Internet Of Things

Summer Internship report

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of
Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IoT and Cyber Security including
Block chain Technology)
By
S.Manohar Chowdary 22K61A4751

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. P. SRINIVASA REDDI
Assistant Professor, CSE-DS

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

(IoT and Cyber Security including Block chain Technology)
SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING (Approved
by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, and SBTET-Hyderabad,
accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade and NBA, ranked as "A" Grade by Govt. of A.P.,
Recognized by UGC 2(f) & 12(B))
Kadakatla, TADEPALLIGUDEM– 534 101

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025

i
 VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTE

VISION
Aspire to be a leading institute in professional education by creating technocrats to propel
societal transformations through inventions and innovations.

MISSION

 To impart technology integrated active learning environment that nurtures the technical &
life skills.
 To enhance scientific temper through active research leading to innovations & sustainable
environment. 
 To create responsible citizens with highest ethical standards.

VISION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

VISION

To escalate the department by creativeness in technology for emerging and global needs
through Training, Research & Development.

MISSION
 To impart training to students in emerging technologies to product development
 To promote research & innovation skills through professional guidance
 To originate social technocrats who perceives societal problems as being solvable by
applying technology.
 To produce professionals with strong values and zeal to serve the society.
 To create leaders with strong communication skills who can drive, inspire and guide the
groups they work.

iii
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Students in the Computer Science and Engineering program should, at the time of their
graduation be in possession of:

PO1. Engineering Knowledge:

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis:
Identity, formulates, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/ Development of Solutions:
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety,
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems:
Using research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis, and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern Tool Usage:
Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The Engineer and Society:
Apply to reason informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering
practice.
PO7.Environment and Sustainability:
Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
PO8.Ethics:
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and Team Work:
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
multidisciplinary settings.

iv
PO10.Communication:
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles
and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning:
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
lifelong learning in the broadest contest of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1:
Apply modern tools to analyze, design and develop computer programs/applications across
diverse domains, addressing sustainability issues in society.
PSO2:
Ability to work as team in project management by professional communication and ethics

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO 1:
Graduates will enhance workplace contributions by creating sophisticated computer
applications that address the dynamic requirements of society.
PEO 2:
Graduates will be research oriented and industry ready professionals with a sense of
intellectual and social commitment.
PEO 3:
Graduates will be highly professional with unquestionable integrity and ethics

v
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I S.Manohar Chowdary (22K61A4751), hereby declare that the project report entitled

“Internet Of Things” carried out under esteemed supervision of Mr. P. Srinivasa Reddi, is

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Computer Science & Engineering (IoT and Cyber Security including Block chain

Technology) This is a record of work carried out by me and the results embodied in this report

have not been reproduced or copied from any source. The results embodied in this Internship report

have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any other degree or

diploma.

S.Manohar Chowdary 22K61A4751

vfvg

vii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I pay obeisance to our dynamic Chairman, Sri B. Venu Gopala Krishna, Sasi Educational
Society, for his inspiring presence, which has always been the principal driving force behind all
over endeavors. First of all, I would like to extend a special thanks to Sri. M. Narendra Krishna,
Vice Chairman, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, for his everlastingsupport.

It is a true pleasure for us to thank Prof. Mohammed Ismail, Principal, Sasi Institute of
Technology and Engineering, who is the striving force for me to make this Internship through
periodical audits.

I feel privileged to thank Dr. A. V. S. Siva Rama Rao, Professor and Head of the
Department, Computer Science and Engineering (IoT and Cyber Security including Block chain
Technology), for providing us with invaluable feedback on our work, which allowed us to
constantly improve my internship.

I am very much grateful to thank our Coordinator Mr. P. Srinivasa Reddi, Associate
Professor, Department of CSE-DS(CSD), Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering for his
constant encouragement, monitoring, guidance and live with us throughout the submission of the
Internship. He motivated us whenever I encountered an obstacle along the way.
I am also thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff members who contributed well
for the successful completion of my internship work.

