Final Project Report Check

A Project Report on
Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering

System
submitted by
ABHISHEK PATEL 2004331002

OJAS KUMAR 2004331036
SIDDHANT MISHRA 2004331048
under the guidance of
DR. ATUL KUMAR DWIVEDI
in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JHANSI, INDIA
2023-2024
Declaration
We hereby proclaim that the work that is being presented in this report entitled
Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering System is our own work and has not
been reported by anyone else or submitted in any form for another degree or
diploma to any other institution. Information derived from the other sources has
been accredited in the text and a list of references has been given.
Abhishek Patel Ojas Kumar Siddhant Mishra

Roll no.2004331002 Roll no. 2004331036 Roll no.2004331048
Certificate
This is to verify that the project entitled Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food
Ordering System submitted by Abhishek Patel, Ojas Kumar, Siddhant Mishra for
the award of the degree of B.Tech,is carried out by them under my guidance.
Dr. Atul Kumar Dwivedi

Department of ECE, BIET Jhansi
Verification
This is to verify that the project entitled " Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food
Ordering System" was submitted to the department of Electronics and
communication engineering department of Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Jhansi.
Dr. Atul Kumar Dwivedi Prof. Deepak Nagariya

Officer in-charge Projects(UG) Head of Department
DEDICATION
ii
To my beloved Parents and almighty PROJECT OUTCOMES(Ps)
S. N. Project outcomes
After completing this project students will be able to Bloom’s

knowledge
level
P1 Utilize Zigbee Technology, Arduino UNO, and Microcontroller to KL2

develop a device that demonstrates enhanced efficiency and cost-
effectiveness.
P2 Develop a streamlined system for hotels and restaurants aimed at KL6
optimizing customer time management while enhancing overall
service
quality.
P3 Design a data transmission system capable of achieving a reliable KL5
range of 100 meters.
KL: Bloom’s knowledge level, KL1: remember, KL2: Understand, KL3: Apply, KL4:
Analyse, KL5: Evaluate, KL6: Create/Design
Mapping of project outcomes with Program Outcomes (POs)

S. N. PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
P1 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 - 3 3 2
P2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 - 3 3 3
P3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 2
Mapping rules (Rubrics)
1: poor 2: medium 3: best
Mapping of Program Outcomes(POs) with Project
S. N. Map
Program outcomes
After completing this project students will be able to
PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, 3

science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization
to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze 2

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences..
PO3 Design/development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex 3

engineering problems and design system components or processes
that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based 2
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, 3
resources, and modern Engineering and IT tools including prediction
and modeling to complex Engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations
PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the 2

contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the 2

professional Engineering solutions in societal and Environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
iv
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and 3
responsibilities and norms of the Engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and 3

as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary
settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering 2
activities with the Engineering community and with society at large,
such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and -

understanding of the engineering and management principles and
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation 2
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the
broadest context of technological change
Mapping rules (Rubrics)

1: poor 2: medium 3: best
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS: Touch Screen, TFT screen, SD card Module, Arduino, Trans-

former, PIC Microcontroller 16F72 , PIC kit Software and Zigbee.
This project presents a smart Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering System that
utilizes advanced technologies to streamline the ordering process. The system is built
around a PIC Microcontroller and a TFT display with an integrated SD card, along with
an Arduino UNO for communication purposes. Zigbee Transmitter and Receiver
modules enable wireless communication between the ordering interface and the
central system.
The user interface, displayed on the TFT screen, allows customers to select from a
range of food and beverage items including Soft-drinks, Coffee, Biryani, and Water, as
well as an option to call for assistance. Once an order is placed, it is instantly relayed
to an LCD display located at the receptionist point, eliminating the need for manual
ordertaking by waitstaff.
This innovative solution enhances operational efficiency by automating the order
transmission process, reducing errors, and improving overall customer experience in
the restaurant environment.
Key components of this system include a digital menu accessible to diners via
wireless devices, a communication channel between customers and kitchen staff,
and an efficient order management system. When a customer uses the digital menu
to place an order, it is instantly transmitted to the kitchen for preparation, and the
kitchen staff can communicate with customers or waitstaff as needed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our supervisor and guide
Dr.Atul Kumar Dwivedi, Department of Communication Engineering, BIET, Jhansi, for
his constant guidance and motivation during the project work from last one year. We
really appreciate and value their guidance and constant motivation from the
beginning of the project. Without his guidance and persistent help this project would
not have been possible. We are also indebted to Professor Deepak Nagaria, Head
vi
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering for his encouraging co-
operation and continued interest in shaping this project. We express our sincere
gratitude to Prof. Deependra Singh, Director, BIET, Jhansi, who has been instrumental
in providing an ideal environment for wholesome individual development and
appreciating talents in both academic and extracurricular activities. We extend our
sincere thanks to all faculties of the Department of Electronics and communication
engineering, BIET, Jhansi, for their focused guidance and encouragement. We would
like to thank our parents and friends and all those people who have supported me
directly or indirectly to complete this project work.
Abhishek Patel Ojas Kumar Siddhant Mishra

Roll no. 2004331002 Roll no. 2004331036 Roll no.2004331048
MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS
The main objective of this project is to provide food very quickly and give feedback of
food preparation continuously to customers The main contributions of the work are:
Efficiency: Streamline the ordering process to reduce wait times and errors,
improving overall operational efficiency.
Customer Experience: Enhance the dining experience by providing a
userfriendly digital menu and real-time order updates.
Cost Savings: Optimize resource utilization and inventory management, leading
to potential cost savings over time.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROJECT OUTCOMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Introduction of the project ...................... 2
1.2 Project Overview: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Embedded Systems: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 History: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Tools: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.3 Resources: .......................... 8
1.3.4 Real Time Issues: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Need for Embedded Systems: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.1 Debugging: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2 Reliability: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Explanation of Embedded Systems: ................. 11
1.5.1 Software Architecture: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.2 Stand Alone Embedded System: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.3 Real-time embedded systems: ................ 13
1.5.4 Network communication embedded systems: . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.5 Different types of processing units: ............. 15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1 Summary of Related Research works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table of Contents (continued) Page
2.1.1 Implementation of Menu Ordering System Using Zigbee Tech-
nology ............................ 16
viii
2.1.2 The Study of Customer Perception on Contactless Menus at
Restaurant .......................... 18
CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.1 Introduction: ......................... 21
3.2.2 Clock / instruction cycle: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.3 Pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.4 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY: .................. 28
3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.2 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4 LED: ................................. 36
3.5 Touch Screeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.5.1 History ............................ 39
3.5.2 Technologies of touch screen: ................ 40
3.5.3 Construction: ........................ 43
3.6 Zigbee Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6.1 Introduction: ......................... 46
3.6.2 Architecture: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.6.3 ZigBee Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6.4 Technology Comparisons: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6.5 ZigBee Applications: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7 LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7.1 LCD Background: ...................... 56
3.7.2 Circuit Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8 Buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
ix
CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE
DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... 62
4.1Express PCB: . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................
4.1.1 Preparing Express PCB
for First Use: . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 The
Interface: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........ 63
4.1.3 Design Considerations: . .
..................
4.2 PIC Compiler:
..........................
.. 65
4.3 Procedural steps for
compilation, simulation and
dumping: . . . . .66
4.3.1 Compilation and
simulation
steps: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Dumping steps: . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT
DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... 73
CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... 75
6.1ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
. 75
6.2Result: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
CHAPTER 7:CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
7.1Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................
7.2Future Scope: . . . . . . . . . . .
..................
APPENDIX A: Important
Codes/Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....... 78
A.1 PIC Microcontroller Code
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
APPENDIX B: Important
Codes/Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....... 81
B.1TFT Screen Code . . . . . . . . .
..................
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........................
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
1.1 A modern example of
embedded system . . . . . . . . . .
..... 6
1.2Network communication
embedded systems . . . . . . . . .
.... 14
2.1 Wireless Restaurant E-
Menu Food Ordering System
Image . . . . . 18
3.1 Block diagram of table
section of Touch screen based
advanced menu
display and ordering system
for
Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Block diagram of receiver
section of Touch screen based
advanced menu
display and ordering system
for
Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3PIC 16F72 Microcontroller .
.....................
3.4 Clock / instruction cycle
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5Instruction Pipeline Flow . .
.....................
3.6 Pin
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.7 Regulated Power Supply
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.8 Circuit diagram of
Regulated Power Supply with
Led connection . .
3.9 Step-Down Transformer
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.10 Bridge rectifier: a full-
wave rectifier using 4
diodes . . . . . . . . .
3.11 DB107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................
3.12 Construction Of a
Capacitor ..................
... 34
3.13 Electrolytic
Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........
3.14 Voltage
Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........
3.15
Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............
3.16 Color Bands In Resistor . .
......................
3.17 Inside a LED
..........................
... 37
3.18 Parts of a LED
..........................
.. 37
3.19 Electrical Symbol
Polarities of LED . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
3.20 Diagram of touch screen
working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
xiii
3.21 TFT Touch Screen .......................... 45
3.22 TFT Touch Sensor .......................... 46
3.23 IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Stack Architecture ............. 49
3.24 ZigBee Topologies .......................... 51
3.25 Beacon Network Communication .................. 52
3.26 Non-Beacon Network Communication ............... 53
3.27 ZigBee Network Model ....................... 53
3.28 LCD Pin diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.29 circuit Diagram of lcd ........................ 58
3.30 Figure of Buzzer ........................... 61
4.1 Tool bar necessary for the interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4.2 Picture of program dumper window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Picture of 67
checking communications before dumping program into mi-
crocontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4 Picture after connecting the dumper to microcontroller ....... 69
4.5 Picture after connecting the dumper to microcontroller ....... 70
4.6 Picture of program importing into the microcontroller . . . . . . . . 71
4.7 Picture after program dumped into the microcontroller ....... 72
5.1 diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restau-

rant .................................. 73
5.2 diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restau-

