IOT UT 2

Q1 Describe communication network layer.

⎯ The communication network layer refers to the infrastructure that allows IOT
device to connect & communicate with each other.

⎯ The communication layer is considered the backbone of IoT systems.

⎯ The communication network layer gets data from the perception layer and passes
it to the middleware layer using networking.

⎯ This layer is responsible for facilitating communication between the various IoT
devices and systems.

⎯ Communication network layer comprises several sublayers:

1. Access Network Sublayer: This sublayer deals with the connection between IoT
devices and the local network, often through technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, or cellular networks.

2. Gateways and Backhaul Sublayer: Gateways act as intermediaries between

different types of networks, protocols, and standards within the IoT ecosystem.

3. Network Transport Sublayer: This sublayer manages the movement of data

packets between devices and across networks, ensuring reliable and efficient
communication.

4. IoT Network Management Sublayer: It involves the management and monitoring

of the IoT network infrastructure, including device provisioning, security
management, firmware updates, and troubleshooting.

⎯ Following protocols are used in communication network layer: -

1. IPv4 Protocol: - Internet protocol version 4 is most popular protocol for internet
communication. It assigns a unique IP address to device so they can be identified
& communicate with each other. IPv4 has a length of 32bits.

2. IPv6 Protocol: - Internet protocol version 6 was developed to address the

limitation. The limitation of IPv4 by providing a larger address of 128bits address.
This allows unlimited addresses to connect to the internet.

3. 6LowPAN: - IPv6 over Low-power wireless personal area network. 6LowPAN is a

protocol developed mainly for IOT devices with low power and limited bandwidth
it allows devices to connect over IPv6 across a wireless network.
Q2 Describe IoT Network Management Sublayer
⎯ The IoT network management sublayer is responsible for IP, TCP, and UDP that
bring connectivity to IoT networks.

⎯ Upper-layer protocols are responsible for data transmission between smart

objects and other systems.

⎯ The IoT has five major components: Devices or Sensors, Gateway, Cloud,
Analytics, and User Interface.
Q3 Differentiate Analytics Vs. Control Applications
# Analytics Applications Control Applications
1 Look for patterns in data. To take actions based on data.
2 Use old and new data. Mainly use current data.
3 Suggest actions. Directly control devices.
4 Insights used over time. Instant actions based on data.
5 Complex analysis (like AI). Simple, direct commands.
6 Make predictions. Change device states.
7 Real-time data not always needed. Often needs real-time data.
8 For understanding and forecasting. For immediate device interaction.
9 Needs lots of data from devices. Focus on controlling devices.
Users look at reports. Users set up what it does.
10
Handles big data. Manages multiple devices.
11
Impacts how data is managed. Affects how devices are controlled.
12
Data privacy is key. Must be secure against misuse.
13
Data flows in for analysis. Commands flow out to devices.
14
Costs vary with data needs. Costs depend on control needs.
15
Connects to many data sources. Closely works with specific devices.
16
Measured by insight accuracy. Measured by how well it controls.
17
Uses AI for smarter insights. Getting smarter with automation.
18
Must keep data safe. Must keep operations safe.
19
Helps make business smarter. Makes operations more efficient.
20
Q4 Differentiate Data Analytics Vs. Business Benefits.
Data Analytics Business Benefits
Look at data for insights. Positive results for a business.
Understand data better. Improve the business.
Analyse data. Use insights to grow.
Find patterns in data. More sales, lower costs, happier customers.
How good the analysis is. How much the business improves.
Helps make smart choices. Decisions aim to boost success.
Can be ongoing or specific. Benefits can be seen quickly or grow over time.
Buying tools, hiring experts. Investments in growth strategies.
Risk of misinterpreting data. Risk of making wrong decisions.
Get useful info from data. Use info to grow and compete.
Know how to analyze data. Know how to make a business thrive.
Makes data understandable. Makes business stronger and competitive.
Adapts to new data and tech. Adapts to new business needs.
Basis for smart decisions. Leads to growth and success.
Finds new insights in data. Develops new ways to succeed.

Q5 What are Smart Devices? Explain with the industrial examples.

⎯ Smart devices are electronic gadgets that can understand simple commands and
help with daily tasks.

⎯ They are usually connected to other devices or networks through wireless

protocols.

⎯ Wireless protocols include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or Zigbee.

⎯ Smart devices can also collect, process, and transmit data.

⎯ The concept of smart devices interconnected and able to communicate with each
other is called the Internet of Things (IoT).

⎯ Smart devices can be used in many industries, including healthcare and smart
manufacturing.
⎯ They can help improve efficiency and optimize operations. For example, smart
devices can:
Q6 Describe IoT Application Transport methods.
1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
⎯ What it is: A lightweight messaging protocol for IoT.
⎯ How it works: Devices publish data to topics, and other devices subscribe to
those topics to receive data.
⎯ Ideal for: Sending small, frequent messages over low-bandwidth or unreliable
networks.
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
⎯ What it is: A standard protocol for web communication.
⎯ How it works: Devices send data to servers or cloud platforms using RESTful
APIs.
⎯ Ideal for: Device-to-cloud communication with familiar and standardized data
exchange.
3. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
⎯ What it is: A lightweight protocol for constrained IoT devices.
⎯ How it works: Devices communicate using RESTful methods over UDP or
SMS transport layers.
⎯ Ideal for: IoT deployments with resource-constrained devices and networks.
4. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):
⎯ What it is: A messaging protocol for message-oriented middleware.
⎯ How it works: Provides features like queuing, routing, and reliability.
⎯ Ideal for: IoT applications needing advanced messaging capabilities like
message persistence and complex routing.
5. WebSockets:
⎯ What it is: A protocol for full-duplex communication over a single TCP
connection.
⎯ How it works: Enables real-time, bidirectional communication between devices
and servers.
⎯ Ideal for: IoT applications requiring low-latency, continuous data streams.
6. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network):
⎯ What it is: A protocol for long-range IoT communication.
⎯ How it works: Devices communicate with gateways over long distances.
⎯ Ideal for: IoT applications needing long-range communication, like smart cities
and industrial monitoring.

Q7 What is SCADA? State its purpose.

⎯ SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

⎯ It's a system used in industrial settings to monitor and control processes and
equipment.
⎯ The main purpose of SCADA is to gather real-time data from sensors and
devices located at remote sites and then display this data to operators in a
centralized location.

⎯ Additionally, SCADA systems allow operators to control processes and

equipment remotely.

⎯ SCADA systems are used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing,

energy, and water treatment.

⎯ SCADA systems can also be used to automate some control tasks.

Q8 Describe Tunnelling Legacy SCADA over IP Networks.

Q9 What are different generic web-based protocols? Explain any one in detail.
1. REST/SOAP
2. HTTP
3. Websocket
4. XMPP
5. COAP
6. MQTT
7. AMQP

1. REST: -
⎯ It's an architectural style for designing networked applications.
⎯ RESTful systems use HTTP requests to perform operations like GET, POST,
PUT, and DELETE on resources,
⎯ typically using JSON or XML for data exchange.

2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): -

⎯ HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.
⎯ It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted between web servers and
clients,
⎯ it enabling the retrieval of resources such as HTML documents, images, and
videos.
3. WebSocket: -
⎯ WebSocket is a communication protocol that provides full-duplex, bidirectional
communication channels over a single TCP connection.
⎯ It enables real-time, interactive communication between a client and a server,
allowing for low-latency data exchange.

4. XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol): -

⎯ XMPP is a communication protocol for instant messaging and presence
information exchange.
⎯ It's XML-based and designed for extensibility, allowing for real-time messaging,
presence notifications, and other communication features.

5. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

⎯ CoAP is a lightweight and efficient protocol designed for resource-constrained
IoT devices.
⎯ It operates over UDP or SMS transport layers and supports RESTful methods for
communication, making it suitable for IoT deployments with limited resources.

6. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):

⎯ MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol commonly used in
IoT applications.
⎯ It's designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable networks,
⎯ making it ideal for scenarios where devices need to send and receive small
messages

7. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):

⎯ AMQP is a messaging protocol for message-oriented middleware.
⎯ AMQP supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging patterns.
⎯ It provides features such as message queuing, routing

→ Let's explain HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) in detail:

⎯ HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.

⎯ It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted between web servers and
clients.

⎯ Client-Server Model: HTTP follows a client-server model, where a client sends

requests to a server to retrieve web pages or resources.
⎯ Request-Response Cycle: The client sends an HTTP request to the server,
specifying the desired resource (e.g., a web page URL) and any additional
parameters. The server processes the request and sends back an HTTP
response.

⎯ Stateless Protocol: HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning that each request-

response cycle is independent and does not maintain any information about
previous interactions.

⎯ Methods: HTTP defines several request methods, or verbs, that indicate the
desired action to be performed on the server. The most common methods are
GET (retrieve a resource), POST (submit data to be processed), PUT (update a
resource), and DELETE (remove a resource).

⎯ Status Codes: HTTP responses include status codes that indicate the outcome of
the request. For example, a status code of 200 indicates success, while codes in
the 400 range indicate client errors (e.g., "404 Not Found"), and codes in the 500
range indicate server errors (e.g., "500 Internal Server Error").

Q10 Differentiate between CoAP and MQTT.

Absolutely, here's a simplified comparison between CoAP and MQTT with all 20
points presented in the same format:

Aspect CoAP MQTT

1. Device Type Best for small, low-power IoT Works for various IoT devices
devices
2. Like sending emails Similar to subscribing to newsletters
Communication
3. Transport Uses lightweight UDP Uses reliable TCP
4. Data Format Handles different data types Mostly uses a simple binary format
5. Reliability Works okay, not always reliable Can be more reliable with settings
6. Security Less focus on security features Can be securely set up
7. Scalability Works well for large IoT Widely scalable, used in many
deployments deployments
8. Connection Low due to lightweight protocol Slightly higher due to TCP setup
Overhead
9. Quality of Offers various levels of QoS Supports different QoS levels
Service
 10. Relatively simpler for constrained May be more complex for some
Implementation devices implementations
Complexity
11. Adoption Gaining popularity in IoT Widely adopted across IoT
applications
12. Messaging Request-response Publish-subscribe
Model
13. Protocol Application-layer Also application-layer
Type
14. Security Fewer security features Supports encryption and
Features authentication
15. Resource Handles resources well Handles messages efficiently
Handling
16. Message Direct communication Broker-based communication
Routing
17. Protocol Lightweight protocol Efficient for handling large volumes
Overhead
18. Retained Doesn't support retained Supports retained messages
Messages messages
19. Standardized by IETF Standardized by MQTT.org and
Standardization OASIS
20. Resource Supports built-in mechanisms Doesn't have built-in mechanisms
Discovery