With gratitude,

S.Manohar Chowdary 22K61A4751

vfvg

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE-NO

VISION AND MISSION iii

VISION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT iii

POs, PSOs, PEOs and COs iv-v

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2: HISTORY 2

Chapter 3: LAYER OF INTERNET OF THINGS 4

Chapter 4: ARCHITECTURE OF IOT 5

Chapter 5: APPLICATION OF IOT 6

5.1 agriculture 6
5.2 smart home 7

5.3 smart cities 8

5.4 health care 9

5.5 connected cars 10

11
5.6 Machine 2 machine
Chapter 6: COMPONENT OF IOT 12
6.1 sensors
6.2 connectivity
6.3 data processing
6.4 user interface
Chapter 7: CLOUD IN IOT 13
7.1 cloud used for iot 14
Chapter 8: TYPE OF CLOUD 15
8.1 public cloud
8.2 private cloud

ix
 8.3 community cloud
8.4 hybrid cloud
Chapter 9: FEATURES OF IOT 16
9.1 connectivity
9.2 analysing
9.3 Integrating
9.4 Artificial Intelligence
9.5 Sensing
9.6 Active Engagement
9.7 End point Management
Chapter 10: MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER 17-18
Chapter 11: ARDUINO 19
11.1 what is Arduino?
11.2 types of Arduino board 20
11.3 The Arduino development board 21
11.4 Pin diagram of Arduino 22
11.5 software download 23
11.6 toolbar details 24
Chapter 12: PROGRAM 25
12.1 led blinking 26
12.2 button led 27
12.3 ir sensors 27
12.4 ultrasonic sensors 28
12.5 dhi 11 29
Chapter 13: OUTPUT 30
13.1 hello world
13.2 push button 32
13.3 force sensors with 6 leds 34
Chapter 14: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF IOT 37
Chapter 15: CONCLUSION 38

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Name Page No.

1 Internet of things 1

2 Evolution of iot 2

2.1 The history of iot 3

3 Reference model of iot 4

4 Architecture of iot 5

5.1 Agriculture of iot 6

5.2 Smart home 7

5.3 Smart city 8

5.4 Health care of iot 9

5.5 Connected cars 10

5.6 Machine 2 Machine 11

7.1 Cloud in iot 13

7.2 Cloud used for iot 14

10.1 Microprocessor 17

10.2 Microcontroller 18

11.1 Arduino 19

11.2 Types of Arduino boards 20

11.2.1 Arduino uno

11.2.2 Arduino due

11.2.3 Arduino mega

11.2.4 Arduino leonardo

11.3 Arduino development board 21

11.4 Pin diagram 22

xii

xi
 12.1 Connection diagram of led 26

12.2 Connection diagram of button led 27

12.3 Connection diagram of ir sensor 28

12.4 Connection diagram of ultra sonic sensor
12.5 Connection diagram of dh 11 29

13.1 Hello world 30

13.2 Push button

LIST OF TABLES

Table no Table name Page no

11.3 PARAMETERS 21

xiii

xii
1. INTRODUCTION:
*The internet of things is the extension of internet connectivity into physical devices and everyday objects.

*IOT is simply the network of interconnected things/devices which are embedded with sensors, software ,network,
connectivity and necessary electronics that enables them to collect and exchange data making them responsive.

*It makes devices and systems taking all the things in the world and connecting them to the internet.

*The internet of things (IOT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical object that feature an IP address for internet
connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and others internet- enabled devices and
systems.

*It is also referred to as Machine-to-Machine (M2M), Skynet or internet of everything.

*These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data
between other devices.

FIG 1.INTERNET OF THINGS

1
2. HISTORY:

FIG 2. EVOLUTION OF IOT

2
FIG 2.1 THE HISTORY OF IOT

3
3. LAYER OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

FIG 3. REFERENCE MODEL OF IOT

4
 4. ARCHITECTURE OF IOT:

*The working of IOT is different for different IOT echo system (architecture). However, the key concept of there working
are similar.

*The entire working process of IOT starts with the device themselves, such as smartphones , digital watches, electronic
appliances, which securely communicate with the IOT platform.