rant .................................. 74
xiv
ABBREVIATIONS
TFT Thin Film Transistor
LCD Liquid-crystal display
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DSP Digital signal processing
RAM Random-Access Memory
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
IC Integrated Circuit
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the project
The project mainly aims in designing completely automated menu in restaurants with
the help of TFT touch screen sensor and a LCD to provide a user-friendly
environment. There is no need of a person to take the order from the table. The
menu will be displayed automatically on the table and we can directly order the
menu with the help of touch screen.
Touch screens provide fast access to any and all types of digital media, with no
textbound interface getting in the way. Faster input can mean better service. Using a
touch interface can effectively increase operator accuracy, reduce training time, and
improve overall operational efficiencies, a properly designed touch interface can
improve each operator’s accuracy. Touch screens are practical in automation, which
has become even simpler with touch screen technology. Owners familiar with the
icon system appreciate touch screens that make automation systems user friendly.
ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the
unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks. Zigbee is the set of
specs built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol. As Zigbee is the upcoming
technology in wireless field, we had tried to demonstrate its way of functionality and
various aspects like kinds, advantages and disadvantages using a small application of
communication. The Zigbee technology is broadly adopted for bulk and fast data
transmission over a dedicated channel.
The system consists of a microcontroller, which is interfaced with the input and
output modules, the controller acts as an intermediate medium between both of
them. So the controller can be termed as a control unit. The input module is nothing
but a touch screen sensor, which takes the input from the user and provides the
same to the microcontroller. The output module is Zigbee module which makes the
communication between system at table and system at ordering department. The
controller also takes the responsibility to display the menu items on the LCD. At the
receiving end the selected items and table number will be displayed on LCD with
BUZZER.
This project focuses on enhancing the efficiency and customer experience within
restaurants by implementing a comprehensive digital ordering infrastructure. Key
components of this system include a user-friendly digital menu accessible through
wireless devices, a dynamic two-way communication channel linking customers and
kitchen staff, and an optimized order management system. With orders instantly
relayed to the kitchen upon customer input, the system not only reduces reliance on
human intervention but also ensures swift and accurate order processing, ultimately
enhancing operational productivity and enriching the overall dining environment.
Features:
(a) Touch screen based user-friendly interfacing.
(b) Low power consumption.
(c) No need of a person to take order from the table.
(d) Long life.
(e) Highly sensitive
(f) Easy to install because of wireless interface.
3
1.2 Project Overview:
An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a

dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are
Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they
simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a
microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces
the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result.
The project Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restaurant using 16F72
Microcontroller is an exclusive project that can used in restaurants to take the order
from table wirelessly using TFT touch screen sensor and ZIGBEE wireless technology.
4
1.3 Embedded Systems:
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few

dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By
contrast, a generalpurpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed
to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems
control many devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are
typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key
characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may
require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may
usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers
and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites.
(Each radar probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own.)
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.
Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers,
or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and
networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have
some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers
share some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and
microprocessors which power them, but they allow different applications to be
loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems which don’t expose
programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates.
On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems
5
will have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed
to perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded". A modern example of embedded system is shown in fig: 2.1.
Fig. 1.1: A modern example of embedded system
Labeled parts include microprocessor (4), RAM (6), flash memory (7).Embedded
systems programming is not like normal PC programming. In many ways,
programming for an embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago. The
hardware for the system is usually chosen to make the device as cheap as possible.
Spending an extra dollar a unit in order to make things easier to program can cost
millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in comparison. This means
the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory, while at the
same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications. Below is a
list of issues specific to the embedded field.
1.3.1 History:
In the earliest years of computers in the 1930–40s, computers were sometimes

dedicated to a single task, but were far too large and expensive for most kinds of
6
tasks performed by embedded computers of today. Over time however, the concept
of programmable controllers evolved from traditional electromechanical sequencers,
via solid state devices, to the use of computer technology.
One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance
Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.
At the project’s inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest
item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic
integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight. An early mass-produced embedded
system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile,
released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for main
memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was
replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated
circuits.
1.3.2 Tools:
Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There’s also

a large number of embedded architectures, unlike the PC world where 1 instruction
set rules, and the UNIX world where there’s only 3 or 4 major ones. This means that
the tools are more expensive. It also means that they’re lowering featured, and less
developed. On a major embedded project, at some point you will almost always find
a compiler bug of some sort.
Debugging tools are another issue. Since you can’t always run general programs on
your embedded processor, you can’t always run a debugger on it. This makes fixing
your program difficult. Special hardware such as JTAG ports can overcome this issue
in part. However, if you stop on a breakpoint when your system is controlling real
world hardware (such as a motor), permanent equipment damage can occur. As a
result, people doing embedded programming quickly become masters at using serial
IO channels and error message style debugging.
7
1.3.3 Resources:
To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that can
do the job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible.
When dealing with large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never
matter in PC programming can hurt you. Luckily, this won’t happen too often- use
reasonably efficient algorithms to start, and optimize only when necessary. Of
course, normal profilers won’t work well, due to the same reason debuggers don’t
work well.
Memory is also an issue. For the same cost savings reasons, embedded systems
usually have the least memory they can get away with. That means their algorithms
must be memory efficient (unlike in PC programs, you will frequently sacrifice
processor time for memory, rather than the reverse). It also means you can’t afford
to leak memory. Embedded applications generally use deterministic memory
techniques and avoid the default "new" and "malloc" functions, so that leaks can be
found and eliminated more easily. Other resources programmers expect may not
even exist. For example, most embedded processors do not have hardware FPUs
(Floating-Point Processing Unit). These resources either need to be emulated in
software, or avoided altogether.
1.3.4 Real Time Issues:
Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond to

them in real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even
damage hardware such as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of
resources available. Almost all embedded systems need to be able to prioritize some
tasks over others, and to be able to put off/skip low priority tasks such as UI in favor
of high priority tasks like hardware control.
1.4 Need for Embedded Systems:
8
The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new
products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel
ways. In recent years, hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA
chips have become much cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it’s
wiser to just buy the generic chip and write your own custom software for it.
Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs far
more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with extensive
libraries, so that "writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed.
From an implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a computer
and an embedded system. Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-
Time response. The main elements that make embedded systems unique are its
reliability and ease in debugging.
1.4.1 Debugging:
Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

facilities available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped
into the following areas:
• Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the

embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)
• External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using
either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger
which even works for heterogeneous multi core systems.
• An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the

microprocessor via a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the
microprocessor to be controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific
debugging capabilities in the processor.
• An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,

providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.
• A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware,

allowing all of it to be controlled and modified and allowing debugging on a
normal PC.
9
•
Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and
run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and
start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or
source-code.
Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the

debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software (and
microprocessor) centric embedded system is different from debugging an embedded
system where most of the processing is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-
processor). An increasing number of embedded systems today use more than one
single processor core. A common problem with multi-core development is the proper
synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded system design
may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which
requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyzer, for
instance.
1.4.2 Reliability:
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously
for years without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs.
Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for
personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives,
switches or buttons are avoided. Specific reliability issues may include:
• The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to
repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons,
bore-hole systems, and automobiles.
• The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less
tolerable. Often backup s are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft
navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls,
train signals, engines on single-engine aircraft.
10
•
• The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone
switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and
market making, automated sales and service.
A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—

both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware:
Watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically
notifies the watchdog.
• Subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to
• software "limp modes" that provide partial function.
• Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture[6] ensures a highly

secure reliable system environment.
• An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any

subsystem component, so that a compromised software component cannot
interfere with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This
encapsulation keeps faults from propagating from one subsystem to another,
improving reliability. This may also allow a subsystem to be automatically shut
down and restarted on fault detection.
• Immunity Aware Programming
1.5 Explanation of Embedded Systems:
1.5.1 Software Architecture:
There are several different types of software architecture in common use.
• Simple Control Loop:

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each of
which manages a part of the hardware or software.
• Interrupt Controlled System:

Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means
that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An
interrupt could be generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency,
11
•
or by a serial port controller receiving a byte. These kinds of systems are used if
event handlers need low latency and the event handlers are short and simple.
Usually these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not
very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer
tasks to a queue structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks
are executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking
kernel with discrete processes.
Cooperative Multitasking:
A non-preemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control loop
scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a
series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task
is idle, it calls an idle routine, usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop”
(stands for no operation), etc.The advantages and disadvantages are very similar
to the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing
a new task, or adding to the queue-interpreter.
• Primitive Multitasking:
In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or
threads based on a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which
the system is generally considered to have an "operating system" kernel.
Depending on how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of
the complexities of managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel.
As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger systems
using an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared
data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message queues,
semaphores or a non-blocking synchronization scheme.
Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to buy a real-time
operating system, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device
functionality rather than operating system services, at least for large systems; smaller
systems often cannot afford the overhead associated with a generic real time system,
due to limitations regarding memory size, performance, and/or battery life.
12
•
• Microkernels And Exokernels:
A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement is
that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to
different threads of execution. User mode processes implement major functions
such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.
In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask

communication is fast, and fail when they are slow. Exokernels communicate efficiently
by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system are
available to, and extensible by application programmers. Based on performance,
functionality, requirement the embedded systems are divided into three categories:
13
1.5.2 Stand Alone Embedded System:
These systems takes the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers or
commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and
produces desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving
output is done in standalone mode. Such embedded systems comes under stand
alone embedded systems Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..
1.5.3 Real-time embedded systems:
Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a

specific time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There
are two types of real-time embedded systems.
• Hard Real-time embedded systems:

These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the
tasking is not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage
to the entire equipment.
Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds.
If this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire
equipment. So in such cases we use embedded systems for doing automatic
operations.
• Soft Real Time embedded systems:

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few
milliseconds delay it will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote
control. These systems which will not cause damage when they are not
operated at considerable time period those systems comes under soft real-
time embedded systems.
1.5.4 Network communication embedded systems:
A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using embedded

systems.
Eg:
14
• Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can be
used to spread communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to
another computer with internet connection throughout anywhere in the world.
• Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.
Whenever a person comes near the door, it captures the image of a person and
sends to the desktop of your computer which is connected to internet. This gives an
alerting message with image on to the desktop of your computer, and then you can
open the door lock just by clicking the mouse. Fig: 2.2 show the network
communications in embedded systems.
Fig. 1.2: Network communication embedded systems
1.5.5 Different types of processing units:
The central processing unit (c.p.u) can be any one of the following microprocessor,
microcontroller, digital signal processing.
• Among these Microcontroller is of low cost processor and one of the main
advantage of microcontrollers is, the components such as memory, serial
communication interfaces, analog to digital converters etc.., all these are built
15
on a single chip. The numbers of external components that are connected to it
are very less according to the application.
• Microprocessors are more powerful than microcontrollers. They are used in

major applications with a number of tasking requirements. But the
microprocessor requires many external components like memory, serial
communication, hard disk, input output ports etc.., so the power consumption
is also very high when compared to microcontrollers.
16
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
It is an important step before embarking on any project, which provides the reader
with details of his or her personal involvement in current developments in a specific
area.
There are some other reasons as well:
• Identifying issues to be addressed.
• Finding solutions to address those issues.
• Identify the research methods used to investigate the proposed solutions
• Provide a framework for setting new research activities
• Identify gaps in current research
• Identifying coherent work in the field
2.1 Summary of Related Research works
Ashort summary of important research works related to our project outlined as follow
ing:
2.1.1 Implementation of Menu Ordering System Using Zigbee

Technology
Harshada S Wabale presented Automatic Menu Ordering System using Zigbee and
Arm Processor. All the information of meals and account firstly recorded in this
system and manager can get all the information from this system. The customer is
track by 15693 RFID TAG as ID card. They get table number and meals information
from this tag.
17
The counter uses this system to take orders of customer, and then at kitchen side all
this meal information is received. When the customers enter into the restaurant they
get Etag from the counter. They can choose any seat from this E-tag and then put that
E-tag on sensing module on the table. This module will give all the information to
system by Zigbee. From this tag system identify the position of the customer. Then
waiter will serve the food according to the priorities [2].
B. Shabari, B. Ashok Nayak, August 2015, proposed Zigbee based E-menu ordering
system. The 802.15 Zigbee technology is used as wireless communication standard.
The system will consist of two sections, one is a hand held device placed on every
table in the restaurant and another section should be placed at billing section and
supply section. The paper describes about the algorithm used in implementation of
advanced menu ordering system by with a wireless communication technology zigbee
and the steps involved in its protocol stack. The system also has a touch screen and
graphical LCD interface for providing a smarter user interface menu ordering [3].
Prof.Dr. Usman Ali Shah, Faraz Ali, Sana Sohail, Haris Khan, May 2016, presented
Intelligent Robotic Waiter with Menu ordering System. The menu card is provided
using android application. The order will be sent to the counter consisting of laptop
through Wi-Fi link and the details will be saved in the database of the counter. It
anticipates Graphical User Interface (GUI) advanced touch screen module is utilized as
menu ordering system. Customer can arrange through this touch screen gadget put
on every table in restaurant. HTML is utilized for designing web pages of restaurant
[4].
Kunal P. Gundle, Anuja A. Harshe, Kahol B. kinage, Niraj L. Ghanawat, December 2016,
proposed Digital Smart System for Restaurants Using Wireless Technology. A touch
based digital ordering system consists of an Android, Bluetooth and GSM. Android
supports automation of routine tasks in wireless environment. This work aims to give
fine dining experience to the customer. This paper describes the development of
digital smart system using wireless technology for communication with centralized
database for record and an android application for placing order with no more waiting
for waiter [5]. Mayur D. Jakhete, Piyush C. Mankar, June 2015, proposed
Implementation of Smart Restaurant with e-menu Card. This paper highlights some of
the limitations of the conventional paper based and PDA-based food ordering.
Fig. 2.1: Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering System Image
2.1.2 The Study of Customer Perception on Contactless Menus at

Restaurant
As new inventions and technology are securing their place in every field,the
hospitality industry is also adapting the new technological systems and installing them
forday-today operations. When it comes to the Food and beverage department or
restaurant food ordering menu,the system plays avital role. The food ordering menu is
considered as the list of dishes offered by the restaurant in the set format by which
one can place the order accordingly. Traditionally orders are taken by the waiter as
per the customer’s choice and selection of the dishes from the food menu offered by
the restaurant. Now the Standard of living of people has improved, soProgressively
people are inclined to spend money on food in restaurants. They expect a
Sophisticated system, because of which competition in the catering industry is
becoming increasing very fast. This new system of the contactless menu has made
everyone’s job easier in the restaurant. Food ordering menus are setting new trends
by which it has become easy to offer menus and
19
18
operate them smoothly.Electronic interactive food and beverage menus and ordering
systems can improve your restaurant business in the hospitality industry. Automation
of menu items and ordering systems aim to provide a clear picture and detailed
information about the products the restaurant offers. It also facilitates fast ordering
and gives you the fast, accurate, and superior service you expect to satisfy your
customers. In terms of earnings, an increase in sales is expected. With interactive
menus and ordering systems, you can overcome challenges and bridge the
communication gap between customers and waiters.[7]
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent
modules are considered. Block diagram is shown in fig: 3.1 and fig: 3.2:
Fig. 3.1: Block diagram of table section of Touch screen based advanced menu display
and ordering system for Restaurants
The main blocks of this project are:Microcontoller,Zigbee Module,TFT Touch Screen

Sensor,LCD with driver,Buzzer,LED indicator,Crystal oscillator,Regulated power supply
(RPS),Reset button.
21
Fig. 3.2: Block diagram of receiver section of Touch screen based advanced menu
display and ordering system for Restaurants
3.2 Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals.

Both microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex sequential digital circuits
meant to carry out job according to the program / instructions. Sometimes analog
input/output interface makes a part of microcontroller circuit of mixed mode (both
analog and digital nature).
3.2.1 Introduction:
The PIC16F72 CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller is upward compatible with

PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872devices. It features 200 ns instruction execution, self
programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 5 channels of 8-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D)
converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, a synchronous serial port that can be
configured as either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a USART, and a Parallel Slave Port.
Fig. 3.3: PIC 16F72 Microcontroller
Feature
• High performance RISC CPU
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
• 2K x 14 words of Program Memory
• 128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872
• Interrupt capability
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes
PeripheralFeature
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP

via external crystal/clock
23
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
• Capture, Compare, PWM(CCP) module
- Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max resolution is 10-bit
• 8-bit, 5-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Slave)
• Heat sink/Source Current: 25 mA
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes
CMOS Technology:
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
• Industrial temperature range
• Low power consumption:

- < 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz
- 20 A typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
- < 1 A typical standby current
Following are the major blocks of PIC Microcontroller.

Program memory (FLASH) is used for storing a written program. Since memory made
in FLASH technology can be programmed and cleared more than once, it makes this
microcontroller suitable for device development.
EEPROM - data memory that needs to be saved when there is no supply. It is usually
used for storing important data that must not be lost if power supply suddenly stops.
For instance, one such data is an assigned temperature in temperature regulators. If
24
during a loss of power supply this data was lost, we would have to make the
adjustment once again upon return of supply. Thus our device looses on self-reliance.
RAM - Data memory used by a program during its execution.
In RAM are stored all inter-results or temporary data during run-time.
PORTS are physical connections between the microcontroller and the outside world.
PIC16F72 has 22 I/O.
FREE-RUN TIMER is an 8-bit register inside a microcontroller that works
independently of the program. On every fourth clock of the oscillator it increments its
value until it reaches the maximum (255), and then it starts counting over again from
zero. As we know the exact timing between each two increments of the timer
contents, timer can be used for measuring time which is very useful with some
devices.
3.2.2 Clock / instruction cycle:
Clock is microcontroller’s main starter, and is obtained from an external component

called an "oscillator". If we want to compare a microcontroller with a time clock, our
"clock" would then be a ticking sound we hear from the time clock. In that case,
oscillator could be compared to a spring that is wound so time clock can run. Also,
force used to wind the time clock can be compared to an electrical supply.
Clock from the oscillator enters a microcontroller via OSC1 pin where internal circuit
of a microcontroller divides the clock into four even clocks Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 which
do not overlap. These four clocks make up one instruction cycle (also called machine
cycle) during which one instruction is executed.
Execution of instruction starts by calling an instruction that is next in string.
Instruction is called from program memory on every Q1 and is written in instruction
register on Q4. Decoding and execution of instruction are done between the next Q1
and Q4 cycles. On the following diagram we can see the relationship between
instruction cycle and clock of the oscillator (OSC1) as well as that of internal clocks
25
Q1-Q4. Program counter (PC) holds information about the address of the next
instruction.
Fig. 3.4: Clock / instruction cycle
3.2.3 Pipelining
Instruction cycle consists of cycles Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Cycles of calling and executing
instructions are connected in such a way that in order to make a call, one instruction
cycle is needed, and one more is needed for decoding and execution. However, due
to pipelining, each instruction is effectively executed in one cycle. If instruction
causes a change on program counter, and PC doesn’t point to the following but to
some other address (which can be the case with jumps or with calling subprograms),
two cycles are needed for executing an instruction. This is so because instruction
must be processed again, but this time from the right address. Cycle of calling begins
with Q1 clock, by writing into instruction register (IR). Decoding and executing begins
with Q2, Q3 and Q4 clocks.
Fig. 3.5: Instruction Pipeline Flow
26
3.2.4 Pin description
PIC16F72 has a total of 28 pins. It is most frequently found in a DIP28 type of case but
can also be found in SMD case which is smaller from a DIP. DIP is an abbreviation for
Dual In Package. SMD is an abbreviation for Surface Mount Devices suggesting that
holes for pins to go through when mounting aren’t necessary in soldering this type of
a component.
Fig. 3.6: Pin Diagram
Pins on PIC16F72 microcontroller have the following meaning:

There are 28 pins on PIC16F72. Most of them can be used as an IO pin. Others are
already for specific functions. These are the pin functions
1 MCLR – to reset the PIC
2 RA0 – port A pin 0
8 VSS – ground
27
9 OSC1 – connect to oscillator
10 OSC2 – connect to oscillator
11 RC0 – port C pin 0 VDD – power supply
12 RC1 – port C pin 1
15 RC4 - port C pin 4
19 VSS - ground
20 VDD – power supply
21 RB0 - port B pin 0
By utilizing all of this pin so many application can be done such as:
1. LCD – connect to Port B pin.
2. LED – connect to any pin declared as output
3. Relay and Motor - connect to any pin declared as output.
4. External EEPROM – connect to I2C interface pin – RC3 and RC4 (SCL and SDA)
28
5. LDR, Potentiometer and sensor – connect to analogue input pin such as RA0.
6. GSM modem dial up modem – connect to RC6 and RC7 – the serial communication
interface using RS232 protocol.
For more detail function for each specific pin please refer to the device datasheet
from Microchip.
3.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:
3.3.1 Introduction
Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that supplies

electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a
power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy
supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. A power supply may
include a power distribution system as well as primary or secondary sources of
energy such as
• Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and

voltage, typically involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-
voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply
units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers
and household electronics.
• Batteries.
• Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.
• Solar power.
• Generators or alternators.
3.3.2 Block Diagram
29
Fig. 3.7: Regulated Power Supply
The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led connected as
load is shown in fig: 3.8.
Fig. 3.8: Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection
The components mainly used in above figure are: 230V AC Mains, Tranformer, Bridge
Rectifier(Diode,Capacitor), Voltage Regulator(IC 7805), Resistor, LED(Light Emitting
Diode).
The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as
follows:
Transformers:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A varying
current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer’s core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage"
in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same
shape as a bar magnet.
30
If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the
current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.
If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in, the
moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage
is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen 50
times a second. This is called Mutual Induction and forms the basis of the
transformer.
The input coil is called the Primary Winding; the output coil is the Secondary
Winding.
Fig: 3.9 shows step-down transformer.
Fig. 3.9: Step-Down Transformer
The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the Turns Ratio.
(3.1)
If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be 10x smaller = 24
volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal
the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected across a
24 volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts.
To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on a
metal Core. Since the primary would induce power, called Eddy Currents, into this
core, the core is Laminated. This means that it is made up from metal sheets
31
insulated from each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron
dust core or no core at all.
Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing current
and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there
would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This
is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the
mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for
impedance matching.
We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
Step Up transformer:
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to
secondary winding. Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more
energy, and it releases more voltage at the output side.
Step down transformer:
Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the
secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of
that it accepts less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.
Rectifiers:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be
made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other
components. A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC)
is known as an
inverter.
When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term
rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being
used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a
specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with
32
only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
Bridge full wave rectifier:
The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in fig: 3.10, which converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is
shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac
input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.
Fig. 3.10: Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes
DB107
Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our project
we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier. The picture of DB 107 is shown in fig:
33
Fig. 3.11: DB107
DB107 Feature
• Good for automation insertion
• Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak

• deal for printed circuit board
• Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
• Glass passivated device
• Polarity symbols molded on body
• Mounting position: Any
• Weight: 1.0 gram
Capacitors: The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive

device, and one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which
produces a potential (static voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor
consists of two parallel conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically
separated either by air or by an insulating material called the Dielectric. When a
voltage is applied to these plates, a current flows charging up the plates with
electrons giving one plate a positive charge and the other plate an equal and
opposite negative charge this flow of electrons to the plates is known as the Charging
34
Current and continues to flow until the voltage across the plates (and hence the
capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is said to be
fully charged and this is illustrated below. The construction of capacitor and an
electrolytic capacitor are shown in figures 3.12 and
3.13 respectively.
Voltage Regulator:
The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is called
as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.A voltage
regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to be a simple
device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input
voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in
a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage
regulators are designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative input,
the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’ resistors can increase the
output voltage of a regulator circuit.
Fig. 3.12: Construction Of a Capacitor
35
Fig. 3.13: Electrolytic Capacitor
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot use a
12V regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These
can withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both
cases, the regulator will cut off before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a
regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys the
regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3.14 shows voltage regulator.
Resistors:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance
with Ohm’s law:
V = IR (3.2)
Fig. 3.14: Voltage Regulator
36
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy,
such as nickel/chrome).
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value
below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and
above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the
design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.
Theory of operation:
Ohm’s law:
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm’s law
as shown in equation 3.2:
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)
through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
Power dissipation:
The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor network)
is calculated using the following
P = I2R = IV = V 2/R (3.3)
Fig. 3.15: Resistor
37
Fig. 3.16: Color Bands In Resistor
3.4 LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED’s are used as

indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as
a practical electronic component in 1962, early LED’s emitted low-intensity red light,
but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness. The internal structure and parts of a led are
shown in figures 3.17 and 3.18 respectively.
38
Fig. 3.17: Inside a LED
Fig. 3.18: Parts of a LED
Working:
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting
semiconductor material is what determines the LED’s color. The LED is based on the
semiconductor
diode.
39
When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually
small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape
its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LED’s present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and
reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current
and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for
general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output. They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for
traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic
signals. The compact size of LED’s has allowed new text and video displays and
sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of led are shown in
fig: 3.19
Fig. 3.19: Electrical Symbol Polarities of LED
LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources:
• High-levels of brightness and intensity
• High-efficiency
• Low-voltage and current requirements

• Low radiated heat
40
• High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)
• No UV Rays
• Long source life
• Can be easily controlled and programmed
Applications of LED fall into three major categories:
• Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED
to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
• Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of
these objects.
• Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve
the human visual system
3.5 Touch Screeen
3.5.1 History
Touch screens emerged from academic and corporate research labs in the second half
of the 1960s. One of the first places where they gained some visibility was in the
terminal of a computer-assisted learning terminal that came out in 1972 as part of
the PLATO project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems, such as
in retail and tourist settings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs and on PDAs where a
stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter data. The popularity of
smart phones, PDAs, portable game consoles and many types of information
appliances is driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touch screens.
The HP-150 from 1983 was probably the world’s earliest commercial touch screen
computer. It doesn’t actually have a touch screen in the strict sense, but a 9" Sony
CRT surrounded by infrared transmitters and receivers which detect the position of
any nontransparent object on the screen.
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Until the early 1980s, most consumer touch screens could only sense one point of
contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching.
This is starting to change with the commercialization of multi-touch technology.
Touch screens are popular in heavy industry and in other situations, such as museum
displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a
satisfactory, intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display’s
content.
Historically, the touch screen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware
have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators and not
by display, chip or motherboard manufacturers. With time, however, display
manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend
toward acceptance of touch screens as a highly desirable user interface component
and have begun to integrate touch screen functionality into the fundamental design
of their products.
3.5.2 Technologies of touch screen:
There are a number of types of touch screen technology.
1. Resistive
A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers, the most
importantof which are two thin, metallic, electrically conductive layers
separated by a narrow gap. When an object, such as a finger, presses down on
a point on the panel’s outer surface the two metallic layers become connected
at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers with
connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current which is
registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing.
2. Surface acoustic wave

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sumit technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass
over the touch screen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave
is absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the
touch event and sends this information to the controller for processing. Surface
wave touch screen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants
on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touch screen.[1]
3. Capacitive
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A capacitive touch screen panel consists of an insulator such as glass,
coated witha transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO).[2][3] As the
human body is also a conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a
distortion of the body’s electrostatic field, measurable as a change in
capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of
the touch. The location can be passed to a computer running a software
application which will calculate how the user’s touch relates to the computer
software.
4. Surface capacitance
In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive
layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic
field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a
capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor’s controller can determine the
location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured
from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately
durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic
capacitive coupling, and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most
often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.
5. Projected capacitance
Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which
permits more accurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer. An
XY array is formed either by etching a single layer to form a grid pattern of
electrodes, or by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive
material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (comparable to the pixel grid
found in many LCD displays).
Applying voltage to the array creates a grid of capacitors. Bringing a finger or
conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic
field. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be
measured to accurately determine the touch location.[5] The use of a grid permits
a higher resolution than resistive technology and also allows multi-touch
operation. The greater resolution of PCT allows operation without direct contact,
such that the conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating
layers, and operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-
proof glass. PCT is used in a wide range of applications including point of sale
systems, smart phones, and public information kiosks. Visual Planet’s ViP
Interactive Foil is an example of a kiosk PCT product, where a gloved hand can
register a touch on a sensor surface through a glass window.[6] Examples of
consumer devices using projected capacitive touch screens include Apple Inc.’s
iPhone and iPod Touch, HTC’s HD2, G1, and HTC Hero, Motorola’s Droid, Palm
Inc.’s Palm Pre and
Palm Pixi and more recently the LG KM900 Arena, Microsoft’s Zune HD, Sony
Walkman X series, Sony Ericsson’s Aino and now Vidalco’s Edge, D1 and Jewel, the
Nokia X6 phone and Google’s Nexus One.
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6. Infrared
Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting
diodes (LED’s) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photo sensors placed
on the two opposite bezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch
event. The LED and photo sensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the
display. An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches the screen interrupts the
light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at the corresponding photo
sensors. The measured photo sensor outputs can be used to locate a touch-point
coordinate.
Widespread adoption of infrared touch screens has been hampered by two
factors: the relatively high cost of the technology compared to competing touch
technologies and the issue of performance in bright ambient light. This latter
problem is a result of background light increasing the noise floor at the optical
sensor, sometimes to such a degree that the touch screen’s LED light cannot be
detected at all, causing a temporary failure of the touch screen. This is most
pronounced in direct sunlight conditions where the sun has a very high energy
distribution in the infrared region.
However, certain features of infrared touch remain desirable and represent
attributes of the ideal touch screen, including the option to eliminate the glass or
plastic overlay that most other touch technologies require in front of the display.
In many cases, this overlay is coated with an electrically conducting transparent
material such as ITO, which reduces the optical quality of the display. This
advantage of optical touch screens is extremely important for many device and
display vendors since devices are often sold on the perceived quality of the user
display experience.
Another feature of infrared touch which has been long desired is the digital nature
of the sensor output when compared to many other touch systems that rely on
analog-signal processing to determine a touch position. These competing analog
systems normally require continual re-calibration, have complex signalprocessing
demands (which add cost and power consumption), demonstrate reduced
accuracy and precision compared to a digital system, and have longer-term
system-failure modes due to the operating environment.
7. Strain gauge
In a strain gauge configuration, also called force panel technology, the screen is
spring-mounted on the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine
deflection when the screen is touched. This technology has been around since the
1960s but new advances by Vissumo and F-Origin have made the solution
commercially viable.[8] It can also measure the Z-axis and the force of a person’s
touch. Such screens are typically used in exposed public systems such as ticket
machines due to their resistance to vandalism.
8. Optical imaging
A relatively-modern development in touch screen technology, two or more image
sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared
44
backlights are placed in the camera’s field of view on the other sides of the screen.
A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulated
to locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object (see visual
hull). This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability, versatility, and
affordability, especially for larger units.
3.5.3 Construction:
There are several principal ways to build a touch screen. The key goals are to
recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this
represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.
In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are
typically four layers:
1. Top polyester layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on

the bottom.
2. Adhesive spacer
3. Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top
4. Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.
When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical
current that flows through the display.
Dispersive-signal technology which 3M created in 2002, measures the piezoelectric
effect — the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material — that
occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched
There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger
touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting light beams projected
over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted infrared cameras record screen
touches. In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the
controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.
Resistive Touch screen Technology:

Resistive LCD touch screen monitors rely on a touch overlay, which is composed of a
flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer separated by insulating dots, attached to a
touch screen controller. The inside surface of each of the two layers is coated with a
45
transparent metal oxide coating (ITO) that facilitates a gradient across each layer
when voltage is applied. Pressing the flexible top sheet creates electrical contact
between the resistive layers, producing a switch closing in the circuit. The control
electronics alternate voltage between the layers and pass the resulting X and Y touch
coordinates to the touch screen controller. The touch screen controller data is then
passed on to the computer operating system for processing.
Resistive touch screens are composed of two flexible sheets coated with a resistive
material and separated by an air gap or microdots. When contact is made to the
surface of the touch screen, the two sheets are pressed together, registering the
precise location of the touch. Because the touch screen senses input from contact
with nearly any object (finger, stylus/pen, palm) resistive touch screens are a type of
"passive" technology.
Working of Resistive Touch screens:

Touching the overlay surface causes the (2) Upper Resistive Circuit Layer to contact
the (4) Lower Resistive Circuit Layer, producing a circuit switch from the activated
area as shown in figure 3.20.
The touch screen controller gets the alternating voltages between the (7) two circuit
layers and converts them into the digital X and Y coordinates of the activated area as
shown in figure 3.20 and figure 3.21.
Because of its versatility and cost-effectiveness, resistive touch screen technology is
the touch technology of choice for many markets and applications. Resistive touch
screens are used in food service, retail point-of-sale (POS), medical monitoring
devices, industrial process control and instrumentation, portable and handheld
products.
Resistive touch screen technology possesses many advantages over other alternative
touch screen technologies (acoustic wave, capacitive, Near Field imaging, and
infrared). Highly durable, resistive touch screens are less susceptible to contaminants
that easily infect acoustic wave touch screens.
In addition, resistive touch screens are less sensitive to the effects of severe scratches
that would incapacitate capacitive touch screens. For industrial applications, resistive
46
touch screens are more cost-effective solutions than Near Field Imaging touch
screens. A four-wire resistive touch screen panel consists of two flexible layers
uniformly coated with a transparent resistive material and separated by an air gap.
Electrodes placed along the edges of the layers provide a means for exciting and
monitoring the touch
screen.
A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a type of liquid-crystal
Fig. 3.20: Diagram of touch screen working
47
Fig. 3.21: TFT Touch Screen
Fig. 3.22: TFT Touch Sensor
display that uses thin-film-transistor technology to improve image qualities such as

addressability and contrast.
1. Touch screen cover

The touch screen cover is the outermost layer of glass we touch. Its main
function is to play a protective role. Generally, the higher the hardness of the
touch screen cover, the better.
2. Touch Screen SENSER
48
In capacitive touch screens, it generally refers to ITO Sensor. A touch screen has
M X-axis and N Y-axis ITO Sensors that are staggered horizontally and vertically.
So it is used to sense the (X, Y) coordinates of the finger touch position.
3. Touch Screen Cable

The touch screen also has a cable. Generally, it is directly welded on the cable
of the tft display to form a touch + display function. In addition to the above,
there are many components of the tft touch screen. The tft touch screen is a
multicomponent and complex process. It also includes IC. Both the tft display
and the touch screen require one or more ICs, polarizers, etc.
3.6 Zigbee Technology
3.6.1 Introduction:
When we hold the TV remote and wish to use it we have to necessarily point our
control at the device. This one-way, line-of-sight, short-range communication uses
infrared (IR) sensors to enable communication and control and it is possible to
operate the TV remotely only with its control unit.
Add other home theatre modules, an air- conditioner and remotely enabled fans and
lights to our room, and we become a juggler who has to handle not only these
remotes, but also more numbers that will accompany other home appliances we are
likely to use. Some remotes do serve to control more than one device after
‘memorizing’ access codes, but this interoperability is restricted to LOS, that too only
for a set of related equipment, like the different units of a home entertainment
system.
Now picture a home with entertainment units, security systems including fire alarm,
smoke detector and burglar alarm, air-conditioners and kitchen appliances all within
whispering distance from each other and imagine a single unit that talks with all the
devices, no longer depending on line-of-sight, and traffic no longer being one-way.
This means that the devices and the control unit would all need a common standard
to enable intelligible communication. ZigBee is such a standard for embedded
49
application software and has been ratified in late 2004 under IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
Networking Standards.
ZigBee is an established set of specifications for wireless personal area networking
(WPAN), i.e., digital radio connections between computers and related devices. This
kind of network eliminates use of physical data buses like USB and Ethernet cables.
The devices could include telephones, hand-held digital assistants, sensors and
controls located within a few meters of each other.
ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol formulated by the
relevant task force under the IEEE 802.15 working group. The fourth in the series,
WPAN Low Rate/ZigBee is the newest and provides specifications for devices that
have low data rates, consume very low power and are thus characterized by long
battery life. Other standards like Blue tooth and IrDA address high data rate
applications such as voice, video and LAN communications.
The ZigBee Alliance has been set up as “an association of companies working
together to enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked,
monitoring and control products based on an open global standard”.
Once a manufacturer enrolls in this Alliance for a fee, he can have access to the
standard and implement it in his products in the form of ZigBee chipsets that would
be built into the end devices. Philips, Motorola, Intel, HP are all members of the
Alliance. The goal is “to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and
ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices.
ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and applications
across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide. For the
first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the
unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity,
reliability, low-cost and low-power”.
The target networks encompass a wide range of devices with low data rates in the
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands, with building-automation
controls like intruder/fire alarms, thermostats and remote (wireless) switches,
video/audio remote controls likely to be the most popular applications. So far sensor
and control devices have been marketed as proprietary items for want of a standard.
50
With acceptance and implementation of ZigBee, interoperability will be enabled in
multi-purpose, self-organizing mesh networks.
3.6.2 Architecture:
Though WPAN implies a reach of only a few meters, 30 feet in the case of ZigBee, the
network will have several layers, so designed as to enable interpersonal
communication within the network, connection to a network of higher level and
ultimately an uplink to the Web.
The ZigBee Standard has evolved standardized sets of solutions, called ‘layers’. These
layers facilitate the features that make ZigBee very attractive: low cost, easy
implementation, reliable data transfer, short-range operations,Very low power
consumption and adequate security features.
1. Network and Application Support layer:
The network layer permits growth of network sans high power transmitters. This layer
can handle huge numbers of nodes. This level in the ZigBee architecture includes the
ZigBee Device Object (ZDO), user-defined application profile(s) and the Application
Support (APS) sub-layer.
The APS sub-layer’s responsibilities include maintenance of tables that enable

matching between two devices and communication among them, and also discovery,
the aspect that identifies other devices that operate in the operating space of any
device.
The responsibility of determining the nature of the device (Coordinator / FFD or RFD)
in the network, commencing and replying to binding requests and ensuring a secure
relationship between devices rests with the ZDO (Zigbee Define Object). The
userdefined application refers to the end device that conforms to the ZigBee
Standard.
2. Physical (PHY) layer:
51
The IEEE802.15.4 PHY physical layer accommodates high levels of integration by using
direct sequence to permit simplicity in the analog circuitry and enable cheaper
implementations.
3. Media access control (MAC) layer:
The IEEE802.15.4 MAC media access control layer permits use of several topologies
without introducing complexity and is meant to work with large numbers of devices.
Fig. 3.23: IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Stack Architecture
There are three different ZigBee device types that operate on these layers in any
selforganizing application network. These devices have 64-bit IEEE addresses, with
option to enable shorter addresses to reduce packet size, and work in either of two
addressing modes – star and peer-to-peer.
1. The ZigBee coordinator node:
There is one, and only one, ZigBee coordinator in each network to act as the router to
other networks, and can be likened to the root of a (network) tree. It is designed to
store information about the network.
2. The full function device FFD:

The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data from other devices. It needs
lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node, and entails lesser manufacturing
costs. It can operate in all topologies and can act as a coordinator.
3. The reduced function device RFD:
52
This device is just capable of talking in the network; it cannot relay data from other
devices. Requiring even less memory, (no flash, very little ROM and RAM), an RFD will
thus be cheaper than an FFD. This device talks only to a network coordinator and can
be implemented very simply in star topology.
3.6.3 ZigBee Characteristics:
The focus of network applications under the IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee standard include
the features of low power consumption, needed for only two major modes (Tx/Rx or
Sleep), high density of nodes per network, low costs and simple implementation.
These features are enabled by the following characteristics:
• 2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz dual PHY modes:

This represents three license-free bands: 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 868-870 MHz and
902928 MHz. The number of channels allotted to each frequency band is fixed
at sixteen (numbered 11-26), one (numbered 0) and ten (numbered 1-10)
respectively. The higher frequency band is applicable worldwide, and the lower
band in the areas of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
• Low power consumption, with battery life ranging from months to years.
Considering the number of devices with remotes in use at present, it is easy to
see that more numbers of batteries need to be provisioned every so often,
entailing regular (as well as timely), recurring expenditure. In the ZigBee
standard, longer battery life is achievable by either of two means: continuous
network connection and slow but sure battery drain, or intermittent connection
and even slower battery drain.
• Maximum data rates allowed for each of these frequency bands are fixed as
250 kbps @2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz, and 20 kbps @868 MHz.
• High throughput and low latency for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1
• Channel access using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA - CA).
• Addressing space of up to 64 bit IEEE address devices, 65,535 networks
• 50m typical range
• Fully reliable “hand-shacked” data transfer protocol.
• Different topologies as illustrated below: star, peer-to-peer, mesh
53
Fig. 3.24: ZigBee Topologies
Traffic Types:
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 addresses three typical traffic types. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can
accommodate all the types.
1. Data is periodic: The application dictates the rate, and the sensor activates,
checks for data and deactivates.
2. Data is intermittent: The application, or other stimulus, determines the rate,

as in the case of say smoke detectors. The device needs to connect to the network
only when communication is necessitated. This type enables optimum saving on
energy.
3. Data is repetitive, and the rate is fixed a priori. Depending on allotted time
slots, called GTS (guaranteed time slot), devices operate for fixed durations.
ZigBee employs either of two modes, beacon or non-beacon to enable the to-and-fro
data traffic. Beacon mode is used when the coordinator runs on batteries and thus
offers maximum power savings, whereas the non-beacon mode finds favor when the
coordinator is mains-powered.
In the beacon mode, a device watches out for the coordinator’s beacon that gets
transmitted at periodically, locks on and looks for messages addressed to it. If
message transmission is complete, the coordinator dictates a schedule for the next
54
beacon so that the device ‘goes to sleep’; in fact, the coordinator itself switches to
sleep mode.
While using the beacon mode, all the devices in a mesh network know when to
communicate with each other. In this mode, necessarily, the timing circuits have to be
quite accurate, or wake up sooner to be sure not to miss the beacon. This in turn
means an increase in power consumption by the coordinator’s receiver, entailing an
optimal increase in costs.
Fig. 3.25: Beacon Network Communication
The non-beacon mode will be included in a system where devices are ‘asleep’ nearly
always, as in smoke detectors and burglar alarms. The devices wake up and confirm
their continued presence in the network at random intervals.
On detection of activity, the sensors ‘spring to attention’, as it were, and transmit to
the ever-waiting coordinator’s receiver (since it is mains-powered). However, there is
the remotest of chances that a sensor finds the channel busy, in which case the
receiver unfortunately would ‘miss a call’.
55
Fig. 3.26: Non-Beacon Network Communication
Network Model:
The functions of the Coordinator, which usually remains in the receptive mode,
encompass network set-up, beacon transmission, node management, storage of
node information and message routing between nodes.
The network node, however, is meant to save energy (and so ‘sleeps’ for long periods)
and its functions include searching for network availability, data transfer, checks for
pending data and queries for data from the coordinator.
Fig. 3.27: ZigBee Network Model
For the sake of simplicity without jeopardizing robustness, this particular IEEE
standard defines a quartet frame structure and a super-frame structure used
optionally only by the coordinator.
The four frame structures are
• Beacon frame for transmission of beacons
• Data frame for all data transfers
• Acknowledgement frame for successful frame receipt confirmations
• MAC command frame
56
These frame structures and the coordinator’s super-frame structure play critical roles
in security of data and integrity in transmission.
All protocol layers contribute headers and footers to the frame structure, such that
the total overheads for each data packet range are from 15 octets (for short
addresses) to 31 octets (for 64-bit addresses).
The coordinator lays down the format for the super-frame for sending beacons after
every 15.38 ms or/and multiples there of, up to 252s.
This interval is determined a priori and the coordinator thus enables sixteen time
slots of identical width between beacons so that channel access is contention-less.
Within each time slot, access is contention-based. Nonetheless, the coordinator
provides as many as seven GTS (guaranteed time slots) for every beacon interval to
ensure better quality.
3.6.4 Technology Comparisons:
The “Why ZigBee” question has always had an implied, but never quite worded
follower phrase “...when there is Blue tooth”. A comparative study of the two can be
found in ZigBee: ’Wireless Control That Simply Works’.
The bandwidth of Blue tooth is 1 Mbps; ZigBee’s is one-fourth of this value. The
strength of Blue tooth lies in its ability to allow interoperability and replacement of
cables, ZigBee’s, of course, is low costs and long battery life.
In terms of protocol stack size, ZigBee’s 32 KB is about one-third of the stack size
necessary in other wireless technologies (for limited capability end devices, the stack
size is as low as 4 KB).
Most important in any meaningful comparison are the diverse application areas of all
the different wireless technologies. Blue tooth is meant for such target areas as
wireless USB’s, handsets and headsets, whereas ZigBee is meant to cater to the
sensors and remote controls market and other battery operated products.
In a gist, it may be said that they are neither complementary standards nor
competitors, but just essential standards for different targeted applications. The
57
earlier Blue tooth targets interfaces between PDA and other device (mobile phone /
printer etc) and cordless audio applications.
The IEEE 802.15.4–based ZigBee is designed for remote controls and sensors, which
are very many in number, but need only small data packets and, mainly, extremely
low power consumption for (long) life. Therefore they are naturally different in their
approach to their respective application arenas.
3.6.5 ZigBee Applications:
The ZigBee Alliance targets applications "across consumer, commercial, industrial and
government markets worldwide". Unwired applications are highly sought after in
many networks that are characterized by numerous nodes consuming minimum
power and enjoying long battery lives.
ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications, for the reason that it
enables reduced costs of development, very fast market adoption, and rapid ROI.
Airbee Wireless Inc has tied up with Radio crafts AS to deliver "out-of-the-box"
ZigBeeready solutions, the former supplying the software and the latter making the
module platforms. With even light controls and thermostat producers joining the
ZigBee Alliance, the list is growing healthily and includes big OEM names like HP,
Philips, Motorola and Intel.
With ZigBee designed to enable two-way communications, not only will the consumer
be able to monitor and keep track of domestic utilities usage, but also feed it to a
computer system for data analysis.
A recent analyst report issued by West Technology Research Solutions estimates that
by the year 2008, "annual shipments for ZigBee chipsets into the home automation
segment alone will exceed 339 million units," and will show up in "light switches, fire
and smoke detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and audio remote
controls, landscaping, and security systems."
58
3.7 LCD DISPLAY
3.7.1 LCD Background:
One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display.
Some of the most common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.
Fig. 3.28: LCD Pin diagram
Pin description:
The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The
user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data
bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control
lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require
a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
Pin No. Name Description
Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
Pin no. 4 RS 0 = Instruction input, 1 = Data input
Pin no. 5 R/W 0 = Write to LCD module, 1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
59
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Table 3.1: Character LCD pins with Microcontroller
The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that we are
sending it data. To send data to the LCD, our program should make sure this line is
low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus.
When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the
minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to
LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.
The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated
as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).
When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the
screen.
For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen we would set RS high
The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on
the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is
effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a
read command. All others are write commands–so RW will almost always be low.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0,
DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
3.7.2 Circuit Description:
60
Fig. 3.29: circuit Diagram of lcd
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel’s Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which
don’t. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is
more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal
pull
up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard
wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts
on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD’s internal Busy Flag which
tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This
problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I’ve left the power supply out. We can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling
capacitors, especially if we have trouble with the circuit working properly.
SETB RW
61
As we mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that we are ready for it to
execute an instruction that we’ve prepared on the data bus and on the other control
lines. Note that the EN line must be raised/ lowered before/after each instruction
sent to the LCD regardless of whether that instruction is read or write text or
instruction. In short, we must always manipulate EN when communicating with the
LCD. EN is the LCD’s way of knowing that we are talking to it. If we don’t raise/lower
EN, the LCD doesn’t know we’re talking to it on the other lines.
Thus, before we interact in any way with the LCD we will always bring the EN line low
with the following instruction:
CLR EN
And once we’ve finished setting up our instruction with the other control lines and
data bus lines, we’ll always bring this line high:
SETB EN
The line must be left high for the amount of time required by the LCD as specified in
its datasheet. This is normally on the order of about 250 nanoseconds, but checks the
datasheet. In the case of a typical microcontroller running at 12 MHz, an instruction
requires 1.08 microseconds to execute so the EN line can be brought low the very
next instruction. However, faster microcontrollers (such as the DS89C420 which
executes an instruction in 90 nanoseconds given an 11.0592 MHz crystal) will require
a number of NOPs to create a delay while EN is held high. The number of NOPs that
must be inserted depends on the microcontroller we are using and the crystal we
have selected. The instruction is executed by the LCD at the moment the EN line is
brought low with a final CLR EN instruction.
Checking the busy status of the LCD:

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be
executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal
attached to the oscillator input of the LCD as well as the instruction which is being
executed
While it is possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the
LCD to execute instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal
frequency is changed, the software will need to be modified. A more robust method
62
of programming is to use the "Get LCD Status" command to determine whether the
LCD
is still busy executing the last instruction received.
The "Get LCD Status" command will return to us two tidbits of information; the
information that is useful to us right now is found in DB7. In summary, when we issue
the "Get LCD Status" command the LCD will immediately raise DB7 if it’s still busy
executing a command or lower DB7 to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied.
Thus our program can query the LCD until DB7 goes low, indicating the LCD is no
longer busy. At that point we are free to continue and send the next command.
3.8 Buzzer
Basically, the sound source of a piezoelectric sound component is a piezoelectric

diaphragm. A piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectric ceramic plate which
has electrodes on both sides and a metal plate (brass or stainless steel, etc.). A
piezoelectric ceramic plate is attached to a metal plate with adhesives. Applying D.C.
voltage between electrodes of a piezoelectric diaphragm causes mechanical
distortion due to the piezoelectric effect. For a misshaped piezoelectric element, the
distortion of the piezoelectric element expands in a radial direction. And the
piezoelectric diaphragm bends toward the direction. The metal plate bonded to the
piezoelectric element does not expand. Conversely, when the piezoelectric element
shrinks, the piezoelectric diaphragm bends in the direction Thus, when AC voltage is
applied across electrodes, the bending is repeated, producing sound waves in the air.
To interface a buzzer the standard transistor interfacing circuit is used. Note that if a
different power supply is used for the buzzer, the 0V rails of each power supply must
be connected to provide a common reference.
If a battery is used as the power supply, it is worth remembering that piezo sounders
draw much less current than buzzers. Buzzers also just have one ‘tone’, whereas a
piezo sounder is able to create sounds of many different tones.
63
Notice (Handling) In Using Self Drive Method:
1 When the piezoelectric buzzer is set to produce intermittent sounds, sound may be
heard continuously even when the self drive circuit is turned ON / OFF at
Fig. 3.30: Figure of Buzzer
the "X" point shown in Fig. 9. This is because of the failure of turning off the
feedback voltage.
2 Build a circuit of the piezoelectric sounder exactly as per the recommended circuit
shown in the catalog. Life of the transistor and circuit constants is designed to
ensure stable oscillation of the piezoelectric sounder.
3 Design switching which ensures direct power switching.
4 The self drive circuit is already contained in the piezoelectric buzzer. So there is no
need to prepare another circuit to drive the piezoelectric buzzer.
5 Rated voltage (3.0 to 20Vdc) must be maintained. Products which can operate with
voltage higher than 20Vdc are also available.
6 Do not place resistors in series with the power source, as this may cause abnormal
oscillation. If a resistor is essential to adjust sound pressure, place a capacitor
(about 1F) in parallel with the piezo buzzer.
7 Do not close the sound emitting hole on the front side of casing.
8 Carefully install the piezo buzzer so that no obstacle is placed within 15mm from
the sound release hole on the front side of the casing.
64
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
This project is implemented using following software’s:

• Express PCB – for designing circuit • PIC C
compiler - for compilation part
4.1 Express PCB:
Breadboards are great for prototyping equipment as it allows great flexibility to modify a
design when needed; however the final product of a project, ideally should have a neat
PCB, few cables, and survive a shake test. Not only is a proper PCB neater but it is also
more durable as there are no cables which can yank loose.
Express PCB is a software tool to design PCBs specifically for manufacture by the company
Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts Express PCB files). It is very easy to use, but it
does have several limitations.
• It can be likened to more of a toy then a professional CAD program.
• It has a poor part library (which we can work around)
• It cannot import or export files in different formats
• It cannot be used to make prepare boards for DIY production
Express PCB has been used to design many PCBs (some layered and with surfacemount
parts. Print out PCB patterns and use the toner transfer method with an Etch Resistant Pen
to make boards. However, Express PCB does not have a nice print layout. Here is the
procedure to design in Express PCB and clean up the patterns so they print
nicely.
4.1.1 Preparing Express PCB for First Use:
Express PCB comes with a less then exciting list of parts. So before any project is started
head over to Audio logical and grab the additional parts by morsel, ppl, and tangent, and
extract them into your Express PCB directory. At this point start the program and get ready
to setup the workspace to suit your style.
Click View -> Options. In this menu, setup the units for “mm” or “in” depending on how
you think, and click “see through the top copper layer” at the bottom. The standard color
scheme of red and green is generally used but it is not as pleasing as red and blue.
4.1.2 The Interface:
When a project is first started you will be greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow outline
is the dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces, move them to
their final position and then crop the PCB to the correct size. However, in designing a board
with a certain size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct size before
starting.
Fig: 4.1 shows the toolbar in which the each button has the following functions:
Fig. 4.1: Tool bar necessary for the interface
• The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows you to move and
manipulate parts. When this tool is selected the top toolbar will show buttons to
move traces to the top / bottom copper layer, and rotate buttons.
• The zoom to selection tool: does just that.
• The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads which are useful for
board connections or if a part is not in the part library but the part dimensions are
available. When this tool is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of
round holes, square holes and surface mount pads.
66
• The place component: tool allows you to select a component from the top toolbar
and then by clicking in the workspace places that component in the orientation
chosen using the buttons next to the component list. The components can always be
rotated afterwards with the select tool if the orientation is wrong.
• The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the board of varying
thicknesses. The top toolbar allows you to select the top or bottom layer to place the
trace on.
• The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says. When this tool is
selected, clicking on a trace will insert a corner which can be moved to route around
components and other traces.
• The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete key will achieve the
same result.
4.1.3 Design Considerations:
Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB and one must be chosen to
suit the project’s needs.
Single sided, or double sided?

When making a PCB you have the option of making a single sided board, or a double sided
board. Single sided boards are cheaper to produce and easier to etch, but much harder to
design for large projects. If a lot of parts are being used in a small space it may be difficult
to make a single sided board without jumpering over traces with a cable. While there’s
technically nothing wrong with this, it should be avoided if the signal travelling over the
traces is sensitive (e.g. audio signals).
A double sided board is more expensive to produce professionally, more difficult to etch on
a DIY board, but makes the layout of components a lot smaller and easier. It should be
noted that if a trace is running on the top layer, check with the components to make sure
you can get to its pins with a soldering iron. Large capacitors, relays, and similar parts
which don’t have axial leads can NOT have traces on top unless boards are plated
professionally.Ground-plane or other special purposes for one side.
67
When using a double sided board you must consider which traces should be on what side
of the board. Generally, put power traces on the top of the board, jumping only to the
bottom if a part cannot be soldiered onto the top plane (like a relay), and viceversa.
Some projects like power supplies or amps can benefit from having a solid plane to use for
ground. In power supplies this can reduce noise, and in amps it minimises the distance
between parts and their ground connections, and keeps the ground signal as simple as
possible. However care must be taken with stubborn chips such as the TPA6120 amplifier
from TI. The TPA6120 datasheet specifies not to run a ground plane under the pins or
signal traces of this chip as the capacitance generated could effect performance negatively.
4.2 PIC Compiler:
PIC compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and compiled.
After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be
dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. PIC compiler also supports C
language code.
It’s important that you know C language for microcontroller which is commonly known as
Embedded C. As we are going to use PIC Compiler, hence we also call it PIC C. The PCB,
PCM, and PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit opcodes, PCM is for 14-bitopcodes,
and PCH is for 16-bit opcode PIC microcontrollers. Due to many similarities, all three
compilers are covered in this reference manual. Features and limitations that apply to only
specific microcontrollers are indicated within. These compilers are specifically designed to
meet the unique needs of the PIC microcontroller. This allows developers to quickly design
applications software in a more readable, high-level language. When compared to a more
traditional C compiler, PCB, PCM, and PCH have some limitations. As an example of the
limitations, function recursion is not allowed.
This is due to the fact that the PIC has no stack to push variables onto, and also because of
the way the compilers optimize the code. The compilers can efficiently implement normal
C constructs, input/output operations, and bit twiddling operations. All normal C data
68
types are supported along with pointers to constant arrays, fixed point decimal, and arrays
of bits.
PIC C is not much different from a normal C program. If you know assembly, writing a
C program is not a crisis. In PIC, we will have a main function, in which all your
application specific work will be defined. In case of embedded C, you do not have any
operating system running in there. So you have to make sure that your program or
main file should never exit. This can be done with the help of simple while (1) or for
(;;) loop as they are going to run infinitely.
We have to add header file for controller you are using, otherwise you will not be able
to access registers related to peripherals.
#include <18F452.h> // header file for PIC 18F452//
4.3 Procedural steps for compilation, simulation and dump-

ing:
4.3.1 Compilation and simulation steps:
For PIC microcontroller, PIC C compiler is used for compilation. The compilation steps
are as follows:
• Open PIC C compiler.
• You will be prompted to choose a name for the new project, so create a separate
folder where all the files of your project will be stored, choose a name and click save.
• Click Project, New, and something the box named ’Text1’ is where your code should
be written later.
• Now you have to click ’File, Save as’ and choose a file name for your source code
ending with the letter ’.c’. You can name as ’project.c’ for example and click save.
Then you have to add this file to your project work.
• You can then start to write the source code in the window titled ’project.c’ then
before testing your source code; you have to compile your source code, and correct
eventual syntax errors.
69
• By clicking on compile option .hex file is generated automatically.
• This is how we compile a program for checking errors and hence the compiled
program is saved in the file where we initiated the program.
After compilation, next step is simulation. Here first circuit is designed in Express PCB using
Proteus 7 software and then simulation takes place followed by dumping. The simulation
steps are as follows:
• Open Proteus 7 and click on IS1S6.
• Now it displays PCB where circuit is designed using microcontroller. To design circuit
components are required. So click on component option.
• Now click on letter ’p’, then under that select PIC18F452 ,other components related
to the project and click OK. The PIC 18F452 will be called your “’Target device”, which
is the final destination of your source code.
4.3.2 Dumping steps:
The steps involved in dumping the program edited in proteus 7 to microcontroller are
shown below:
1. Initially before connecting the program dumper to the microcontroller kit the window is
appeared as shown below.
70
Fig. 4.2: Picture of program dumper window
2. Select Tools option and click on Check Communication for establishing a connection as
shown in below window.
71
Fig. 4.3: Picture of checking communications before dumping program into microcon-
troller
3. After connecting the dumper properly to the microcontroller kit the window is appeared
as shown below.
72
Fig. 4.4: Picture after connecting the dumper to microcontroller
4. Again by selecting the Tools option and clicking on Check Communication the
microcontroller gets recognized by the dumper and hence the window is as shown
below.
73
Fig. 4.5: Picture after connecting the dumper to microcontroller
5. Import the program which is ‘.hex’ file from the saved location by selecting File option
and clicking on ‘Import Hex’ as shown in below window.
74
Fig. 4.6: Picture of program importing into the microcontroller
6. After clicking on ‘Import Hex’ option we need to browse the location of our program
and click the ‘prog.hex’ and click on ‘open’ for dumping the program into the
microcontroller.
7. After the successful dumping of program the window is as shown below.
75
Fig. 4.7: Picture after program dumped into the microcontroller
76
CHAPTER 5
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
In this chapter, schematic diagram and interfacing of PIC16f72 microcontroller with

