nothing to do with the
amount of time that this force acts to cause the displacement. Sometimes,
the work is done very quickly and other times the work is done rather
slowly. For example, a rock climber takes an abnormally long time to
elevate her body up a few meters along the side of a cliff. On the other
hand, a trail hiker (who selects the easier path up the mountain) might
elevate her body a few meters in a short amount of time. The two people
might do the same amount of work, yet the hiker does the work in
considerably less time than the rock climber. The quantity that has to do
with the rate at which a certain amount of work is done is known as the
power. The hiker has a greater power rating than the rock climber.
Also, Power is the work/time ratio. For this reason, the horsepower is
occasionally used to describe the power delivered by a machine. One
horsepower is equivalent to approximately 746 Watts. Mathematically, it is
computed using the following equation:
Power = Work / time or P = W / t, in watt (W)

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Most machines are designed and built to do work on objects. All machines
are typically described by a power rating. The power rating indicates the
rate at which that machine can do work upon other objects. Thus, the
power of a machine is the work/time ratio for that particular machine. A
car engine is an example of a machine that is given a power rating. The
power rating relates to how rapidly the car can accelerate the car. Suppose
that a 40-horsepower engine could accelerate the car from 0 mi/hr to 60
mi/hr in 16 seconds. If this were the case, then a car with four times the
horsepower could do the same amount of work in one-fourth the time. That
is, a 160-horsepower engine could accelerate the same car from 0 mi/hr to
60 mi/hr in 4 seconds. The point is that for the same amount of work, power
and time are inversely proportional. The power equation suggests that a
more powerful engine can do the same amount of work in less time.
POWER IN ELECTRICITY
Electric power, an energy generated through the conversion of other

forms of energy, such as mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy. Electric
energy is unrivaled for many uses, as for lighting, computer operation,
automotive power, and entertainment applications. For other uses it is
competitive, as for many industrial heating applications, cooking, space
heating, and railway traction.
Electrical power is characterized by current or the flow of electric

charge and voltage or the potential of charge to deliver energy. A given
value of power can be produced by any combination of current and voltage
values. If the current is direct, electronic charge progresses always in the
same direction through the device receiving power. If the current is
alternating, electronic charge moves back and forth in the device and in the
wires connected to it. For many applications either type of current is
suitable, but alternating current (AC) is most widely available because of
the greater efficiency with which it can be generated and distributed. A
direct current (DC) is required for certain industrial applications, such as
electroplating and electrometallurgical processes and for most electronic
devices.
Also, Electric power is the conversion of electric energy into light or
thermal energy. In a light bulb, if the current is large enough the kinetic
energy of the electrons will be transferred to the atom that it collides with.
This causes an increase in temperature of the atoms of the wire, and
eventually the emission of light.
The wide-scale production and distribution of electric power was
made possible by the development of the electric generator, a device that
operates on the basis of the induction principle formulated in 1831 by the
English scientist Michael Faraday and independently by the American
scientist Joseph Henry. The first public power station employing an electric
generator began operation in London in January 1882. A second such station
opened later that same year in New York City. Both used DC systems, which
proved inefficient for long-distance power transmission. By the early 1890s

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the first practical AC generator was built at the Lauffen power station in
Germany, and service to Frankfurt am Main was initiated in 1891.
There are two primary sources for driving generators—hydro and
thermal. Hydroelectric power is derived from generators and turbines driven
by falling water. Most other electric energy is obtained from generators
coupled to turbines driven by steam produced either by a nuclear reactor or
by burning fossil fuels—namely, coal, oil, and natural gas.
There are two main ways of supplying electricity for power:
alternating current or AC, and direct current or DC. AC power is available
in the wall outlets of homes and businesses. AC is characterized by a
smoothly oscillating voltage difference on two or three conducting wires.
The oscillations of AC power are regulated at a few discrete frequencies: 50
Hz in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, and 60 Hz in the United States,
Canada, Mexico and Brasil1. In contrast to the time-varying signal of AC
power, DC power is a constant. A battery is a common source of DC power,
as are the ubiquitous “brick” power supplies used for phones and other
portable electric devices. In the remainder of this document, we will only
be concerned with DC power. Hence, the power factor is to be considered
when computing AC power.
Power factor is an expression of energy efficiency. It is usually
expressed as a percentage—and the lower the percentage, the less efficient
power usage is. Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured
in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA).
Apparent power, also known as demand, is the measure of the amount of
power used to run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is
found by multiplying (kVA = V x A). The result is expressed as kVA units. PF
expresses the ratio of true power used in a circuit to the apparent power
delivered to the circuit. A 96% power factor demonstrates more efficiency
than a 75% power factor. PF below 95% is considered inefficient in many
regions.
To calculate power factor, you need a power quality analyzer or power
analyzer that measures both working power (kW) and apparent power (kVA),
and to calculate the ratio of kW/kVA.
The power factor formula can be expressed in other ways:
PF = (True power)/(Apparent power)
PF = W/VA
Where watts measure useful power while VA measures supplied power. The
ratio of the two is essentially useful power to supplied power.

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How to make sense of power factor (www.fluke.com)
Beer is active power (kW)—the useful power, or the liquid beer, is the
energy that is doing work. This is the part you want.
Foam is reactive power (kVAR)—the foam is wasted power or lost power. It’s
the energy being produced that isn't doing any work, such as the production
of heat or vibration.
The Mug is apparent power (kVA)—the mug is the demand power, or the
power being delivered by the utility.
If a circuit were 100% efficient, demand would be equal to the power
available. When demand is greater than the power available, a strain is
placed on the utility system. Many utilities add a demand charge to the bills
of large customers to offset differences between supply and demand (where
supply is lower than demand). For most utilities, demand is calculated
based on the average load placed within 15 to 30 minutes. If demand
requirements are irregular, the utility must have more reserve capacity
available than if load requirements remain constant.

