CHAPTER 10: ANOVA

QUESTION 9
A researcher conducts a study of the effect of amount of sleep on creativity. The creativity
scores for four levels of sleep (2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 8 hours for n=5 participants are
presented below.

Amount of Sleep (in hours)

2 4 6 8
3 4 10 10
5 7 11 13
6 8 13 10
4 3 9 9
2 2 10 10

a) Complete the ANOVA summary table below. (If your instructor wants you to calculate the
sums of square, use the above data to do so.)

Source df SS MS F
Between Groups 3 187.75 62.583 18.14
Within Groups 16 55.20 3.45
Total 19 242.95

b) Is Fobt significant at α = .05?

Yes, the critical F-value needs to be looked up for degrees of freedom 3 (Between Groups)
and 16 (Within Groups). If the calculated F-value (18.14) is greater than the critical F-value,
then Fobt is significant. You would compare it to the critical value from an F-table or use
statistical software.

c) Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary.

If the ANOVA indicates a significant difference, you can perform post hoc tests to identify
which specific groups differ from each other. Common post hoc tests include Tukey's HSD,
Bonferroni correction, or LSD (Least Significant Difference). These tests help identify where
the significant differences lie.

d) What conclusion can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons?

The F-ratio suggests that there is a significant difference in creativity scores among the
different amounts of sleep. Post hoc tests can provide information on which specific groups
differ significantly.

e) What is the effect size, and what does this mean?

The effect size can be calculated using various methods, such as eta-squared (η2) or omega-
squared (ω2). Effect size measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is
explained by the independent variable.

f) Graph the means.

Creativity vs Hrs (mean)

12

10

0
2hrs 4hrs 6hrs 8hrs

Series1
QUESTION 10

In a study on the effects of stress on illness, a researcher tallied the number of colds people
contracted during a 6-month period as a function of the amount of stress they reported during
that same time period. There were three stress levels: minimal, moderate and high stress. The
sums of square appear in the ANOVA summary table below. The mean for each condition
and the number of participants per condition are also noted.

Source df SS MS F
Between Groups 2 22.167 11.0835 7.51
Within Groups 10 14.750 1.475
Total 12 36.917

Stress Levels Means η

Minimal 3 4
Moderate 4 4
 High 6 4

a) Complete the ANOVA summary table.

b) Is Fobt significant at α = .05?

Yes, Fobt is significant at α=0.05 because the reported Fobt value (7.51) is greater than the
critical F-value. This implies that there is a significant difference in means among the stress
levels.

c) Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary.

Post hoc comparisons help identify which specific groups differ significantly from each
other. Common post hoc tests include Tukey's HSD, Bonferroni correction, or LSD (Least
Significant Difference).

d) What conclusion can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons?

The significant F-ratio indicates that at least one stress level has a different mean number of
colds than the others. Post hoc tests would provide insights into which specific stress levels
differ significantly.

e) What is the effect size, and what does this mean?

 The effect size measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable
explained by the independent variable. In this case, you can use the formula η2=SST
SSB, where SST is the total sum of squares (36.917).
 η2=36.91722.167≈0.60.
 A relatively large effect size (close to 1) suggests that stress levels explain a
substantial portion of the variance in the number of colds.

f) Graph the means.

QUESTION 11

A researcher interested in the effects of exercise on stress had participants exercise for 30, 60,
or 90 minutes per day. The mean stress level on a 100-point stress scale (with 100 indicating
high stress) for each condition appears below, along with the ANOVA summary table with
the sums of squares indicated.

Source df SS MS F
Between Groups 2 4689.27 2344.64 0.766
Within Groups 27 82604.20 3059.41
Total 29 87293.47

Exercise Levels Mean η

30 minutes 75.0 10
60 minutes 44.7 10
90 minutes 63.7 10

a) Complete the ANOVA summary table below.

b) Is Fobt significant at α = .05?

To determine whether Fobt is significant at α=0.05, compare it to the critical F-value for the
degrees of freedom for Between Groups dfB=2) and Within Groups dfW=27). If Fobt is
greater than the critical F-value, then it is significant.

c) Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary.

If the ANOVA indicates a significant difference, you can perform post hoc tests to identify
which specific groups differ significantly from each other. Common post hoc tests include
Tukey's HSD, Bonferroni correction, or LSD (Least Significant Difference).

d) What conclusion can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons?

The F-ratio tests whether there are significant differences in stress levels among different
exercise durations. Post hoc tests can identify specific pairs of exercise durations that differ
significantly.

e) What is the effect size, and what does this mean?

  The effect size measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable
explained by the independent variable. In this case, you can use the formula η2=SSTSSB
, where SST is the total sum of squares (87293.47).
 η2=87293.474689.27≈0.054.
 A small effect size indicates that exercise duration explains a relatively small
proportion of the variance in stress levels.

f) Graph the means.

QUESTION 14

A researcher has been hired by a pizzeria to determine which type of crust customers prefer.
The restaurants offers three types of crust: hand-tossed, thick, and thin. Following are the
mean number of 1-inch pieces of pizza eaten for each condition from 10 participants who had
the opportunity to eat as many pieces with each type of crust as they desired. The ANOVA
summary table also follows.

Source df SS MS F
Participant 10 2.75
Between 2 180.05 90.025 29.11
Error 7 21.65 3.0929
Total 9 204.45

Crust Type Mean η

Hand-tossed 2.73 10
Thick 4.20 10
Thin 8.50 10

a) Complete the ANOVA summary table below.

b) Is Fobt significant at α = .05?

Yes, Fobt is significant at α=0.05 because the reported Fobt value (29.11) is greater than the
critical F-value. This implies that there is a significant difference in means among the crust
types.
c) Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary.

Post hoc comparisons help identify which specific groups differ significantly from each
other. However, the ANOVA summary table does not provide information about the specific
differences between crust types. You may need to conduct additional post hoc tests, such as
Tukey's HSD, Bonferroni correction, or LSD, to determine the significant differences
between the means of different crust types.

d) What conclusion can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons?

The significant F-ratio indicates that at least one crust type has a different mean number of
pizza pieces eaten than the others. Post hoc tests would provide insights into which specific
crust types differ significantly.

e) What is the effect size, and what does this mean?

 The effect size measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable
explained by the independent variable. In this case, you can use the formula
η2=SSTotalSSBetween.
 η2=204.45180.05≈0.881.
 A relatively large effect size (close to 1) suggests that the type of crust explains a
substantial portion of the variance in the number of pizza pieces eaten.

f) Graph the means.