Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education (9–1)

* 3 1 2 1 8 2 4 4 8 6 *

CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0973/41

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2019
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.
You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 32.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 30 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

DC (NF/SW) 180876
© UCLES 2019 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) The graph in Fig. 1.1 shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

rate of
photosynthesis

light intensity

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 1.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain the reasons for the shape of the part of the graph labelled X.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 3

(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a cross-section through a leaf.

Fig. 1.2

(i) Describe two features of the leaf shown in Fig. 1.2 that allow efficient gas exchange to
occur.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a label line to label an example of a cell that is best adapted for
photosynthesis.

Include the name of the cell. [2]

(c) State the chemical formulae of the two products of photosynthesis.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 4

2 (a) Carbon is used to extract zinc from zinc oxide, ZnO.

(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Zinc oxide consists of Zn2+ and O2– ions.

State which ion is being reduced in this reaction.

Explain your answer in terms of the movement of electrons.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why carbon cannot be used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.

Aluminium oxide consists of Al 3+ and O2– ions.

Fig. 2.1 shows the industrial apparatus used to produce aluminium.

– +
carbon anode

electrolyte carbon cathode

containing lining the electrolysis cell
aluminium oxide

molten aluminium

Fig. 2.1

(i) State the name of an ore that contains aluminium.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 5

(ii) Explain why aluminium oxide must be in a liquid state for electrolysis to occur.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why cryolite is mixed with aluminium oxide for use in this electrolysis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode during this
electrolysis.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Aluminium ore is a finite resource, so aluminium must be conserved.

(i) State what is meant by the term finite resource.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest how aluminium can be conserved.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a motorcycle with a rear lamp.

rear lamp

Fig. 3.1

(a) The lamp has a resistance of 30 Ω and is powered by a 12 V battery.

(i) Show that the current in the lamp is 0.40 A.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the power used by the lamp.

Show your working.

power = ..................................................... W [2]

(iii) Calculate the charge that passes through the lamp in 30 minutes.

Show your working.

charge = ..................................................... C [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 7

(b) The battery is charged by an a.c. generator.

Fig. 3.2 shows a simple a.c. generator.

N
S

a.c. output

Fig. 3.2

(i) On Fig. 3.2, label the slip rings with the letter R. [1]

(ii) On Fig. 3.2, label the coil with the letter C. [1]

(iii) On Fig. 3.2, show the direction of the magnetic field with an arrow ( ). [1]

(iv) The output is an alternating current. Describe the difference between direct current (d.c.)
and alternating current (a.c.).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The motorcycle engine is noisy and emits sound waves that pass through the air.

The sound waves pass through the air as a series of compressions (C) and rarefactions (R).

Fig. 3.3 shows the positions of the compressions and rarefactions as the sound wave passes
through the air.

C R C R C R C R C R

Fig. 3.3

Suggest how and explain why the positions of the compressions and rarefactions change if
the pitch of the sound increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over
 8

4 The pie chart in Fig. 4.1 shows the different causes of deforestation in a country.

firewood, 8%

slash-and-burn
livestock agriculture, 39%
agriculture, 13%

logging, 18%

arable
agriculture, 22%

Fig. 4.1

(a) Calculate the total percentage of deforestation caused by agriculture.

............................% [1]

(b) Describe how slash-and-burn agriculture can increase the carbon dioxide concentration in
the atmosphere.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 9

(c) Describe the undesirable effects of deforestation on soil.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Forests are ecosystems.

Define the term ecosystem.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 10

5 Petroleum is the raw material for the production of many useful substances.

Fig. 5.1 shows processes A, B and C that can be used in the production of ethanol.

petroleum

process diesel process ethene process

A B C

other other ethanol

materials materials

Fig. 5.1

(a) Name the processes by drawing one line from each process to its name.

process name

catalytic addition

A
cracking

B fermentation

fractional distillation
C

polymerisation

[2]

(b) The formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.

Explain why ethanol is not a hydrocarbon.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 11

(c) Fig. 5.2 shows a camping stove which uses ethanol as the fuel.

boiling water

ethanol burner

Fig. 5.2

Complete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and water.

The balanced equation for this reaction is shown.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

The stove uses 22 g of ethanol to boil 1 dm3 of water.

(i) Complete steps 1 to 3 to calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide produced when
boiling 1 dm3 of water.

Show your working.

[Mr : carbon dioxide, 44; ethanol, 46]

Step 1

Calculate the number of moles in 22 g of ethanol.

number of moles = ...............................................................

