g. of Over. Lin. &Under. Cab.

2.7m 5.14m
2.2m
2.2m

2.5m
3.5m
3.6m
3.9m

3.2m
2.9m
3.6m
3.2m

23.6m 26.4m

16m 12m

Ground

3.7m 4.1m

(a) Single circuit 66 kV tower (b)Double circuit 66 kV tower

Fig. 3.1.5
3.2 Spacing between Conductors :
The between the conductors should be such that it provides the safety against
spacing
the flash over due to swinging of wire in wind.
voltage, span length, and the
The Spacing between the conductors depends on the line
Weather conditions.
 3-10
ewet eyeten (0) Meh.
of Over Oesig
W f w wripht on light material require morr spacing due to
i d thnn benv wises
conductor should be such that it
1he p np betWeen fhe causes the
1r painp between the
conductors should be such that it
ne the linc conductors due to which voltage drop in eachminim causes
reductr
intanr among
Al Iage spacing betwcen the
ses the equal
conductor causes
potential ine ret
3.3
tring of insulators.

Span Longths :
distributa
is known as span
1he distance bctwccn the two adjacent poles length. It is
denoted by / and spccified in meters.
geae
the profile of the
The location of the supports (towers) depends upon land along
eanal
transmission linc is to be run. This means the span length may not be
When successivc spans are unequal, changes in load or temperature will bring unt

changes in tensionin the different span.

for each and every span and then
It is very diflioult to calculate thesag and tension
transmission line.
make adjustment while erccting the
assuming unifum nnat onduc
Therefore it is necessary to have calculations
heween the two tension towers,
m Ì nnn
the vaNaions in t
Rwan e shown mathematically that
eyranae are within emissiblk limis,
 Power System -1(PU) 3-10
Mech. Desig.,o
Wires of low weight or light material require more spacing due
Over. Un.
wind than heavy wires.
The spacing between the conductor should be such that it
and proximity effect.
causes the re
The spacing between the conductors should be such that it
causes
inductance among the line conductors due to which
Also large spacing between the conductor causes the equal
voltage drop in each
potential
Tmiinn1emurMreducAT,muth
3.3
string of insulators.

Span Lengths :
distribution atty
The distance between the two adjacent poles is
known as span length. It
is
denoted by T and specified in meters.
The location of the supports
geneTaly
(towers) depends upon the profile of the
transmission line to be run. This means the span length may not be
is land along
which
equal.
When successive spans are unequal, changes in
load or temperature will bring uneayal
changes in tension in the different span.
It is very difficult to
calculate the sag and tension for each and every
make span and then to
adjustment while erecting the transmission line.
Therefore it is necessary to have calculations
between the two tension towers.
assuming uniform tension inthe conductor
It can be shown
mathematically that the variations in the tension with variation in load
or temperature are within
permissible limits.
Hence for preparing asag
calculations, the equivalent span is used.
The equívalent span length can be
calculated as follows.
Equivalent span length L=1,+
Iitl,+l,...
Where l,. b. a are the lengths of the
individual spans between the two tension towers.
It is to be noted that the
method of sag template for locating towers should not be used
for long spans as well as where the
slope of the protile is very steep. In such cases it
is
desirable to make actual calculations for sag and tension.
 --I(PU)
System 3-11
Power Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. &
Under. Cab.
Sag:
PU - May 2012. May 2013
straight distance between the two
The the shortest distance.
poles
gives
Therefore to minimise the length of A
One Imay stretch the
conductor,
Conductorto
make it straight. Conductor
|Sag = S
conductor is stretched
Howeverif the T
much, beyond its safe value, then
too
break due to excessive
conductor may
Ground

