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    Constraints

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    pareshkumar3108

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Constraints

    Uploaded by

    pareshkumar3108
    12 views5 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views5 pages

    Constraints

    Uploaded by

    pareshkumar3108

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    SQL Constraints

    SQL constraints are used to specify rules for data in a table. Constraints can be specified
    when the table is created with the CREATE TABLE statement, or after the table is created
    with the ALTER TABLE statement.
    SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
    Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the
    accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between the
    constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.
    Constraints can be column level or table level. Column level constraints apply to a
    column, and table level constraints apply to the whole table.
    The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
    • NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
    • UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
    • PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely
    identifies each row in a table
    • FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
    • CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
    • DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
    • CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very
    quickly
    •

    1. NOT NULL
    Syntax to apply the NOT NULL constraint during table creation:

    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype NOT NULL, Colum


    nName2 datatype,…., ColumnNameN datatype);
    Syntax to apply the NOT NULL constraint on an existing table's column:
    ALTER TABLE TableName CHANGE Old_ColumnName New_ColumnName
    Datatype NOT NULL;

    2. UNIQUE
    Syntax to apply the UNIQUE constraint on a single column:

    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype UNIQUE, ColumnN


    ame2 datatype,…., ColumnNameN datatype);

    Syntax to apply the UNIQUE constraint on more than one column:


    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype, ColumnName2 dat
    atype,…., ColumnNameN datatype, UNIQUE (ColumnName1, ColumnNa
    me 2));

    Syntax to apply the UNIQUE constraint on an existing table's column:

    ALTER TABLE TableName ADD UNIQUE (ColumnName);


    3. PRIMARY KEY
    Syntax of primary key constraint during table creation:
    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype PRIMARY KEY, Col
    umnName2 datatype,…., ColumnNameN datatype);

    Syntax to apply the primary key constraint on an existing table's column:

    ALTER TABLE TableName ADD PRIMARY KEY (ColumnName);

    4. FOREIGN KEY
    Syntax to apply a foreign key constraint during table creation:

    CREATE TABLE tablename(ColumnName1 Datatype(SIZE) PRIMARY KE


    Y, ColumnNameN Datatype(SIZE), FOREIGN KEY( ColumnName ) REFER
    ENCES PARENT_TABLE_NAME(Primary_Key_ColumnName));
    Syntax to apply the foreign key constraint with constraint name:
    CREATE TABLE tablename(ColumnName1 Datatype PRIMARY KEY, Colu
    mnNameN Datatype(SIZE), CONSTRAINT ConstraintName FOREIGN KE
    Y( ColumnName ) REFERENCES PARENT_TABLE_NAME(Primary_Key_Colu
    mnName));

    Syntax to apply the foreign key constraint on an existing table's column:


    ALTER TABLE Parent_TableName ADD FOREIGN KEY (ColumnName) RE
    FERENCES Child_TableName (ColumnName);

    5. CHECK
    Syntax to apply check constraint on a single column:
    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype CHECK (ColumnNa
    me1 Condition), ColumnName2 datatype,…., ColumnNameN datatype);
    Create a student table and apply CHECK constraint to check for the age less than or equal
    to 15 while creating a table.
    Syntax to apply check constraint on multiple columns:
    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype, ColumnName2 dat
    atype CHECK (ColumnName1 Condition AND ColumnName2 Condition),
    …., ColumnNameN datatype);

    Syntax to apply check constraint on an existing table's column:


    ALTER TABLE TableName ADD CHECK (ColumnName Condition);

    6. DEFAULT
    Syntax to apply default constraint during table creation:
    CREATE TABLE TableName (ColumnName1 datatype DEFAULT Value, C
    olumnName2 datatype,…., ColumnNameN datatype);

    Syntax to apply default constraint on an existing table's column:


    ALTER TABLE TableName ALTER ColumnName SET DEFAULT Value;

    7. CREATE INDEX
    Syntax to create an index on single column:
    CREATE INDEX IndexName ON TableName (ColumnName 1);

    Indexes are not visible to the user, but they help the user to speed up the searching speed
    or retrieval of data from the database.

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