Topic 4

Topic 4:
chemical equilibrium
Topic 4: chemical equilibrium
C12-4-01 Relate the concept of equilibrium to physical and chemical
systems.
Include: conditions necessary to achieve equilibrium
C12-4-02 Write equilibrium law expressions from balanced chemical

equations for heterogeneous and homogeneous systems.
Include: mass action expression
C12-4-03 Use the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq) to explain how far
a system at equilibrium has gone towards completion.
C12-4-04 Solve problems involving equilibrium constants.
C12-4-05 Perform a laboratory activity to determine the equilibrium
constant of an equilibrium system.
C12-4-06 Use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict and explain shifts in
equilibrium.
Include: temperature changes, pressure/volume changes, changes in
reactant/product concentration, the addition of a catalyst, the addition
of an inert gas, and the effects of various stresses on the equilibrium
constant
C12-4-07 Perform a laboratory activity to demonstrate Le Châtelier’s

principle.
C12-4-08 Interpret concentration versus time graphs.
Include: temperature changes, concentration changes, and the addition
of a catalyst
C12-4-09 Describe practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle.

Examples: Haber process, hemoglobin production at high altitude, carbonated
beverages, eyes adjusting to light, blood pH, recharging of batteries,
turbocharged/supercharged engines, ester synthesis, weather indicators,
arrangement of produce, carbonated beverages in a hen’s diet . . .
C12-4-10 Write solubility product (Ksp) expressions from balanced

chemical equations for salts with low solubility.
C12-4-11 Solve problems involving Ksp.
Include: common ion problems
C12-4-12 Describe examples of the practical applications of salts with low

solubility.
Examples: kidney stones, limestone caverns, osteoporosis, tooth decay . . .
C12-4-13 Perform a laboratory activity to determine the Ksp of a salt with

low solubility.
Suggested Time: 17 hours

Grade 12 Chemistry • Topic 4: Chemical Equilibrium
SpeCifiC Learning OutCOme

Topic 4: C12-4-01: relate the concept of equilibrium to physical and chemical
systems.
Chemical
include: conditions necessary to achieve equilibrium
Equilibrium
(1 hour)
SuggeSTionS for inSTrucTion

SLO: C12-4-01
Entry-Level Knowledge
In Grade 9 Science (S1-2-12), students were introduced to the difference between
physical and chemical changes. In Grade 11 Chemistry (C11-1-05, C11-1-06),
students were introduced to the concept of equilibrium with respect to the rates of
evaporation and condensation of a liquid in a closed container. They further
developed analogies to help them understand the concept.
Assessing Prior Knowledge

Check for students’ prior knowledge, and review concepts as necessary. Prior
knowledge can be reviewed and/or assessed by using any of the KWL strategies
(e.g., Concept Map, Knowledge Chart, Think-Pair-Share—see SYSTH, Chapter 9).
Activation Demonstration: Blue Bottle Reaction

Introduce the topic of chemical equilibrium with a demonstration showing the
reversibility of chemical reactions. The classic blue bottle reaction demonstration
clearly shows a reversible reaction. In a 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flask, dissolve 14 g of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 700 mL distilled water. Add 14 g of dextrose (or
glucose) and 1 mL methylene blue to the NaOH solution. Stopper the flask tightly.
Shake it vigorously and observe that the solution turns blue. Allow the solution to
sit, and observe that the colour clears. This system involves the oxidation of
dextrose (or glucose) by oxygen (caused by shaking the flask). The methylene blue
acts as a catalyst for this reaction. Have students describe the reaction in the flask
and speculate why the solution does not stay blue.
Demonstrations of the blue bottle reaction can be viewed on various websites.
Sample Website:
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM). “Chapter 14: Gas
Phase, Solubility, Complex Ion Equilibria.” Chemistry Online Resource Essentials
(CORE). <www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/c14.htm> (15 Feb. 2012).
A video entitled Blue Bottle Equilibrium can be viewed on this website.
general Learning Outcome Connections

gLO D3: understand the properties and structures of matter, as well as various common manifestations and
applications of the actions and interactions of matter.
4 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOmeS

C12-0-u1: use appropriate strategies and skills to develop an understanding of chemical concepts.
Examples: analogies, concept frames, concept maps, manipulatives, particulate representations, role-
plays, simulations, sort-and-predict frames, word cycles . . .
C12-0-u2: Demonstrate an understanding of chemical concepts.
Examples: use accurate scientific vocabulary, explain concepts to others, compare and contrast
concepts, apply knowledge to new situations and/or contexts, create analogies, use manipulatives . . .
TEAchER NoTEs
Reversible Reactions for Physical Equilibrium
Up to this point, this chemistry curriculum has addressed reversibility in physical
systems (i.e., phase changes and dissociation). Students will now be introduced to
the potential for reversibility in chemical systems. Discuss the conditions that are
necessary to achieve equilibrium in physical and chemical systems and emphasize
the differences between the two systems.
Physical equilibria require a closed system at constant temperature. Examples of
physical equilibria are evaporation and dissolving.
Examples:
In the diagram below, water (H2O(l)) is in equilibrium with its vapour (H2O(g)). The
rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation in a closed container at a
constant temperature. At the particulate level, for every one molecule of water
(H2O(l)) that evaporates, another water vapour molecule (H2O(g)) condenses to the
liquid state. This is an example of a reversible reaction for a physical equilibrium.
H2O(g) Gas state
Liquid state
H2O(l)
topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 5


systems.
Chemical
Equilibrium
(continued)
Animation
Have students view an equilibrium animation online.
Sample Website:
Chemical Education Research Group, Iowa State University. “Chemistry
Experiment Simulations and Conceptual Computer Animations.” Chemical
Education. <http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/
projectfolder/simDownload/index4.html> (22 Nov. 2012).
In the General Equilibria section, download and unzip the following animation:
n Bromine Liquid-Gas Equilibrium Animation
This animation shows the molecular nature between liquid bromine and
gaseous bromine. Have students count the number of molecules in the gas
phase and in the liquid phase.
Reversible Reaction for chemical Equilibrium

The conditions required for chemical equilibria include constant observable
macroscopic properties (e.g., temperature, pressure, concentration), a closed system,
constant temperature, reversibility, and equal rates of opposing change (Chastko
637).
Example:
An example of a reversible reaction for a chemical equilibrium is

H2g   Cl 2g  
 2 HClg 
At the particulate level for this reaction, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the
rate of the reverse reaction. This means that for every molecule of H2 that combines
with a molecule of Cl2, there is one molecule of HCl that reacts with another
molecule of HCl, which reform to make the reactants H2 and Cl2. For a particulate
representation of this reversible reaction, see the following diagram.


Reversible Reaction
Key
= Cl2
= H2
= HCl
ä
ä
H2 + Cl2 ä HCl
ä
ä
HCl + HCl äH
2 + Cl2
The diagram shows H2 + Cl2 combining to form two molecules of HCl, and two
molecules of HCl combining to reform H2 + Cl2.
Demonstration/Animation
Demonstrate a chemical equilibrium with an NO2—N2O4 system or a CoCl42——
Co(H2O)62+ system. See Appendix 4.1: Preparation of Equilibrium Systems
(Demonstration) for preparation instructions. Sealed units of NO2—N2O4 can be
purchased from science supply companies rather than preparing the tubes for
classroom demonstration.
Have students view an online demonstration or animation of a chemical
equilibrium.
Sample Website:
In the General Equilibria section, download and unzip the following animation:
n NO2–N2O4 Equilibrium Animation
This animation shows the NO2–N2O4 reaction at the particulate level.


systems.
Chemical include: conditions necessary to achieve equilibrium
Equilibrium (continued)
Graphs
How systems achieve equilibrium can be demonstrated through concentration
versus time graphs and rate versus time graphs, such as the following.
Concentration versus Time Rate versus Time

Concentration
Reactants
Rate
Reactants
Products Products
te te
Time Time
To prevent the misconception that equilibrium has been achieved by the end of the
plateau, point out to students that equilibrium occurs as soon as the plateau begins.
Avoid a quantitative discussion of these graphs at this point.
Learning Activity: The Process of Achieving Equilibrium

Have a group of students represent sodium and chloride ions in the following
reaction:

NaCl s  heat 
 
 Na aq   Cl aq 
For example, in a class of 20 students, 10 students could represent sodium ions and
10 students could represent chloride ions. Have 4 sodium ions and 4 chloride ions
link arms on the left side of the room to represent sodium chloride particles. Have
the remaining 12 students stand on the right side of the room. Ask a student to
record on the board the number of each type of particles.
At this point, explain that in order for sodium chloride to break apart, heat is
required. Place on the floor four pieces of red construction paper (to represent the
heat), which can be picked up by the students representing the sodium chloride
particles so that they can break up into sodium and chloride ions and move to the
right side of the room. (The sodium ions in the sodium chloride particle should
hold onto the heat). Students on the right side of the room could use the heat to join
together to form a sodium chloride particle and move to the left side of the room.


Allow this movement to continue for a few minutes, and then have a student record
the number of each particle a second time. Repeat this process once more so that
students can see that equilibrium has occurred.
Emphasize that the process of equilibrium is not finished. The forward and reverse
processes continue to occur.
Laboratory Activity
Have students perform the Discovery Lab: What’s equal about equilibrium?
(Dingrando, et al. 559).
For this lab activity, students pour 20 mL of water into a graduated cylinder and
20 mL into a beaker. They then place one glass tube in the cylinder and another
glass tube in the beaker. Students cover the end of each glass tube with their index
fingers and simultaneously transfer water from the cylinder to the beaker, and from
the beaker to the cylinder. The heights will even out after a number of transfers.
Equilibrium is established with 30 mL in the beaker and 10 mL in the graduated
cylinder.
SuggeSTionS for aSSeSSmenT

Paper-and-Pencil Tasks
1. Students can complete a Compare and Contrast think sheet for the following:
physical and chemical systems and open and closed systems.
2. Present students with examples of situations showing systems that are at
equilibrium and systems that are not at equilibrium. Have them identify both
types of systems.
3. Provide students with data tables and ask them to identify whether or not the
reactions are at equilibrium.


systems.
Chemical
Equilibrium
(continued)
Journal Writing
1. Ask students to list reactions that are reversible (e.g., dissolving salt in water)
and reactions that are not reversible (e.g., burning paper).
2. Have students answer the following question:
At equilibrium, does the concentration of reactant have to equal the
concentration of product? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, the concentrations must be constant over time. They will not necessarily be
equal.
learning reSourceS linkS

Chemistry (Chang 586)
Chemistry (Zumdahl and Zumdahl 612)
Glencoe Chemistry: Concepts and Applications (Phillips, Strozak, and Wistrom
211)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al. 559, 560)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 489,
492)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 634, 636)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al. 424)
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham, et al. 549)
investigation
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al.)
Discovery Lab: What’s equal about equilibrium? 559
Website
Animations: Bromine Liquid-Gas Equilibrium Animation
NO2–N2O4 Equilibrium Animation


appendix
Appendix 4.1: Preparation of Equilibrium Systems (Demonstration)
Selecting learning resources

For additional information on selecting learning resources for Grade 11 and Grade 12 Chemistry,
see the Manitoba Education website at <www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/learnres/bibliographies.html>.

SpeCifiC Learning OutCOmeS

Topic 4: C12-4-02: Write equilibrium law expressions from balanced chemical
Chemical include: mass action expression
Equilibrium
C12-4-03: use the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq) to explain
how far a system at equilibrium has gone towards
completion.
C12-4-04: Solve problems involving equilibrium constants.
(3.5 hours)

SLO: C12-4-02
SLO: C12-4-03
SLO: C12-4-04
In Grade 7 Science (7-2-14), students were introduced to heterogeneous and
homogeneous solutions.

Check for students’ prior knowledge, and review concepts as necessary.
TEAchER NoTEs
Equilibrium Expressions
The ratio of product concentrations (raised to the value of the coefficient from the
balanced equation) to reactant concentrations (raised to the value of the coefficient
from the balanced equation) in a reaction at equilibrium is represented by the
equilibrium law expression (mass action expression). The law of mass action was
introduced in 1864 by Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, two Norwegian
chemists who “analyzed the results of many different experiments and tested a
variety of mathematical relationships until they discovered the relationship that
always gave consistent results” (Chastko 640).
“equilibrium Law expression
C c D d
Kc 
A a B b
Where [A], [B], [C], and [D] represent the concentrations of the reactants and
products after the reaction has reached equilibrium and the concentrations no
longer change. The exponents, a, b, c, and d, are the stoichiometric coefficients from
the equation” (Chastko 641).
A general equilibrium reaction can be written as follows:

aA  bB 
 cC  dD


SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOme

Equilibrium constants
Solids and liquids are not included in the mass action expression, as their
concentrations are constant. Regardless of how much of the solid or liquid is
present, the concentration (mol/L) of the solid and liquid remains the same. The
value of the mass action expression at any point in time is called the reaction
quotient (Q). At equilibrium, it is called the equilibrium constant (Keq). Inform
students that equilibrium constants are specific for only one reaction at a particular
temperature.
The equilibrium constant provides information such as how far a reaction has gone
toward completion before it reaches equilibrium. Because the equilibrium constant
is the ratio of products to reactants, a Keq value greater than 1 (Keq> 1) means that
there were more products than reactants, so the reaction was close to completion
when equilibrium was achieved (and vice versa).
Many chemistry textbooks use the symbol Keq to represent the equilibrium constant.
Unless the value is given with appropriate units, this symbol does not distinguish
between a constant equilibrium value calculated from equilibrium
concentrations (Kc) and that calculated from equilibrium pressure (Kp). In textbooks,
units are not used because they would vary depending on the powers to which the
concentrations are raised. In some cases, all units would cancel.
Problems Involving Equilibrium constants

Problems should be limited to
n solving for Keq, given equilibrium IcE Table
concentrations of all reactants and products I Initial—the initial concentrations
n solving for an equilibrium concentration of the reactants and products
when Keq and the equilibrium concentrations c Change—the change in reactants
and products from the initial
of all remaining reactants and products are conditions
given E Equilibrium—the concentrations
of the reactants and products at
n using an ICE table to solve for Keq, given an equilibrium
initial concentration or an equilibrium BIR/PEc Accounting Method
concentration of one of the products (see B Balanced equation
Appendix 4.2: Solving Equilibrium Problems I Initial (moles)
Using the ICE Table Method and R/P Reacted or produced (moles)
Appendix 4.3: Solving for Keq Using the E Equilibrium (moles)
c Concentration (mol/L)
BIR/PEC Accounting Method).


Equilibrium
completion.
(continued)
Note that
. . . students need extra practice using their calculators to solve problems
involving scientific notation. In particular, students commonly make the mistake
of using the times () sign when entering scientific-notation numbers. Point out
that the exponent key ([EXP] on most calculators . . . or [EE] on others) actually
represents ‘ 10.’ To help students with this process, lead them through
entering several numbers in scientific-notation and carrying out calculations
with the numbers. (Dingrando, et al., Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change,
Teacher Wraparound Edition 579)
Learning Activity: Determining Mathematical Relationships

Students can work in groups to determine a mathematical relationship between the
equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products in a given data set.
Sample Problem: Mathematical Relationships
Your supervisor in the chemistry lab wants you to determine a mathematical
relationship for the data found from studying the following chemical equilibrium:

H2g   I 2g   2HIg 
What mathematical formula using equilibrium concentrations of reactants and

products gives a constant (K) for the hydrogen iodide reaction system?
Hints:
n Be sure to analyze all your data to test your formula.
n Remember that the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse
reaction at equilibrium.


Trial [h2] [I2] [hI] [reactants] [products]2

(mol/L) (mol/L) (mol/L) [products]2 [reactants]
1 0.0032583 0.0012949 0.015869 0.02 60
2 0.0046981 0.0007014 0.013997 0.02 60
3 0.0010084 0.0010084 0.007816 0.02 60
4 0.0007106 0.0007106 0.005468 0.02 60
5 0.0013953 0.0013953 0.010791 0.02 60
Solution:
Rateforward = kf[H2][I2]
Ratereverse = kr[HI]2
At equilibrium,
Rateforward = Ratereverse
So,
kf[H2][I2] = kr[HI]2
Note: We can’t cancel the k values, as they are not identical to one another.
2
kf  HI 

kr 
 H2 

I2 

or
kr H 
I 

 2 22
kf  HI 
If the concentrations for the first trial are substituted into this equation, the value
obtained is
2 2
kf  HI   0.015869
   59.6
kr 
 H2 
   0.0032583  0.0012949 
I2 
Using the same concentrations for the first trial and substituting these values into
the second equation, the result is
kr H 
I 
  0.0032583  0.0012949 
 2 22   0.017
kf  HI   0.0158692


Equilibrium
completion.
(continued)
Student groups should obtain answers in the order of 60 or 0.02 when using the
concentrations given in the other trials. Inform students that scientists have
collectively agreed that the equilibrium constants would be reported in texts such
as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press), using the ratio of product
to reactant concentrations, or
2
kf  HI 
  Keq
kr 
 H2 

I2 

sample Problem: heterogeneous equilibrium

Write the mass action expression for the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate.

CaCO 3 s 
 CaOs  CO 2g 
Solution:
In applying the standard form of the mass action expression, the equation would be
written as follows:
 CaO 
 CO 2 

Keq 

 CaCO 3 

However, the concentrations of pure solids and liquids are constant (i.e., they
cannot change). They are not included in the mass action expression, so the mass
action expression for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is
Keq 
 CO 2 




1. Students can write equilibrium law expressions from given chemical equations
and write chemical equations from equilibrium law expressions.
2. Have students use process notes to show the derivation of a mass action
expression for a reaction that involves solids and/or liquids.
3. Provide students with various Keq values and have them identify which
reactions were close to completion when equilibrium was achieved and which
were not.
4. Have students solve problems involving equilibrium constants (see
Appendix 4.4: Equilibrium Problems).
Journal Writing
Ask students to “research the work of the Norwegian chemists Cato Maximilian
Guldberg and Peter Waage that led them to propose the law of mass action. Have
them describe how the law of mass action results in the formatting of equilibrium
constant expressions” (Dingrando, et al., Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher
Wraparound Edition 563).

Chemistry (Chang 587, 588, 600)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 723, 736)
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press)—”The Rubber Book”
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al. 563)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition (Dingrando,
et al. 563, 579)
505)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 639–641, 656)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al. 433, 439)


Equilibrium
completion.
(continued)
appendices
Appendix 4.2: Solving Equilibrium Problems Using the ICE Table Method
Appendix 4.3: Solving for Keq Using the BIR/PEC Accounting Method
Appendix 4.4: Equilibrium Problems



Notes


Topic 4: C12-4-05: perform a laboratory activity to determine the equilibrium
Chemical
(1.5 hours)
Equilibrium

SLO: C12-4-05
In addressing specific learning outcome C12-4-04, students solved problems
involving equilibrium constants. They will now have an opportunity to use
experimental data to calculate the value of Keq for a reversible reaction.
TEAchER NoTEs
It is not intended that students perform all the lab activities suggested below (and
in the Learning Resources Links). Select a lab activity appropriate for students’ skill
level and the equipment available at the school.
Laboratory Activities: Investigating chemical Equilibrium

Have students perform lab activities, such as the following, to determine the
equilibrium constant of an equilibrium system.
n Lab 16: exploring Chemical equilibrium (Dingrando, et al. 61)
In this experiment, students calculate Keq for a reaction between Fe3+ and SCN—.
They investigate the reaction in which colourless Fe3+ and SCN— ions combine to
form a red FeSCN2+ ion. They prepare serial dilutions of Fe(NO3)2 and estimate
the colour intensity of solutions at equilibrium. Students then relate colour-
intensity values to the concentration of FeSCN2+ at equilibrium.

gLO B3: identify the factors that affect health, and explain the relationships among personal habits, lifestyle
choices, and human health, both individual and social.
gLO B5: identify and demonstrate actions that promote a sustainable environment, society, and economy, both
locally and globally.
gLO C1: recognize safety symbols and practices related to scientific and technological activities and to their daily
lives, and apply this knowledge in appropriate situations.
gLO C2: Demonstrate appropriate scientific inquiry skills when seeking answers to questions.
gLO C5: Demonstrate curiosity, skepticism, creativity, open-mindedness, accuracy, precision, honesty, and
persistence, and appreciate their importance as scientific and technological habits of mind.


C12-0-S1: Demonstrate work habits that ensure personal safety and the safety of others, as well as
consideration for the environment.
include: knowledge and use of relevant safety precautions, Workplace Hazardous materials
information System (WHmiS), and emergency equipment
C12-0-S6: estimate and measure accurately using Système international (Si) and other standard
units.
include: Si conversions and significant figures
C12-0-S7: interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships.
C12-0-S8: evaluate data and data-collection methods for accuracy and precision.
include: discrepancies in data, sources of error, and percent error
n investigation 16.C: Using experimental data to determine an equilibrium

Constant (Chastko, et al. 662).
This investigation studies the equilibrium between iron(III) ions, thiocyanate
ions, and iron(III) thiocyanate ions. Four different equilibrium mixtures with
different initial concentrations of Fe2+(aq) and SCN—(aq) are prepared. The initial
concentrations of these ions are calculated from the volumes and concentrations
of the stock solution used and the total volumes of the equilibrium mixtures. The
concentration of Fe(SCN)2+(aq) in each mixture is determined by comparing the
colour intensity of the mixture with the colour intensity of a solution with
known concentration. The concentrations of Fe2+(aq)) and SCN—(aq) are calculated
from the known concentration of Fe(SCN)2+(aq). Then these values are
substituted into the equilibrium expression to solve for Keq.
n investigation 13–a: measuring an equilibrium Constant (Mustoe, et al. 501).
This investigation is very similar to Investigation 16.C: Using Experimental Data
to Determine an Equilibrium Constant.
n Lab exercise 7.2.1: develop an equilibrium Law (van Kessel, et al. 514).
Have students use experimental data and apply mathematical relationships to
see which gives a constant value.
n Using a Colorimeter or spectrometer
Have students perform the experiment outlined in Appendix 4.5: Chemical
Equilibrium: Lab Activity. In this experiment, students add together varying
concentrations of SCN— and Fe3+ to achieve an equilibrium system between the
two ions and the FeSCN2+ ion. Students should note that the higher the
concentration of the Fe3+ is, the darker the orange-red colour of the complex will
be. They then use spectrometers or colorimeters to determine the optical density
(absorbance) of each system, and then use the information to determine the
equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products in order to solve for the
value of Keq.
Also refer to “Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc” (Holmquist,
Randall, and Volz, Chemistry with CBL 20–1 to 20–2GT).


Topic 4: C12-4-05: perform a laboratory activity to determine the equilibrium
Chemical (continued)
Equilibrium

Laboratory Reports
Students can use the Laboratory Report Format to write their lab reports (see
SYSTH 14.12). Word processing and spreadsheet software could be used to prepare
reports. Also refer to the Lab Report Assessment rubric in Appendix 11.
Laboratory skills
Periodically and randomly review the lab skills of individual students, so that
eventually all students are assessed. Pay particular attention to skills related to
serial dilutions from stock solutions. Sample checklists for assessing lab skills and
work habits are available in SYSTH (6.10, 6.11).

McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 501)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 662)
investigations
Chemistry with CBL (Holmquist, Randall, and Volz).
Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc, 20–1 to 20–2T
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change: Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, Teacher
Edition (Dingrando et al.)
Lab 16: Exploring Chemical Equilibrium, 61
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al.)
Investigation 13–A: Measuring an Equilibrium Constant, 501
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al.)
Investigation 16.C: Using Experimental Data to Determine an Equilibrium
Constant, 662
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al.)
Lab Exercise 7.2.1: Develop an Equilibrium Law, 514
appendix
Appendix 4.5: Chemical Equilibrium: Lab Activity


C12-0-S1: Demonstrate work habits that ensure personal safety and the safety of others, as well as
consideration for the environment.
include: knowledge and use of relevant safety precautions, Workplace Hazardous materials
information System (WHmiS), and emergency equipment
C12-0-S6: estimate and measure accurately using Système international (Si) and other standard
units.
include: Si conversions and significant figures
C12-0-S8: evaluate data and data-collection methods for accuracy and precision.
include: discrepancies in data, sources of error, and percent error



Topic 4: C12-4-06: use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict and explain shifts in
equilibrium.
Chemical include: temperature changes, pressure/volume changes, changes
Equilibrium in reactant/product concentrations, the addition of a catalyst, the
addition of an inert gas, and the effects of the various stresses on
the equilibrium constant
C12-4-07: perform a laboratory activity to demonstrate Le Châtelier’s
principle.
(3.5 hours)

SLO: C12-4-06
SLO: C12-4-07
In Grade 11 Chemistry (C11-02-05), students performed an experiment to discover
Boyle’s law, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to
one another. In both Grades 11 and 12 Chemistry (C11-3-13, C12-3-04), students
have worked with endothermic and exothermic reactions. Students performed a lab
activity (C12-3-02) to observe the effects of concentration, temperature, pressure,
volume, and the presence of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.

Check for students’ prior knowledge, and review concepts as necessary.
TEAchER NoTEs
Le châtelier’s Principle
In 1884, French chemist Henri Louis Le Châtelier proposed the law of mobile
equilibrium (commonly referred to as Le Châtelier’s principle), which states that if a
stress is placed on a reversible reaction at chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium
will shift to relieve the stress, thereby restoring equilibrium. Le Châtelier’s principle
describes how a chemical equilibrium shifts in response to a stress or disturbance
within an enclosed system, as described in the following table.

gLO C3: Demonstrate appropriate problem-solving skills when seeking solutions to technological challenges.
gLO C4: Demonstrate appropriate critical thinking and decision-making skills when choosing a course of action
based on scientific and technological information.
gLO C8: evaluate, from a scientific perspective, information and ideas encountered during investigations in daily
life.


C12-0-S2: State a testable hypothesis or prediction based on background data or on observed
events.
C12-0-S5: Collect, record, organize, and display data using an appropriate format.
Examples: labelled diagrams, graphs, multimedia applications, software integration, probeware . . .
C12-0-S9: Draw a conclusion based on the analysis and interpretation of data.
include: cause-and-effect relationships, alternative explanations, and supporting or rejecting a
hypothesis or prediction
C12-0-a2: Value skepticism, honesty, accuracy, precision, perseverance, and open-mindedness as
scientific and technological habits of mind.
shifts in Equilibrium in Response to stress
stress system Response Effect on the Equilibrium constant

increase in The system shifts to use up The equilibrium constant changes because the
temperature the added heat, favouring equilibrium position shifts without any
the endothermic reaction. substances being added or removed. There is
no heat-related term in the mass action
expression to maintain the ratio.
decrease in The system shifts to produce It changes because the equilibrium position
temperature more heat, favouring the shifts without any substances being added or
exothermic reaction. removed. There is no heat-related term in the
mass action expression to maintain the ratio.
increase in The system shifts to the side It does not change because all reactant and
volume with the most gas particles product concentrations change, resulting in the
(decrease in because solids and liquids same ratio.
pressure) are incompressible.
decrease in The system shifts to the side It does not change because all reactant and
volume with the fewest gas particles product concentrations change, resulting in the
(increase in because solids and liquids same ratio.
pressure) are incompressible.
increase in The system shifts to decrease It does not change because all reactant and
concentration the reactant or product that product concentrations change, resulting in the
was added. same ratio.
decrease in The system shifts to increase It does not change because all reactant and
concentration the reactant or product that product concentrations change, resulting in the
was removed. same ratio.
addition of a No change in the system It does not change.

catalyst occurs. Catalysts increase
the forward and reverse
reactions to the same extent,
so that they only serve to
help bring systems to
equilibrium faster.
addition of an No change in the system It does not change.

inert gas occurs because it does not
take part in the reaction.


equilibrium.
principle.
(continued)
The following shows how a change in concentration affects the other substances in
a chemical reaction (Silberberg 746).
These concentration changes cause a shift to the right:
increase increase decrease
PCl 3  Cl 2 
 PCl 5
These concentration changes cause a shift to the left:

decrease decrease increase
PCl 3  Cl 2 
 PCl 5
Demonstrations
n traffic Light reaction
This demonstration shows an oscillating colour reaction starting with yellow-
orange, changing to red (after shaking the flask once), and then to green (after
shaking the flask again). After the flask stands for awhile, the colour returns to
red and then back to yellow-orange. The idea behind this demonstration is that
shaking is enough for the first reaction to occur, and then a few more shakes
gets the second reaction going. As the solution settles, the kinetic energy (from
shaking) drops, and the reactions do not have enough energy to continue.
To prepare for the demonstration, dissolve 32 g of potassium hydroxide in
1200 mL water (solution A), 40 g of glucose in 1200 mL water (solution B), 0.50 g
of benzoin in 500 mL water (solution C), and 1.0 g of indigo carmine in 200 mL
water (solution D). To a clean, empty flask, add 200 mL of solution A, then 200
mL of B, then 60 mL of C, and then 16 mL of D.
Similar demonstrations can be viewed online.
Sample Websites:
Keusch, Peter. “Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction.” Organic Chemistry
Demonstration Experiments on Video: Chemistry Visualized. University of
Regensburg. <www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/
Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-oscill-e.htm> (22 Feb. 2012).
In this video demonstration, the colour oscillates between red and blue.


events.
Wyatt, Shawn. “Go-Science Traffic Light Reaction Chemistry Demonstration.”

World News. <http://wn.com/Traffic_Light_Reaction_GO-
Science_Demonstration> (22 Feb. 2012).
n Liquid Crystal demonstration

If a sheet of temperature-sensitive liquid crystal is available, wrap the sheet
around glasses of cold water, water at room temperature, and hot water to see
that warmer temperatures yield darker colours:
LCLC + heat 
 DCLC
(light-coloured (dark-coloured
liquid crystals) liquid crystals)
Mood rings, made of liquid crystals, take advantage of this phenomenon by re-
equilibrating as a result of slight changes in body temperature.
Laboratory Activities: Disturbing Equilibrium systems

Any of the following experiments can be performed to determine how equilibrium
systems respond to stresses. It is not intended that students perform all the
suggested lab activities. Select lab activities appropriate for the abilities of students
in the class and the equipment available at the school.
n analogy for an equilibrium reaction
The procedure for this investigation can be found in Appendix 4.6A: An
Analogy for an Equilibrium Reaction: Lab Activity. Students use straws of two
different diameters to transfer water between two graduated cylinders until
equilibrium is achieved. This lab activity demonstrates that systems are not
necessarily at equilibrium when the concentrations of reactants and products are
identical. Students’ results will vary, depending upon the size of straw they
place into each graduated cylinder. A lab report checklist for this experiment is
given in Appendix 4.6C. Teacher notes are provided in Appendix 4.6B.


equilibrium.
principle.
(continued)
n Qualitative equilibrium
The pre-lab exercise provided in Appendix 4.7: Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s
Principle (Pre-lab) gives students an opportunity to predict the direction in
which the equilibrium will shift with the given stresses. A complete student
procedure for this lab activity can be found in Appendix 4.8A: Qualitative
Equilibrium: Lab Activity. (See Appendix 4.8B for teacher notes.) Students create
an equilibrium system using 0.02 mol/L iron(III) nitrate and 0.002 mol/L
potassium thiocyanate. The solutions are mixed, and then “stressed” by adding
iron(III) nitrate, solid potassium thiocyante, and sodium hydrogen phosphate to
samples of the solution. Shifts in the original equilibrium position may be seen
through colour changes.
n disrupting equilibrium systems
The procedure for this lab activity can be found in Appendix 4.9: Disrupting
Equilibrium Systems: Lab Activity. The reaction that students study is
2
Co  H 2 O 6 
 4Cl 
2
 CoCl 4  6H 2 O
pink blue
Students dissolve cobalt chloride in ethanol and record the colour of the
solution. They add stresses to samples of this prepared solution (distilled water,
hydrochloric acid, solid calcium chloride, silver nitrate solution, addition of heat,
and removal of heat) and note the resulting colours.
n miniLaB 18: shifts in equilibrium (Dingrando, et al., Glencoe Chemistry: Matter
and Change 573)
In this experiment, students observe an equilibrium shift in a colourful way.
Students add hydrochloric acid to a 0.1 mol/L solution of cobalt chloride. The
pink colour changes to a purple colour. To this solution, students then add
water, and the colour returns to pink. Then students place a sample of the cobalt
chloride-hydrochloric acid solution in hot water, which results in a blue colour
being produced. When they place a sample of the cobalt chloride-hydrochloric
acid solution in cold water, the pink colour appears.


events.
n Lab 15: observing equilibrium (Dingrando, et al., Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and
Change: Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, Teacher Edition 57)
In the first part of the lab activity, students record the colours of Fe3+ ion, SCN—
ion, and FeSCN2+ ion. The direction of shift in equilibrium is measured by the
colour change that occurs, which is related to the concentration of reactant.
Students pour a dilute solution of iron(III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate
into five separate test tubes. To the first test tube, 0.5 g of Fe(NO3)3 is added to
the solution, and a darker red colour is observed. To the second test tube, 0.5 g
NH4SCN is added to the solution, and a dark red colour results. To the third test
tube, 0.5 g KCl is added to the solution, and a light red colour (or orange colour)
is observed. To the fourth test tube, a few millilitres of sodium hydroxide
solution is added to the original solution, which results in a colourless solution
with a white precipitate. To the fifth test tube, a few millilitres of silver nitrate
are added, which results in a colourless solution and a white precipitate.
n experiment 29: Le Châtelier’s Principle and Chemical equilibrium (Waterman
and Thompson, Prentice Hall Chemistry: Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual
203)
In this experiment, students “observe and record how a chemical system at
equilibrium responds to changes in concentration of reactants or products” (203).
They describe these shifts in equilibrium in terms of Le Châtelier’s principle. As
this is a small-scale lab activity, the quantities required of the following solutions
are minimal: bromthymol blue, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia,
copper(II) sulphate, lead(II) nitrate, potassium iodide, nitric acid, silver nitrate,
sodium carbonate, sodium thiosulphate, and sodium phosphate.
n investigation 16a: modelling equilibrium (Chastko, et al. 635)
This investigation is similar to the one outlined in Appendix 4.6A: An Analogy
for an Equilibrium Reaction. Using two glass tubes of different diameters,
students transfer water from one graduated cylinder to another, and vice versa.
In the reactant cylinder, 25 mL of water is present. In the product cylinder, there
is no water present initially.


equilibrium.
principle.
(continued)
n expressLab: modelling equilibrium (Mustoe, et al 491)

This lab activity is the same as Investigation 16.A: Modelling Equilibrium
(Chastko, et al. 635).
n investigation 16.B: disturbing equilibrium (Chastko, et al. 652)
In this three-part investigation, students use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict
the effect of change on a system at equilibrium. They design an experiment to
illustrate and test their prediction by assessing a change of colour or the
appearance (or disappearance) of a precipitate. In Part 1, students explore
changes to a base equilibrium system. In Part 2, they examine concentration and
temperature changes. In Part 3, the teacher performs a demonstration to
investigate gaseous equilibria.
n investigation 13–B: Perturbing equilibrium (Mustoe, et al 521)
This lab activity is essentially the same as Investigation 16.B: Disturbing
Equilibrium (Chastko, et al. 652), except students use different chemicals.
Students use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict and test the effect of changing
one factor in systems at equilibrium. Students complete the first three parts of
the investigation, and the teacher demonstrates the last part, dealing with
gaseous equilibria.
n investigation 7.3.1: testing Le Châtelier’s Principle (van Kessel, et al 514)
In this seven-part lab activity, stresses are applied to different chemical
equilibrium systems to test Le Châtelier’s principle. The lab activity includes an
investigation of increasing pressure on a carbon dioxide–bicarbonate mixture.
Whole-class Learning Activity: Reaction Tendencies

Have students view “Reaction Tendencies,” episode 4 of Chemical Equilibrium
(TVOntario). This episode shows the effects of heat and pressure on an equilibrium
system using Le Châtelier’s principle. Students can describe these effects on an
equilibrium system on both a macroscopic level and a microscopic level.


events.
online Demonstrations
Have students view online demonstrations of Le Châtelier’s principle.
Sample Website:
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM). “Chapter 14: Gas
Phase, Solubility, Complex Ion Equilibria.” Chemistry Online Resource Essentials
(CORE). <www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/c14.htm> (13 Jan. 2012).
This website provides a variety of video clips that demonstrate shifts in
equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle:
n FeSCN2+ Equilibrium—Le Châtelier’s Principle Lab, Part 1 shows the effect of
adding stresses to the equilibrium FeSCN2+–Fe(SCN)+2.
n Cobalt Complex Ion Equilibrium—Le Châtelier’s Principle Lab, Part 3
demonstrates the cobalt chloride complex (pink to blue) equilibrium.
n NO2–N2O4 Gas Equilibrium—Le Châtelier’s Principle Lab, Part 4 shows the effect
of temperature on the equilibrium NO2–N2O4. As temperature is decreased,
there is an increase in N2O4 (colourless).

1. To begin addressing learning outcomes C12-4-06 and C12-4-07 and to review
prior knowledge, have students answer the following questions:
n What are the five factors that affect reaction rate?
n How do the rates of the forward and reverse reactions compare for a reaction
at equilibrium?


equilibrium.
principle.
(continued)
2. Have students answer questions related to Le Châtelier’s principle.

Example:
Much of the brown haze hanging over large cities is nitrogen dioxide (NO2(g)).
Nitrogen dioxide reacts to form dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4(g)), according to the
equation

2 NO 2g  
 N 2 O 4g   57.2 kJ
brown colourless
Use this equilibrium to explain why the brownish haze over a large city
disappears in the winter, only to reappear again in the spring.
Answer:
The stress is a decrease in temperature in the winter. The exothermic reaction (a
release of heat) would be favoured to oppose the decrease in temperature. This
would favour the production of the colourless dinitrogen tetraoxide gas. In the
summer, the stress would be an increase in temperature. The endothermic
reaction (absorption of heat) would be favoured to oppose this stress. Nitrogen
dioxide would, therefore, be produced, and we would see a brown haze over the
city.
Journal Writing
Students can write a fictionalized newspaper article written on the day after Henri
Louis Le Châtelier’s principle was announced in 1884. Students’ articles should
highlight this scientific contribution.
Laboratory Reports
Students can use the Lab Report Format to write their lab reports (see SYSTH
14.12). Word processing and spreadsheet software could be used to prepare reports.
Also refer to the Lab Report Assessment rubric in Appendix 11.
Laboratory skills
eventually all students are assessed. For sample checklists, refer to SYSTH (6.10,
6.11).


events.

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 745)
214)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 646)
investigations
MiniLab 18: Shifts in Equilibrium, 573
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change: Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, Teacher’s
Edition (Dingrando, et al.)
Lab 15: Observing Equilibrium, 57
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al.)
ExpressLab: Modelling Equilibrium, 491
Investigation 13-B: Perturbing Equilibrium, 521
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al.)
Investigation 16.A: Modelling Equilibrium, 635
Investigation 16.B: Disturbing Equilibrium, 652
Investigation 7.3.1: Testing Le Châtelier’s Principle, 514
Prentice Hall Chemistry: Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual (Waterman
and Thompson)
Experiment 29: Le Châtelier’s Principle and Chemical Equilibrium, 203
Video
“Reaction Tendencies.” Chemical Equilibrium. Concepts in Science series.
TVOntario. Toronto, ON. 1984. (60 min)


equilibrium.
principle.
(continued)
Websites
Keusch, Peter. “Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction.” Organic Chemistry
Demonstration Experiments on Video: Chemistry Visualized. University
of Regensburg. <www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/
Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-oscill-e.htm> (22 Feb. 2012).
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM).
“Chapter 14: Gas Phase, Solubility, Complex Ion Equilibria.” Chemistry
Online Resource Essentials (CORE). <www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/c14.htm>
(13 Jan. 2012).
Wyatt, Shawn. “Go-Science Traffic Light Reaction Chemistry Demonstration.”
World News. <http://wn.com/Traffic_Light_Reaction_GO-
Science_Demonstration> (22 Feb. 2012).
appendices
Appendix 4.6A: An Analogy for an Equilibrium Reaction: Lab Activity
Appendix 4.6B: An Analogy for an Equilibrium Reaction: Lab Activity
(Teacher Notes)
Appendix 4.6C: An Analogy for an Equilibrium Reaction: Lab Report
Checklist
Appendix 4.7: Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s Principle (Pre-lab)
Appendix 4.8A: Qualitative Equilibrium: Lab Activity
Appendix 4.8B: Qualitative Equilibrium: Lab Activity (Teacher Notes)
Appendix 4.9: Disrupting Equilibrium Systems: Lab Activity



events.
Notes


Topic 4: C12-4-08: interpret concentration versus time graphs.
include: temperature changes, concentration changes, and the
Chemical addition of a catalyst
Equilibrium (1 hour)

SLO: C12-4-08
In learning outcome C12-4-01, students were introduced to a qualitative treatment
of concentration versus time graphs.
In learning outcome C12-4-06, students saw that a system at equilibrium will shift
to minimize a stress and re-establish equilibrium.
TEAchER NoTEs
Ask students to recall that equilibrium is shown by a plateau on a concentration
versus time graph. If students completed the analogy lab activity in addressing
learning outcomes C12-4-06 and C12-4-07, ask them to refer to their results. See
Appendix 4.6A: An Analogy for an Equilibrium Reaction: Lab Activity. The plateau
in such concentration versus time graphs demonstrates that the concentrations of
reactants and products are not changing over time.
concentration versus Time Graphs: class Activity

Work through the following sample problem with students to introduce the
quantitative analysis of concentration versus time graphs. See the teacher support
material in Appendix 4.10: Interpreting Equilibrium Graphs and Appendix 4.11:
Interpreting Concentration versus Time Graphs.
Alternatively, provide students with graphical data, such as the following, so that
they can generate a graph before its interpretation.



Data Table
Time [FescN2+] [scN– ] [Fe3+] [Fe3+]

(after
stress)
0 0 2.5 4
5 1 1.75 3.25
10 1 1.5 3
11 1 1.5 3
12 1 1.5 3
13 1 1.5 3
14 1 1.5 3 7
15 1 1.5 6
20 1.5 1.25 5
25 1.5 1.25 5
30 1.5 1.25 5
Concentration versus Time

8
7 s
6 s
Concentration (mol/L)
5 s s s
4s
s
3 sssss
2
u u u
1 u uuu uuu
0u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
u FeSCN2+
SCN-
s Fe3+


Topic 4: C12-4-08: interpret concentration versus time graphs.
include: temperature changes, concentration changes, and the
Chemical addition of a catalyst
Equilibrium (continued)
sample Problem: interpretation of Concentration versus time Graph


For the reaction, Fe 3  SCN  
2
 FeSCN , the concentrations of the reactants
(Fe3+ and SCN—) are decreasing as the reaction proceeds and the concentration of
the product (FeSCN2+) is increasing. It appears that the reaction reaches equilibrium
at 10 seconds. At 14 seconds, a stress is added to the equilibrium, as the
concentration of Fe3+ spikes dramatically upward at that point. There are more
molecules of Fe3+ in the system, so the number of molecules of SCN— decreases, and
more product (FeSCN2+) is produced. A new equilibrium is established at 20
seconds.
Questions:
1. Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction.
2. How much time was required for the system to reach equilibrium?
3. Calculate the approximate value of the equilibrium constant from the
concentrations at 10 seconds.
4. Calculate the approximate value of the equilibrium constant from the
concentrations at 20 seconds.
5. How do the two values from questions 3 and 4 compare? Explain.
6. What stress occurred at 14 seconds?
7. How would the addition of a positive catalyst change the shape of this graph?
Answers:

1. Fe 3  SCN 
 FeSCN
2
2. The system reached equilibrium in 10 seconds.

 2
 FeSCN    1
3. K eq    0.22
  3 1.5 
 3
 Fe  
 SCN 
 
 2
 FeSCN   1.5
4. Keq    0.24
  51.25 
 3
 Fe  
 SCN 
 
5. The two values are approximately the same because the stress imposed on the
system was not a change in temperature.
6. The addition of Fe3+ occurred at 14 seconds.
7. A catalyst would decrease the time required to reach equilibrium. This would
condense (“squish”) the graph along the x-axis.



1. Students can prepare questions on sketching and interpreting concentration
versus time graphs and test their classmates.
2. Have students complete Appendix 4.11: Interpreting Concentration versus Time
Graphs.

McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 647, 648, 650)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al. 430, 451–455)
appendices
Appendix 4.10: Interpreting Equilibrium Graphs
Appendix 4.11: Interpreting Concentration versus Time Graphs



C12-4-09: Discuss practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle.
Topic 4:
Examples: Haber process, hemoglobin production at high altitude,
Chemical carbonated beverages, eyes adjusting to light, blood pH,
Equilibrium recharging of batteries, turbocharged/supercharged engines, ester
synthesis, weather indicators, carbonated beverages in a hen’s
diet . . .
(1 hour)

SLO: C12-4-09
Students were introduced to Le Châtelier’s principle in learning outcome C12-4-06.

Check for students’ prior knowledge, and review concepts as necessary. Some
examples may have been discussed in addressing previous learning outcomes.
TEAchER NoTEs
Practical Applications of Le châtelier’s Principle
The following examples of the practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle are
provided to indicate the importance of Le Châtelier’s principle in our lives.
Students are not expected to learn the examples in great detail. Teachers can either
have students collect information from their own textbooks or, if information is
limited, through additional research. Some information is provided here for teacher
reference.

gLO a1: recognize both the power and limitations of science as a way of answering questions about the world and
explaining natural phenomena.
gLO a3: Distinguish critically between science and technology in terms of their respective contexts, goals, methods,
products, and values.
gLO a5: recognize that science and technology interact with and advance one another.
gLO B2: recognize that scientific and technological endeavours have been and continue to be influenced by
human needs and the societal context of the time.
gLO B4: Demonstrate knowledge of and personal consideration for a range of possible science- and technology-
related interests, hobbies, and careers.
gLO D1: understand essential life structures and processes pertaining to a wide variety of organisms, including
humans.
gLO e2: Describe and appreciate how the natural and constructed world is made up of systems and how
interactions take place within and among these systems.


C12-0-r4: Compare diverse perspectives and interpretations in the media and other information
sources.
C12-0-t1: Describe examples of the relationship between chemical principles and applications of
chemistry.
C12-0-t3: provide examples of how chemical principles are applied in products and processes, in
scientific studies, and in daily life.
C12-0-a3: Demonstrate a continuing, increasingly informed interest in chemistry and chemistry-
related careers and issues.
C12-0-a4: Be sensitive and responsible in maintaining a balance between the needs of humans and
a sustainable environment.
n the haber Process

The Haber process, used to produce ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, was
discovered in 1909 by German chemist Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize winner and
“father of chemical warfare.” He is reported to have said, “During peace time a
scientist belongs to the world, but during war time he belongs to his country”
(Blickenstaff).
Students could research and report on the historical development and
importance of Haber’s contributions to chemistry. This project can launch into
discussions on the ethics of science and scientists, the obligation of scientists to
society, the diverse perspectives and interpretations of science in the media, the
role of chemistry in agriculture, and so on.
Most chemistry textbooks include a discussion of the Haber process (e.g., Chang,
9th ed. 630; Chastko, et al. 669). Discussions are also available online.
Sample Website:
Clark, Jim. “The Haber Process.” Chemguide. 2002.
<www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html> (13 Jan. 2012).
This website includes a description of the Haber process for manufacturing
ammonia.
n hemoglobin Production and altitude

In the body, hemoglobin (Hb) in readily used to transport oxygen to tissues.

Hbaq   O 2g  
 HbO 2aq
In a place such as Mexico City, where the elevation is 2.3 km above sea level,
atmospheric pressure and oxygen concentration are low. To offset the stress,
equilibrium favours the reverse direction. As a result, people who live there may
experience hypoxia (a lack of oxygen), which can cause headache, nausea, and
extreme fatigue. In serious cases, if victims are not treated quickly, they may slip
into a coma and die.


Topic 4: C12-4-09: Discuss practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle.
diet . . .
(continued)
Individuals living at high altitudes for extended periods of time adapt to

reduced oxygen concentrations by producing more hemoglobin. This shifts
equilibrium to the right once more, so that the symptoms of hypoxia disappear.
Studies have shown that the Sherpas, long-time residents of the Himalayan
mountains, have adapted to high altitude conditions by maintaining high levels
of hemoglobin in their blood, sometimes as much as 50 percent more than
individuals living at sea level (Chang, 9th ed. 630).
n Carbonated Beverages
Soft drinks are carbonated under high pressure to create the following
equilibrium system:

CO 2g  
 CO 2aq   heat
When a bottle of soda pop is opened, the pressure above the carbon dioxide
decreases. The system shifts to the left, the solubility of the carbon dioxide
drops, and carbon dioxide bubbles out of solution. If the bottle is left open for a
long time, the pop will go “flat” due to the reduced pressure.
Shaking a pop bottle will increase the pressure on the system, which will shift to
relieve the stress by favouring the forward reaction. Increasing the temperature
of a pop bottle (e.g., leaving it in a warm car on a summer day) will cause
equilibrium to shift in the reverse direction, creating more carbon dioxide gas.
This will generate a pressure that could potentially cause the pop bottle to burst.
n eyes adjusting to Light

Photoreceptors, cells containing the visual pigment rhodopsin, line the inner
surface of the eyeball. The rhodopsin is made up of opsin (a protein) and
retinene (a pigment). When light strikes a photoreceptor, the energy absorbed
changes the shape of the retinene portion of the molecule. This forward reaction
takes place very quickly. The shape change signals the optic nerve, which carries
information to the brain where it is translated into a visual image.


sources.
chemistry.
In the absence of light, the retinene is separated from the opsin. It takes time to
be able to see in the dark, again because the complex can be recombined with
the help of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules in a slower reverse reaction.
In a dark room, the photoreceptors in the eyes take a few minutes to re-
equilibrate to a lower light intensity, as the reverse reaction is slower. Moving
into a brightly lit room, the photoreceptors in the eyes again take a few minutes
to adjust to their new equilibrium due to the slower reverse reaction.

Ret-Op 
 Ret  Op  light
Signal sent Signal not sent
n Blood ph
Blood contains dissolved carbonic acid in equilibrium with carbon dioxide and
water.

H2 CO 3aq   CO 2aq   H2 Ol
To keep carbonic acid at safe concentrations in the blood, the CO2 product is
exhaled. The removal of a product causes the forward reaction to be favoured,
reducing the amount of carbonic acid to keep blood pH within a safe range
(Chang, 9th ed. 706).
n rechargeable Batteries
The following types of batteries are recharged through the addition of electrical
energy. When energy is added to the system, the reverse reaction is favoured,
which produces more reactants. Balanced chemical equations are provided for
each of the following types of batteries.
n lead-acid batteries:

PbO 2s   Pbs  4Haq   2 SO 4 2aq  
 2 PbSO 4 s  2H 2 Ol   energy


Topic 4: C12-4-09: Discuss practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle.
diet . . .
(continued)
n nickel-cadmium batteries:

Cds  2NiO OH s  2 H2 Ol  
 2 PbSO 4s  2 H2 O l  energy
n fuel cells:

2 H 2 g   O 2 g   2H 2 Ol   energy
n turbocharged/supercharged engines
In a turbocharged engine, air is compressed and heated. This means that there is
a higher concentration (50 percent more) of warmer oxygen reacting with the
gasoline. This favours the production of products, which generates more power
for the car.
Turbochargers in normal engines work best at higher altitudes where the air is
less dense. The steam created by the reaction of the gasoline and oxygen is used
to turn a turbine that runs the air compressor. In a supercharger, a belt runs the
compressor.

Gasoline  O 2  CO 2  H2 O  power
n ester synthesis
Reactions producing esters favour the reverse reaction. To favour the forward
reaction, scientists must increase the amount of acid present in the system.

CH 3OH  CH3 COOH 
 CH3 COOCH 3  H 2 O
n Weather indicators
Students may have seen that weather indicators are blue under normal
conditions but turn pink to indicate approaching rain. The colour changes are
due to changes in the colour of cobalt(II) chloride:
2 2

 CoCl 4  
  6H 2 O  
 
 Co  H2 O 6   4Cl
blue pink


sources.
chemistry.
Alternatively, use the equilibrium system


CoCl 2  6H2 O 
 CoCl 2  6H2 O
blue pink
In periods of low humidity, the colour of the weather indicator is blue. When the
humidity is high, the products will be favoured and the colour of the indicator
will be pink.
n eggs and soda Pop

Eggshells are made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3(s)), which is made from carbon
dioxide (CO2), a product of cellular respiration.
The net equation is


3H2 Ol   3CO 2g   Ca 3 2aq 

 6H aq   3CaCO 3 s
When chickens become hot, they pant, which decreases the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the blood. To offset the stress, the equilibrium will shift in the
reverse direction and decrease the amount of calcium carbonate available to
make eggshells. This yields eggs with thin shells that break easily. Ted Odom, a
graduate student at the University of Illinois, found that giving chickens
carbonated water to drink will shift equilibrium in the forward direction and
minimize the effects of panting on warm days. This allows farmers to minimize
the effects without having to install expensive air conditioning in chicken coops
(van Kessel, et al. 457).


Topic 4: C12-4-09: Discuss practical applications of Le Chatelier’s principle.
diet . . .
(continued)

class Discussion
To emphasize that the topic of equilibrium is not confined only to the chemistry
classroom, have students provide examples of its application in a variety of
contexts.
Research and Reports/Presentations

Students can research one or more applications of Le Châtelier’s principle,
including its use in industry. If students are to use the Internet for their research,
provide them with key search words to reduce search time. Students can report on
their research findings using a variety of formats:
n written reports
n visual displays (e.g., posters)
n formal class presentations
Sample rubrics for assessing research reports and presentations are provided in
Appendix 11.
collaborative Teamwork
Use collaborative strategies such as Jigsaw (see SYSTH 3.20) or Roundtable
discussions (see Appendix 7) to have students share their knowledge of specific
examples of Le Chatelier’s principle with their classmates.
Journal Writing
1. Have students reflect on common examples of Le Châtelier’s principle. Students’
reflections could be based on examples from their everyday lives or from careers
that use the principle.
2. Students can describe how their bodies would relieve the stress placed on them
by climbing to a high altitude (Fisher 251).


sources.
chemistry.
Quiz/Test
Test students on their understanding of the applications of Le Châtelier’s principle,
using questions such as the following:
1. When someone takes your photograph, you may see a “ghost” image of the
flash for several minutes after the photo is taken. Explain this phenomenon in
terms of the rates of the forward and reverse rhodopsin reactions in the eye.
Answer:
When the flash occurred, the photoreceptors in the eye responded quickly to the
bright burst. However, since the reverse reaction is much slower, and the
intensity of the flash was so great, a ghost image can be seen for several minutes
while the reactions in the photoreceptors take time to reverse themselves.
2. When isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid react, they form the pleasant-smelling
compound isopentyl acetate (the essence of banana oil):

C 5H11OHaq  CH3 COOHaq  
 CH 3COOC 5 H11aq  H 2 Ol 
A student adds a drying agent to remove water in an attempt to increase the

yield of banana oil. Is this approach reasonable? Explain.
Answer:
Adding a drying agent will decrease the amount of water present in the system.
To minimize the stress and re-establish equilibrium, the system will favour the
production of more products. Thus, adding a drying agent is a reasonable course
of action to increase the yield of banana oil.
Rubrics/checklists
See Appendix 11 for a variety of rubrics and checklists that can be used for self-,
peer-, and teacher-assessment for any of the research presentations.


Topic 4: C12-4-09: Discuss practical applications of Le Chatelier’s principle.
diet . . .
(continued)

Chemistry, 9th ed. (Chang 630, 706)
216)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al. 574, 588)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Science Notebook (Fisher 251)
526, 530)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 648, 669)
Nelson Chemistry 12: College Preparation, Ontario Edition (Davies, et al. 161)
Websites
Blickenstaff, Jacob Clark. “Haber: Ethics in the Laboratory.” 21 Jan. 2011.
National Science Teachers Association. <www.nsta.org/publications/
news/story.aspx?id=58157&print=true> (27 Dec. 2012).
Clark, Jim. “The Haber Process.” Chemguide. 2002.
<www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html> (13 Jan. 2012).



sources.
chemistry.
Notes


Topic 4: C12-4-10: Write solubility product (Ksp) expressions from balanced
Chemical chemical equations for salts with low solubility.
Equilibrium C12-4-11: Solve problems involving Ksp.

include: common ion problems
(3.5 hours)

SLO: C12-4-10
SLO: C12-4-11
In addressing learning outcomes C12-1-01 and C12-1-02, students saw reactions that
produce precipitates.
TEAchER NoTEs
solubility Product constants
In addressing learning outcomes C12-4-10 and C12-4-11, students should become
aware that the precipitates formed by double displacement reactions are not
insoluble, but slightly soluble. For example, while a solubility table would indicate
that silver chloride (AgCl) is insoluble, it does undergo both dissociation and
precipitation to set up the equilibrium
HO

AgCl s  2
  
 Ag aq  Cl aq 
Earlier in Topic 4, students calculated equilibrium constants using the ratio of

product concentrations (raised to the value of their coefficients from the balanced
equation) to reactant concentrations (raised to the value of their coefficients from
the balanced equation) at equilibrium.
 Ag  Cl 
 aq   aq 
Keq 
 AgCl 
 s  
Since solids are not included in equilibrium expressions, as their concentrations are
constant, solubility product constants are calculated using only the concentrations
of products at equilibrium.
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl—]
Like equilibrium constants, solubility product constants are specific for only one
reaction at a particular temperature. The higher the Ksp value is, the higher the
solubility of the salt will be.



Examples:
The following Ksp values are given for some salts at 25°C (Chang 720):
n calcium phosphate Ksp = 1.2  10—26
n silver bromide Ksp = 7.7  10—13
n barium fluoride Ksp = 1.7  10—6
In these examples, barium fluoride (BaF2) has a higher solubility than the other two
salts, calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) and silver bromide (AgBr) because BaF2 has
the larger Ksp value. Calcium phosphate will dissolve very slightly in water due to
its very low Ksp value.
Be sure to clarify the difference between solubility (the number of moles of solute
that will dissolve in 1 L of solution, known as concentration) and solubility product
(the product of the concentrations of ions in solution, raised to the powers of their
coefficients in the balanced equation).
In chemistry textbooks, units for Ksp are not used because they would vary
depending on the powers to which the concentrations are raised, such as mol/L to
(mol/L)2 to (mol/L)3.
Visual representations can be viewed online.

Sample Website:
University of Colorado at Boulder. “Salts and Solubility.” PhET Interactive
Simulations. <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/soluble-salts>
(22 Nov. 2012).
In this simulation, students can add different salts to water and watch them
dissolve and achieve a dynamic equilibrium with a solid precipitate. They
compare the number of ions in solution for highly soluble NaCl to other slightly
soluble salts and calculate Ksp values.
solving Ksp Problems

When asking students to solve problems involving Ksp, limit the problems to
n calculating the Ksp, given the molar solubility of a compound
n using an ICE table to solve for the molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt
n identifying the concentration of ions present at equilibrium when the Ksp value
of the slightly soluble salt has been provided
n determining the molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt in a solution containing
a known concentration of a common ion


Chemical
C12-4-11: Solve problems involving Ksp.
Equilibrium
(continued)
Sample problems and solutions follow.

Example 1:
Calculate the Ksp, given the molar solubility of a compound.
The solubility of calcium sulphate (CaSO4) is 4.9  10—3 mol/L. Calculate the Ksp
for CaSO4.
Solution:
1. Write the dissociation equation for CaSO4.
CaSO4(s) Ca2+(aq) + SO42—(aq)
2. Write the ion-product, or Ksp, expression.
Ksp = [Ca2+][SO42—]
3. Substitute the molar concentrations of the ions, Ca2+ and SO42—, into the Ksp
expression and solve the problem.
Ksp = [4.9  10—3 mol/L][4.9  10—3 mol/L]
Ksp = 2.4  10—5
Example 2:
Use an ICE table to solve for the molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt.
Calculate the molar solubility of lead chloride (PbCl2) in pure water at 25°C. Ksp for
PbCl2 is 2  10—5.
Solution:
1. Write the dissociation equation for PbCl2.
PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl—(aq)
2. Set up an ICE table and fill in the values for the unknown ions. Note that for
every Pb2+ ion there are two Cl— ions, which can be seen from the balanced
equation
PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl—(aq)
I ? 0 0
C ? +x + 2x
E ? x 2x


3. Write the ion-product, or Ksp, expression and substitute the known values into
the expression.
Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl—]2
2  10—5 = (x)(2x)2
4. Solve for x.
2  10—5 = 4x3
x3 = 5  10—6
x = 1.7  10—2 mol/L
The molar solubility of PbCl2 in pure water at 25°C is

1.7  10—2 mol/L
Example 3:
Identify the concentration of ions present at equilibrium when the Ksp value of the slightly
soluble salt has been provided.
What is the concentration of silver and chloride ions in a saturated silver chloride
(AgCl) solution at 25°C?
Ksp = 1.8  10—10
Solution:
1. Write the dissociation equation for AgCl.
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl—(aq)
2. Set up an ICE table and fill in the table for the unknown values of the ions, x.
AgCl Ag+(aq) + Cl—(aq)
I ? 0 0
C ? +x +x
E ? x x
the expression.
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl—]
1.8  10—10 = (x)(x)


Chemical
C12-4-11: Solve problems involving Ksp.
Equilibrium
(continued)
4. Solve for x.
1.8  10—10 = (x)2
x2 = 1.8  10—10
x = 1.3  10—5 mol/L
The molar solubilities of the ions at equilibrium are equal to
x = [Ag+] = [Cl—] = 1.3  10—5 mol/L
Example 4:
Determine the molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt in a solution containing a known
concentration of a common ion.
Calculate the molar solubility of silver chloride (AgCl) in a 1.5  10—3 mol/L silver
nitrate (AgNO3) solution.
Ksp for AgCl = 1.6  10—10
Solution:
This is a common ion problem. The common ion is Ag+, which is present in AgCl
and AgNO3. Note that the presence of the common ion affects the solubility of
AgCl (in mol/L) but not the Ksp value because it is an equilibrium constant.
1. AgNO3 dissociates completely, as shown by the equation

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3—(aq)
Since the concentration of AgNO3 is given as 1.5  10—3 mol/L,
[Ag+] = 1.5  10—3 mol/L
Write the dissociation equation for AgCl.


2. Set up an ICE table and fill in the values for the unknown ions. Remember that
there are two sources for the Ag+ ion, 1.5  10—3 mol/L from AgNO3, and the
unknown amount, x, from AgCl.
I ? 1.5  10—3 0
C ? +x +x
E ? 1.5  10—3 + x x
the expression.
Ksp = [Ag+][ Cl—]
1.6  10—10 = (1.5  10—3 + x)(x)
This x can be ignored because the amount of Ag+ ion

that can dissolve from AgCl is very small compared to
the amount of Ag+ generated from AgNO3.
4. Solve for x.
1.6  10—10 = (1.5  10—3)(x)
x = 1.1  10—7
[AgCl] = 1.1  10—7 mol/L
The molar solubility of AgCl in a 1.5  10—3 mol/L solution AgNO3(aq) is

1.1  10—7 mol/L


Chemical
(continued)

Have students write Ksp expressions from given chemical equations.
1. Write the expression for the solubility product constant for strontium sulphate
(SrSO4).
Answer:

SrSO 4s  
2 2
 Sr aq   SO 4 aq 
2  2
K sp 
 Sr  SO 4  
2. Write the expression for the solubility product constant for aluminum sulphate
Al2(SO4)3.
Answer:
Al 2  SO 4 3s  


3 2
 2Al aq   3SO 4 aq 
3  2  3
K sp 
 Al  SO 4 
Sample Problems:
1. A sample of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2(s)) is added to pure water and allowed
to come to equilibrium at 25°C. The concentration of Ba2+ is found to be 0.108
mol/L and that of OH— is found to be 0.216 mol/L. What is the value of Ksp for
Ba(OH)2(s)?
Answer:
Ksp = 5.04  10—3
2. What is the molar solubility of a saturated solution of silver chloride (AgCl)?

Ksp = 1.6  10—10.
Answer:
AgCl = 1.26  10—5 mol/L


3. What will be the equilibrium concentrations of Ca2+ and OH— in a saturated

solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) if its Ksp value is 1.3  10—6?
Answer:
[Ca2+] = 6.9  10—3 mol/L
[OH—] = 1.4  10—2 mol/L
4. Calculate the molar solubility of calcium iodate (Ca(IO3)2) in 0.060 mol/L

sodium iodate (NaIO3). The Ksp of Ca(IO3)2 is 7.1  10—7.
Answer:
2.0  10—4 mol/L
extension:
5. Will a precipitate form when 1.00 L of 0.150 mol/L iron(II) chloride solution
(FeCl2) is mixed with 2.00 L of 0.0333 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH)?
Answer:
Trial Ksp or Qsp = 2.46  10—5, Ksp = 4.9  10—17. Qsp > Ksp, so a precipitate
will form.
Journal Writing
Have students “explain how adding additional sulfate ions to a saturated solution
of barium sulfate would affect the concentration of barium ions” (Dingrando, et al.,
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition 577).

Chemistry, 9th ed. (Chang 720)
et al 577)


Chemical
(continued)
Website
University of Colorado at Boulder. “Salts and Solubility.” PhET Interactive
Simulations. <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/soluble-salts>
(22 Nov. 2012).



Notes


C12-4-12: Describe examples of the practical applications of salts with
Topic 4:
low solubility.
Chemical Examples: kidney stones, limestone caverns, osteoporosis, tooth
Equilibrium decay . . .
(0.5 hour)

SLO: C12-4-12
TEAchER NoTEs
Practical Applications of salts with Low solubility
The following examples of the practical applications of salts with low solubility are
provided to indicate the importance of slightly soluble salts in our lives. Students
are not expected to learn the examples in great detail. Teachers can either have
students collect information from their own textbooks or, if information is limited,
through additional research. Some information is provided here for teacher
reference.
n Limestone Caverns
Limestone (CaCO3) is formed through the decay of marine organisms such as
snails, clams, corals, and algae. In water, the slightly soluble salt will set up the
following equilibrium:

CaCO 3s 
2 2
 Ca aq   CO 3 aq 
The chemical erosion of limestone occurs when it is in contact with acidic water:

Haq   CO 3 2aq  

 HCO 3 aq
If the limestone deposit is deep enough underground, the dissolution of the

limestone produces a cave.

gLO a5: recognize that science and technology interact with and advance one another.
gLO B2: recognize that scientific and technological endeavours have been and continue to be influenced by
human needs and the societal context of the time.
gLO C4: Demonstrate appropriate critical thinking and decision-making skills when choosing a course of action
based on scientific and technological information.
gLO C7: Work cooperatively and value the ideas and contributions of others while carrying out scientific and
technological activities.


C12-0-C1: Collaborate with others to achieve group goals and responsibilities.
n osteoporosis
Approximately 99 percent of the body’s calcium is stored in the bones, where it
forms the following equilibrium system:

Ca 3  PO 4 2s  
2 3
 3Ca aq  2 PO 4 aq 
When the concentration of calcium in the blood decreases, balance can be

restored if the solubility of the calcium phosphate (bone) increases. This leads to
the development of porous, brittle bones. We can prevent this from happening
by obtaining the minimum daily requirement of calcium (especially between the
ages of 10 and 20 when bone growth is most rapid) and through regular weight-
bearing exercise. Note, however, that large amounts of calcium in the body may
lead to the formation of kidney stones.
n tooth decay
The major constituent of tooth enamel is hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH,
Ksp= 6.8  10—37). In the mouth, the following equilibrium is established:
3
Ca 5  PO 4 3 OHs  
 Ca 5  PO 4  aq   OH aq 


When sugar ferments on the teeth, the hydronium ion is produced. It reacts with
the hydroxide ion from the previous reaction, causing the forward reaction to be
favoured. An increase in the solubility of the hydroxyapatite leads to the
dissolving of tooth enamel. In recent years, fluoride has been added to water
and toothpaste. The fluoride ion replaces the hydroxide ion in hydroxyapaptite
to create fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F, Ksp = 1.0  10—60). As the fluorapatite is less
soluble in water, teeth become more resistant to cavities.
The addition of fluoride to toothpaste has been helpful in preventing tooth
decay; however, fluoride is not added to children’s toothpaste because an excess
of fluoride in the body from swallowing large amounts of paste can lead to
fluorosis, damaging teeth and bones.


Topic 4: C12-4-12: Describe examples of the practical applications of salts with
low solubility.
Chemical Examples: kidney stones, limestone caverns, osteoporosis, tooth
Equilibrium decay . . .
(continued)

class Discussion
To emphasize that the topic of the solubility of slightly soluble salts is not confined
to the chemistry classroom, have students provide examples of its practical
application in a variety of contexts.
Research and Reports/Presentations

1. Students can research and report on one or more applications of salts with low
solubility. Results can be shared in written, verbal, or electronic format. If
students are to use the Internet for their research, provide them with key search
words to reduce search time.
2. Using their research, students can describe how the solubility of slightly soluble
salts is used in industry. Information may be shared with the entire class
through formal presentations.
3. Students could research the insoluble lead compounds that, for many years,
were used as paint pigments, which led to people, especially children, being
poisoned by exposure to lead-based paints (Dingrando et al., Glencoe Chemistry:
Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition 578).
Visual Displays
Students can create visual displays (e.g., posters) to demonstrate practical
applications of the solubility of slightly soluble salts. Samples of presentation
rubrics are provided in Appendix 11.
collaborative Teamwork
Collaborative strategies such as Jigsaw (see SYSTH 3.20) or Roundtable
(see Appendix 7) could be used to have students share their knowledge of specific
applications of the solubility of slightly soluble salts with their classmates.
Journal Writing
Have students reflect on common applications of the solubility of slightly soluble
salts. Students’ reflections could be based on examples from their everyday lives or
on career-related applications.


C12-0-C1: Collaborate with others to achieve group goals and responsibilities.

et al 578)



Topic 4: C12-4-13: perform a laboratory activity to determine the Ksp of a salt
with low solubility.
Chemical
(1.5 hours)
Equilibrium

SLO: C12-4-13
In addressing learning outcome C12-4-11, students solved problems involving Ksp.
Learning outcome C12-4-13 provides students with an opportunity to use
experimental data to calculate the value of Ksp for a slightly soluble salt.
Laboratory Activities
Have students perform a lab activity to determine the Ksp of a salt with low
solubility. Possible lab activities are suggested below.
n experiment 39: a solubility Product Constant (Wilbraham, Staley, and Matta
243)
The purpose of this lab activity is to determine the solubility product constant of
lead(II) chloride (PbCl2). Students add 100 mL of saturated PbCl2 to 20 mL of
0.5 mol/L potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution. The mixture is heated to the
boiling point and then left to stand and cool for at least five minutes. Students
decant the liquid from the beaker, making sure most of the precipitate stays in
the beaker. The filter paper is placed in the beaker with the precipitate and then
dried. The Ksp of PbCl2 is then determined through a series of calculations.
n Chemlab 18: Comparing two solubility Product Constants (Dingrando, et al.
586)
The objectives of this lab activity are to compare the values of the Ksp for two
different compounds and relate them to observations, to explain observations of
the two precipitates using Le Châtelier’s principle, and to calculate the molar
solubilities of the two ionic compounds from their Ksp values. As this is a small-
scale lab activity, minimal quantities of chemicals are used. Students add
10 drops of silver nitrate (AgNO3(aq)) and 10 drops of sodium chloride (NaCl(aq))
to two wells of a microplate, and observe that the precipitates that form, silver
chloride (AgCl(s)), are white. To the second well, students add 10 drops of
sodium sulphide (Na2S) solution. The precipitate that forms, silver sulphide
(Ag2S(s)), is black.



C12-0-S6: estimate and measure accurately using Système international (Si) and other standard units.
examples: Si conversions and significant figures
n investigation 7.6.1: determining the Ksp of Calcium oxalate (van Kessel, et al.
517)
For this investigation, students determine the Ksp of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) by
mixing a fixed volume of 0.1 mol/L sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) with a serial
dilution of aqueous calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) in a series of spot-plate wells.

Laboratory Reports
Students could use the Laboratory Report Format to write their lab reports (see
SYSTH 14.12). Word processing and spreadsheet software could be used to prepare
reports. Also refer to the Lab Report Assessment rubric in Appendix 11.
Laboratory skills
eventually all students are assessed. Develop a checklist for the assessment of skills
related to measuring and mixing solutions. Sample checklists for assessing lab skills
and work habits are available in SYSTH (6.10, 6.11).

investigations
Chemlab 18: Comparing Two Solubility Product Constants, 586
Investigation 7.6.1: Determining the Ksp of Calcium Oxalate, 517
Prentice Hall Chemistry: Laboratory Manual (Wilbraham, Staley, and Matta)
Experiment 39: A Solubility Product Constant, 243


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C12-4-02 Write equilibrium law expressions from balanced chemical

C12-4-07 Perform a laboratory activity to demonstrate Le Châtelier’s

C12-4-09 Describe practical applications of Le Châtelier’s principle.

C12-4-10 Write solubility product (Ksp) expressions from balanced

C12-4-12 Describe examples of the practical applications of salts with low

C12-4-13 Perform a laboratory activity to determine the Ksp of a salt with

Suggested Time: 17 hours

SpeCifiC Learning OutCOme

SuggeSTionS for inSTrucTion

Assessing Prior Knowledge

Activation Demonstration: Blue Bottle Reaction

general Learning Outcome Connections

4 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

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H2O(g) Gas state

topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 5

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Reversible Reaction for chemical Equilibrium

6 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

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topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 7

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Concentration versus Time Rate versus Time

Learning Activity: The Process of Achieving Equilibrium

8 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOmeS

SuggeSTionS for aSSeSSmenT

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SpeCifiC Learning OutCOme

learning reSourceS linkS

10 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

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Selecting learning resources

topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 11

SpeCifiC Learning OutCOmeS

SuggeSTionS for inSTrucTion

Assessing Prior Knowledge

general Learning Outcome Connections

12 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOme

Problems Involving Equilibrium constants

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Learning Activity: Determining Mathematical Relationships

What mathematical formula using equilibrium concentrations of reactants and

14 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOme

Trial [h2] [I2] [hI] [reactants] [products]2

topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 15

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sample Problem: heterogeneous equilibrium

16 – topic 4: Chemical equilibrium

SkiLLS anD attituDeS OutCOme

SuggeSTionS for aSSeSSmenT

learning reSourceS linkS

topic 4: Chemical equilibrium – 17

SpeCifiC Learning OutCOmeS