tension.
Fig. 3.4.1: Sag inoverhead line
order to permit safe
that conductors are under safe tension. In
important some dip.
Itis very not fully stretched but are allowedto have
conductors, they are conductor is
tension in the and lowest point on the
supports
difference in level points of
Thns the
placed in between two supports
called sag.
two supports and conductor is
and B are
InFig.3.4.1, A
shows the ´sag'.
thedistance S
2012, May2014
of Sag: Dec.
3.5 Calculation PU- May
2010, May2011,
conductor tension is less
way that
adjusted insuch a safetyshouldbe2.
lines, the sag
is minimumfactorof
overhead strength i.ethe
For an ultimate tensile following factors:
its depends onthe
uanDo%oof conductor 3. Iceloading.
The tension onthe Temperaturevariations.
the conductor.
I. Weightof 4.
considerations:
2. Wind effects. two
thereare
sag groundlevel.
While calculating the equal level.
Supports are at ground
(a) When the unequal
Supports are at
(b) When the
 Power System -I(PU) 3-12
Mech. Desig. of
3.5.1 Supports are at Equal Ground Level: fOver.Lin, a
PU May 2010, Dec.
Let usconsider. 2011, Dec. 2012.
The two supports 'A'and "B' at equal ground level. De
Conductor is placed between the supports 'A' and 'B'.
The tension at any point on the
conductor acts tangentially.
Refer the Fig. 3.5.1 in which'0' is the lowest point
of the
L = Length of span in metres. conductor sspacing.
W = Weight of the conductor per unit length
T = Tension in the conductor.
Consider any point P on the conductor whose
origin. coordinates are 'x and 'y' if
f the curvature is Ak
small then the
distance 'OP' is nearly equal to 'x Support
There are two forces acting on the
portion 'OP' viz. Wx
() Weight of the portion OP'
acting
downward at a distance x/2 from
origin "0.
Fig. 3.5.1l: Supports are at
(ii) Tangential tension T equal ground level
acting at points O'.
Taking the moments of the above forces
about point '0' we have.
T·y = W.xX X
Wx'
y = 2T ..351)
Here 'y' is the sag at point
'P",Therefore 'S' will be the (maximum) sag atpointB.
Substitutey=Sand x = in Equation (3.5.1) to have maximum sag
:. Equation (3.5.1)
becomes.
W
(U2)
2T
W'
S = 8T Meter.
"..359
rSystem-1(PU)

atUnequal Level :
p p o r ta
sr e
OU-May 2010, Dec. 2010, May 2012, May 2013, May 20O16
geographical conditions such as hilly areas, vallies etc., the supports can
certain ground level.
o unequal
at
rected: the position of lowest points O' of conductor which is not exactly at
3.5.2
shows
e ofdistance

S2
S.

-X

unequalground level
Fig. 3.5.2 : Supportsare at

refore
support at lower level (support A)from lowest point '0'.
is the distance of (support B) from lowest point 0.
support at higher level
is the distance of
Tis span length = X1 + X
is tension on conductor.

h = difference between two suPports.

= (S,- S)
Wis the weight per unit length of conductor then
2 2
Wx, Wx refer Equation (3.5.1)
Sag S = 2T
2
*y
Wx,
Sag S, 2T

S,-s, -2T [X;-x]

 Power System - I(PU) 3-14
Mech. Desig.
W
S, - S,
WI
h=T|Xy- X} (if A1+ y=lan
If
2Th
X-X= WI

SubtractingEquation (3.5.4) from Equation (3.5.3)

2Th
WI

2x, = l 2Th
WI

ie. I Th
X =
WI
Adding Equations (3.5.3) and (3.5.4)

2T h
WI
2Th
2x, = l+ WI
Th
WI
Using Equations (3.5.5) and (3.5.6), values of X, and x, can be found out. Further ,
S, can be easily calculated.
Catenary curve :
B

|Sags

Fig. 3.5.3: Sag in parabolic form

In Fig. 3.5.3, a conductor is suspended between supports A and
B.
It is assumed that line is flexible and Sag occurs due to conductor weight.thattheshaçy
The shape of a line is a catenary and for smaller c¡n be assumed
span it
the line is that of a parabola y= ax.
 3-15 Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. & Under. Cab.
(PU)
S y s t e n .I
-
line.
Power a given
constant for
is
a
lines,if sag is greater than 10% of the span length, formula based
a
Where voltage
high be used.
F oe
rx t r a
should
catenary
lce Loading on Sag Calculation:
on
of Windand
Efect PU - May 2011, Dec. 2012, May 2014, May 2015
in above two cases, we have assumed that there is not any
calculatingthe sag
the conductor.
W/hile actingon
i
force there are two more forces which we have to consider while
actual practice
other

in Thesetwo forces are ice coating and wind pressure.

But sag.
calculatingthe acts horizontally and ice coating acts vertically downwards as shown
pressure
Thewind
inFig.3.6.1.
Ww

Wind W;
(Ww+ Wi)

(b) (c)
(a) pressure on conductor
Fig. 3.6.1: Ice loading and wind
sag we have to consider the equivalent weight of the
Therefore while calculating
conductor which is given by W,
W yw +W,' +(w)'
=

sets itself at an angle from vertical plane.

Duetowind pressure the conductor
tan = Ww
W+ Wi

Sag is given as, S = 2T

This sag is known as slant sag.
Therefore vertical sag is =S cos
Where W = conductor weight per unit length
length
material density x volume of conductor per unit
Conductor
Wi = weight of ice coating per unit length
unit length
density of ice x volume of ice per
 Power System - I(PU) 3-16
Mech. Desig. of Over.
density of ice x7 ((d + t)'-dx1
= density of icex4 l4 dt +4 t'1

= density of icex nt (d + t)
W, = wind force per unit length
= wind pressure per unit area x
projected a
= wind pressure x ((d +2t) x 1] area per unit
lengh
3.7 Sotved Examples:
Ex. 3.7.1: An overhead transmission line has a span of 160m of

0.65kg/m conductor belve

diameter of 0.95 cm with weight per unit length of
ievel supports. The ultimate strength is 4250 kg/cm
projected area. Factor ofsafety is 5.Calculatethe sag. wind Supported4
pressure
PU- Dec. 2013, 8
Soln. : Mar
Given :

Span = 160 m, w, = weight of cond = 0.65 kg/m.

ia, d = 0.95 cm .. cs area = 0.708 cn
U.S
working stress F.S
4250
5 =850 kg/cm".
Working Tension = Working stress Xc/s area
T = 850x0.708
= 601.8 kg.
Wind force/ m = Wy = Wind pressure x cond.dia.
= 40 x 0.95 x 10%
= 0.38 kg,
Resultant force = W, =yw." +w=0.65 + 0.38
0.75 kg
2

Sag = W,I_0.75 x160?

R=4m
8T 8x 601
 -l(PU)
System
r
Power 3-17
line has a Mech. Desig, of Over.
Atransmission span of 170 m Lin. &Under.
Cab.
has croSs sectional area of 2 cm betweenin level
The tension
specific gravity of conductor material
1.6kg/mlength. Calculate the sag.
is
the
9.7 gm/cm is 2100 suppororts.The conductor
conduct
ka. Ifthe
and wind
Soln.
is pressure
Ghen:
Span length L = 170 m
Crosssectiona) area of conductor = 2cm

Tension T = 2100 kg
Windfotce /mlength Wy =1.6 kg
Secificgravity of conductor material = 9.7 gm/cm.
Sag= S
Tofind:
'ktof conductor / mlength W = specific
gravityX volume of Im conductor
W =9.7 x2x 100 =
1940 gm
=1.94 kg
Total weight of 1metre length of conductor is.
W, =/w'+ w W
W
W, =V1.94)' +(1.6)
W, =2.515 kg
W W,
Sag, S =
W,r 2.515 x(170 Fig. P. 3.7.2
8T 8 x 2100

S =4.33 m
This sag is a slant sag at an angle with vertical plane.
Wy 1.6 =0.825
tan = 1.94
W
.. 0 = 39.510
cos(39.51°)
.. Vertical sag = Scos =4.33 x
Vertical sag = 3.34 m
conductor
Ek, 3733 eead line has a span of 120 m between level Supports. Thekg/cm and
2.5 cm. The ultimate strength is 5200 The wind
has a cross sectional area of
gravity of the material is 8.9 gm/cc. level if
safety factor is 5. The specific
ofthe conductor above ground
pressure is 1.7 kg/m. Calculate the height
minimum clearance of Zm is required.
 3-18
Power System - I (PU)
Mech. Desig. of
Over.
Soln. :
Given : Span length = 120m
Cross section area of conductor = 2.5 cm
LIn.&Un
Ultimate Strength = 5200 kg/cm
Safety factor = 5
Specific gravity of material = 8.9 gm/cc
Wind pressure = 1.7 kg/m
To find :