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The Formula Wheel – are the Formulas of Electrical Engineering

for electric voltage V, current I, resistance R, impedance Z, and power
P.
Magic circle − Formulas for calculating any combination of electrical

units
Principles of Electrical Engineering

Physics Formulary and Electricity Equations
Formula Wheel ▼ Important Formulas

Electrical Engineering
Electronic Engineering laws
laws
Electrical formulas as circle diagram (pie chart)
www.sengpielaudio.com
V comes from "voltage" and E from "electromotive force emf". E means also
energy, so let's choose V.
Energy = voltage × charge. E = V × Q. Some like better to stick to E instead
to V, so do it.
Voltage V = I × R = P / I = √(P × R) in volts, V
Current I = V / R = P / V = √(P / R) in amperes, A
Resistance R = V / I = P / I2 = V2/ P in ohms, Ω
Power P = V × I = R × I2= V2/ R in watts, W
Considering the formula of power in relationship to Ohm’s law. However,

these power equations are so commonly associated with the Ohm's Law

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equations relating voltage, current, and resistance.
Example 1: Calculate the resistance of a 1000 Watts microwave designed for

27 Volts.
Given: P=1000 W, V=27V
Unknown: R=?
Solution:
If you look at the formulas, P= V2/ R seems most logical.

substitute the given values:
R= V2/P=272/1000 = 0.729 Ohms,( Ω )
Example 2: A pool heater running on 150V, and draws a current of 30A. How
much power or energy does it use per week if it is used for 9 hours a day?
Given: V=150V, I=30A
Unknown: P=?
Solution:
If you look at the formulas: P= VI is easiest to use since we aren't given R.
substitute the given values:
P=150V x 30A = 4500W
4500W = 4500Joule/second,(J/s)
P/week = 4500W x (9 hours/day x 7 days) = 283,500W or 283.5KW
THINK!
1. State the ohm’s law principle and describe it in relation to

a
simple water analogy?
2. Describe the relationship of power to voltage, current and
Lesson 2
 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND TYPES OF

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Introduction
Teachers as well as students have plenty of experiences using
everyday household appliances that rely on electric circuits for their
operation
(torches, mobile phones, iPods). They very likely have developed a sense
that you need a battery or power switch to be turned on to make things
‘work’, and that batteries can go ‘flat’. They tend to think of electric

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circuits as involving something they call ‘current’ or ‘energy’ or ‘electricity’

or ‘voltage’, all labels which they often use interchangeably.
Electric Circuit Illustration
Electrical or electric circuits or networks are the assemblage of devices
and or equipment needed to connect the source of energy to the user or the
device which exploits it. Communications systems, computer systems and
power systems all consist of more or less complicated electric circuits which
themselves are made up of a number of circuit elements. The devices and
equipment mentioned above may be represented by ‘equivalent circuits’
consisting of these circuit elements, and an equivalent circuit must behave
to all intents and purposes in the same way as the device or equipment
which it represents. In other words, if the device were put into one ‘black
box’ and the equivalent circuit were put into another ‘black box’, an
outside observer of the behavior of each would be unable to say which black
box contained the real device and which contained the equivalent circuit. In
practice it is virtually impossible to achieve exact equivalence.
(Fig. 1)
(Fig. 2)

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Pictorial(Fig.1) and Schematic Diagram(Fig.2) of an Electric Circuit

(britannica.com)
Based from the figure, an Electrical Circuit is an interconnection of
electrical components. An electrical circuit consists of batteries, resistors,
inductors, capacitors, switches or transistors. An electrical network consists
of a closed loop. A circuit is a closed path where electrons flow in a wire.
A complete circuit is a never-ending loop of electrons. If we take a wire and
loop it around, it forms a continuous path in which electrons can flow
forever. This is a primary concept of a circuit.
Also, an electrical circuit is a closed path for transmitting an electric
current through the medium of electrical and magnetic fields. The flow of
electrons across the loop constitutes the electric current. Electrons enter
the circuit through the ‘Source’ which can be a battery or a generator. The
source provides energy to the electrons, by setting up an electrical field
which provides the electromotive force.
The electrons leave the circuit through the load, to the earth ground, thus
completing a closed path. The load or output can be any simple home
appliance like television, lamp, refrigerator, or can be a complex load such
as that on a hydroelectric power generating station.
A simple electric circuit consists of a source (such as a battery), wires as
conducting medium and a load (such as a light bulb). The battery provides
required energy for flow of electrons, to the light bulb.
An electrical circuit mainly consists of the following components:
 Electrical sources (source of voltage) that provide voltage and current
like batteries. They are the source of electrons.
 Wires (closed loop of wiring) which are conducting path to carry
electric current from one point to another in a circuit.
 Protection devices (overcurrent protection) in high voltage circuits.
They are circuit breakers, fuse, etc.

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 Switches (a means of controlling the circuit), resistors,

potentiometers, capacitors which are used to control electricity.
 Load (electrical load) in the circuit can be motor, LED, lamp, etc.
There are some basic properties of electrical circuits and they are:
 A circuit is always a closed path.
 A circuit always contains an energy source which acts as a source of
electrons.
 Direction of flow of current is from negative terminal to positive
terminal of the source.
 The electric elements include uncontrolled and controlled source of
energy, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
In an electrical circuit, the wires that are used to connect the circuit
elements do have resistance. However, the resistances of the wires are
usually negligible compared with the resistances of the circuit elements.
There are specific elements called resistors that control the distribution of
currents in the circuit by introducing known resistances into the circuit. The
currents and voltages at different parts of the circuit can be calculated by
using circuit theory.
Basically, there are two circuit elements: 1. Active Elements are those
which can generate energy. Examples include batteries, generators,
operational amplifiers and diodes. Note that in an electrical circuit, the
source elements are the most significant active elements. 2. Passive
Elements can be defined as elements which can control the flow of
electrons through them. They either increase or decrease the voltage. Here
are some examples of passive elements: resistor, inductor, capacitor, etc.
REVIEW:
 A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows
charge carriers to flow through continuously without beginning or
end.
 If a circuit is “broken,” that means its conductive elements no longer
form a complete path, and continuous charge flow cannot occur in it.
 The location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant to its inability to
sustain continuous charge flow. Any break, anywhere in a circuit
prevents the flow of charge carriers throughout the circuit.
Types of Electrical Circuits
AC circuits
Ac circuits are those circuits whose excitation element is an AC source.
Unlike DC source which is constant AC source has variable current and
voltage at regular intervals of time. Generally, for high power applications,
AC circuits are used.

