26/2/2024

Introduction to Bridge
Engineering
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University

Presentation Outline
 Component of Bridges
 Types of Bridges
 Which Type of Bridges to Use
 AASHTO LRFD 2012 Requirements

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 Components of Bridge
 Substructure  Superstructure
 Foundation (pile/spread)  Any structure above pier
 Pier (column) which supports roadway
 Abutment  Wearing surface
 Parapet

Bridge Components

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 Bridge Components

Bridge Components

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 Bridge Components

Bridge Components

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 Bridge Components
Drainage of the Bridge Deck

Bridge Components
Expansion Joints (Modular Joint)

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 Bridge Components
Expansion Joints (Neoprene Joint)

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Bridge Components
Expansion Joints (Single Strip Joint)

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 Bridge Components
Expansion Joints (Finger Strip Joint)

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Bridge Components

Intermediate Diaphragm

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 Bridge Components
Steel/Rocker Bearing Type

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Bridge Components
Spherical Bearing Type

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 Bridge Components
Elastomeric Bearing Type

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Bridge Components
Multi-Column Bent

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 Bridge Components
Hammerhead Bent

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Bridge Components
Wall Type Bent

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 Types of Bridges
 Classification According to:
 Type of Traffic
 Type of Traffic Position
 Type Material and Fabrication
 Type of Structural System

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Type of Traffic
 Highway Bridges (trucks, cars)

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 Type of Traffic
 Pedestrian Bridges (pedestrians, bicycles)

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Type of Traffic
 Railway Bridges (trains)

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 Type of Traffic
 Transit Guideway (LRT, monorail)

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Type of Traffic
 Other types (pipelines, utilities, industrial)

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 Type of Traffic
 Other types (pipelines, utilities, industrial)

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Type of Traffic Position

 Deck type:
 Structural components under the deck
 Preferred by drivers (can clearly see the view)
 Requires space under the bridge
 Through type
 Structural components above the deck
 Obstructed view
 Half-through type
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 Deck Type

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Through Type

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 Through Type

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Deck + Through Type

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 Half-Through Type

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Type of Material & Fabrication

 Type of Material  Type of Fabrication
 Masonry  Precast (RC/PSC)
 Timber  Cast-in-place
 Reinforced Concrete (RC/PSC)
(RC)  Pretensioned (PSC)
 Prestressed Concrete  Post-tensioned (PSC)
(PSC)  Prefabricated steel
 Iron  Bolted (steel/timber)
 Steel  Welded (steel)
 Aluminum
 Composites 34

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 Type of Material & Fabrication

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Type of Material & Fabrication

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 Type of Material & Fabrication

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Type of Material & Fabrication

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 Type of Structural System
 Arch
 Beam/Girder
 Cantilever
 Cable-Stayed
 Suspension
 Others

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Arch Bridges

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 Arch Bridges
 Semi-circle: vertical
reactions only at supports
 Flat arch: vertical &
horizontal forces at supports
 Tied arch: (ties resist tension
forces)

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Arch Bridges

 The arch construction was invented during the Roman empire

 Materials (Masonry, Timber, Concrete (RC/PS), Steel)
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 Concrete Arch Bridge

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Prestressed Cocnrete Arch Bridge

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 Steel Arch Bridge

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Slab Bridges

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 Beam/Girder Bridges
 The most basic type
of bridge
 Consists of a beam
simply supported on
each side by a pier
and can be made
continuous later
 Typically,
inexpensive to build
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Beam/Girder Bridges
 Common Materials
 Timber truss
 RC Beam
 Steel Plate Girder/ Box Girder
 Steel Truss Girder
 Prestressed Concrete Precast Girder
 I-beam, U-beam, T-beam
 Segmentally prestressed box girder

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 Beam/Girder Bridges

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Beam/Girder Bridges

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 Beam/Girder Bridges

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Beam/Girder Bridges

Reinforced Concrete T-Girder Bridge

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 Beam/Girder Bridges

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Beam/Girder Bridges

Post-tensioned Segmental Box-Girder Bridge

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 Beam/Girder Bridges
 Segmental bridges can be
constructed in two ways:
 Span by span
 Cantilever balanced

Span by span

Cantilever Balanced
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Cantilever Bridges
 Bridge roadway is constructed out from the pier in
two direction at the same time so that the weight on
both side counterbalance each other
 Steel Truss Cantilever
 Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

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 Cantilever Bridges
 Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge

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Cantilever Bridges
 Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge

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 Cantilever Bridges
 Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever
Beam

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Cable-Stayed Bridge 4/3/2024

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 Cable-Stayed Bridge

Harp Type

Fan Type

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Cable-Stayed Bridge

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 Suspension Bridges
 Suspension bridge needs to have very strong main cable
 Cables are anchored at the abutment  abutment must be
massive

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Suspension Bridges

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 Suspension Bridges

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Suspension Bridges

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 Suspension Bridges

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Suspension Bridges

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 Others

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Which type should I use?

 Consider the followings:
 Span length
 Bridge Length
 Beam spacing
 Material availability
 Site condition (foundation, height, space constraints)
 Speed of construction
 Constructability
 Technology /equipment available
 Aesthetics
 Costs
 Access for maintenance
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 Span Length

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Span Length

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 Cost vs. Span Length
 The span length may be influenced by the cost
of superstructure (cost/meter) and
substructure (cost/pier)
 If the substructure cost is about 25% of total
cost  shorter span is more cost-effective
 If the substructure cost is about 50% of total
cost longer spans are more economical

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Cost vs. Span Length

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 Cost vs. Span Length

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Access for Maintenance

 Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost
 Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain
 Maintenance cost may govern the selection of
bridge
 Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regions
 Concrete bridge usually require the least maintenance

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 Beam Spacing
 Beam spacing determine the
number of girders
 Large Spacing
 Fewer girder (faster to erect)
 Deeper and heavier girder (can it
be transported?)
 Reduced redundancy
 Thicker slab
 Smaller Spacing
 More girder
 Smaller girder
 More redundancy (but more beams
to inspect)
 Thinner slab

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Materials
 Steel
 Concrete
 Cast-in-place
 Precast
 Material choice depends on the cost of
material at the bridge site
 Shipping cost from fabricators

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 Speed of construction
 In urban areas, the construction of bridge may
disrupt traffic
 Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only
choice
 Substructure construction may disrupt traffic
more than the superstructure erection may
consider longer spans

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Site Requirement
 Is the bridge straight or curved
 Precast I-Girder cannot be curved
 Segmental prestressed can have slight curve
 Cast-in-place
 Is shipping channel required?
 Shipping of prefabricated pieces to site
 Is the temporary false work required? Can it
be done with the site conditions?
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 Site Requirement

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Site Requirement

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 Site Requirement

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Site Requirement

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 Aesthetics
 An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and
inexpensive, is not a good bridge
 Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark;
thus, aesthetics should be an important factor
 Bridge should blend with the environment
 Smooth transition between members
 Avoid unnecessary decorations
 Bridge should have an appearance of adequate
strength
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Aesthetics
 Determinant of bridge’s appearance (in order of importance)
 Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography
and other structures
 Superstructure type: arch, girder, etc…
 Pier placement
 Abutment placement
 Superstructure shape, parapet and railing
 Pier shape
 Abutment shape
 Color, surface texture, ornamentations
 Signing, Lighting, Landscaping

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 Aesthetics

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Aesthetics

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 Aesthetics

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Aesthetics

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 Aesthetics

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AASHTO LRFD 2012 Requirements

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 LRFD design concept
 LRFD is a load-resistance
factor design method.
 It’s a reliability-based
approach for evaluating
probability-based factored
design criteria.
 It can be represented by
graphing the relationship
between frequency
distributions of actual load
and resistance .

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LRFD design concept

 The safety and reliability are found if the load effect W falls
at a point to left of the intersection C on the graph.
 The failure happen if load effect W falls within the shaded
area.

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 LRFD design concept
 The strength resistance factors Ф, , giving a reasonable and
economical difference between R and W , are given by the
table:

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Standard AASHTO ( LFD ) & LRFD

Truck Load Specifications:
 The bridge live loadings should consist of standard
truck or lane loads that are equivalent to truck trains.
Truck Loads:
 There are four standard classes:
H 20, H 15, HS 20, HS 15.
Truck Train Load
HS 15 is 75 % of HS 20

Truck Load
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 H 20 vs HS 20

(35kN) (145kN) (35kN) (145kN) (145kN)

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HS20 Truck Load

 Truck Load: 325kN 3-axel truck

17.5kN 72.5kN 72.5kN

4.3m 4.3m to 9.0 m
1.8m

17.5kN 72.5kN 72.5kN

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 Lane Load
 Lane Load No Dynamic Load Allowance

 No. of design lanes = (clear-width)/3.65m, if the

fraction part is 0.85 or more then one lane should
be added.
 Two design lanes should be used if the clear-
width is 6m to 7.3m

Uniform Load 9.3kN/linear meter run/lane width

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Hypothetical Live Load

 Tandem Load
3.0 m

0.6 m 1.8 m 0.6 m for girder

0.3m for deck
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 HL-93 Live Load
 Design Truck & Lane Load

9.3kN/m
35kN 145kN 145kN

 Tandem Load & Lane Load

110kN 110kN

9.3kN/m

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Negative Moment Loading

 Check additional load case:

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 Fatigue Load
 Place design truck in a single lane

4.3m 9.0m

35kN 145kN 145kN

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Dynamic Allowance Factor (DAF)

 Live Loads shall be increased to
allow for dynamic vibratory and
impact effects.  DAF=33% for Truck
 Impact shall be included for: or Tandem & NOT
 Superstructure for Lane
 Piers
 DAF=75% Deck
 Impact shall be excluded for:
Joints
 Foundation
 Abutments and retaining walls
 DAF=15% Fatigue

 Culverts limit state

 Sidewalk loads
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 FEM Analysis of Bridges

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FEM Analysis of Bridges

 3-D Modeling Using SAP2000

Dalleh Bridge-A

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 FEM Analysis of Bridges

Dalleh Bridge-A
Typical Bending
Moment Diagram

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FEM Analysis of Bridges

Dalleh Bridge-A
Typical Shear Force
Diagram

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