S, Height of conductor above ground

If minimumclearance = 7m,
Weight of conductor Im run = W,
Then W= Conductor: area x 100cm x
= 2.5 x 100 x 8.9 =
2225
Specific gravity
gm
W = 2.225 kg
Working tension = Working stress x
Conductor area
T= Ultimate
strength x Conductor area
Safety factor
T = 5200
5X2=2080 kg
Total weight W, =/W+ w W

W, =Ve.225) +(1.7'
W, =2.80 kg
Slant sag = W,
8T

S = 2.00 x(120
8x 2080
W
S = 2.423 m

tan W
W
1.7
2.225
= 0.764
0 = 37.38° Fig.P.3.7.3
Vertical sag = S Xcos
 3-19 Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. & Under. Cab.
(PU)
-/
System
Powerr = 2.423 × cos (37.38)

Vertical sag = 1.92 m

cOnductorof support fromn ground level = Minimum clearance + Sag
= 7+ 1.92
Heightof
Height of conductor = 8.92 m
towers of height 35 m and 95 mrespectively support a transmnission line
conductor
The at river crossing. The span length is 500 m. If the tension in the
374:
conductor is 1650 kg. Find the minimum clearance between conductor and
Weight of the conductor is 1.6 kg/m. Assume the two supports are at
water.
same level,

= 35 m
Height of support A
iren
: 95 m
Height of support B
=

Spanlength 500m
Tension T 1650 kg
kg/m.
Weight of conductor W= 1.6
The minimum clearance between water and conductor.
ofind :
l= 500m

95 m

35 m

Fig. P. 3.7.4

Difference in levels between Supports = 95 35 = 60 m

=500m (From Fig. P. 3.7.4)
X + Xy
2

Now sag S = Wx WX2

and S2=T
2T
 3-20 Mech. Desig. of
(PU)
Over. Lin
System- /
Power Wx, Wx
h = S- S,= 2T 2T
W2
60 =T(X, -x,)
W
60 = T(X,-X) (Xy t x,)
602. T 60 x2 x 1650
. (X,- X) = W(x, + x) 1.6 × 500

Xy - X =
247.5 m
= 500
. Xy t X,
2475
+ Xy- X, =
2x, = 747.5
.. X, = 373.75 m
.. X, = 500373.75 = 123.25 m
OR

From Equations (3.5.5) and (3.5.6)

500 1650 x 60
WI =2 1.6x 500
K = 123.25 m

= +
Th
W!
500 1650 x 60
2 1.6 x 500
Xy = 373.75 m
2

.. S, = Wx
2T
1.6 x(126.25)
2x 1650
S, = 773 m
Therefore minimum clearance between water and conductor is =Height of :SupportA-SagS
= 35-7.73
C= 27.,27 m
Ex. 3.7.5: TWo towers of height 40 m and 30 m respectively support atransmission
line conductor at water crossing. The horizontal distance between thetowers
is 300 m. If the tension in the conductor is 1590 ka. Find the Clearanceofthe
the
conductor at lowest
towers are at equal point. Weight of
basesof

levels. is 0.8 kg/m. Assume

conductor
 3-21
(PU) Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. &
- /
System Under. Cab.

support A = 40m
Height of
support B = 30m
Heightof
Spanlength / 300m
Tension T
= 1590 kg.
conductor W= 0.8 kg/m
Weight of
Minimumclearance C.
two levels = 40- 30 = 10 m=h.
Difference between
Equations(3.5.5) and(3.5.6)
From Th l= 300m
+
X1 WI
h
300 1590× 10 S
+
0.8 × 300
40 m
= 213.24 m
30 m
=l- X1
=300-213.25
X = 83.75 m

=S, Fig. P. 3.7.5

.Sag at support A
2
Wx, 0.8 x(216.25)
S 2T 2x 1590

S = 11.76 m
Clearance C = 40- 11.76
C = 28.23 m.

LM6: Atransmissionine over a hillside having a gradient is 1 :20 is supported by two

conductor
mnigh towers. The distance between towers is 350 m. The lowest
S TIXed 1.5 m below the top of each tower, Calculate the clearance of the
Onductor from the ground, Assume weiaht of conductor to be 1 kg/m and
allowable tension to be 1500kg.
1
sin = 20 (hill side gradient is 1: 20)

Bffective height of tower is = 22-1.5 = 20.5

W = 1kg/m
 Mech. Desig. of
3-22 Over. Lin. &
Power System-I
(PU)

T = 1500kg
conductor and ground
Under.Ca
lowest point of
find : Clearance between the
To
between the towers,
Vertical distance sin 0
h = S, = Q
m
= 350 (1/20) = 17.5

P S 22 m

i20.5
m

22 m
20.5 Y

Fig. P. 3.7.6

Horizontal distance between the towers,

= V(350)-(17.5) =349.56
350 m
..()
= X + Xy
h = S,-S,
2 2
W W
2T 2T
0r W
h =7, +x) (x, - x)
2Th 2x 1500x 17.5
= W( +x,) 1x350 ..2)
Xy- X = 150 m
 1(PU) 3-23 Mech. Desig, of Over. Lin,&Under. Cab.
-
System
Power
Equations( )and (2)
Solving X, + XË = 350
+ X- X = 150
2 Xy = 500

= 250 m

X = 350
250= 100 m
2
Wx, 1x (250) = 20.83 m
Sag S, = 2T2x 1500
20.5 + 17.5=38m
R, = Rs +S,=
Now,
from the groundis.
O
point -UV=R,-S,-UV
Clearanceoflowest ZV- S, (100x0.05)
OU = 17.17- =
38-20.83 - x,tan (0)
=
= 12.17m
2 cm and weights
of
an effective diameterbetween two adjacent
cm
conductor has Thedistance thicknessis 1.27the
transmission line strength is 9000 kg.coatingofradial Calculate
Ex3.7.7: A
The ultimate conductorhasice projectedarea.
0.9 kg/m. 300m. Ifthe of
pressure of 3.6gm/cm´
factorofsafetyis2.
Supportis wind and
subjectedtoa oficeis0.91gm
and C.C.
weightof1
sagif kg/m
W = 0.9
Soln. :
cm safety = 2
d = 2 Factorof cm
Given : kg t = 1.27
9000
U.S. =
1= 300 m
9000/2=4500kg
.. T = V(W+W)+(W)
S =? W, =
To Find : Sag W

W, W
WFig.P.3.7.7(a)
 3-24 Mech.
-I(PU)
Desig. of Over.
Power System conductor.
meterlength of
Volume oficeper = tt(d+ t) x 100 cm
Conductor

Ice coating

-d

Fig. P. 3.7.7(b)

100
. Volume of ice /meter = T X 1.27 X(2+ 1.27)x
3
= 1304.67 cm
conductor,
.. Weight of ice / meter length of
W, = 0.91 x 1304.67 = 1187.25 gm
= 1.187 kg
Wind force/ meter length of conductor,
W., = [wind pressure] x [(d + 2t) x 1001
=3.6 x [(2 + 2x 1.27) x 100)
= 1634.4 gm
=1.634 kg
.. Total weight of conductor / meter length,
W, =y(w+ W)+ (W,)'
V0.9+1.187)' +(1.634)
= 2.65 kg
W,I 2.65 x 300
Sag S=
8T 8x4500
S =3.626 m
Ex. 3.7.8 : kg, Spar
If weight ofconductor is 0.35 kg/m, maximum allowable strength is800colanery
length is 160 mand safety factor is 2. Find the minimum point of
Supports are at 70 m and 65 m.
Soln.:
Given :
Weight of conductor W= 0.35 kg/m
Maximum allowable strength = 800 kg
 3-25
n- I
System
(PU) Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. &
Under. Cab.
Factor of safety = 2
Power

T= 800 /2 = 400 kg
Span length = 160 m
70 m
Height of support A
65m
Height of supportB
find:Sag=? -l=1 80m

S1
70 m
65 m

Fig. P. 3.7.8

|between supports,
Difference inlevel
h =70m 65m = 5m
KË + X = l60m
2 2

W x Wx
Now Sag S, = 2T
and S, = 2T
2 2
Wx Wx
h =S- S, = 2T 2T

2
W
S =2T ( X-
S = (X1 - X) (X1+ x, )
5x2x 400
5x2T
(Xj X) = w(X +X) 0.35 (160)
= 71.43 m

71.43
X1 - Xy =
160
XË + Xy =
2x, = 231.43

X = 115.71 m
 3-26
Power System - I (PU) Mech.
160 -
Desig. of Over.
2
115.71 =44.28 m
S, = 2T (0.35 x115.71
2x 400
and S,
2

(0.35 x44.28)
=5.86 m
2T 2x 40O
Èx, 3.7,9: Àtransnmission line has a span of 120 mbetween
=0.85 m
inlevel
has a cross-sectional area of 3 cm The
tension thesupports, The
sag. Also calculate the vertical wiconduct o r
the specific gravity of the conductor is 9.9 gm/cm and
length, calculate the nd
sag. pres ure is 15
Soln. :
Span length, l = 120m
DllDec. 2010,8 Mar
Working Tension, T = 2000 kg
Wind force/length of conductor W, = 1.5 kg
Weight of conductor/m length,
W = Specific Gravity x Volume of
= 9.9 x3X 100 gm
Im conductor
= 2970 gm = 2.97 kg
Total weight of 1m length of conductor
W, =/w+w
V(2.97)' +(1.5) =3.327 kg
=w
3.327 x(120) m =2.9943 m
:. Sag, S 8T 8x 2000
This is the value of slant sag in a direction making an angle with the verticle.
the figure,
W
1.5
tan WJw =0.5050
2.97
9 = tan

= 26.796° W
W

.:. Vertical sag = Scos 0 Fig.P.3.7.9

= 2.9943 cos (26.79) = 2.6729 m.

 3-27 Mech. Desig. of Over. Lin. & Under. Cab.
stem
- I(PU)

overheadline conductor is 700 kg/km, The ultimate

weight fan factor js 2 and span length is 250 m, find: strength is
The safety
M.
3000Kg. (i) Total length of line between span
Sag ground at which conductor
should be supported if ground
Height above
required is 8 meters .ést PU- May 2011, 8 Marks
i ) clearance

700
tofconductor 700 kg/ km = 1000 =0.7 kg per meter.
Safety factor = 2
strength = 3000 kg;
ate Ground clearance = 8 m
250m;
ength = Ultimate Strength 3000
Working Tension = 1500 kg
Safety Factor 2

WL' 0.7 x(250) =3.645 m

Maximum sag S = 8T 8× 1500

conductor should be Supported = S+ clearance from ground

at which
=3.645 + 8

H =11.645 m
B

t..
S=3.645m

11.834m
8m

250m

Fig.P. 3.7.10
conductO
span of 180 between level suppots. Line
m
ransmission line has a
cm and it weighs 1 kg/m. If the breaking
orOSS-sectional area of 13 the maximum sag for a satery
Caculate projected
Conductor is 4000 ka/cm of 100 kg/m of the 6 Marks
pressure
factor of 4 Assumne a maximum wind PU- Dec, 2011,
Suriace
2
|= 120 m, 1.3 cm ,
2
d = 0.643 cm, B.S = 4000 kg/cm,
W W,= 10O kg/m
lkg/m, S.F=4,
 3-28 Mech. Desig. of
-1(PU)
PowerSystem
B.S4000=
4
1000
Over.LIn,
xProjectedarea=100 x([d] x 1)
Wa = W,
0.64) xl = 0.64kg/m
= 100x 100

+W=V1+0.64= 1.189 kg
W,
w,r L189 x(120) = 2.14 m
SagS = 8x 1000
8T

transmission line has a span of 150 mbetween Supports. The coniugo

Ex. 3.7,12: Across-sectional area of 2 cm The ultimate strength is 5000
a specific gravity of the material is 8.9 g/cm If the wind pressure
length of conductor, calculate the sag at the centre of conductor i
factor is 5. PUMay 2012, 8Mat
Solr. : Cross section area of conductor = 2.5 cm
;
Spamlength l= 150m Safetyfactor =5
strength = 5000 kg/em;
Ultimate
gm/cm Wind pressure=1.5 kg/m; S=?
Specific gravity ofmaterial =8.9
W =Conductor area x 100 cm x
Specific gravity
=2.225 kg
= 2.6x 100 x 8.9 = 2225 gm
Conductor area
Working tension = Working stress x
5000 x 2.5 =2500 kg

kg
Total W, = w+ w = V(2.225)+ (1.5)'= 2.68
W, (2.68) (150 60,300 = 3.015 m
Sag = 8T 8(2500) 20,000
Theconcueb
between level supports.2000kg.Ihe
Ex. 3.7.13 : Atransmission line has a span of 150 m conductor 0s pressues
has cross-sectional of2cm, The tension in the
gm/em and wind
specifio gravity of the conductor material is 9.9 Mart
calculate the sag. What is vertical sag ? 2013,8
1.5 kgimlength, 2012, May.
PU- Dec.
Soln.:
Span length l= 150 m, Working Tension T=2000 kg
Wind forcelm length of conductor, O, = 1.5 kg
weight of conductor/m length
 3-29 Mech. Desig. of
(PU) Over. Lin. & Under. Cab.
-
SSI•M

specific gravity >X

voltage of 1 mconductor
eower
100 = 1980 gm = 1.98 kg
9.9x2 x
=
m
length of conductor
1
'weightof
=V(1.98) +(1.5)
Total
=
lo+o?
2.48 kg
2.48 x (150)
8x 2000
S 8T
Sag Fig. P. 3.7.13
= 3.48 m

13.
P.3.7.
Fig.
Referto 1.5 =0.76 0 = 37°
tan
1.98
=3.48 × cos 37° = 2.77 m
Sag = S cos
V'ertical 200 meters, the line conductor weights 0.7 kg
overhead line has a span of in the
S7.14: An meter. Calculatethe maximum Sag. If the maximum allowable tension
per
1400 kg. Prove the formula used,
ine is 35.1.
derivationRefer section
t.:For = 0.7 kg/m
1= 200 m
T = 1400 kg
o 0.7 x(200 =2.5 m
Sag = 8T 8x 1400

conductor having parabolic configuration weighs

transmission line cm and an ultimate
strength
5: An overhead cross section 2.2
length, are of 15 m
L825kgper meter
erected between supports 600 mapart and having Supports
o 8000 kg/cm. Whendetermine the vertical sag from taller of the two due to
Linerence in height loaded
factor of safety shall be 5 with wire2014. 7 Marks
that
ustbe allowed so PU -Dec.
kg of ice per meter and no wind pressure.
B

Fig. P. 3.7.15
 Power System - I(PU) 3-30
Mech.
h = S,-S
Desig. of Over.
2
Sag, S,
Sag, S, = 2T h
2T

= 15 m
n.&hdex
Tension, T = Ultimate strength 8000
safety factor 5 =1600
= 600 m

h =
-) =2(K4+X)(K4 X)
1kg
From equation (ii)
1
15
2x 1600 o00 (x - X)
Az-K = 80 m
From Bquation (i) and (i)
X, = 340 m
X1 = 260 m
vertical sag, S, = S, Cos 0
Since, = 0°
S, = S, Cos 9
Cos = 1
Vertical sag S, = 2T = 2x 16O0
1x (260) = 21.125 m
2

2T
1x340x 340 = 36.125 m
2× 1600 ..AnS
3.8
Sag Template and
3.8.1 Sag Template :
Stringing Chart:
Before erecting a
of proposed route of
line.
transmission
line, initial planning is
required which consists ofsurve
This helps in drawing the
Use is made of estimated line
sag templates drawn to profile.
the
Asag
template is avery convenient way ofsame scaletheas the linein profile.
Sag template is locating towers the field.
As shown in Fig.prepared celluloid or tracing cloth.
on
3.8.1, the upper
curve (curve
The middle curve (curve B) represents a uniform vertical distance conductor.
the lineequaltothedesite
A) represents
minimum vertical clearance to
ground which depends on the line voltage.