*The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable
datawith applications to devices

FIG 4. ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

5
5. APPLICATION OF IOT:

5.1 Agriculture

5.2 Smart home

5.3 Smart cities

5.4 Health care

5.5 Connected cars

5.6 Machine 2 machine

5.1 AGRICULTURE:

*Field management – strategically placed IOT sensors will enable collection of crucial data such as field history, soil
moisture , and vegetation map.

*Climate analysis& forecast – installing IOT – powered weather stations will allow monitoring climate conditions and help
forecast weather.

*Equipment tracking - IOT sensors installed will enable location tracking and predictive maintenance of machine by
identifying defects.

*Energy & water conservation- IOT sensors can help monitor water consumption and energy consumption.

FIG5.1 AGRICULTURE OF IOT

6
 5.2 SMART HOME:
*Device abstraction layer – the local interface that applications on the gateway use.

*Device driver interface – the interface to integrate HAN technologies.

*Remote interface – the interface between an operator cloud platform and the gateway.

*Cloud API – the interface provided to third parties from the operator cloud platform.

FIG5.2 SMART HOME

1. Energy Efficiency: Smart homes reduce energy consumption through automated lighting, heating, and appliance
control.
2. Remote Access: Homeowners can monitor and control devices from anywhere via smartphone apps.
3. Enhanced Security: IoT-enabled cameras, door locks, and sensors increase home security.
4. Health Monitoring: Smart homes integrate devices that track health metrics, like air quality and movement
patterns.
5. Automated Routine: IoT devices automate daily routines, such as lights turning on or coffee brewing at set
times.
6. Interconnectivity: Various IoT devices can communicate and operate together for seamless experiences.
7. Voice Control: Smart homes often support voice assistants like Alexa or Google Home for hands-free control.
8. Cost Savings: Energy-efficient practices and predictive maintenance save on utility and repair costs.
9. Environmental Impact: Reduced energy use in IoT homes lowers carbon footprints.
10. Data Analytics: IoT devices collect data that provide insights into usage patterns, helping optimize home
operations.

7
5.3 SMART CITIES:

*Resource management- collecting energy usage and water quality data to analyze and optimize consumption.

* Waste management – introducing smart recycling systems, improving sanitation.

*Eco friendly infrastructure- analyzing and reducing waste , mindful consumption natural resources,vehicle sharing
system.

* Smart lighting- dimming street lights when no one around to save energy.

FIG 5.3 SMART CITY

8
5.4 HEALTH CARE:

*Telemedicine - remote appointment, remote diagnostics, remote monitoring, medication adherence.

*Hospital environmental condition monitoring- air quality, temperature , hazard sensing, lighting control.

*Connected ambulance - remote diagnostics, remote communication and data transfer.

*Immersive media – media training simulation with VR, AR decision support testing.

FIG5.4 HEALTH CARE OF IOT

9
5.5 CONNECTED CARS:

*Thecars use several sensors and embedded system connected to the cloudand the internet to keep
generating data and sending them to the cloud for informed deision –making through meachine learning.

*Through it will take a few more years for the technology to evolve completely and for countries to amend
laws and policies, what we’re witnessing right now is one of the best application of IOT.

FIG 5.5 CONNECTED CARS

10
 5.6 MACHINE 2 MACHINE:

FIG 5.6 MACHINE 2 MACHINE

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) in IoT refers to the direct communication between devices over a network without
human intervention. M2M enables devices to exchange information autonomously, which allows them to perform
tasks, make decisions, and trigger actions in real time. It's widely used in applications such as smart metering,
industrial automation, and fleet management. M2M technology enhances IoT systems by improving efficiency,
reducing latency, and enabling large-scale data collection and processing across various connected devices.

11
6. COMPONENT OF IOT:
*Devices& sensors

*Connectivity

*Data processing

*User interface

6.1 Sensors:
*A sensor is device that measures physical impact from its environment and converts it into that can be interpreted by
a computer.

For example: speed, lights, sound and pressure.

6.2 Connectivity:
*Several communications protocols and technologies are used in IoT to connect to internet cloud. Depending upon range
,cost, power usage and the data rate etc. The right one used.

For example: Bluetooth, mobile phones and wi-Fi.