each module is considered. 1.Table Section
Fig. 5.1: diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restaurant
2.Receiver Section
Fig. 5.2: diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restaurant
The above schematic diagrams of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restaurant

explain the interfacing section of each component with micro controller TFT touch
screen sensor, Zigbee module.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
• Efficient Ordering: Customers can easily browse the menu and place orders
using the touchscreen, reducing the need for paper menus and improving
order accuracy.
• Table Management: The system can track table status, helping staff manage
seating and serving orders more efficiently.
• Inventory Management: The system can track inventory in real-time, helping to

reduce waste and ensure that popular items are always in stock.
78
• Customer Experience: The touchscreen interface can provide a modern and
interactive experience for customers, enhancing their overall dining
experience.
• Cost Savings: By improving efficiency in ordering and inventory management,

the system can help reduce costs associated with labor and waste.
• Remote Monitoring: Managers can remotely monitor operations and make

adjustments as needed, improving overall efficiency and customer service.
• Data Analytics: The system can collect data on customer preferences and
ordering patterns, providing valuable insights for marketing and menu
planning.
• Zigbee Connectivity: Zigbee technology offers low-power consumption, long

battery life, and secure communication, making it an ideal choice for wireless
restaurant operations.
Disadvantages:
1. Interfacing Touch screen to Microcontroller is sensitive.
2. Care should be taken in handling Touch screen.
Applications:
1. Very useful even for illiterates.
2. Restaurants.
6.2 Result:
The project “Wireless two-Way Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering System” was
designed a TFT touch screen and zigbee based restaurant system. The system was
designed completely automated menu in restaurants with the help of TFT touch
screen sensor and a user-friendly environment. There is no need of a person to take
the order from the table. The output module is Zigbee module which makes the
communication between system at table and system at ordering department. The
controller also takes the responsibility to display the menu items on the LCD. At the
receiving end the selected items and table number will be displayed on LCD along
with BUZZER. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in
embedded C language.
80
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
7.1 Conclusion:
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s
with the help of growing technology, the project has been successfully implemented.
Thus the project has been successfully designed and tested.
7.2 Future Scope:
IoT Integration: Besides Zigbee, other IoT technologies could be integrated to enable
smart features like automated lighting and temperature control based on occupancy,
or even real-time monitoring of food freshness and storage conditions.
Mobile App Integration: Integration with mobile apps could allow customers to place
orders and make payments directly from their smartphones, reducing wait times and
improving convenience.
APPENDIX A
Important Codes/Analysis
A.1 PIC Microcontroller Code
# include <Adafruit_GFX . h> / / Core graphics library

# include <MCUFRIEND_kbv . h> #
include " TouchScreen . h"
void setup ( ) {
S e r i a l . begin (9600); / / Use s e r i a l monitor for debugging t f t . r e s e t ( ) ; / / Always r e s e t at s t a r t t f t .
begin (0 x9341 ) ; / / My LCD uses LIL9341 I n t e r f a c e driver IC t f t . setRotation ( 1 ) ; / / I j u s t roated so t h a t
the power jack faces up − optional
t f t . invertDisplay ( 0 ) ;
IntroScreen ( ) ;
}
void loop ( )
{
TSPoint p = waitTouch ( ) ;
X =p.y;Y=p.x;
DetectButtons ( ) ;
}
void DetectButtons ( )
{
if ( X>158) / / Detecting Buttons on Column 1
{
S e r i a l . print ( "W" ) ; delay
(1000);
}
else if ( X>50) / / Detecting Buttonson Column 1
{
i f (Y>0 && Y<155) //If Button 9 is pressed
{ S e r i a l . print ( "S" ) ; delay
(1000);
(Y>155 && Y<330) / / I f Button 9 is pressed

if
{
S e r i a l . print ( "C" ) ; delay
(1000);
if ( X>50) / / Detecting on Column 1

Buttons
else
{
{
S e r i a l . print ( "S" ) ; delay
(1000);
(Y>155 && Y<330) //If Button9 is pressed

if
{
S e r i a l . print ( "C" ) ; delay
(1000);
if ( X>−75) / / Detecting Buttons on Column 1

else
{
{
S e r i a l . print ( "B" ) ;
79
delay (1000);
}
if (Y>155 && Y<330) //If Button 9 is pressed

{
S e r i a l . print ( "H" ) ; delay (1000);
}
84
APPENDIX B
Important Codes/Analysis
B.1 TFT Screen Code
# include <16F73 . h>
#use RS232 ( baud=9600, xmit=PIN_A0 , rcv = PIN_A1 )
# include <lcd . c>
#INT_EXT void myfunction ( ) / / t h i s function is called in case of e x t e r n a l i n t e r r u p t on PIN_B0 ( I n t e r r u p t

PIN )
{
lcd_putc ( ’ \ f ’ ) ; / / Clear LCD
lcd_gotoxy (1 , 1 ) ; / / row −1 , column −1
p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , " Request c l e a r " ) ;
p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Ready . . . " ) ; output_low ( PIN_C3 ) ;
}
void main ( )
{
char ch ;
lcd_init(); //local function
lcd_putc ( ’ \ f ’ ) ; / / Clear LCD lcd_gotoxy ( 1 , 1 ) ; / / row −1 , column −1

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , " Touchscrn Zigbee " ) ;
lcd_gotoxy ( 1 , 2 ) ; / / row −1 , column −1
p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , " Based Restaurant " ) ;
output_high ( PIN_C3 ) ; output_high ( PIN_C4 ) ; delay_ms (1000); output_low ( PIN_C3 ) ;
output_low ( PIN_C4 ) ; delay_ms (1000); output_high ( PIN_C3 ) ; output_high ( PIN_C4 ) ; delay_ms
(1000); output_low ( PIN_C3 ) ; output_low ( PIN_C4 ) ;
while (1)
{
ch = getc ( ) ; i f ( ch == ’W’ )
{ output_high ( PIN_C3 ) ;

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , " Table No: 16" ) ;
p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Need WATER" ) ;
}
else i f ( ch == ’B’ )

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Need Biryani " ) ;
}
else i f ( ch == ’C’ )
86

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Need Coffee " ) ;
}
else i f ( ch == ’S ’ )

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Need Softdrink " ) ;
}
else i f ( ch == ’H’ )

p r i n t f ( lcd_putc , "Need HELP" ) ;
} delay_ms ( 1 0 ) ;
}
}
REFERENCES
[1] Aamir Nawaz, Faiz Jalil, “Touch Panel Based Modern Restaurants Automation using
Zigbee Technology”, Fourth International Conference on Aerospace Science
Engineering (JCASE), September 2-4, 2015
[2] Harshada S Wabale , “Automatic Menu Ordering System using Zigbee [3] B.
Shabari,
B. Ashok Nayak, “ZIGBEE BASED E-MENU ORDERING SYSTEM”, International
Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science, Vol. 3, Issue 08, August
87
2015
[4]Prof.Dr. Usman Ali Shah, Faraz Ali, Sana Sohail, Haris Khan, “Intelligent Robotic
Waiter with Menu ordering System”, 1st International Electrical Engineering Congress
(IEEC 2016), May 13-14, 2016
[5]Kunal P. Gundle, Anuja A. Harshe, Kahol B. kinage, Niraj L. Ghanawat„ “Digital
Smart System for Restaurants Using Wireless Technology”, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 3, Issue 12, Dec-2016
[6] Mayur D. Jakhete, Piyush C. Mankar, “Implementation of Smart Restaurant
with e-menu Card”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 –8887), Vol.
119,
June 2015
[7] Chavan, V., Jadhav, P., Korade, S., and Teli, P. (2015). Implementing
customizable online food ordering system using web based application. International
Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(4), pp. 722-727.
[8]Smith, J.,andJohnson, A. (2021). "Design and Implementation of a Wireless Food
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A Project Report on

Wireless Restaurant E-Menu Food Ordering

ABHISHEK PATEL 2004331002

under the guidance of

DR. ATUL KUMAR DWIVEDI

in partial fulfilment of the requirements

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Abhishek Patel Ojas Kumar Siddhant Mishra

Dr. Atul Kumar Dwivedi

Dr. Atul Kumar Dwivedi Prof. Deepak Nagariya

After completing this project students will be able to Bloom’s

P1 Utilize Zigbee Technology, Arduino UNO, and Microcontroller to KL2

Mapping of project outcomes with Program Outcomes (POs)

After completing this project students will be able to

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, 3

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze 2

PO3 Design/development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex 3

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the 2

PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the 2

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and 3

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and -

Mapping rules (Rubrics)

KEYWORDS: Touch Screen, TFT screen, SD card Module, Arduino, Trans-

Abhishek Patel Ojas Kumar Siddhant Mishra

3.30 Figure of Buzzer ........................... 61

4.1 Tool bar necessary for the interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5.1 diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restau-

5.2 diagram of Table section of Touchscreen and zigbee Operated Restau-

1.1 Introduction of the project

(a) Touch screen based user-friendly interfacing.

(b) Low power consumption.

(c) No need of a person to take order from the table.

(d) Long life.

(e) Highly sensitive

(f) Easy to install because of wireless interface.

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few

Fig. 1.1: A modern example of embedded system

In the earliest years of computers in the 1930–40s, computers were sometimes

Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There’s also

1.3.4 Real Time Issues:

Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond to

1.4 Need for Embedded Systems:

Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

• Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the

• An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the

• An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,

• A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware,

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the

A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—

• Subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to

• software "limp modes" that provide partial function.

• Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture[6] ensures a highly

• An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any

• Immunity Aware Programming

1.5 Explanation of Embedded Systems:

1.5.1 Software Architecture:

There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

• Simple Control Loop:

• Interrupt Controlled System: