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Module 5 - Energy and Electricity Conservation

This module discusses energy and electricity conservation. It defines electricity as a fundamental form of energy that occurs naturally or is produced and is expressed through electron movement and interaction, creating electric and magnetic fields. The module will explain how to define electricity, state the basics of electricity including conductors, voltage, current and resistance, identify energy efficient devices and practices, and state various electrical equipment and appliances.

Uploaded by

Parth Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Module 5 - Energy and Electricity Conservation

This module discusses energy and electricity conservation. It defines electricity as a fundamental form of energy that occurs naturally or is produced and is expressed through electron movement and interaction, creating electric and magnetic fields. The module will explain how to define electricity, state the basics of electricity including conductors, voltage, current and resistance, identify energy efficient devices and practices, and state various electrical equipment and appliances.

Uploaded by

Parth Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5 – Energy and Electricity Conservation

Key learning outcomes


At the end of this module the participant will be able to:
1. Define electricity
2. State the basics of electricity
3. State energy efficient devices
4. State the standard practices to be followed for conserving
electricity
5. State electrical equipment and appliances

Unit 5.1 Define electricity

Unit Objectives

By the end of this module the participant will be able to:

1. Define electricity

Electricity is a fundamental form of energy observable in positive and


negative form that occurs naturally(as in lightning) or is produced(as in
a generator) and that is expressed in terms of movement and
interaction of electrons.

The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or


negative creates an electric field. Movement of electric charges leads to
an electric current which further produces a magnetic field.
When a charge is placed in a non-zero electric field, a force will act on
it. The extent of this force is given by Coulomb’s law. If this charge
moves, it’ll have to do so against the electric field, thus we can say that
electric potential at a certain point in space is equal to the amount of
work done by an external agent in carrying a unit positive charge from
infinity to a point in the electric field.

It is at the heart of many of our present era technologies, being used


for:

 Electric power where electric current is used to energise


equipments
 Elctronics which deal with electrical circuits, diodes, semi-
conductors, vaccum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits
and associated passive interconnected technologies.
Unit 5.2 Basics of elctricity

Unit Objectives

By the end of this module the participant will be able to:

2. State the basics of electricity

Electricity simply put is the flow of electrons in a conductor. Electric


current flows in the form of free electrons, thus, greater the number of
free electrons in a material, better will be its conductivity. On the basis
on conductivity, these ‘materials’ can be classified into three
categories:

 Conductors – Materials whose conductivity lies between 104


to 107 ohm m. For example, Iron, Copper, etc.
 Semi-conductors – Materials whose conductivity lies
between 10-6 to 104 ohm m. For example, Graphite, Silicon,
etc.
 Insulators – Materials whose conductivity lies between 10-20
to 10-10 ohm m. For example, Paper, Glass, etc.

There are three primary electrical parameters:

 Volt
 Ampere
 Ohm

Volt: The amount of external force exerted on free electrons is known


as electromotive force(EMF). Volt is the amount of EMF required to
push a current of one ampere through a conductor with resistance of
one ohm.
Ampere: Ampere defines the rate of flow of electric current. For
example, when one coulomb of charge flows through a given point on a
conductor in a second, it is defined as a current of one ampere.

Ohm: Ohm is the unit of resistivity of a conductor. Three factors


determine the resistivity of a conductor:

1. Size of conductor
2. Composition of conductor
3. Temperature of conductor

Ohm’s law: This law defines the relation between electric current(I),
voltage(V) and resistance(R) of a conductor. It can be expressed as

V =I*R, where V= volts, I= amps, R= ohms

Ampacity: It is the amount of current which a conductor can handle


before its temperature exceeds the accepted limits. These limits are
given in the National Electronic Code(NEC)

Electrical circuits

The simplest electrical circuit has a power source(a battery), a switch(to


open and close the circuit) and a lamp(to demonstrate flow of charge),
connected by means of conducting wires. In complex circuits with a
wide array of appliances, they may be connected in either series or
parallel.
Series circuits: Current flowing through each component is the same
and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of individual voltage drops
across each component. These circuits are usually seen in batteries,
where several cells are connected in a series to obtain a convenient
operating voltage.

Parallel circuits: In parallel circuits, each component has the same


voltage across their ends, voltage across ends is same in magnitude and
has identical polarity. The same voltage is applied to all components
connected in parallel. These circuits are incorporated in the wirings of
our homes wherein a single power source supplies the same voltage to
all the appliances and lights in our houses. If one of the lights burn out,
current can still flow and reach the other appliances and they’ll fuction
as intended.

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