Step 2

Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced when 22 g of ethanol burns.

number of moles = ...............................................................

Step 3

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced when boiling 1 dm3 of water.

mass = ............................................................ g
[3]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 12

(ii) A similar stove uses butane as the fuel.

Butane produces less carbon dioxide when boiling 1 dm3 of water.

Suggest whether using the butane stove or the ethanol stove causes less damage to the
environment.

Explain your answer.

type of stove .......................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 13

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 14

6 (a) The visible light produced by the headlamps of a train is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Write visible light in the correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in
Fig. 6.1.

gamma ultraviolet microwaves

Fig. 6.1
[1]

(ii) All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed.

State the speed of light in a vacuum.

.............................................................................................................................. m / s [1]

(b) The approaching train can be heard through the air and as a ringing sound in the steel rails.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s and the speed of sound in steel is 6000 m / s.

(i) Suggest a value for the speed of sound through water.

Explain your answer.

speed of sound in water = ....................................... m / s

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Calculate the time difference between a sound travelling 0.50 km through air and 0.50 km
through steel rails.

Show your working.

time difference = ...................................................... s [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 15

(iii) The train emits sound waves with a frequency of 500 Hz which travel through the air at a
speed of 330 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of these waves.

Show your working.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [2]

(iv) Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Visible light waves are transverse waves.

Describe the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves in terms of the
direction of travel of the waves, and the direction of oscillation or vibration.

You may draw a diagram if it helps your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 16

7 (a) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of red dye into agar
jelly cubes.

The student prepares three cubes of agar jelly A, B and C.

• Each cube is equal in size.

• A is kept at 30 °C, B is kept at 25 °C, C is kept at 20 °C.

• Three separate containers of red dye are also kept at 30 °C, 25 °C and 20 °C.

• Each cube is immersed in red dye equal to its temperature for 10 minutes.

• The cubes are then removed from the dye and cut in half.

Fig. 7.1 shows the cubes cut in half.

area of agar stained

by the red dye

A B C

Fig. 7.1

Table 7.1 shows the results.

Table 7.1

temperature of cube diffusion distance rate of diffusion /

cube
and dye / °C (after 10 minutes) / cm cm per min
A 30 1.0
B 25 0.7 0.07
C 20 0.5 0.05

(i) Calculate the rate of diffusion for cube A.

........................................ cm per min [1]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 17

(ii) Use the results in Table 7.1 to describe the relationship between temperature and the
rate of diffusion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State one variable, other than the size of the cubes, that should be kept constant in this
investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the red dye diffuses into the agar jelly.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Materials diffuse in and out of living cells.

Name the gas produced by respiration that diffuses out of cells.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 18

8 (a) (i) Using information in the Periodic Table on page 32, calculate the relative molecular
masses of the gases nitrogen and chlorine.

Mr (nitrogen) = ................................................................

Mr (chlorine) = ...............................................................
[1]

(ii) Using your answer to (a)(i), state and explain which of these two gases diffuses at the
greater rate.

gas ....................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Chlorine occurs naturally as a mixture of mainly two isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.

Complete Table 8.1 to show some information about the atomic structures of these isotopes.

Table 8.1

isotope number of nucleons number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

chlorine-35 35 17

chlorine-37 37 17

[2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 19

(c) A student mixes colourless aqueous solutions of chlorine and sodium bromide.

Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus she uses.

chlorine solution

mixture

sodium bromide solution

Fig. 8.1

(i) A reaction occurs when chlorine solution is mixed with sodium bromide solution.

Predict and explain the student’s observation when these solutions are mixed.

observation ........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction that occurs when these solutions are mixed.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) The student adds an orange solution of bromine to a colourless solution of sodium fluoride.

Predict and explain the student’s observation when the solution of bromine is added to the
solution of sodium fluoride.

observation ...............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 20

9 (a) During a mission to the Moon in 1971, an astronaut dropped a feather and a hammer.

The feather and hammer were released from the same height at the same time. Both fell for
1.3 s, and landed at the same time.

The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1.6 m / s2.

Assume that the Moon has no atmosphere.

2.5

speed / 2.0
metres per
second

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time / s

Fig. 9.1

(i) On Fig. 9.1 draw the speed-time graph for the falling feather. [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 21

(ii) The experiment is repeated on Earth. State two differences in the results obtained.

Explain your answers.

difference 1 ........................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

difference 2.........................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) The astronaut wears a white suit rather than a black suit.

Suggest and explain a reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The astronaut is exposed to more ionising radiation than people who remain on the Earth.

State one harmful effect of ionising radiation on the human body.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Alpha radiation is one form of ionising radiation.

An isotope of plutonium, 239

94Pu, decays by alpha emission to produce an isotope of uranium.

Use the correct nuclide notation to write a symbol equation for this decay process.

Pu
239
94 ........................ + ........................
[2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 22

10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a cross-section through a vein when seen under a light microscope.

Fig. 10.1

(i) On Fig. 10.1 draw two label lines to identify the:

• lumen
• wall of the vein. [2]

(ii) Name one structure of veins not visible in Fig. 10.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the wall of an artery is much thicker than the wall of a vein.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Coronary heart disease is caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries.

State two lifestyle factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 23

(d) Hormones are released into blood.

(i) Name the hormone that:

• is released in stressful situations

....................................................................................................................................

• decreases the glucose concentration of the blood.

....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Auxin is a plant hormone.

State the effect of auxin on plant cells.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 24

11 (a) A student investigates the rate of reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.

The word equation for the reaction is shown.

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

Fig. 11.1 shows some of the apparatus he uses.

calcium carbonate

dilute hydrochloric acid

Fig. 11.1

(i) Suggest what other equipment he needs and how he would use it to calculate the rate of
carbon dioxide produced.

You may draw on Fig. 11.1 to help your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 25

(ii) He carries out the experiment using dilute hydrochloric acid at 20 °C.

He repeats the experiment at 30 °C.

Fig. 11.2 shows his results.

100

80
volume of Key
gas / cm3 30 °C
20 °C
60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time / min

Fig. 11.2

State and explain the differences between the graphs in terms of the movement of
reacting particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 26

(b) Lead chloride is an insoluble salt.

Describe a method of making solid lead chloride from reactants chosen from Table 11.1.

Table 11.1

compound solubility in water

calcium chloride soluble
calcium nitrate soluble
calcium sulfate insoluble
lead carbonate insoluble
lead nitrate soluble
lead sulfate insoluble
magnesium sulfate soluble
silver chloride insoluble
sodium chloride soluble
sodium nitrate soluble

reactants ...................................................... and .....................................................................

method ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) Lead chloride has a melting point of 501 °C.

Explain how the structure of lead chloride causes it to have a high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 27

12 Fig. 12.1 shows a solar-powered golf cart, with solar cells on the roof.

Fig. 12.1

The solar cells produce electrical energy using solar energy. The Sun is the source of this energy.

(a) Name two energy resources that do not have the Sun as their source of energy.

1 ....................................................................................

2 .................................................................................... [1]

(b) During the golf cart’s journey, the temperature in the tyres increases.

The volume of air in the tyres does not change.

Explain in terms of molecules the effect on the pressure of a gas due to an increase in
temperature at constant volume.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 28

(c) The golf cart often travels across sloping fields so stability is important in its design.

Fig. 12.2 shows the cart on a slope.

Fig. 12.2

The centre of mass of the golf cart is shown by the letter X.

State the effect of raising the centre of mass of the golf cart on its stability.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) A spectator takes a photograph of a golfer with a camera.

The camera uses a thin converging lens to focus light rays onto the light sensor inside the
camera.

(i) Complete the ray diagram in Fig. 12.3 to show this.

camera
lens

light rays
light from golfer
sensor

Fig. 12.3
[1]

(ii) The lens is made from glass. Glass has a refractive index of 1.33.

Define refractive index in terms of the speed of light in a vacuum and in glass.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 29

(iii) The image produced by the lens on the light sensor is a real image.

Describe the difference between a real image and a virtual image.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Describe in terms of the forces between the atoms why solids have a fixed shape.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 30

13 Enzymes are biological catalysts with a specific shape.

(a) Explain the importance of the shape of an enzyme.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A student tests different solutions for the nutrients they contain.

Table 13.1 shows the results.

Table 13.1

colour with iodine colour with Biuret colour with

solution
solution solution Benedict’s solution
A blue-black blue red
B yellow-brown blue blue
C blue-black purple red
D yellow-brown blue red
E blue-black blue green

One of the solutions A, B, C, D or E contains an enzyme.

Using the information in Table 13.1 identify which solution contains an enzyme.

Explain your answer.

solution .....................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 31

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2019 0973/41/M/J/19

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

© UCLES 2019
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
32

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids

0973/41/M/J/19
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).