6.3 Data processing:

*In the processing stage, a computer transforms the raw data into information. The transformation carried out by using
different data manipulation techniques.

For example: collecting feed of all electrical applications and extracting car number from video feed of speeding cars.

6.4 User interface:

*The information processed is made available to the end- user in some way, like giving alerts, notifications, monitoring ,
continuous feed or controlling the system remotely.

12
7. CLOUD IN IOT:

*Cloud is basically used for memory storage . Generally cloud computing is a virtualization technology.

*. Cloud computing is the combination of hardware and software resources to access the data through the cloud.

*It acts as a data storage element and configures the devices i.e., it stores bulk amount of data or information through
online networking.

*Cloud doesn’t require separate software and we access data through web browser. For example, Google photos, Google
drives, etc.

FIG 7.1 CLOUD IN IOT

13
 7.1 CLOUD USED FOR IOT:

FIG7.1 CLOUD USED FOR IOT

1. Data Storage: IoT cloud platforms provide scalable storage for vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices.

2. Real-Time Processing: IoT clouds enable real-time data processing, which is essential for time-sensitive
applications.

3. Device Management: Cloud platforms offer tools to manage, update, and control IoT devices remotely.

4. Security: Cloud providers implement strong security protocols to protect data and devices from cyber threats.

5. Analytics and Insights: Cloud-based analytics tools process IoT data to generate actionable insights for users.

14
8. TYPE OF CLOUD:
*public cloud

*Private cloud

*Community cloud

*Hybrid cloud

8.1 Public cloud:

* A public cloud is a type of computing in which a service provider makes resources available to the public via the
internet.

*For example, google cloud , Microsoft azure, etc. But it provides less security as general public can access the cloud

8.2 Private cloud:

*Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. Private cloud provides computing services to a
private internal network (within the organization) and selected users instead of the general public.

*For example, Oracle, Cisco, etc. It provides good security.

8.3 Community cloud:

*Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information.

*Example: Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.

8.4 Hybrid cloud:

*Hybrid cloud refers to a mixed computing, storage, and services environment made up of on-premises infrastructure,
private cloud services, and a public cloud.

*Here critical information is stored in private such as username & passwords while others stored in public cloud.

15
9. FEATURES OF IOT:

The most important features of IOT on which it works are connectivity, analyzing, integrating, active engagement, and
many more. Some of them are listed below:

9.1 Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IOT to IOT platform it
may be server or cloud. After connecting the IOT devices, it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud
to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional communication.

9.2 Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data collected and use them
to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these things, then we call our
system has a smart system.

9.3 Integrating: IOT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.

9.4 Artificial Intelligence: IOT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For example, if we have a
coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from
the retailer.

9.5 Sensing: The sensor devices used in IOT technologies detect and measure any change in the environment and report
on their status. IOT technology brings passive networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an
effective or true IOT environment.

9.6 Active Engagement: ActiveIOT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active
engagement between each other.

9.7 Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IOT system otherwise, it makes the
complete failure of the system. For example, if a coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes to end but what
happens when it orders the beans from a retailer and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of
the IOT system. So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

16
10. MICROPROCESSOR:
*A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a
single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits.

*The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a
computer's central processing unit.

* The integrated circuit is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic
operations.

*The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as
input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in binary form) as output.

*Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary number system.

*The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated circuits using Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) greatly
reduced the cost of processing power.

* Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly automated metal-oxide-
semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes, resulting in a relatively low unit price.

FIG 10.1 MICROPROCESSOR

17
 MICROCONTROLLER:

*A microcontroller (μC or uC) is a solitary chip microcomputer fabricated from VLSI fabrication. A micro controller
is also known as embedded controller.

*Today various types of microcontrollers are available in market with different word lengths such as 4bit, 8bit,
64bit and 128bit microcontrollers.

*Microcontroller is a compressed micro computer manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems in office
machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles, and a number of other gadgets.

*A microcontroller is comprises components like - memory, peripherals and most importantly a processor.
Microcontrollers are basically employed in devices that need a degree of control to be ap plied by the user of th

FIG 10.2 MICROCONTROLLER

18
 11. ARDUINO

11.1 WHAT IS ARDUINO?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of
microcontroller boards (like Arduino Uno, Mega) that can read inputs, such as light or temperature, and turn them
into outputs, like activating a motor or turning on an LED. It's popular for beginners and professionals in electronics
and IoT due to its simplicity, flexibility, and large supportive community.

FIG 11.1 ARDUINO

19
11.2 TYPE OF ARDUINO BOARD:

FIG 11.2.1 ARDUINO UNO 11.2.2 ARDUINO DUE

FIG 11.2.3 ARUDINO MEGA FIG 11.2.4 ARUDINO LEONARDO

20
11.3 THE ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT BOARD

PARAMETERS:

Parameter Value
CBU type 8-bit AVR
Maximum CBU speed 20 MHz
performance 20MIPS at20 MHz
Flash memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Package pin count 28 OR 32
Capacitive touch sensing channels 16
Maximum I/O pins 23
External interrupts 2
USB interface NO

21
11.4 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO

FIG 11.4 PIN DIAGRAM

Vin: This is the input voltage pin of the arduino board used to provide input supply from an external power source.

5V: This pin of the arduino board is used as a regulated power supply voltage and it is used to give supply to the board as
well as onboard components.

3.3 V: This pin of the board is used to provide a supply of 3.3V which is generated from a voltage regulator on the board

GND: This pin of the board is used to ground the arduino board.

Reset: This pin of the board is used to reset the microcontroller. It is used to Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins: The pins A0 to A5 are used as an analog input and it is in the range of 0-5V.

Digital Pins: The pins 0 to 13 are used as a digital input or output for the arduino board

Serial Pins: These pins are also known as a UART pin. It is used for communication between the arduino board and a
computer or other devices. The transmitter pin number 1 and receiver pin number 0 is used to transmit and receive the data
resp.

External Interrupt Pins: This pin of the Arduino board is used to produce the External interrupt and it is done by pin
numbers 2 and 3.

22
PWM Pins: This pins of the board is used to convert the digital signal into an analog by varying the width of the Pulse. The
pin numbers 3,5,6,9,10 and 11 are used as a PWM pin.

SPI Pins: This is the Serial Peripheral Interface pin, it is used to maintain SPI communication with the help of the SPI library.
SPI pins include:

1. SS: Pin number 10 is used as a Slave Select

2. MOSI: Pin number 11 is used as a Master Out Slave In
3. MISO: Pin number 12 is used as a Master In Slave Out
4. SCK: Pin number 13 is used as a Serial Clock

LED Pin: The board has an inbuilt LED using digital pin-13. The LED glows only when the digital pin becomes high.

AREF Pin: This is an analog reference pin of the arduino board. It is used to provide a reference voltage from an external
power supply.

11.5 SOFTWARE DOWNLOAD:

*Arduino is a computation tool for sensing and controlling signals.

*It is more convenient and cost effective than using a personal computer pc.

*It’s an open – source system in terms of hardware and software.

*You can download the integrated development environment(IDE)for your own OS form.

https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.

23
11.6 TOOL BAR DETAILS:
Verify:

Checks code for errors

Upload
Compiles and uploads code to the arduinoi/o board.

New

Creates a new sketch.

Open

Open sketch.

Save

Save sketch

Serial monitor

Display serial data being sent from the arduino boar

Arduino code basics:

Commands and other information are sent to LED’s, motors and from sensors through digital and analog input & output
pi

24
12. PROGRAM

12.1 LED BLINKING:

Void setup()

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

Void loop()

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

delay(1000);}

25
 CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

FIG12.1 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LED BLINKING

2. BUTTON LED:

Void setup()

pinMode(pin_no,INPUT);

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

Void loop()

digitalRead(pin_no);

If { //statement

}
}

26
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

FIG12.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF BUTTON LED

12.3 IR SENSORS:

FIG12.3 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IR SENSORS

27
12.4 ULTRASONIC SENSORS:

pinMode(pin_no,INPUT);

pinMode(pin_no,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(pin_no,HIGH);

delay(_);

digitalWrite(pin_no,LOW);

delay(_);

Duration;

Distance;

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

FIG12.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF ULTRASONIC SENSORS

28
12.5 DHI 11
#include<dht.h>

#define pin D4;

Void setup

//statement

Void loop

//Statement

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

FIG12.5 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF DHI 1

29
13. OUTPUT
13.1 HELLO WORLD:

FIG 13.1 HELLO WORLD

/* LiquidCrystal Library - Hello World

Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display. The LiquidCrystal

library works with all LCD displays that are compatible with the

Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you

can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.

This sketch prints "Hello World!" to the LCD

and shows the time.

The circuit:

* LCD RS pin to digital pin 12

* LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11

* LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5

* LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4

30
* LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3

* LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2

* LCD R/W pin to ground

* LCD VSS pin to ground

* LCD VCC pin to 5V

* 10K resistor:

* ends to +5V and ground

* wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)

Library originally added 18 Apr 2008

by David A. Mellis

library modified 5 Jul 2009

by Limor Fried (http://www.ladyada.net)

example added 9 Jul 2009

by Tom Igoe

modified 22 Nov 2010

by Tom Igoe

This example code is in the public domain.

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal

*/// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup() {

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

31
 lcd.begin(16, 2);

// Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("hello, world!");

void loop() {

// set the cursor to column 0, line 1

// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

// print the number of seconds since reset:

lcd.print(millis() / 1000);

13.2 PUSH BUTTON:

FIG 13.2 PUSH BUTTON

int pinButton = 8;

long t = 0;

32
int i = 0;

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(pinButton, INPUT);

for(int e =9;e < 14; e++){

pinMode(e, OUTPUT);

void loop(){

t++;

if (t%20==0){

digitalWrite(i+9,HIGH);

i++;

if(digitalRead(pinButton)==HIGH){

i=0;

for(int e =9;e < 14; e++){digitalWrite(e,LOW);

Serial.print(i);

Serial.print("");

Serial.print(digitalRead(pinButton));

Serial.print("");

Serial.println(t);

delay(1);

33
13.3 FORCE SENSORS WITH6 LEDS

FIG 13.3 LEDS

#definefsrpin A0

#define led1 2

#define led2 3

#define led3 4

#define led4 5

#define led5 6

#define led6 7

int fsrreading;

void setup() {

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Serial. begin(9600);

pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led6, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

fsrreading = analogRead(fsrpin);

Serial.println(fsrreading);

if (fsrreading > 200) {

digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led1, LOW);

if (fsrreading > 450) {

digitalWrite(led2, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led2, LOW);

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if (fsrreading > 550) {

digitalWrite(led3, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led3, LOW);

if (fsrreading > 650) {

digitalWrite(led4, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led4, LOW);

if (fsrreading > 800) {

digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led5, LOW);

if (fsrreading > 900) {

digitalWrite(led6, HIGH);

else digitalWrite(led6, LOW);

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14.1 ADVANTAGE OF IOT:

*Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each device work we definitely
increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor natural resources.

*Minimize human effort: As the devices of IOT interact and communicate with each other and do lot of task for
us, then they minimize the human effort.

*Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the primary factor which can
save through IOT platform.

*Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then we can make the system
more secure and efficient.

14.2 DIS ADVANTAGE OF IOT:

*Security: As the IOT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The system offers little control
despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various kinds of network attacks.

*Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IOT system provides substantial personal data in
maximum detail.

*Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large technology to IOT system is quite
complicated.

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15.CONCLUSION:

*In conclusion, internet of things is the concept in which the virtual world of information technology connected to the
real world of things.

*The Internet of Things is happening now, and there is a need to address its challenges and maximize its benefits while
reducing its risks.

*The Internet Society cares about IOT because it represents a growing aspect of how people and institutions are likely to
interact with and incorporate the Internet and network connectivity into their personal, social, and economic lives.

*Solutions to maximizing the benefits of IOT while minimizing the risks will not be found by engaging in a polarized
debate that pits the promises of IOT against its possible perils.

*Rather, it will take informed engagement, dialogue, and collaboration across a range of stakeholders to plot the most
effective ways forward.

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