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DC Circuits
Circuits consisting of just one battery and one load resistance are very
simple to analyze, but they are not often found in practical applications.
Usually, we find circuits where more than two components are connected
together.
In DC Circuits, the excitation applied is a constant source. Based on the type
of connection of active and passive components with the source, a circuit
can be commonly classified into Series and Parallel circuits.
1. Series Circuits
When several passive elements are connected in series with an energy
source, such a circuit is known as a series circuit. In this circuit, the current
flows in a clockwise direction from negative to positive. For a series circuit,
same amount of current flows through each element or there is a single
path exist for current flow (IT = I1 = I2 =…IN) and voltage is divided. Likewise,
all components are connected end-to-end to form only one path for the
current to flow through the circuit (from point 1 to point 4). In series
circuit, as the elements are connected in a line, if there is faulty element
among them, complete circuit acts as open circuit.
www.allaboutcircuits.com
 For a resistor connected in DC circuits, the voltage across its
terminals is directly proportional to the current passing
through it, thus maintaining a linear relationship between the
voltage and current the voltage adds: VT = V1 + V2 + …VN. For
resistors connected in series, the total resistance is equal to
the sum of all resistance values. Thus, RT = R1 + R2 + …RN
 For capacitors connected in series, the total capacitance is equal to
the sum of reciprocals of all capacitance values.
 For inductors connected in series, total inductance is equal to the
sum of all inductance values.
For series circuits, voltage gets dropped at each component, but the current
is same for all of them, as the path is continuous. So, series circuits are also
called Voltage dividers. In relation to current, series circuits are
sometimes referred to as current-coupled.
Series Circuit rules:
 Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.(VT = V1 + V2 + …VN)

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 All components share the same (equal) current. (IT = I1 = I2 =…IN)

 Resistances add to equal total resistance. (RT = R1 + R2 + …RN)
2. Parallel Circuits
In a parallel circuit, one terminal of all the elements is connected to the
one terminal of the source and the other terminal of all elements is
connected to the other terminal of the source. This will form more than one
continuous path for current to flow. Each individual path is called a branch.
The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are
connected between the same set of electrically common points.
In parallel circuits, the voltage remains the same (V T = V1 = V2 = …VN) in the
parallel elements while the current changes. If there is any faulty element
among parallel elements there is no effect on the circuit.
www.allaboutcircuits.com
 For resistors connected in parallel, the total resistance is equal to the
sum of reciprocals of all resistance values, 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …1/RN
or RT = R1R2/R1 + R2 (for 2 resistors in parallel).
 For capacitors connected in series, the total capacitance is equal to
the sum of all capacitance values.
 For inductors connected in series, total inductance is equal to the
sum of all reciprocals of inductance values.
For parallel circuits, it’s the opposite for series, as voltage will flow the
same in each path, the current gets dropped/separated for each path. For
that very behavior, these circuits are also called as Current dividers.
Parallel Circuit rules:
 All components share the same (equal) voltage. (VT = V1 = V2 = …VN)
 Branch currents add to equal total current. (IT = I1 + I2 + …IN)
 Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.(1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …
1/RN)


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3. Series Parallel / Parallel Series Circuits
A third type of circuit involves the dual use of series and parallel
connections in a circuit; such circuits are referred to as compound circuits
or combination circuits. When analyzing combination circuits, it is
critically important to have a solid understanding of the concepts that
pertain to both series circuits and parallel circuits. Since both types of
connections are used in combination circuits, the concepts associated with
both types of circuits apply to the respective parts of the circuit. The circuit
depicted below is an example of the use of both series and parallel
connections within the same circuit.
In this circuit, we have two loops for the current to flow through: one from
1 to 2 to 5 to 6 and back to 1 again, and another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to
6 and back to 1 again. Notice how both current paths pass through R 1 (from
point 1 to point 2). In this configuration, we’d say that R 2 and R3 are in
parallel with each other, while R 1 is in series with the parallel combination
of R2 and R3.
However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and
parallel in others, we won’t be able to apply a single set of rules to every
part of that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that
circuit are series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series
and parallel rules as necessary to determine what is happening. Hence,
always start simplifying the combination/complex circuits from the farthest
connected load or elements going to the source voltage.
NOTE:
• The rules of series and parallel circuits must be applied selectively to
circuits containing both types of interconnections.
• In simplifying the circuit, we do a step by step procedure starting from the
farthest connected elements or components towards the source (voltage),
applying the series and parallel circuit rules, we will obtain a series circuit
as the final major connection (for series-parallel circuit).

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• For a parallel-series circuit, we do and apply the same principle for series-
parallel circuits. Thus, simplifying the circuit we will obtain a parallel
circuit as the final major connection.
Take the following circuit, for instance:
This circuit is neither simple series nor simple parallel. Rather, it contains
elements of both. The current exits the bottom of the battery splits up to
travel through R3 and R4, rejoins, then splits up again to travel through R 1
and R2, then rejoin again to return to the top of the battery. There exists
more than one path for current to travel (not series), yet there are more
than two sets of electrically common points in the circuit (not parallel).
Because the circuit is a combination of both series and parallel, we cannot
apply the rules for voltage, current, and resistance “across the table” to
begin analysis like we could when the circuits were one way or the other.
For instance, if the above circuit were simple series, we could just add up
R1 through R4 to arrive at a total resistance, solve for total current, and then
solve for all voltage drops. Likewise, if the above circuit were simple
parallel, we could just solve for branch currents, add up branch currents to
figure the total current, and then calculate total resistance from total
voltage and total current. However, this circuit’s solution will be more
complex.

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The table will still help us manage the different values for series-parallel
combination circuits, but we’ll have to be careful how and where we apply
the different rules for series and parallel. Ohm’s Law, of course, still works
just the same for determining values within a vertical column in the table.
If we are able to identify which parts of the circuit are series and which
parts are parallel, we can analyze it in stages, approaching each part one at
a time, using the appropriate rules to determine the relationships of
voltage, current, and resistance.
THINK!
1. Describe the significance of electric circuit in homes or
in any dwelling places?
2. Differentiate the advantages and disadvantages of series
circuits to that of parallel circuits?
Lesson 3
 ELECTRICAL TOOLS, EQUIPMENT

AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Introduction
Before you tackle any electrical project, having the proper tools,
equipment and instruments are essential to getting the job done efficiently,
correctly, and more importantly, safely! The old saying, use the right tool
for the job, couldn’t be more relevant, especially when it comes to
electrical work. Electrical task can be accomplished systematically to save
time, effort, and resources. Most of the work cannot be done using bare
hands. To do the task, electrical tools or equipment are needed to perform
the job. Prior to work, your personal safety should be the most important
consideration. Think about the hazards and protect yourself accordingly
before taking on any task. By using electrical tools and equipment, can also
help workers eliminate or minimize the possibility of getting hurt in the
workplace.
Electrical Tools and Equipment

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www.slideshare.net)
Electrical Tools - are tools used to work on an electrical system. Electrical

tools are needed to perform our job easier and faster. Electrical task can be

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accomplished systematically to save time, effort and resources. Electrical

tools can be classified as hand or manual and machine or power tools.
Electrical Equipment - includes any machine powered by electricity. It
usually consists of an enclosure, a variety of electrical components, and
often a power switch. Electrical equipment means any items that require
electricity for functioning or that are intended for the generation,
transmission or measurement of electricity. In short, means any electrically-
charged facilities.
Tools are basically classified into two, the hand tools and power tools.
Hand Tools
Hand tools are tools that can be used or operated by our hands manually
without using electrical energy, it doesn’t need any external power. Hand
tools such as screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers, pliers, levels, and wire
cutters are examples of common household tools that are often left out in
places such as basements, garages and tool sheds. Tools are tough, but they
are not indestructible and exposure to the elements can take its toll.
Power Tools
Machine or power tools are tools that require electrical energy and they are
operated by our hands too. Power tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders
and nailers need routine maintenance just like your hand tools. Because of
their mechanical and electrical parts, power tools are more susceptible to
problems caused by poor maintenance, dust and debris accumulation and
general malfunction. The following are some helpful tips on how to clean
and properly store your tools.
Dust and grime can bring your power tools to a grinding halt if left
unchecked over time. Wipe them clean with a rag after every job has been
completed and then store them. Deep clean periodically by using a damp
cloth. Get into exhausts and intakes and other hard-to-clean areas with
lightly oiled cotton swabs or other slender tools.
Proper Tool Maintenance
If you take care of your tools, they will return the favor. Proper care and
routine maintenance of your hand tools and power tools makes any home
improvement or repair project easier, safer and more successful. Proper
tool care also saves you money because the better they’re cared for, the
longer they’ll last.
The following are some helpful tips on how to clean and properly store
your tools.
 Keep Hand and Power Tools Clean. Dust and grime can bring your
power tools to a grinding halt if left unchecked over time(use paint
brush or clean rugs in cleaning)
 Store Hand and Power Tools Correctly (in toolbox or tool cabinet)
 Inspect for Wear or Damage (either for repair or for condemn)

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 Lubricate Moving Parts (for rust/corrosion prevention)

 Keep Batteries in Shape (prefer to remove if not in use)
The following are basic electrical tools and equipment needed in electrical
works and installation.
• Screw Drivers
These tools are made of steel hardened and tempered at the tip used
to loosen or tighten screws with slotted heads. They come in various sizes
and shapes. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in
a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. The
following are basic types of screwdrivers:
A. Standard/Flat Screw Driver - blade
tip is wedge-shaped and resembles a
negative (-) sign. This is used to drive
screws with a single slot heads.
B. Philips Screw Driver- has a cross tip

resembling a positive (+) sign. This is
used to drive screws with cross slot
heads.
C. Stubby Screw Driver - comes in

either Standard or Philips screw
driver with short shank or blade and
a shorted handle used to turn screws
in tight space where standard screw
driver cannot be used.
D. Allen Screwdriver/Allen Wrench

- could be in the shape of a screw
driver or a wrench. Its function is to
drive screw with hexagonal slot
head.

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E. Precision Screw Drivers

– a screwdriver used primarily for work
on small, intricate devices, a precision
screwdriver is a hand tool with a
similar intended use as a standard
screwdriver but possessing a smaller
form factor and a sleeker handle
design.
• Hammers
These are tools used in driving or pounding and pulling out nails. They
are made of hard steel, wood, plastic or rubber. The following are common
types of hammer:
Claw Hammer- a hammer with one side

of the head split and curved, used for
extracting nails.
Mallet(rubber head) - a kind

of hammer, often made of rubber or
sometimes wood, that is smaller than a
maul or beetle, and usually has a
relatively large head.
Ballpeen Hammer -a hammer with a

rounded end opposite the face, a type
of peening hammer used
in metalworking.
• Pliers
made from metal with insulators in the handle and are used for cutting,
twisting, bending, holding, and gripping wires and cables.

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Combination Pliers (Lineman’s

Pliers). This is used for gripping,
holding, and cutting electrical
wires and cables and even small
nails. They are usually used by
linemen in doing heavy tasks.
Side Cutting Pliers - type of

pliers is used for cutting fine,
medium and big wires and
cables.
Long Nose Pliers – also

called Needle-nose pliers,
used for cutting and holding
fine wires. This can reach
tight space or small opening
where other pliers cannot
reach and also used in
making terminal loops of
copper wires.
Wire Stripper - A tool used

for removing insulation of
medium sized wires ranging
from gauge #10 to gauge
#16.
Electrician’s Knife -
used by linemen to
remove insulation of
wire and cables in
low and high voltage
transmission lines.

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Portable Electric
drill - A small drilling
machine with a chuck
capacity of ¼‖ to
3/8‖. It is used in
making holes on
metal sheets and
concrete walls.
Hacksaw - is used to cut metals,

metal conduit and armored
cable.
• Tongue-and-grove pliers
Tongue-and-groove pliers are known by many names, including channel-
lock, groove joint, tongue-and-groove, and straight-jaw pliers. This tool is
most often used for plumbing work, but a pair of tongue-and-groove pliers
also has many uses for electrical projects. It will see frequent use for
removing knockouts from metal electrical boxes, tightening cable clamps,
and adjusting expansion-type ceiling fan boxes.
• Ruler - The ruler is a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines
to measure distances.
• Tape measure ( pull-push tape)
A standard tape measure is used for all kinds of field measurements, such as
setting heights for switches and outlets, centering lighting fixture boxes,
and marking surfaces for cutouts.
• Torpedo level/Spirit level (bar level)
A small level fits easily in a tool pouch and is used to make sure your work is
level and plumb. A great installation starts with level boxes and straight
switch and outlet covers. A torpedo level should be part of every
homeowner's standard toolkit; it will have plenty of uses beyond electrical
work.
• Wirepullers
Wirepullers are used to pull wires into conduit or raceways, these devices
will be very helpful for wire pulling.
• EMT bender / Pipe bender
EMT bender can be used to bend electrical metal tubing, it could be able to
do back to back bend in conduits, they can also do saddle bend and can be
used to straighten the conduit. A pipe bender is a tool used to bend piping
of different materials, such as copper and stainless steel, to form various

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angles and curves. There are four main categories of pipe benders: manual,
hydraulic, electric and mechanical.
• Soldering tools
Soldering tools can be used to make splices and tap connections in wires.
Many connections can be done with the help of this device. Soldering must
be done perfectly in order to get a better connection.
• Flashlight
Electrical repair and improvement work involves a lot of dark places, from
attics and basements, to wall and ceiling cavities, to the insides of
electrical boxes. A tactical flashlight is needed as much for safety as it is for
convenience. A couple of hand flashlights and a headlamp are good
additions to a DIY electrician's toolbox.
• Electric drill / Power drill
These devices are used to drill holes in metal sheets and concrete walls,
they can be used to make holes in building structures for the passage of
wires and conduit. They can be useful for indoor and outdoor wiring. Every
electrician uses drills, but the type of tool needed varies with the
application-what is essential for one worker isn't necessarily needed by
another. The power required depends on the material being drilled. For
fastening work, a lower-voltage cordless model might be used; for drilling
into concrete, a hammer/drill provides more impact and can drill more
holes faster.
• Pipe reamer
a fluted conical tool for beveling or removing burrs (deburr) from pipe ends
before threading. It is made from tool steel and hardened for maximum life.
Measuring Instruments – there a lot of electrical measuring instruments

that can also be used as electrical testing instruments, all compact in one
unit.
• Multi-meter/multi-tester
Also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), a general purpose instrument, a
multimeter can be used to measure voltage, current, resistance, and
capacitance, conductance, and frequency so this instrument could measure
almost all things which is needed for an electrician. Also known as
continuity tester, this meter can show the exact reading too. There are
digital and analog multimeters that are available in the market, price varies
depending on the brand.

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• Micrometer / Vernier Caliper

A micrometer can be used to measure small and large sizes of wires, it is
also used to remove the diameter of circular wires. A micrometer can
measure the diameter of thin wire accurately or thickness of sheet metal.
Vernier caliper is an instrument for making very accurate linear
measurements. It utilizes two graduated scales: a main scale similar to that
on a ruler and an especially graduated auxiliary scale, the vernier, that
slides parallel to the main scale and enables readings to be made to a
fraction of a division on the main scale.
• Test Light – a test light, test lamp, voltage tester, or mains tester is a very
simple piece of electronic test equipment used to determine the presence
or absence of an electric voltage in a piece of equipment under test.
•Wire Gauge – is use to measure how large a wire is, either

in diameter or cross sectional area. This determines the amount of electric
current a wire can safely carry, as well as its electrical
resistance and weight per unit of length.
• Frequency counter - measures the frequency of the current.

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• Megger tester - Megger tester measures resistance of a winding of Motor

or Generator and measures earthing's resistance.
• Wattmeter – it measures power in a circuit.
• Oscilloscope - An oscilloscope displays waveform of a signal, allows

measurement of frequency, timing, peak excursion, offset.
• Clamp-on Ammeter - the clamp-on ammeter is a work-around. It solves

both problems by measuring the magnetic field that surrounds any current-
carrying conductor. The instrument is calibrated to read amps. The user
closes the jaws around an insulated current-carrying conductor.
• Kilowatthour meter – a kWh meter is the electric meter that measures

the amount of electrical energy in kWh that was consumed in the house.
The kWh meter has a counter display that counts units of kilowatt-hour
(kWh).
THINK!
1. Why electrical tools and equipment are very significant in any

electrical works?
2. Describe the implication of using measuring and testing
instruments in electricity?
Lesson 4
ELECTRICAL PLANS AND ESTIMATES,
 LIGHTING, CONVENIENCE AND AUXILIARY

OUTLETS
Introduction
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For all building construction or remodeling building projects, the
owner or occupant must first have a concept for the new design, and then
the architect or designer can produce a set of building plans. These plans
convey all the required information to the local inspection authority and
associated building trades so that the construction or remodeling can take
place. Because commercial and industrial buildings contain a number of
electrical systems, these plans include specific electrical designs and
additional documentation to verify that the design conforms to all required
building codes.

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Every electrical design has unique requirements, depending on the scope of

the project. The project scope is determined by the customers’
requirements and the type of structure that the customer will occupy. For
example, if the project requires new electrical systems for an existing
building, then the electrical designer works to incorporate all the new
electrical wiring into the existing system. The designer must evaluate the
existing electrical system to ensure that existing electrical systems can
accommodate new additional electrical loads that will be imposed on them.
When the design is for a new pro-posed facility, then the scope of the
project is much greater. Electrical designs for these types of projects
require an entirely new electrical system design.
Electrical Plans and Estimates
You want to deliver quality service at a reasonable price; after all, that's
what keeps you in business. Like you, most contractors are concerned about
their ability to be competitive, make money, and stay in business through
reasonably priced quality service. To accomplish this, you must develop
accurate plans and estimates and keep overheads to a minimum.
Electrical Plans
The electrical plan is sometimes called as electrical drawing or wiring
diagram. It is a type of technical drawing that delivers visual representation
and describes circuits and electrical systems. It shows information about
power and lighting. It consists of symbols and lines that showcase the
engineer's electrical design to its clients. In short, an electrical plan
describes the position of all the electrical apparatus.
An electrical drawing may include all of these essential details described
below:
 Interconnection of electrical wires and other parts of the system
 Connection of different components and fixtures to the system
 Power lines with details such as size, voltage, rating, and capacity
 Power transformers and also their winding connections
 The main switches, tiebreaker, and fused switches
 Other essential equipment such as solar panels, batteries, generators,
air conditioning, and so on.

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Purposes and Benefits of Electrical Plan

Purposes of Electrical Plan
Why is there a need to have an electrical plan or drawing? You must be
thinking why to splurge on a precise electrical plan. The purposes of an
electrical plan are as follows:
 These drawings are vital for documenting, communicating
information, and troubleshooting your power systems on-site.
 Accurate and updated drawings keep your building in compliance with
all the code regulations.
 A plan encompasses all aspects. It focuses on areas such as lighting,
electronics, appliances, etc.
 It also considers the structure of the building. For example, if a
building has railings, stairs, or any other components, modifications
will be made accordingly.
 It is a thorough planning tool because it gives an in-depth view of
your building's electrical and wiring system.
 It helps to distribute power to various appliances and equipment
through accurate operation and installation of elements.
Benefits of Electrical Plan

 A plan highlights all the potential risks to make amendments quickly
before the occurrence of any substantial damage.
 It helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently, and
smoothly.
 An electrical plan saves time by avoiding delays and problems. A draft
pinpoints everything to prevent hazardous situations; thereby, it
helps professionals to complete their work on time.

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 It also saves money because nobody feels like spending more money
than they already have. A draft includes all the details like wire's
length, type of cables, and other parts you will need to complete
your project. Thus, you do not have to spend a considerable amount
of money on unnecessary things.
 An electrical plan prevents injury because it pinpoints all the
building's anticipated areas that may harm a technician.
Here are a few tips you should consider while making an electric plan:
1. Think About Furniture Placement
Planning about how you are going to set your furniture is essential
because you will have an idea where you are going to place your light
switches and electrical outlets. Most people make this mistake, and
they end up placing them at awkward places.
2. Plan for Additional Outlets

Renovating can drain a considerable amount of money. Let's say you
want to purchase side table lamps, kitchen ceiling lights, etc. You
may not buy this now, but maybe after a few months or a year later.
Having these additional electrical outlets will save you from a lot of
mess. Thereby, it is crucial to plan for other appliances now.
3. Utilize Different Types of Lights
Make sure to utilize different lighting types to illuminate your house
adequately, such as accent lighting, ambient lighting, and task
lighting.
Electrical Estimates (esub.com)
The estimate is the foundation for project management. The estimating
process generally dictates which contractor receives electrical work. The
contractor with the best-perceived price, but not necessarily the lowest,
usually wins the bid. Because of these demands, profit margins are limited.
This permits you to have only a small margin for error in the estimate. A
proper estimate must accurately determine your cost in completing the job
according to the customer's needs.
Estimating and costing electrical projects is a crucial step in every
construction project. Without electrical estimating, it is difficult for owners
to accurately calculate total project costs. On the flip side, it is also hard
for contractors and trade contractors to know how long a project will take
or what materials are needed. It’s important to look at all processes in a
business and see where they can be improved. Here are several tips to help
improve electrical estimating for construction projects.
Electrical estimating is especially important in construction projects
because of the sheer number of parts and time it can take. Estimators can
use historical data, past projects, and current project reports to better
their estimates for similar projects. Construction companies are able to
forecast overall project costs by using estimating. They carefully estimate

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the cost of the physical structure, overhead, and other costs associated with
the business and project. Because estimating is such an important part of
the bidding process, many subcontractors submit estimates for specific jobs
on a site before breaking ground.
Estimating versus Bidding. Determining the selling price for a job is
actually two separate components: estimating and the bid process.
• Estimating. The purpose of estimating is to determine the cost of a
project before you actually do the work. When estimating, you must take
into consideration variable job conditions, the cost of materials, labor costs,
direct job expenses, and management costs (overhead).
• Bid process. Once you know the estimated cost of a project, you can
determine the bid of the job.
A good estimating system. A good estimating system should help you
quickly and accurately determine the cost of a project. Sometimes it's easy
to inadvertently omit an element or make other errors when estimating.
These can combine to exceed the job's profit margin, resulting in a net loss
for the job.
Job management ultimately controls the cost of a project. Proper project
management is often the difference between profit and loss. You must
realize effective job planning; labor scheduling, and material purchasing are
all factors in determining the cost of a project. The cost of any project
correlates with how well you manage the job. To properly manage a job,
you need a budget.
Why Electrical Contractors Need Estimating?

Estimating is a crucial part of the construction process and it’s impossible
for any company or industry to avoid it. Without estimating, owners don’t
know what it will cost for a project to be completed. Electrical contractors,
in particular, need estimating because there are a lot of individual parts
that must be ordered and installed. The costs of conduits, wiring, and more
can fluctuate over the year, just like the cost of electricity and other office-
related costs. Electrical contractors need estimating to ensure that all of
their costs will be covered and they will be able to turn a profit on every
project.
What to consider in Estimating and Costing for Electrical Projects?

Estimators must consider several factors when estimating costs. Before
estimators take on the time-consuming process of estimating a job, they
typically use historical data to determine whether the job will be worth the
time and effort needed to complete an estimate. If the crew doesn’t have
the right or enough experience, then it usually isn’t worth it to submit a bid
for the job. However, once estimators identify a job that will turn a profit
for the company, they will use this information to build the estimates.
Overhead
Estimators have to take the overhead costs into account when preparing
estimates, as they are one of the most important costs to be incorporated

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into the bid. Overhead costs include all of the indirect costs of a job such as
accounting fees, marketing, insurance, legal fees, rent, taxes, phone bills,
utilities, and more.
Takeoffs
Takeoffs, or take offs, are the estimated quantities of items that the
electrical contractors need for a project. Using the plans or drawings,
estimators determine the specific items and number of items that they need
to order for the job. Depending on the tools and experience of the
estimator, they have several ways to calculate the takeoffs.
Labor Costs
Labor costs are the final piece of the electrical estimating process, and the
size of a firm can determine what process estimators use for labor costing.
For example, smaller firms will often use their experience in past jobs to
determine the number of hours needed for current jobs. However, this
method isn’t great for larger firms as it leaves more room for error and can
be inaccurate. Many larger companies instead choose to determine labor
costs by using labor units, which are set by how long it takes to install every
component by the number of laborers.
Tips to Improve Electrical Estimating in Construction

1. Review Cost Codes
No two businesses will use the same cost codes. Companies might use just a
few cost codes, or they might have hundreds of cost codes. More cost codes
mean that the company can track items in detail, however, they can be
complicated to function.
2. Carefully Determine Overhead
Overhead costs include all indirect costs incurred during the life of a
project, such as utilities for the office and marketing costs.
3. Mobile Time Tracking
Mobile time tracking is an easy way to improve accuracy for estimating and
costing electrical projects. Paper or manual time tracking doesn’t provide
accurate information, and switching from manual to mobile time tracking
helps improve labor cost estimation. It’s easier to know how much time a
team needs to complete a specific cost code or certain projects.
4. Review Old Projects
One of the best ways to improve estimating is to look at old projects.
Projects that are similar to the current bid can provide valuable data since
an estimator might be able to see that similar projects always end up over
budget on labor costs or material costs and account for that in their new
project estimate.
5. Determine if the Project is a Good Fit
While some projects may seem to be appealing for a contractor, it is
important to take the skill set of the workers into account. Using new

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technology or materials that your workers are unfamiliar with may greatly
slow down the progress of the project.
Lighting, Convenience and Auxiliary Outlets (www.landmarkhw.com)
Electrical Outlet is a device to which a piece of electrical equipment can be

connected in order to provide it with electricity. Also, an electrical outlet
or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity
supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall,
although they can also be installed in the floor.
Turning on a lamp, starting the microwave, or flipping on the TV are such
everyday tasks that you hardly think about what has to happen within the
walls of your home for those items to work. Electricity is an important part
of the systems within your house and being able to understand how it works
is vital in order to do simple things like resetting a circuit breaker or testing
an outlet. Receptacle outlets are available with one (simplex), two
(duplex), or three (triplex) receptacles where blades of the appliance plug
fit.
Height & Spacing of Electrical Lighting, Receptacles or "Outlets" in
Buildings:
Setting electrical outlets and wall switches and standard, uniform heights is
important both for ease of installation, and for the convenience of users.
Installing multiple boxes along a wall is much faster and easier when each
box is the same height. Any variance in height slightly increases the friction
on the NM (non-metallic) cable as you fish it through the holes drilled into
the studs. Uniformity becomes even more critical when you are pulling
rough-surfaced BX armored cable through studs. Uniform box heights also
help with cutting and placing the insulation in the walls and
attaching drywall to the studs.
Setting standard box heights is also important in terms of access and
ergonomics. Irregular heights for light switch heights, for instance, can be
disorienting. Boxes placed too high or too low can be inconvenient or even
inaccessible to disabled or elderly residents.
An electrical outlet must be properly located on the wall, according to
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) and the National Electrical Code. Standard
requirements for electrical lightings and receptacles (outlet or wall plug)
spacing, height, and clearances in houses and buildings must be considered.
The standard height of switches for electrical lightings is 5 feet (1.5 meter)
above finished floor line. In general, electrical receptacles or outlets are
installed along building walls such that at no point along the wall is the
distance to the nearest electrical receptacle more than six feet - i.e.
receptacles can be spaced 12 ft. on center. The standard height for wall
outlet boxes is about 12 inches (0.3 meter) from the top of the finished
floor covering to the bottom of the receptacle box (or 16 inches to the top
of the box). However, the need for other special purpose outlets can be
mounted based on the standard specifications provided. In rare instances,
outlets are still installed in baseboards and in the floor with proper
box/covers.

