QUESTION BANK ADC

SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS

Module 1
1. Give the block diagram representation of an electronic communication system.

2. What is the need of frequency translation?

The need for frequency translation arises in applications where it is necessary to shift
a signal's frequency spectrum, often to make it compatible with other parts of a
system, for example, in RF (Radio Frequency) and communication systems.
3. What is a bandpass signal and draw its amplitude spectrum.
A bandpass signal is a signal that occupies a specific frequency range and rejects
frequencies outside of that range. Its amplitude spectrum consists of a peak at the
signal's center frequency with bandwidth limited by upper and lower cutoff
frequencies.
4. Assuming no overmodulation calculate the modulation index when the maximum and
minimum values of envelope of AM system are 3V and 1V respectively
The modulation index (m) for an AM (Amplitude Modulation) system can be
calculated as (Vmax - Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin), where Vmax is the maximum value of
the envelope and Vmin is the minimum value.

5. Find the spectrum of 𝑔(𝑡) = cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)

The spectrum of g(t) = cos(2πfct) is two Dirac delta functions at fc and -fc.
6. State and prove the time scaling property of Fourier Transform.
The time scaling property of the Fourier Transform states that if you stretch or
compress a signal in the time domain by a factor "a," its Fourier Transform is
compressed or stretched by the same factor "1/a" in the frequency domain.
 Mathematically, if X(f) is the Fourier Transform of x(t), then the Fourier Transform of
x(at) is X(f/a).

7. State the Duality property of Fourier Transform

The Duality property of the Fourier Transform states that if X(f) is the Fourier
Transform of a signal x(t), then the Fourier Transform of X(f) is 2π times x(-t). In
mathematical terms, if X(f) ⇌ x(t), then x(f) ⇌ 2πX(-t).
8. Consider an angle modulated signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 6 cos[2𝜋106𝑡 + 2 sin(8000𝜋𝑡) + 4
cos(8000𝜋𝑡)] 𝑉. Find the average power of 𝑥(𝑡).

9. State Parseval’s relation.

Parseval's relation states that the total power of a signal in the time domain is equal
to the total power in the frequency domain. Mathematically, for a signal x(t) and its
Fourier Transform X(f), it can be expressed as: ∫ |x(t)|^2 dt = ∫ |X(f)|^2 df.
10. Determine the fourier transform of 𝛿(𝑡)

The Fourier transform of δ(t) (Dirac delta function) is a constant function, which is 1 at
all frequencies. In mathematical terms, ∫ δ(t) e^(-j2πft) dt = 1 for all values of f.

Module 2
1. Find the fourier transform of sgn(t)
The Fourier transform of sgn(t) (the signum or sign function) is sinc(f), where sinc(f) =
sin(πf) / (πf).
2. State and explain Carson’s rule.
Carson's rule is used for estimating the bandwidth of an angle-modulated signal in
FM (Frequency Modulation). It states that the bandwidth (B) of an FM signal is
approximately equal to 2 times the sum of the maximum frequency deviation (Δf) and
the modulation frequency (fm), i.e., B ≈ 2(Δf + fm).

3. Define Frequency Deviation in FM

Frequency deviation in FM is the maximum difference between the instantaneous
frequency of the modulated signal and the carrier frequency.
4. Which device is connected cascade with a FM system to produce a PM signal.
A phase modulator is connected in cascade with an FM system to produce a PM
(Phase Modulation) signal.

5. What is Quadrature Null effect?

 The Quadrature Null effect refers to the condition in a phase-locked loop (PLL) where
the phase difference between the input and output signals is exactly zero. It occurs
when the input and output signals are in phase quadrature and the PLL is locked.
6. What is the significance of Coherent or Synchronous detection.
The significance of coherent or synchronous detection in communication systems is
that it helps recover the original modulating signal with minimal distortion. Coherent
detection involves using a reference signal that is phase-locked to the carrier signal,
allowing for accurate demodulation of the modulating signal.

7. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑗𝜔𝑜𝑡.

The Fourier Transform of x(t) = ejω0t is a pair of impulse functions at ω0 and -ω0 in
the frequency domain.
8. Define VSB modulation.
VSB (Vestigial Sideband) modulation is a type of amplitude modulation (AM) where
one sideband is fully transmitted, and the other sideband is partially suppressed. This
is commonly used in television broadcasting to save bandwidthOne disadvantage of
the direct method of FM generation is that it can be more susceptible to frequency
drift and instability compared to other methods like the indirect or varactor diode
modulation.

9. Give one disadvantage of Direct method of FM generation.

One disadvantage of the direct method of FM generation is that it can be more
susceptible to frequency drift and instability compared to other methods like the
indirect or varactor diode modulation.

10. Determine the modulation index for a given signal whose frequency deviation is about
50𝐾𝐻𝑧⁡and the baseband signal is band limited to 7𝐾𝐻𝑧.

The modulation index for an FM signal is given by the formula β = Δf / fm, where Δf
is the frequency deviation and fm is the baseband signal's frequency. In this case, β =
50 kHz / 7 kHz = 7.14.

Module 3
1. Draw the block diagram of a system produces FM signal using phase modulation
2. If a signal is bandlimited to 7 KHz with carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 = 108𝑘𝐻𝑧 having ∇𝑓 =
50⁡𝐾𝐻𝑧.Find the angular deviation and Bandwidth

3. Define Sampling Theorem.

 Sampling Theorem (Nyquist-Shannon Theorem) states that in order to accurately
reconstruct a continuous signal from its discrete samples, the sampling frequency
must be at least twice the maximum frequency present in the signal. Mathematically,
it is given as: fs ≥ 2 * fmax.
4. Draw the block diagram for PAM system.

5. Give the Merits and demerits of PAM system.

Merits of PAM: Simple implementation, good signal-to-noise ratio. Demerits: Limited
bandwidth efficiency, susceptible to quantization noise.

6. Consider the continuous signal 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 100𝜋𝑡. Find the minimum sampling rate (Nyquist)
to avoid aliasing.
Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing for a signal x(t) = cos(100πt) is 200 Hz.
7. Define Ideal Sampling
Ideal Sampling is a theoretical concept in which the samples are taken
instantaneously at the original signal values without any distortion or modification.

8. Define Natural Sampling

Natural Sampling is a sampling method where samples are taken at the nearest
quantized values, preserving the original signal's amplitude within each sampling
interval.
9. Define Flat top Sampling
Flat-top Sampling is a method of sampling where each sample is represented by the
average value of the signal within the sampling interval.

10. Differentiate between PWM and PPM.

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) varies the width of pulses in proportion to the
amplitude of an analog signal, while PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) varies the
position of pulses within a fixed time period in proportion to the analog signal.

Module 4
1. State various CW modulation systems
Various CW modulation systems include AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency
Modulation), and PM (Phase Modulation).
2. State one difference between FDM and TDM
Difference between FDM and TDM: FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) divides
the available bandwidth into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands, while TDM
(Time Division Multiplexing) divides the time into slots or frames for data
transmission.
 3. Define Crosstalk in PAM.
Crosstalk in PAM refers to unwanted interference or leakage of signal energy from
one channel to another in Pulse Amplitude Modulation.
4. Find the number of bits if quantization level is 1024.
The number of bits for quantization with 1024 levels is 10 bits.

5. Define Line Codes.

Line codes are methods of encoding digital data into a format suitable for
transmission over communication channels, defining the relationship between bits
and signal waveforms.
6. In PCM quantization noise depends on ____________
In PCM, quantization noise depends on the number of quantization levels or bits
used for digitization.

7. Give one main advantage of PCM.

One main advantage of PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is its robustness against noise
and distortion during signal transmission.
8. Find the signal to noise ratio for a sinusoidal signal quantised using 10 bit PCM.
The signal-to-noise ratio for a 10-bit PCM signal depends on the quantization step
size and signal level. It can be calculated as SNR (dB) = 6.02 * N + 1.76, where N is the
number of bits, resulting in approximately 61.76 dB for 10-bit PCM.

9. The number of bits per sample in a PCM is increased from 8 to 16. The bandwidth will
increase by _________
When the number of bits per sample in PCM is increased from 8 to 16, the bandwidth
remains the same. The bandwidth is determined by the sampling rate and is not
affected by the bit depth.
10. Why is it necessary to further modulate the digital signals?
It's necessary to further modulate digital signals for efficient transmission,
compatibility with different communication systems, and to adapt them to the
characteristics of the transmission medium (e.g., RF modulation for wireless
communication).

Module 5

1. Why ASK being the simplest among keying system is rarely used?
 ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is rarely used because it's vulnerable to noise and
interference. Other modulation techniques offer better performance and bandwidth
efficiency
2. Differentiate between FSK and PSK.
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) varies the carrier frequency, while PSK (Phase Shift
Keying) changes the phase of the carrier signal to encode information.

3. Why BPSK signal is not detected using filters?

BPSK signals are not detected using filters because they have a constant envelope,
making their energy concentrated at a single frequency, which is not effectively filtered
using linear filters.
4. Which modulation technique gives maximum probability of error?
OOK (On-Off Keying) modulation gives the maximum probability of error among
common digital modulation techniques.
5. Which modulation technique gives minimum probability of error?
M-PSK (M-ary Phase Shift Keying) modulation techniques often give the minimum
probability of error.
6. Write advantages of QPSK
Advantages of QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) include efficient use of bandwidth
and higher data transmission rates.
7. Write one advantage of DPSK over BPSK.
One advantage of DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) over BPSK is improved
tolerance to phase variations and the elimination of the need for coherent
demodulation.
8. Why is there a need for further modulation of PCM signal?
Further modulation of PCM signals is necessary to transmit them efficiently over analog
communication channels, such as radio, by converting digital data into analog
waveforms.
9. Define Optimum filter.
An optimum filter is designed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for a specific
communication system or channel, providing the best performance.
10. Define Matched filter.
A matched filter is a filter that is designed to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio
when the input signal is known, and it's used in signal detection and reception.

FOCUSED SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS

7.Explain generation of VSB using sideband shaping filter.

The generation of VSB (Vestigial Sideband) modulation using a sideband shaping filter involves:
 1. Starting with a message signal containing video and audio information.
2. Using a sideband shaping filter to selectively suppress one sideband (typically the upper
sideband) while preserving the other sideband and the carrier.
3. This creates a VSB signal, which is transmitted over the channel, reducing bandwidth
requirements.
4. At the receiver, a demodulation process retrieves the original message signal.

VSB modulation efficiently uses bandwidth while preserving vital information, making it suitable
for television broadcasting with limited bandwidth resources.

8. Why Pre emphasis and De-emphasis used in FM?

pre-emphasis and de-emphasis are used in FM (Frequency Modulation) to improve

the signal-to-noise ratio.

 Pre-emphasis boosts higher frequencies in the audio signal before

modulation to reduce the impact of noise in those frequency components
during transmission.
 De-emphasis is applied at the receiver to reduce the boosted high-frequency
components, restoring the original frequency response and improving the
signal-to-noise ratio.

This process helps enhance the overall audio quality and reception of FM signals.

9. Find the spectrum of AM wave.

10. Carrier Component: The carrier frequency (f_c) is at the center of the
spectrum. It has the highest amplitude and represents the unmodulated carrier
signal.
11. Upper Sideband (USB): Situated above the carrier frequency, the upper
sideband contains the positive frequency components created by the modulation
process. It extends up to a frequency of f_c + f_m, where f_m is the maximum
frequency of the modulating signal.
12. Lower Sideband (LSB): Positioned below the carrier frequency, the lower
sideband holds the negative frequency components generated by modulation. It
extends down to a frequency of f_c - f_m.

The spectrum of an AM wave is characterized by the carrier and two sidebands,

making it a "double sideband" spectrum. The amplitudes of the sidebands are
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal, and their frequencies
are symmetrically distributed around the carrier frequency.

12) Describe the working of a BJT based amplitude modulator circuit.

BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) based amplitude modulator circuit is used to
perform amplitude modulation of a carrier signal by a modulating signal. This circuit
is often referred to as a "transistor amplitude modulator." Here's how it works:

Working Steps:

1. Biasing: The BJT is biased to operate in its active region. This is typically done
by providing appropriate DC voltages to the transistor's base and collector
terminals.
2. Amplification: The modulating signal is applied to the base terminal of the
BJT. The transistor amplifies the modulating signal.
3. Mixing: The amplified modulating signal is then mixed with the carrier signal
at the collector terminal of the BJT. This is done by combining the amplified
modulating signal and the carrier signal to generate the amplitude-modulated
signal.
4. Output: The output of the circuit is the amplitude-modulated signal. The
amplitude of the carrier signal varies with the amplitude of the modulating
signal, resulting in amplitude modulation.
5. Filtering: In practice, a bandpass filter may be used to remove any unwanted
frequency components and isolate the desired modulated signal.

14)What is narrowband noise and discuss its properties.

Narrowband noise is a type of random noise signal that is characterized by its narrow
frequency spectrum, meaning that the energy of the noise signal is concentrated
within a relatively small frequency range. It is often used in various applications in
signal processing, communications, and testing. Here are some properties and
characteristics of narrowband noise:

1. Limited Frequency Range: As the name suggests, narrowband noise has a

limited or narrow frequency range. Unlike white noise, which has a uniform
distribution of energy across the entire frequency spectrum, narrowband noise
is confined to a specific frequency range.
2. Center Frequency: Narrowband noise is usually centered around a particular
frequency, which is called the center frequency. The center frequency is the
most significant frequency component, and the noise signal has higher energy
in the vicinity of this frequency.
3. Bandwidth: Narrowband noise has a defined bandwidth that specifies the
range of frequencies within which the noise is concentrated. The bandwidth is
typically expressed as a range of frequencies centered around the center
frequency.
15)Describe the RC low pass filtering of Noise.

RC (Resistor-Capacitor) low-pass filtering is a common technique used to reduce or

attenuate high-frequency components or noise in a signal. In short, it works as
follows:

1. Components: An RC low-pass filter consists of a resistor (R) and a capacitor

(C) connected in series or parallel.
2. Filter Action: The filter allows low-frequency components to pass through
while attenuating or blocking high-frequency components (noise). The cutoff
frequency (fc) determines the point at which the filter starts attenuating the
signal.
3. Cutoff Frequency: The cutoff frequency is determined by the values of R and
C and is given by ��=12���fc=2πRC1. Frequencies below fc pass with
minimal attenuation, while frequencies above fc are attenuated.
4. Filter Order: The filter order indicates the steepness of the transition between
passband and stopband. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off
characteristics.
5. Time Constant: The time constant (τ), which is equal to RC, characterizes the
filter's response time. A larger time constant results in slower response to
changes in the signal.
6. Applications: RC low-pass filtering is used to remove high-frequency noise
from signals in various applications, including audio processing, signal
conditioning, and power supply noise reduction.

16)Write short note on PLL.

A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is a control system used in electronics and

communications for various purposes, including signal demodulation, frequency
synthesis, and clock synchronization. In short:

 Function: A PLL is designed to generate an output signal with a phase that is

locked to the phase of an input signal. It adjusts its output to match the phase
and frequency of the input, making it a valuable tool for various applications.
 Components: A typical PLL consists of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a feedback loop.
 Applications: PLLs are used in radio and TV receivers for demodulating
amplitude-modulated (AM) and frequency-modulated (FM) signals, in clock
recovery for data communication, in frequency synthesis for generating stable
clock signals, and more.
 Advantages: PLLs provide accurate phase and frequency control, noise
reduction, and stability in a wide range of applications, making them a
fundamental building block in modern electronics.
19 .Write two properties of Probability Density Function

20 Normalization: The PDF integrates to 1 over its entire domain, ensuring that
the total probability of all possible outcomes is equal to 1.
21 Non-Negativity: The PDF is non-negative for all values within its domain,
meaning the probability of any specific outcome is always greater than or equal to
zero.

LONG TYPE QUESTIONS

7.a)Briefly discuss the Phase discrimination Method of generating an SSB wave.

The Phase Discrimination Method is one of the methods used to generate a Single-Sideband
(SSB) wave, which is a form of amplitude modulation where one sideband and the carrier are
suppressed. In this method:

1. Modulation: The carrier signal and the message signal are initially modulated using
conventional AM (Amplitude Modulation).
2. Frequency Shifting: The modulated signal is then passed through a phase-shifting
network that introduces a phase shift of 90 degrees to one side of the spectrum (either
the upper or lower sideband).
3. Phase Discriminator: The phase-shifted signal and the original modulated signal are fed
into a phase discriminator, which compares the phase of the two signals.
4. Sideband Selection: The phase discriminator output contains only one of the sidebands
(either USB or LSB), depending on the direction of the phase shift. The other sideband is
greatly attenuated or suppressed.
5. Desired Sideband: The output of the phase discriminator represents the desired SSB
signal, containing either the upper sideband (USB) or the lower sideband (LSB) based on
the phase shift introduced in step 2.

This method effectively generates a Single-Sideband signal by selecting one sideband and
suppressing the other. It is a coherent method that relies on phase manipulation and
discrimination, and it helps conserve bandwidth by transmitting only one sideband and the
carrier.

10.A carrier A cos𝝎𝒄𝒕 is modulated by multitone modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) = ⁡𝑉1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔1𝑡 +

𝑉2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔2𝑡 + 𝑉3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔3𝑡. Derive expression for total modulated power and net modulation index of the
AM wave.

b) An amplitude modulated signal is given by 𝑆𝐴𝑀(𝑡) = 10 cos(2𝜋106𝑡) +

5 cos(2𝜋106𝑡) cos(2𝜋103𝑡) + 2 cos(2𝜋106𝑡) cos(4𝜋103𝑡) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠⁡Find the various frequency
components present and the corresponding modulation indices. And Draw the Spectrum and find
the Bandwidth. Also find the net modulation index.

11.a) Describe one method with neat sketch for generation of DSBSC waves..

One method for generating DSBSC (Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier) waves is

through balanced modulation using a ring modulator or a balanced modulator
circuit.

Method:

1. Components: The balanced modulator circuit consists of two multipliers or

modulators, which are essentially diode-based switches. These diodes are
configured in a ring or bridge-like arrangement.
2. Input Signals:
 Message Signal (m(t)): The modulating signal (e.g., audio signal) is
applied to one input of the balanced modulator.
 Carrier Signal (c(t)): The carrier signal is applied to the other input of
the balanced modulator.
3. Balanced Modulation: The balanced modulator circuit performs
multiplication or switching between the two input signals. This results in the
generation of two sidebands - one upper sideband (USB) and one lower
sideband (LSB).
4. Suppressed Carrier: The key feature of DSBSC modulation is that the carrier
component is almost entirely suppressed (carrier amplitude becomes close to
zero). This is achieved because the carrier is equally present in both sidebands,
but they are 180 degrees out of phase. When added together, they effectively
cancel out the carrier component.
5. Output: The output of the balanced modulator is the DSBSC signal, which
contains the USB and LSB components, while the carrier is greatly reduced in
amplitude or entirely suppressed.

Neat Sketch:

A neat sketch of a balanced modulator circuit would typically show the two diode-
based switches (multipliers) in a ring configuration, with the message signal and
carrier signal inputs. The output would depict the DSBSC signal with suppressed
carrier and the USB and LSB sidebands.

This method of DSBSC generation effectively eliminates the carrier while transmitting
the two sidebands, which is a useful technique in various communication and
broadcasting applications.
 b) Explain Envelope Detection technique.

Envelope detection is a simple yet effective technique used in radio receivers to

extract the original modulating signal from an amplitude-modulated (AM) wave. In
short, here's how envelope detection works:

1. Signal Input: The incoming AM signal (carrier + modulating signal) is applied

to the input of the envelope detector.
2. Diode Rectification: A diode, often a semiconductor device, is used to
perform rectification. It allows only the positive half of the signal to pass
through while blocking the negative half. This effectively removes the carrier
signal.
3. Capacitor Integration: The rectified signal, which now represents the
envelope of the original modulating signal, is passed through a capacitor. The
capacitor smooths and integrates the rectified waveform, removing high-
frequency variations.
4. Output: The output of the capacitor represents the envelope of the original
modulating signal. It closely resembles the shape of the original modulating
signal with variations in amplitude corresponding to the original information.

14.a)Illustrate the pulse amplitude modulation with neat sketch.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is a modulation technique where the amplitude

of a series of pulses varies based on the amplitude of an analog signal. Here's an
illustration of PAM with a neat sketch:

1. Analog Signal (Message Signal): Start with an analog signal, which can
represent any continuous waveform, such as an audio signal.
2. Sampling: Discretize the analog signal by taking samples at regular intervals.
These samples represent the amplitude of the signal at specific points in time.
3. Quantization: Quantize the sampled values by rounding them to a limited set
of discrete levels. The quantization levels determine the resolution of the
digital representation.
4. Pulse Encoding: Convert the quantized values into corresponding pulse
amplitudes. Each quantization level corresponds to a specific pulse amplitude.
The amplitude of each pulse is proportional to the quantized value.
5. Transmitted Signal: Transmit the series of pulses, where each pulse
represents a quantized sample from the original analog signal.

b)Describe the operation of PWM and PPM techniques.

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation):

 Operation: PWM is a modulation technique used to encode analog

information within the width of digital pulses. The analog signal is sampled
and quantized, and the width of the pulses in the digital signal corresponds to
the amplitude of the analog signal.
 Application: PWM is commonly used in applications like motor control,
power amplifiers, and digital-to-analog conversion.
 Advantage: It provides precise control over the amplitude of the analog
signal and is relatively immune to noise.

PPM (Pulse Position Modulation):

 Operation: PPM is a modulation technique where the position of a pulse

within a fixed time frame encodes the analog information. The time delay
between the start of the frame and the pulse's leading edge represents the
analog value.
 Application: PPM is used in applications like radar, wireless communication,
and remote control systems.
 Advantage: It is less sensitive to amplitude variations but requires precise
timing for accurate demodulation.

In both PWM and PPM, analog information is encoded into a digital signal. PWM
encodes amplitude in pulse width, while PPM encodes it in pulse position.

15.a)Briefly discuss the phase discrimination method of generating SSB wave.

The Phase Discrimination Method is one of the methods used to generate a Single-
Sideband (SSB) wave, which is a form of amplitude modulation where one sideband
and the carrier are suppressed. In this method:

16. Modulation: The carrier signal and the message signal are initially modulated
using conventional AM (Amplitude Modulation).
17. Frequency Shifting: The modulated signal is then passed through a phase-
shifting network that introduces a phase shift of 90 degrees to one side of the
spectrum (either the upper or lower sideband).
18. Phase Discriminator: The phase-shifted signal and the original modulated
signal are fed into a phase discriminator, which compares the phase of the two
signals.
19. Sideband Selection: The phase discriminator output contains only one of the
sidebands (either USB or LSB), depending on the direction of the phase shift. The
other sideband is greatly attenuated or suppressed.