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How an Electrical Outlet Works

In order for electricity to work, it needs to create a circuit. An electrical
outlet is the source of electrical power you use to plug in many of your
appliances, which is how you create that circuit in your home. Here is how
an electrical outlet works.
First, electricity is brought to your home by a power plant and power lines.
This power is brought into your home and is distributed by a circuit breaker.
The circuit breaker is connected to each of your outlets by wiring.
Basically, an outlet has three holes. The first hole, or left hole, is called
“neutral”. The second hole, or right hole, is called “hot”. The third hole is
the “ground” hole. The hot hole is connected to the wire that supplies the
electrical current. The neutral hole is connected to the wire that brings the
electrical current back to the breaker box. When you plug in a lamp and
turn it on, the hot part of the outlet allows electricity to flow into the
lamp, turning on the light bulb. The circuit is completed when the current is
brought back into the outlet through the neutral slot, and back into the
circuit breaker. When you unplug the lamp the circuit is broken and thus the
lamp doesn’t work. Others in general, an outlet has two holes the hot and
neutral holes only.
A circuit breaker is one level of protection in a home. It’s called a circuit
breaker because it will “trip” or “break” a circuit (stop electric current
from flowing) if the electric current is too high. Another level of safety for
your home’s electrical system is having a grounded wire and grounded
outlets.
Lighting Outlet (LO) - a lighting outlet is a point where fixed lighting
fixtures are connected to a wiring system. It is an outlet intended for the
direct connection of a lamp holder, a luminaire or a pendant cord
terminating in a lamp holder. Every box used solely for lighting purpose
must be designed or installed so that a luminaire may be attached.
Convenience Outlet (CO) - a convenience outlet is a common in wall
electrical receptacle, which delivers power to devices which are plugged
into. A CO is a receptacle in a wall or baseboard for connection to lamps or
other electrical appliances.
Auxiliary Outlet – this unit provides an extra point of access to the branch
circuit with places to plug in one, two or three cords. Auxiliary outlets are
often used inter-changeably as a back-up or support outlet, The auxiliary
receptacles usually placed where computer, light, and office equipment
plugs are inserted.
THINK!
1.Why the need for electrical plan and estimates are very significant
prior to electrical construction?
2.Discuss briefly the advantages of following the PEC standard in
installing different electrical outlet?

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 MODULE SUMMARY
Lesson 1 discusses about the principles of Ohm’s law and Power

formula; the relationship of voltage, current and resistance with respect to
the power in electric circuit with an illustrative example of circuit problem
solving.
Lesson 2 focuses on different electrical circuit components. How

they are related with each other to complete and make the circuit
functional, the different types of electrical circuits, their advantages and
disadvantages in relation to their working principles.
Lesson 3 is about the importance and necessity of using basic

electrical tools, equipment, measuring and testing instruments in doing
electrical projects or works including their function and basic description.
Lesson 4 describes the purpose and benefits of having electrical

plans and doing estimates as basis before implementing electrical
construction projects or works. The purpose and function of lighting,
convenience, auxiliary or special purpose outlet. The PEC guidelines and
standard of proper outlet mounting and installation.
Congratulations! You have just studied Module III, now you are ready
to evaluate how much you have benefited from your reading by answering
the summative test. God bless!!!...

III

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MODULE III

OHM’S LAW AND ELECTRICAL

Lesson 1 Ohm’s Law and Power

Lesson 2 Circuit Components and

Lesson 3 Electrical Tools,

Lesson 4 Electrical Plans and

OHM’S LAW AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Electricity is present in all areas of technology. Electricity is a source

It is important to have more than just a knowledge of the vocabulary

After studying the module, you should be able to:

3. understand, can solve and explain simple circuit problems applying

4. demonstrate the proper usage of electrical tools and measuring

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

In case of problems, discuss them with your teacher/tutor during the

God bless and enjoy reading ! ! ! . . .

 OHM’S LAW AND POWER FORMULA

Humankind has indeed harnessed electricity, the basis of technology,

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

Description of Ohm’s Law

Georg Simon Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

The current that flows through most substances is directly

I = V / R… (Ohm’s law formula),

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes(A), V is

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

effect. This is an empirical law, which is to say that it is an experimentally

2. Consider a 10 ohm resistor in a circuit subject to a

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

Electric power, an energy generated through the conversion of other

Electrical power is characterized by current or the flow of electric

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

How to make sense of power factor (www.fluke.com)

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

The Formula Wheel – are the Formulas of Electrical Engineering

Magic circle − Formulas for calculating any combination of electrical

Principles of Electrical Engineering

Formula Wheel ▼ Important Formulas

Voltage V = I × R = P / I = √(P × R) in volts, V

Current I = V / R = P / V = √(P / R) in amperes, A

Resistance R = V / I = P / I2 = V2/ P in ohms, Ω

Power P = V × I = R × I2= V2/ R in watts, W

Considering the formula of power in relationship to Ohm’s law. However,

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

equations relating voltage, current, and resistance.

Example 1: Calculate the resistance of a 1000 Watts microwave designed for

If you look at the formulas, P= V2/ R seems most logical.

1. State the ohm’s law principle and describe it in relation to

 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND TYPES OF

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

circuits as involving something they call ‘current’ or ‘energy’ or ‘electricity’

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

Pictorial(Fig.1) and Schematic Diagram(Fig.2) of an Electric Circuit

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE

 Switches (a means of controlling the circuit), resistors,

Types of Electrical Circuits

ELEC 102 – FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE