Critical thinking

Have you made your own precept after you read this lesson? What is it? Share it with your friends.

= Precept is a rule or principle that we make to conduct our behaviour on the accordance of that. I also
had many precepts even before reading this lesson. The major precepts of my life are:

“Anything that happens, happens for good”,

“Always stay Positive”

“Believe in Karma rather than fate”

“What we are today is the result the choices we made yesterday, so we have to make choices wisely”

These some of the precepts which I don’t only think are ideal but also try to ideally follow it in my daily
behaviours.

b. According to Josh Lanyon, “If there was one life skill everyone on the planet needed, it was the
ability to think with critical objectivity.” Justify this statement with your logic.

= Critical Thinking is the biggest blessing that everyone wants. If someone has the skill to think creatively,
she/he is sure to get name/fame/ and money. Creativeness brings the most out of someone. It brings
newness, unqiueness and better ideas. From Handling any situations skilfully, communicate with people
in a logical manner, to writing books, stories that everyone likes and interested in, Creativity is the one
that matters.

Josh Lanyon has said this very finest quote which I personally liked very much. Creativity enables us to
more freely and innovatively examine and resolve issues. Creativity expands up your thinking. A
civilization that has lost touch with its creative side is a society in which generations may be closed. It
expands our prospects and may assist us to overcome obstacles.

In Nutshell, Creativity encourages group thinking.

Creativity fosters ideas.

Creativity promotes resilience.

Grammar

Question Tag

B. Rewrite the following sentences adding appropriate question tag.

a. Gill does not know Ann, Does he?

b. I’m very patient, Aren’t I?

c. They’d never met me before, had they?

d. Listen carefully, will you?

e. Let’s have a break, shall we?

f. Let us invite them, will you?

g. Hari used to live in France as a boy, didn’t he?

h. You’d better not take a hard drink, had you?

i. Sheep eat grass, don’t they?

j. Mr. Pande can speak nine languages, can’t he?

k. She’s finished her classes, hasn’t she?

l. She barely managed to reach the goal, did she?

m. Don’t let him swim in that pond, Will you?

n. There are lots of people here, aren’t there?

C. Read the following situations. What do you say in these situations? Use question tags.

a.The sky is full of cloud. You can see lightning and hear thunder.=It’s going to rain soon, isn’t it?

b.You want to pay the taxi fare but you are short by 100 rupees.=Shyam, you have to lend me Rs. 100,
haven’t you?

c.You have met a stranger at a party and you want to have a chat with him/her.=We will talk later, won’t
we?

d. You came out of the film hall with your friend. You enjoyed the film.=The film was very enjoyable,
wasn’t it?

e. You and your friend listened to a comedian on the stage and felt spellbound by his/her
performance.=He gave an excellent presentation, didn’t he?

f. You think your friend’s father has arrived from the US but you are not sure.=Your father has not arrived
from US, has he?

g. You think Susan will join the new job tomorrow but you are not sure.=Susan will go to her new job
tomorrow, won’t she?

h. Your friend’s hair looks too short. =You have got too short hair, haven’t you?

i.You want to go for a picnic with your friends in class.

=Let’s go to picnic, shall we?

j. You want permission from your father to go for a walk.=Let me go for a evening walk, will you?

Critical thinking

A.What changes have started to occur in Nepali families in recent days? What impacts will they bring
on the society? Discuss.

= In today’s families in Nepal, though patriarchy has it’s deep rooted presence, some changes have
started to roll out. Women are being independent. They are not only trapped in hope doing home
activities that were predetermined. Gender equality and equal rights are evolving in Nepal in gradual
pace. Every member of the family understands each other happily and may share an idea, the concept in
the family. Both men and women can control the household, their own country, in Nepali households.

At the past, marriages were organized by parents and all social traditions were followed. However,
today’s trend is totally different and young people in Nepali society decide their future independent and
marriage, particularly in universities and colleges, friend groups are active. The reason for rising the ratio
of divorce is because parents do not participate and adolescents have made mistaken decisions about
the wrong results.

In today’s development oriented families, Everyone in the family, male and female, has equal rights. The
tradition of living in joint family is barely prevails in Nepali society. Nowadays, young couples desire to
live with children, husbands and women in a nuclear family with full happiness, yet on the other hand
divorce is rapidly increasing in Nepal as a result of the nuclear family’s misunderstanding. The feeling of
selfishness has emerged out and people expect their Sensation to gratify nowadays.

The major advantage that a nuclear family has is a separate entity that is completely free of older
members’ supervision. The children in the nuclear family are closer to their parents and they may readily
talk to themselves about their concerns. People in a nuclear family can freely make their decisions and
set new regulations and rules for their little households. Nuclear families are financially stable enough to
live with their children in luxury. Women have a lot of time in the nuclear family to take care of their
children, but they also can control things as they like.

But on the other hand, You can’t receive support instantly in your emergency in a nuclear household.
Children cannot grow up with their grandparents as well as other family members and they do not
comprehend the culture and values of the family for this reason. A nuclear family is not helping, so
women must play several duties, such as cooking, babysitting, and so on, so it’s hard for them to take
care of themselves or manage their relationship with others. The husband and wife of a nuclear family
generally work, and their children are neglected and emotionally unsafe. They will start to feel lonely
when they go free. Housewives, in particular, may feel alone if no one speaks.

b. We see many elderly people in the elderly homes these days in Nepal. Some of them are
abandoned while others live there willingly. Do you think Nepali people are deviating from their
traditional culture? Give reasons.
=Majority of people in today’s society have lost their souls, promised to earn money to themselves. Our
desire for owning and enjoying material things creates this scenario. We weren’t as old, the elders were
respected, adored in a common family structure, were the apple of the eye. Now it’s all nuclear, family,
arms, theory of the single child. Happiness is the main motivation, as if we’re going to live forever.
Everything else is thrown away. This is the cause of the sad condition of seniors’ families’ ideals and the
culprits are western culture and materialistic views.

In nepali society, after greed, study reasons and industrialization is also the cause of sorry state of our
elderly people. People are busy at their work and jobs, have no time to take care for their old parents.
That is why Even parents do not will to stay with their offspring with the fear of being neglected. Nepali
people are not actually deviating from their traditional culture, but the time and busy work schedules
and desire of having a very small or nuclear family is the main cause of such state of older people in our
society.

Writing

A Write an essay on The Importance of Family.

Importance of Family

Family is defined as a group of one or more parents and their children living together as a unit. Family is
a valuable gift that god has given to us. Love, support, and a shared set of values are all provided by the
family. Each member of the family teaches and serves the others, and they participate in each other’s
pleasures and sorrows in life together. People grow in their families.

A child's family Is the single most significant impact on his or her development. Since their infancy,
children have relied on their parents and relatives to protect them and care for their basic necessities, as
well as to educate them. Families and parents are the first people a kid meets. In addition to providing
protection and identity, families instill values in all members, regardless of age. The family comes to the
rescue when a member of the family is insecure or in danger and needs assistance. He develops a sense
of self and a basis for the rest of his life as a result. This includes the familial values, which form the basis
for his personal moral code. Time spent with family teaches people the importance of love, gratitude,
and open communication.

Maintaining family customs also reinforces the significance of the bond between members of the family.
We call them “family traditions” because they’re events that families share on a regular basis. In addition
to creating a lifetime of memories, these events offer family members a greater feeling of belonging.
Every member of the family feels significant because of the connection that is formed.

In nutshell, God’s greatest gift to us is our family. On other words, it’s the first lesson in how to relate to
people. ‘Family’ has a great deal of meaning. In other words, it is feeling safe, having someone you can
rely on, and having someone with whom you can talk about your difficulties with. But it also entails
mutual respect and a shared sense of responsibility for others.

B. Some individuals believe that living in a nuclear family is preferable. Others believe that living with
extended relatives is preferable. What are your thoughts? Write an essay comparing and contrasting
the benefits and drawbacks of each.
=The ideal family is one that allows each family member to develop and have his or her own space,
appreciates ideas and views, believes in equality, and shares mutual respect and understanding. Of
course, every family has its unique set of problems. However, the family that overcomes all of this and
does not drag the problems are the ideal.

If members of a joint family or a nuclear family aren’t permitted to express themselves properly, they
may feel very lonely and a feeling of lack of freedom.

A nuclear family has its own set of disadvantages. At times, you may feel lost. Especially while parenting
small children without the assistance of parents or other family members. A combined family may be
more beneficial in this regard. But, before I form a judgment, I should note that, since a joint family has
many people, there may be many diverse views and conflicts.

There are many Joint family’s advantages. Children have a great time. Whenever you need it, you may
ask for help. Childs learn moral values from elder people. There are enough people in your life to take
care of. It makes reduction in workload.

On the other hand, Young couples have less alone time. Everything is a family affair, therefore it’s
unusual to see a couple out and about on their own. Their schedules for domestic chores may vary.

Overwhelming amounts of unwelcome advice leave little room for experimentation. The rules are
enforced with more rigor. Last but not least, there is the issue of money. As long as the family’s income is
derived from a shared source, it is OK. It is tough to manage finances if everyone earns differently. Either
the high-income individual has to pay more, or the quality of life for him/her would be much lower if
everyone paid equally.

So, to summarize my opinion, it depends on who makes up the family. Members must be patient with
one another. There are happy nuclear families as well as happy joint families.

Grammar
 Modal verbs

Use should – when 80% Chances are there

Use Might – when 50% chances are there

Use would – for conditional statements

Use must – used for present and future reference to express obligation, give orders and give advice.

Use could – when there is a option

B. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

a. ‘How much was your parking ticket?’ ‘Fifty rupees.’ ‘Oh well, it could have been worse.’
i. Could have
ii. Must have
iii. Should have
b. It might have got lost in the post. These things happen sometimes.
i. Can’t have
ii. Might have
iii. Must have
c. ‘Sorry I’m late. I got delayed at work.’ You could have called. I was really worried about you
i. Must have
ii. Could have
iii. Would have

d. ‘I don’t think he meant to be rude.’ ‘He must have said sorry.’

i. Must have
ii. Might have
iii. Would have

e. ‘Whose signature is this?’ ‘I don’t know. It could be Manoj’s. That looks a bit like an M.’
i. Must
ii. Could
iii. Should

f. I had it when I left the office so I must have lost it on the way to home.
i. Mustn’t have
ii. Must have
iii. Should have

g. You might think it’s funny, but I think it’s pathetic.

i. Might
ii. Should
iii. Could
C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate endings. Use correct modal verbs.

Example:

She could be a doctor; however……… ,=She could be a doctor however she preferred to be an advocate.

a. At the end of the course, students must submit their assignments.

b. If you want to earn a lot of money, you should work hard for smarter things.
c. You were not in your house yesterday. You might have been with your friends for movie.
d. I’m quite busy tomorrow. I could not join you on morning walk.
e. When you were a small kid, you might be notorious.
f. My car is broken. I might buy a new one.
g. I’ve got a fast speed internet at home. I should not misuse it for unnecessary things.
h. Even though she didn’t study well, she might have passed the exam.
i. There are plenty of newspapers in the library. You can pick one if you want.
j. What do you think you were doing, playing in the road? You could be hurt on a accident.
k. I have no time. I could not waste more time anymore.
l. You don’t look well. You might be delirious.

Critical thinking

A.“Every match is a new opportunity. Put its failure behind you and start over again.” Does this apply
to the Italian football team when we analyse their performance from their failure to qualify for the
World Cup Football to their victory in the European Championship in these four years?

= Italy is constantly improving and investing more in the enhancement of its football team. Though they
had faced many challenges, digested many defeats, we can say that they are constantly improving
themselves and now the football culture in Italy is second to none.

The Italian football team pushed on with specific goals in mind, erasing any lingering differences. Within
the past four years, this team seemed optimistic. The team’s players and coach kept up their efforts to
win the championship trophy. They understand the importance of player development.Many losses have
befallen the Italian football squad in the last few years. The coach Roberto Mancini was the driving force
behind this team’s triumph. He provided excellent leadership throughout the course of those four years.
They were all masters in management, strategic planning, and physical treatment. They were successful
in the upper divisions of the national football leagues because of their dedication and sense of
camaraderie. Most of their national matches went their way, and they even qualified for the World Cup.
The members of this squad were all top- notch professionals.

The strategy of this team was continuously evolving. It was a long and difficult journey for the whole
team to reach their goal of becoming champions. They continued on their path full of energy and
passion, free of any sense of regret. For them, every game was a chance to try something new. After
each battle, they honed their skills and tactics.
B.When a team plays in a home ground, it gets a huge support from the audience in the stadium. Does
this support them to win the match or the players may feel pressure to win and thus lose? What do
you think?

=Yes, the players benefit much from this. Players like the opportunity to compete in front of their own
fans, who provide constant encouragement and motivation throughout the game. On the field, the
audience’s encouragement of the team members means a great deal to them. The games take place in a
more intimate setting, with a more supporting crowd. However, the players may also encounter
unexpected outcomes in the course of the games.

There is no way to predict the outcome of a game. Players may even feel pressured to play their home
games in front of their adoring fans. Because they don’t want to disappoint their fans, players avoid
losing in front of them. They are anxious about the outcome of the match. In their home stadium, they
have a lot of pressure to win against their rivals. When they first begin to play, they make a lot of
blunders because they are scared. As a result, they lose games and are criticized by both their supporters
and the media.

Writing

A.Correct the punctuation marks of the following text.

=A lot of people try to get away from home for a few days each year for a holiday. There are lots of
things to choose from, and where you go depends on how much money you’ve got to spend. Ideas for
holidays include relaxing on a beach, exploring cities, and skiing. One man wanted to go to Australia but
thought he’d never have enough money to get there. He’d go to his brother’s caravan at the seaside
instead. A young woman wanted to go clubbing in Ibiza as she’d heard it was a lot of fun.

B.Write a news story based on the given information.

Argentina beats Brazil in the COPA America Cup.

By Reuters

July 10th, Rio de Janeiro: Argentina’s first major championship in 28 years is secured on Saturday because
of Angel Di Maria’s goal which gave them a 1-0 victory against Brazil. The 15th Copa America title is now
in Argentina’s hands.

Lionel Messi’s first medal in an Argentina shirt after more than a decade of club and individual awards
was a remarkable incident in the match. On his maiden appearance in the Copa, Di Maria opened the
scoring when he came on as a substitute in the second half.

After the goal, Brazil’s players were put under even more strain. After the first half, the second half of the
game seemed to be rather exciting. However, despite Brazil fielding a five-man forward line in the second
half and playing aggressively against Argentina’s De Paul-covered defense, they were unable to score a
goal.
From the beginning to the end, it seemed as though Brazil had no other alternatives. Argentina used
skills to defeat Brazil.

C. We can see many countries competing to host the great international sport events like the World
Cup Football. But, there are arguments that hosting an event like World Cup Football can have more
problems than benefits. What do you think? Write your arguments in favour or against hosting an
international sport event in about 500 words.

= Every coin has two sides. We can argue in both verses. Organizing Games has many advantages.

Sports events have a significant impact on infrastructure development in the host cities. This includes
improvements to transportation systems and accommodation facilities; swimming pools; communication
systems; new sports stadiums; and more. Because of ticket sales and other income sources like
broadcast rights, the host country obtains millions of dollars. Tourists are encouraged to visit the host
country, which generates more foreign currency. Consequently, the worldwide prestige of the host
country improves and rises as a consequence of this.

In addition to boosting tourism, these events provide locals with employment opportunities.
Encouragement from home supporters helps the players to do well in football matches as well.

With this in mind, there are several negatives to hosting a large event. The customary routines of the
locals are thrown off. People may be forced to abandon their houses if the government seizes their land
for the event. If the locals are against the event, the host country may have to pay a lot of money to host
it. It might even affect the culture and also bring environmental pollution.

Grammar

Countable = few

UnCountable = little

2,3 Things = Use Each

More than 3 Things =Use every

Each = Object, people, things

Every = Group of People/time

B. Complete the following sentences with much, many, few or little.

a. He is an introvert. He has got very few friends.

b. I am busy preparing for my examinations. I have very little time to give to you.

c. The entire winter season was dry this year. We had little rain.

d.Our town has almost been modernized. There are few old buildings left.
e. You can come today. I haven’t got much to do.

f. The party was crowded. There were too many people.

g.How many photographs did you take while you were in Switzerland?

h. There was little traffic so I came in time.

i. Can I borrow a few books from you?

j. Mohan can’t be a good teacher. He has little patience.

C. Put each or every in the following sentences.

a. The party split into three factions, each faction headed by a former prime minister.

b. Leap years occur every four years.

c. We had a great time in Singapore. We enjoyed every minute of our time.

d. I could catch the main idea of his speech but I didn’t understand each of his words.

e. In Nepal, every motorcycle rider should wear a helmet.

f. You must read each of these books for the exam.

D. Rewrite the following sentences using all of, most of, none of, both of or some of.

a. Your garden is superb. All of the flowers are beautiful.

b. Do you know Bharat and Kamal? Of course, both of them are my friends.

c. I bought a box of apples thinking it would be cheaper but I was mistaken most of them were rotten.

d. When I was in the town, I asked some people for directions but none of them were able to help me. I
had to call my friend.

e. We all were soaked in the rain because none of us had carried an umbrella.

f. My father is healthy in his seventies but he feels isolated because most of his friends are dead now.

g.All of the tourists are not Chinese, some of them are Korean too.

E.. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete the sentences.

a. Give me the money I owe you. (which/the/a/an)

b. I want a boat which would take me to the island. (the/an/those/a)
c. Could you pour me some water, please? (many/few/these/some)
d. . Only a few employees know how important the project was. (a few/a little/little/few)
e. He was looking for an umbrella. (an/a/those/these)
f. A large amount of water was evaporated due to excessive heat. (A large number of/ A lot of/ A
large amount of/Many)
Critical thinking

a. Is the hyperloop the future of transportation or just a dream? What do you think? Justify your
opinion with suitable reasons.

=Basically, Hyperloop is a conceptual transport system in which passengers are loaded into pods and
fired through vacuum tubes all at a supersonic speed. Hyperloop isn’t just about speed; it also aims to be
environmentally friendly.

The concept just like of Hyperloop is not new though. Pneumatic tubes for the parcel, mail, and money
transfers found widespread acceptance in the 19th century and are still used at supermarkets, postal
sorting stations, and banks today. Hyperloop’s concept resembles the pneumatic mail delivery systems.
Even flying on the air seemed to be impossible on past days but now travelling via air is common for us.
So no one can say that it’s not possible because everything which was a dream once, is reality now.

In conclusion, we can see that Hyperloop may become the future of transportation systems worldwide. If
this becomes a reality, even though it is not expected for decades, there will be an immense impact on
ordinary people’s lives. Apart from the convenience and the green impact, we can also hope for
economic success.

However, despite the immense promise, new technologies take time, and will be a while until we can
travel in a pod inside a sealed tube with a sound only as loud as a gentle ‘SWOOSH.’

b. The number of private vehicles is increasing day by day in Nepal beyond the capacity of our
infrastructure. What do you think should be done to curb the ever-growing number of private
vehicles? Discuss.

=The number of private vehicles is increasing day by day in Nepal beyond the capacity of our
infrastructure and is outpacing the country’s infrastructure. The number of Nepalese who own personal
cars is steadily increasing. Despite the fact that it eases their day to day life, its causing great
environmental loses. Private vehicles should be prohibited since their widespread usage degrades the
environment and increases emissions of hazardous gases that will create major problems in the future.
To control this critical situation some safety measures had to be taken.

The best approach is to discourage people from opting to buy cars. This can be effectively done by
increasing toll fare for cars and by devising a system of progressive taxation on cars. The system can have
an upper limit on the number of cars owned per family and the rate of tax on each car can be increased
as the number of cars bought keep rising.

But these efforts would be meaningless unless they are accompanied by measures to encourage people
to use public transport by revamping the dismal public transit system in Nepal. More buses need to ply
during rush hour and the buses must be made more comfortable (by using better cushions, air
conditioning, better suspension, etc…). Punctuality and reliability of public transport systems must be
upheld. Cleanliness and hygiene must be kept in mind while maintaining bus and train stations.
The above approaches must be complemented with efforts to change the false notion the using public
transport is contemptible. The best weapon to deal with this is to make public transport as dignified and
pleasant as possible.

Grammar

B. Rewrite the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.

A. The invitation is for one person. I don’t mind whether you or she (come) to the party.

=The invitation is for one person. I don’t mind whether you or she comes to the party.

B. Neither the MPs nor the Prime Minister (have) felt regret for the party split.

=Neither the MPs nor the Prime Minister has felt regret for the party split.

C. I don’t care whether he or she (win) the lottery.

=I don’t care whether he or she wins the lottery.

D. Either the Kantipur or the Republica (be) used for the advertisement.

=Either the Kantipur or the Republica is used for the advertisement.

E. She speaks in a strange accent. Neither I nor my sister (understand) her.

=She speaks in a strange accent. Neither I nor my sister understands her.

F. I forgot whether the singers or the actress (be) given the Film Fair Award last year.

=I forgot whether the singers or the actress was given the Film Fair Award last year.

G. Neither the tracksuit nor the pajamas (fit) me perfectly.

=Neither the tracksuit nor the pajamas fit me perfectly.

H. Neither the gas fire nor the electric heaters (be) suitable for room heating.

=Neither the gas fire nor the electric heaters are suitable for room heating.

C. This passage contains the agreement errors. Correct the subjects or verbs that don’t agree with
each other. Remember to use present tense in your corrections.

•Corrected Passage:
Within the state of Arizona, Rob, along with his family, moves frequently from city to city. After his
arrival, one of his first tasks was to find an apartment close to work, as he did not have a car. Usually,
there are many different places to choose from, and he considers cost, location, and luxury. If one
apartment has a washing machine and dryer and costs four hundred dollars a month, he prefers to rent
it over another apartment which has significantly less rent and is located two blocks from a Laundromat.
Rob’s family never wanted to live in an apartment on the thirteenth floor, since all of them fear heights.
He also tried to choose an apartment with a landlord recommended by former tenants. Everybody
knows that it is important to find a responsible landlord. Rob and his wife love to cook together when
both are free, so they need a spacious, well-equipped kitchen. Rob often looks for a place with an air
conditioner because there are so many scorching days and nights in Arizona. Whenever Rob finds a new
apartment, all of his concerns disappear. He felt relieved and called his mother. Someone understands!

Critical Thinking

a. APJ Abdul Kalam became a renowned aerospace scientist in his later life. Do you find any
association of his childhood days in shaping his career? Explain with specific instances from
the text.

=APJ (Avul Pakir Jainulabdeeni) Abdul Kalam is a well-known aerospace scientist of India. He became a
famous aerospace scientist because he was inspired and motivated by the explanation of the flight
dynamics of birds practically given by his teacher Sivasubramania lyer in his school. There is the great
associations of his childhood days in shaping his career. He was a keen student of mathematics and
always scored full marks in it. He also scored full marks in Science in his study time. Beside this he would
take extra classes of mathematics at his teacher’s home. He kept himself always busy in solving complex
number problems. The most impressing thing to him was the practical lecture of his teacher
Sivasubramania lyer. He, along with his friends, was taken to the seashore of Rameswaram to have a
practical demonstration on flight dynamics of the birds. The real teaching of his teacher had left him an
influential remarks. He learnt how birds could fly using their wings and tails in a proper balance. When
he learnt flight systems of the birds he was determined to study flight dynamics and following every
steps suggested by his teacher, and hence he became an aerospace scientist.

b. Kalam mentions an instance of discrimination against him in his school life. What picture of
society does he want to depict by mentioning the incident? Discuss.

=In his memoir, he mentions a sad event of religious discrimination in his school. His new teacher
showed his discriminating behaviour when he saw a Muslim boy (Abdul) and a Hindu boy (Rameswaram)
sitting together in a same bench in the classroom. Rameswaram Sastry was an intimate friend of him
belonging to Hindu community. Abdul was ignorant about the religious discrimination between Hindu
and Muslim. During the time, there was extreme religious discrimination between Hindu and Muslim.
The behaviour of the new teacher was a true picture of the then society. He could not digest the
friendship between a Hindu boy and a Muslim boy, so he forbaded Abdul to sit close to his Brahmin
friend. Abdul was totally upset by this behaviour. By this incident, Abdul wants to show the picture of the
society that was parted between two sects – Hindu and Muslim. Few people denied such divisions, but
most of the people, including educated people believed in partition.

Writing

A. Write a short autobiography featuring your childhood life using following guidelines:

Date and place of birth, Family Background, Daily Life, School life, Special event of childhood days, etc.

=I was born on June 25, 2006 in Bharatpur. I belonged to a middle Class family. My y mother is a
housewife and father worked in a lab. It is Our Source of income. My Parents used to manage
everything with that earnings. My daily life is very Simple. It began with my mother gently shaking me
awake Very early in in morning, before Sunrises. I had to prepare myself for my morning class. I was
thought to have been weak in Account 4. So I used to go to my account sir home for extra class. He
helped me to learn it easily. I I would would run back to home when my tution over. My mother would
have a hot meal ready. I would eat and ready for my School. My School days was very wonderful. I had
studied in Ratna Mitra Shikshya Sadan. Except books, we used to spend our time Playing with friends,
Shaving Snacks.. and Poking at each other.

One day, my father Came home with a renowned Political teader and his friends. When he talked to
us, I didn’t Comprehend his utterance. However, his. Fluency and body language were amazing. Before
leaving, he handed some books to me. All of them are about the leaders from different Parts of the
world. Those books are still in my room. He Visited our house 3-4 times. My Father told me several
inspiring things About him and his great work.

Grammar

A. Study the following sentences and underline the connectives.

a. Although she spoke very fast, I understood what she meant to say.
b. Inspite of her hard labour, she failed her exam.
c. Though he had all the required qualifications, he did not get the job.
d. Despite having all the qualifications, he did not get the job.

B. Join the following pairs of sentences twice, using although/though/even though and
despite/in spite of as in the example.
a. He is a millionaire. He lives in a simple house.
– Although he is a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
– Despite of being a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
b. The weather was extremely bad. The pilot landed the plane safely.
– In spite of extremely bad weather, the pilot landed the plane safely.
– Although the weather was extremely bad, the pilot landed the plane safely.
c. We study in the same college. We hardly see each other.
– Despite studying in the same college, we hardly see each other.
 – Although we study in the same college, we hardly see each other.
d. It rained heavily. We enjoyed our holiday.
– Although it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
– In spite of the heavy rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
e. I had an umbrella. I got wet in the rain.
– Despite having an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.
– Although I had an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.

f.
I was really tired. I could not sleep for a moment.
– Although I was really tired, I could not sleep for a moment.
– I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
g. She has a very good accent in English. She failed the interview of a newsreader.
– Despite having a very good accent in English, she failed the interview of a
newsreader.
– Although she has a very good accent in English, she failed the interview of a
newsreader.
h. Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter. Millions of tourists go there in January.
– Millions of tourists go to Lhasa in January, even though it has extremely cold
weather in winter.
– Despite having extremely cold weather in winter, millions of tourists go to
Lhasa in January.
i. He was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match. He was victorious in the
third round.
– In spite of being badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was
victorious in the third round.
– Although he was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was
victorious in the third round.
–
C. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way.
a. He passed the exam although he hadn’t prepared well.
b. She climbed the mountain in spite of her leg injury.
c. He did not give any alms to the beggars even though he earned a lot.
d. In spite of his poor eyesight, he is conducting online courses.
e. She does not go to parties, though she is very sociable.
f. He could not pass the test, in spite of his ten attempts.
g. He refused to eat anything despite having an appetite.
h. He could not score goods grades in the SEE exams in spite of his hard with private
coaching.
i. She accepted the job although she couldn’t meet her salary expectation.
j. Even though we had planned everything carefully, we could not complete our mission.

Critical thinking
 a. Some business houses, shops and department stores in city areas have started to adopt QR
code payment systems in Nepal, too. What should be done to make it more accessible?
Discuss.

=The Covid-19 pandemic has immensely boosted the Scan and Pay service through the QR code in Nepal
too. People being concerned with their hygiene are supporting the contactless payment system. Evolving
digital payment service providers like Fonepay, IMEPay, Khalti, QPay, and SmartQR also encourage QR
code payment by offering their users Scan and Pay services.

QR code payment systems can play an impactful role in changing informal sectors into the formal
economy. However, Nepal needs to tackle challenges in many infrastructural and behavioural traits
before reaching the full potential of e-payment. The lack of interoperability is another major issue for a
stable digital payment service. Rapid growth in several PSOs and PSPs may result in an imbalance in the
ecosystem of the digital economy. To avoid this hurdle, a unified payment switch is necessary.

QR code payment can be a vital factor in uplifting Nepal’s digital economy. The government giving more
priority to digital payment systems and the central bank to promote this system can be a head start for
QR code payment.

Mass awareness campaigns and promotional events can also influence this transition. Infrastructural
development like high-speed internet connection and wider user accessibility must be considered.
Payment service providers, payment service operators, bank and financial institutes, and traders should
work together to bring interoperability to their digital payment services.

b. The payments landscape is shifting gears from cash to digital mode. Digital payment brings
ease and convenience to the consumer. Is it possible to apply such cashless methods in
payments in Nepal? Discuss.

=It’s hard but not impossible to apply Digital payment system in Nepal. Nepal needs to tackle challenges
in many infrastructural and behavioural traits before reaching the full potential of e-payment. The
number of internet users is impressively growing but still not enough to process an established digital
economy.

QR code payment systems can play an impactful role in changing informal sectors into the formal
economy. The government giving more priority to digital payment systems and the central bank to
promote this system can be a head start for QR code payment.

Mass awareness campaigns and promotional events can also influence this transition. Infrastructural
development like high-speed internet connection and wider user accessibility must be considered.
Payment service providers, payment service operators, bank and financial institutes, and traders should
work together to bring interoperability to their digital payment services.

The ultimate goal should be offering a one-stop solution for the consumers to access all sorts of e-
payment services, including QR code payment.
Writing

A. Punctuate this paragraph with appropriate punctuation marks.

=It was a cold freezing day, it had been snowing all day in New York. Mr. Tim cooked and I went outside
to play in the snow. We had not seen much snow since we went skiing in Sweden last year. Mrs. Smith
was right because she had said that we’d see snow. The next day we had really a wonderful time there,
didn’t we?

B. Write a news article about digital payment systems in Nepal.

Digital Payment Systems in Nepal

Digital payment is gaining momentum due to social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. The
evolution of digital payment platforms and increasing consumers’ preference towards e-payment secures
a bright future for online payment in Nepal.

What is Digital Payment?

Digital Payment is definitely growing in popularity and is becoming a trend these days. The reason is
simple – convenience. In the era when businesses are shifting online, why not transactions!

Major Use of Digital Payment System in Nepal:

You can find QR codes in various good and service sectors like departmental stores and small shops, and
many banks and financial institutes (BFIs). You can make payments in supermarkets via a QR code
scanner using a digital wallet. Local vendors and shops are also using QR codes for quick payment. Fruits
and vegetable markets also feature digital payments for grocery shopping.

According to a report by the Nepal Rastra Bank, the number of digital transactions from mid-December
2020 to mid-January 2021 was 372,176. Similarly, the transactional amount was Rs 1.245 billion. The
next month, the number of transactions increased to 535,790 and the amount to Rs 1.712 billion,
suggesting a clear rise in the use of digital payment.

Future and Challenges:

Switching to any e-payment services like QR code will be a long-running process. PSOs like eSewa have
been offering QR payment services without charging any additional fee during transactions to encourage
such platforms. This generation has access to different media that can raise awareness of digital payment
significance, so the numbers of users is expected to grow in the future rapidly but still not enough to
process an established digital economy. The lack of interoperability is another major issue for a stable
digital payment service.

Conclusion:

QR code payment can be a vital factor in uplifting Nepal’s digital economy. The government giving more
priority to digital payment systems and the central bank to promote this system can be a head start for
QR code payment. The ultimate goal should be offering a one-stop solution for the consumers to access
all sorts of e-payment services, including QR code payment.
Grammar

A. Look at the following questions and say what type of questions they are.

a. Do you like this country? -Yes/No Question

b. Where is she from?-Wh Question
c. How many eggs do we need for this cake?-Wh Question
d. Whose children are playing in the yard?-Wh Question
e. Does she like ice cream or sweets?-Choice Question
f. She sent him an invitation, didn’t she?-Tag Question
g. Could you tell me if the doctor is available?-Indirect Question
h. Do you know how tall they are?-Yes/No Question

B. Choose the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.

a. Is your friend a scientist? – No, he’s an artist.

b. Does Naresh live in Kathmandu? – No, he lives in Pokhara.

c. When did you get home? – I got home yesterday.

d. What time do you get up? – I get up at 6:00.

e. Did the children go to the part? – Yes, they went there after school.

f. Are you going to school? – No, I’m going home.

g. Can you speak Chinese? – Just a little.

h. Where did you grow up? – I grew up in Okhaldhunga.

C. Make wh-questions so that the words in bold become the answer.

a. Romeo loves Juliet.

=Whom does Romeo love?

b. My mother made a delicious bread yesterday.

=What did your mother make yesterday?

c. The music was composed by Narayan Gopal.

=Who composed the music?

 d. I’m looking for a new book.

=What are you looking for?

e. They were talking about the new movie.

=What were they talking about?

f. She got the idea from a story.

=Where did she get the idea?

g. She always goes to school on foot.

=How does she go to school?

h. She sometimes goes to the cinema.

=How often does she go to the cinema?

i. They have been waiting for three years.

=How long have they been waiting for?

D. Change these indirect questions into direct ones.

a. Could you tell me where the Market Street is?

Where is Market Street?

b. I’m longing to know what time the bank opens.

What time does the bank open?

c. Do you have any idea how he’s managed to get in shape so quickly?

How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?

d. I’d like to know how much this motorcycle costs these days.

How much does this motorcycle cost these days?

e. Did you notice if he had left the car in the park?

Had he left the car in the park?

f. Have you found out if the train has left?

Has the train left?

g. I was wondering if they speak English well.

Could they speak English well?

h. Would you tell us how we can get to the post office from here?
How can we get to the post office from here?

i. Do you remember if I locked the front door?

Did I lock the front door?

Critical thinking

a. Do you agree that ‘the couples, who laugh together, stay together?’ Is it important for married
couples to have the same sense of humour? Why?

Yes, I agree with the statement that “the couples, who laugh together, stay together.” A sense of humour
is an attractive trait. There is abundant cross cultural evidence that shows that being funny makes you
more desirable as a mate. Simply having a funny bond doesn’t mean you two are the perfect match –
apparently being able to laugh at the same things makes your partnership even stronger. A good sense of
humour makes a person more attractive. Laughter is called the best medicine not without a reason, and
this holds true for couples who might be going through stressful times. Studies have proved time and
again how laughter helps release feel-good hormones that help to relieve stress. So, it’s important for
married couples to share good laughter and have the same sense of humour whenever they find
themselves bogged down by trouble.

b. Some people believe that sometimes crying is good for health. Do you believe it? Give your
reasons.

Crying is a natural response humans have to a range of emotions, including sadness, grief, joy, and
frustration. Yes I believe that crying is good for health. Medical benefits of crying have been known as far
back as the Classical era. Thinkers and physicians of ancient Greece and Rome posited that tears work
like a purgative, draining off and purifying us. Today’s psychological thought largely concurs, emphasizing
the role of crying as a mechanism that allows us to release stress and emotional pain. When we cry, we
let out tons of emotions that allow our body and mind to reboot after you release all those emotions.
Crying is particularly important during periods of grieving. It may even help to process and accept the
loss of a loved one. People often report feeling better after they cry. That could be because crying forces
us to pay attention to what triggered us and work through our emotions and thoughts. Crying might also
help in understanding what’s important to us, especially if we cry over something that upset us
unexpectedly. By this we can say that crying is an essential form of relief and hence it is good for health
too.

Writing

Write a description of your favorite Comedian explaining his/her Personality, Acting,Performance and
uniqueness.
Brahmanandam, the iconic Indian comedian, is a maestro of humor who has left an indelible mark on
the world of entertainment. His personality exudes warmth and affability, making him a beloved figure
among fans. With an infectious charm, he effortlessly connects with audiences, creating an environment
where laughter becomes second nature.

His acting prowess is a testament to his versatility. Whether portraying a quirky sidekick, a stern father-
in-law, or a bumbling bureaucrat, Brahmanandam flawlessly adapts to his characters, bringing them to
life with a finesse that few can match. His performances are a rollercoaster of emotions, with each
expression and gesture meticulously crafted to extract maximum comedic impact.

When it comes to his on-stage presence, Brahmanandam is a powerhouse of energy. His performances
are a symphony of impeccable timing, delivering punchlines with precision that resonates with diverse
audiences. The synergy between his expressions, dialogue delivery, and physical comedy is a spectacle
that keeps viewers eagerly anticipating the next comedic revelation.

What truly sets Brahmanandam apart is his uniqueness. His comedic style transcends cultural
boundaries, appealing to a wide spectrum of viewers. Whether it’s through witty one-liners, slapstick
humor, or ingenious situational comedy, Brahmanandam has mastered the art of making people laugh.
His ability to find humor in the ordinary and turn mundane situations into comedic gold reflects a genius
that is truly unparalleled.

In the grand tapestry of comedy, Brahmanandam stands as a luminary, weaving threads of laughter into
the fabric of entertainment. His legacy is not merely in the countless laughs he has elicited but in the
enduring impact he has had on the comedy genre, leaving an everlasting imprint on the hearts of those
fortunate enough to experience his comedic brilliance.

Grammar

C. Put the frequency adverbs in appropriate place and rewrite the following sentences.

a. I forget to do my homework. (sometimes)

Sometimes I forget to do my homework.

b. My father has touched an alcoholic drink in his life. (never)

My father has never touched an alcoholic drink in his life.

c. My father goes for a walk on Saturdays. (often)

My father often goes for a walk on Saturdays.

 d. We go to the movie theatre. (occasionally)

We occasionally go to the movie theatre.

e. My brother is in America. He telephones us. (from time to time)

My brother is in America. He telephones us from time to time.

f. My mother gets up at five o’clock. (always)

My mother always gets up at five o’clock.

g. He does not like alcoholic drinks but takes some wine. (now and then)

He does not like alcoholic drinks but now and then takes some wine.

h. I drink my tea with milk. (generally)

Generally, I drink my tea with milk.

i. Have you been to Agra? (ever)

Have you ever been to Agra?

j. The restaurant hours vary as it is booked for special events. (frequently)

The restaurant hours vary frequently as it is booked for special events.

Critical thinking

a. If you happen to be in Japan someday, will you collect articles from sodaigomi? Why or why
not?

Yes, I would have collected articles from sodaigomi if I happen to be in Japan someday. I live in the
country where people only buy the new things after it gets old, damaged and unable to function
properly. So, living in Japanese culture, following the sodaigomi tradition is not of my kind. It is painful to
go from the world to one in which we didn’t have any household goods, couldn’t bring ourselves to buy
the overpriced new ones in the store – and then saw heaps of clean, new-looking merchandise just
sitting on the street. By picking up items form sodaigomi, I would save a lot of money and would live a
good life. So, definitely I will collect articles from sodaigomi instead of going for the new one.

b. There are some second hand shops in Nepal, too. But, people are not much interested in
them. What practice would be suitable in managing second hand items in Nepal?

=Some consumers love buying and selling second-hand items due to cost-effectiveness, as well as ethical
and environmental benefits. But many of the peoples if Nepal are not much interested in them. So to
encourage second hand shopping in Nepal following things should be considered.

1. Second hand shops should partner with the brands that sell well, and provide assistance
for consignors on what products and what brands are best to consign with.

2. A realistic price should be kept by starting with the original value of the newly
manufactured item, and then reducing it in accordance with wear and tear and extent of
usage.

3. Providing additional support, such as offering consignment consultations with advice on

pricing, photographing, and shipping items can encourage more people to buy and sell
on these shops.

4. Second hand stores have vibrant social media followings and it should work toward
getting out to as many people as possible.

Writing

A.Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) in garbage management.

3Rs – Reduce, Reuse & Recycle

The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called the “3Rs.”
Basically, it is a sequence of steps on how to manage waste properly. Reducing means choosing to use
things with care to reduce the amount of waste generated. Reusing involves the repeated use of items or
parts of items which still have usable aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. The
three R’s all help to cut down on the amount of garbage we throw away. They conserve natural
resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three R’s save land and money communities must use to
dispose of waste in landfills. Siting a new landfill has become difficult and more expensive due to
environmental regulations and public opposition.
B.Garbage management is a big problem in most of the cities in Nepal. Write a letter to the editor to
be published in the daily newspaper suggesting the ways of ‘Solving Garbage Problems.’

12/24 Amritnagar Tole,

Kalanki, Kathmandu

26th Jan, 2021

To the Editor,

The Kathmandu Post

Sub : Regarding the news coverage about ‘Solving Garbage Problems’.

Dear Sir,

I would be grateful if you allow a little space in your widely circulated and popular newspaper. In order to
draw the attention of the general public as well as the concerning authority of the government to the
problem of garbage management in most of the cities in Nepal, I am writing you this. We know that we
have a serious garbage problem. It is clear that there will be no value from waste, as energy or material,
if it is not segregated. But this is where our waste management system stops short.

The problem of waste is something that needs to be handled on a smaller scale and aggregated to solve
the bigger problem. Waste-pickers already contribute greatly to solving this problem. We need to tap
into their capacity. An IT platform like I Got Garbage can build business models for wastepickers. Instead
of picking and dumping garbage from each house, the government can provide subsidy and give every
home a composter. Landfill sites can never be a solution to solid waste in cities as it is an outdated idea.
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are the most common methods to reduce landfill waste. 80 percent of
organic waste littering the streets can be used if the government cooperates with pig farmers in the
respective cities. I wonder why the authorities are not adopting this method. As long as governments try
cleaning the city by doing the same things they always did and say they will do it better this time, the city
won’t become cleaner. We need something dramatically different.

I hope the concerning authorities will make appropriate steps immediately.

Looking forward to seeing an article in this regard in your upcoming publication.

Faithfully yours,

Prabhakar Silwal

Grammar

B. Use the words from the brackets to complete the sentences.

a. This house is very small. I want to buy a much bigger one. (much / big)
 b.I liked the magic show. It was far more exciting than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c.It was very cold yesterday. It’s a bit warmer today. (a bit / warm)
d.The warmer the weather the better I feel. (good)
e.An average American earns considerably higher than an average Nepali. (considerably /
high)
f. Health care in Nepal is not as expensive as it is in the US. (expensive)
g. I think the problem is far more complicated than it seems. (far / complicated)
h. You are driving very fast. Would you please drive a bit slowly? (a bit/ slowly)
i. Your handwriting is not legible. Can you write a bit neat? (a bit/ neat)
C. Rewrite the following sentences with the sentence beginnings given below.
a. Kabir is less intelligent than he pretends. He is not as intelligent as he pretends.
b. I am busy today but I was busier yesterday. I’m not as busier as I was yesterday.
c. Hari has lived in Kathmandu for 10 years but Bikram for 20 years. Bikram has lived in
Kathmandu 10 years more than Hari.
d. I used to study 12 hours a day but nowadays I study only 5 hours a day. I don’t study as
much as I used to do.
e. It’s a very good room in our hotel. In fact, it’s the best compared to other.
f. He earns 30 thousand rupees a month but spends 40 thousand. He spends more than he
earns.
g. There is no other mountain higher than Mt. Everest in the world. Mt. Everest is the
highest mountain in the world.
h. The place was nearer than I thought. It was not as far as I thought.
i. Bharat can play better than Mohan. Mohan can’t play as good as Bharat.

Writing

A. Write a review of a book/film which you have read/watched recently.

The Time Machine

1. Title of the Book: The Time Machine

2. Author of the Book: H.G. Wells

3. Country: United Kingdom

4. Language: English

5. First originally published by: William Heinemann, London in 1895.

6. Genre: Science Fiction Novel

7. Cost of the Book: Rs. 300

8. Name of the Publisher: Dover Publications

9. Edition and year of Copyright: April 3, 1995

10. No. of pages: 80

11. Writing style: Narrative

12. Characters: The Narrator-Hillyer, Eloi, Morlocks, Weena

13. Plot: The story follows a Victorian scientist, who claims that he has invented a device that enables
him to travel through time, and has visited the future, arriving in the year 802,701 in what had once
been London. The narrator recounts the Traveler’s lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply
the fourth dimension and demonstrates a tabletop model machine for travelling through the fourth
dimension. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person through time and returns
at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator.

14. Summary: A group of men, including the narrator, is listening to the Time Traveler discussing his
theory that time is the fourth dimension. The Time Traveler produces a miniature time machine and
makes it disappear into thin air. The next week, the guests return, to find their host stumble in, looking
disheveled and tired. They sit down after dinner, and the Time Traveler begins his story.

15. My Impressions: The time traveler’s machine is described in such sketchy terms that it can scarcely
be believed as an instrument of science, and the time traveler’s account is similarly sketchy and bizarre.
The very nature of time travel means that he’s away for only a short period of time, and the only “proof”
of his travels is a crunched up flower. And given that the narrative is told in a twice-removed manner, the
reader can’t help but wonder whether any of the novels is true at all. Did the time traveler truly engage
in such chronological shenanigans, and did he experience what he claims? Or is he simply using an
imagined future to provide a warning about the current state of society? But the reality is that neither
the truth nor the journey matters: it’s only the outcome.

B. Your school is going to organize a speech competition on coming Friday. The subject of the speech is
“Let’s save the trees and protect our environment.” Draft a speech using the following prompts.

Let’s Save the Trees and Protect Our Environment

Good morning everyone, thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak on such an important topic
Let’s Save the Trees and Protect Our Environment. When one thinks of the most Important element to
survive the answer that always comes to our mind is air. Air is important for all living beings be it animals
or humans. The trees which occupy 32% of the earth’s surface provide us with this air.

The trees of the planet act as the lungs in our body and purify the air we breathe. It is due to the
existence of trees we inhale fresh air. As trees inhale carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen which serves as
the important life source of all living beings. The more trees the planet has the fresher and purer the air
we breathe.

Man’s attempt to outlive nature is costing us an unfortunate price. This drive for civilization and
modernization is harming the environment and therefore the planet to an irreversible extent. When man
violates nature the planet suffers and we have to bear the harmful consequences. Let’s understand how.

The road to civilization is more often through the way by destroying natural resources.

Man views trees as roadblocks in modernization, that is they see it as it comes in the way of building
more buildings and roads. So they tend to deforestation, which is an act of cutting down trees. When
trees are cut they build more homes and offices in the land.
Deforestation leads to many unnatural things that disrupt the balance of nature. Due to deforestation,
air pollution increases, and global warming rises. Animals lose their home and shelter, the quality of the
soil where deforestation is practiced deteriorates due to the untimely removal of roots of trees leading
to soil erosion.

As their population is only increasing, it is imperative to have more trees so that the next generation lives
breathing fresh air. If deforestation continues the planet will not be able to inhabit future generations
because of the imbalance it experiences.

The best way to solve this problem is by avoiding deforestation and moving towards afforestation that is
planting trees. We should all strive to save our home which is the planet. Even planting one tree can save
so many lives.

It is high time that we take action and protect the environment which nourishes all living and breathing
creatures. When saving trees they save lives and inevitably save the planet. Saving trees and protecting
environment is the motto we should all live by. Let’s leave behind a green planet for the next generation.
Spread the word and take action to save trees and in that way, we can protect the environment.

Thanks for the patient hearing!

Grammar

B. Someone says something to you which contradicts to what they told you earlier. Match the
beginnings of the conversations with the correct endings.
a. I’m going to Pokhara on holiday.

You said you were going on business.

b. He’s a lawyer.

You told me he was a teacher.

c. She’s had a baby girl.

You said she’d had a boy.

d. I haven’t seen Binesh for ages.

You told me you’d seen him previous week.

e. I love these new boots.

You said you hated them.

f. I only cheated in one exam.

You admitted you cheated in all your exams.

g. She doesn’t speak Hindi or Chinese.

You told me she was fluent in both.

h. He works in Kathmandu.

You told me his office was in Biratnagar.

A. Rewrite the following sentences with the sentence beginnings given below.
a. The principal said, “You can phone from my office, Rita.”

The principal said that she could phone from his office.

b. “You must not neglect your duty,” said the teacher to the student.

The teacher told the student that he/she must not neglect his/her duty.

c. The student said, “Sir, please, grant me a leave for two days.”

The student requested to grant him leave for two days.

d. I said to her, “Go to school or you will be fined.”

She was told to go to school or she would be fined.

e. The headmaster said, “Don’t make any noise, boys.”

The headmaster asked boys not to make any noise.

f. “Work hard if you want to rise in life,” said the old man.

The old man suggested working hard if they wanted to rise in life.

g. He said, “Goodbye, my friends!”

He said goodbye to his friends.

h. She said to me, “Have a pleasant journey ahead.”

She told me to have a pleasant journey ahead.

i. “Don’t give me the book, please,” Sharmila said.

Sharmila pleaded not to give her the book.

j. “Where have you been these days?” she spoke on the telephone.

He asked on the telephone where I had been those days.

k. The teacher said, “Have you submitted your assignments, students?”

The teacher asked students if they had submitted their assignments.

C. These are the exact words Dinesh said to you yesterday.

“I’ve just got engaged! We’re getting married next month. We’re going to Pokhara for our honeymoon.
It’s all going to be very expensive. Luckily, my friend is a photographer so he’ll take the photos for us.
We’ll be having the reception In my parents’ back garden. My mum is baking the cake for us and my
sister’s band is playing free for us. I hope you’ll come to the wedding.”

Critical thinking

a. CV may not represent a person’s skills and abilities accurately because one’s confidence cannot
be rendered in a paper. What do you think the employers should do to find the best people for
the job?

It’s true that CV may not represent a person’s skills and abilities accurately because one’s confidence
cannot be rendered in a paper. Employers prefer candidates who can communicate effectively. Oral and
written communication is a key skill needed in almost every job. In my view, instead of judging the ability
of a person by a piece of paper, employers can divide the selection process in three steps. First step is to
get acquainted with the willing participants. Employers can introduce their company terms and
conditions to the participants and if they think they can work under the conditions, then they can be
invited for further process. Next step is cover letter explanation. In this step the employers should judge
the person’s behaviors, skills, their character and ability whether they could perform well in the company
or not. Last but not the least step is calling the selected candidate to participate intelligently to join
colleagues at weekly Friday lunch where everyone “talked shop”. Employees are meant to work in team.
So only a person should not take their interview. Every person who is already in the company should get
a chance to talk to them and decide whether they can work with him/her or not. These are the things
the employers should do to find the best people for the job rather than focusing on CV only.

b. If the employers provide job opportunity by assessing one’s CV, how can fresh graduates
compete with the experienced competitors?

In today’s competitive job market, having a degree and doing good work unfortunately may not be quite
enough to land you the job you. In order to get yourself one step closer than other graduates to your
dream job, you have to stand out from the crowd and make a good impression on your potential
employers.

For some careers you will be required to have achieved a good degree in a specified area, however a lot
of the time employers are looking for more than just a great set of exam results in their prospective
employees. They want candidates with personality and the right combination of soft skills, in areas such
as interpersonal and leadership. Many fresh graduates have no idea on how to write a good CV. Most use
the same resume template and end up having CVs with similar format. To make yours stand out, you
should break the mould and be creative. If you’re applying for a creative industry, you may wish to opt
for something a bit out-of-the-box or visually impressive that will really make it stand out from others. By
doing this a fresh graduate can compete with the experienced competitors.

Writing
 A. Study the following advertisement. Write an application for one of the positions. Prepare your
CV too that suits for the job.

Application:

Bharatpur-7, Chitwan.

6th June 2021

To:

The Assistant Director,

MM Construction Pvt. Ltd.,

Satdobato Marg,

Lalitpur.

Subject : Application for The Post of Civil Engineer

Dear Sir,

With reference to your advertisement in THE PIONEER on 2nd July inviting application for the post of a
civil engineer under your authority, I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the same. My qualifications
and experience are given below.

I passed my civil engineering examination from the IOE, Pulchowk Campus in first division and also got
degree in B.Sc. Physics (Hons.) I have an excellent academic career and have won many scholarship and
awards during my school and college life.

I worked in ArEiCon Engineers Pvt. Ltd. – Lalitpur for five years and during the period tried advanced
techniques which proved to be highly beneficial to the firm. At present I have been working with Global
Impex International Pvt. Ltd. For the last four years. The job involves administrative and supervisory
duties. In recognition of my services, the company has offered me further incentives in the form of
special bonus. But this job does not have much future. So I seek a job under you which will open new
avenues for my career. I am ready to work at any of the branches.

I have attached my CV to the email for your reference. Please have a look at it.

I hope to meet you and discuss this opportunity further. Thank you for considering my application for the
role.

I may assure you if I am given the job, I shall work diligently.

Yours Faithfully,

Prabhakar Silwal

CV:
Prabhakar Silwal

Pashupati Vision Complex, Ring Road, Kathmandu 44600

T: 056-405352

M: 9826268892

E: pravakarsilwal11@gmail,com

PERSONAL SUMMARY

An ambitious and dedicated civil engineer with strong practical and technical skills and a range of
experience within construction engineering and project management. Having a sound knowledge of
designing, testing and evaluating a designs overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. Currently
seeking a challenging professional civil or structural engineering position either in the UK or abroad and
willing to consider permanent or short term contracts.

CAREER HISTORY

SENIOR CIVIL ENGINEER – Global Impex International Pvt. Ltd.

January 2018 – present

• Directing tasks to a multi-disciplined team of staff.

• Arranging the planning and scheduling of work.

• Creating Monthly Quality Audits.

• Carrying out spot inspections on welding, pipe cleanliness, compression fitting installation etc.

• Liaison with engineers, designers, local authorities, contractors and suppliers.

CIVIL ENGINEER – ArEiCon Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

April 2013 – January 2018

• Involved in a project that included the construction, maintenance and repair work on motorways.

• Designing and supervising of motorway maintenance works.

• Responsible for the design and development of bridge maintenance schemes.

• Maintaining non-conformance / non-compliance records and logs.

• Responsible for quality control of engineering and construction documents.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Civil Engineering

• Able to understand a client’s quality compliance requirements and then make sure they are met.

• Have worked for both public and private sector clients.

• Excellent communication skills and able to work closely with both clients and other specialists such as
architects and building contractors

• Ability to carry our detailed feasibility studies for projects to ensure the most effective and efficient
utilization of materials, equipment and labour.

• Experience of using the latest computer software for modeling and design purposes.

Project Management

• Arranging and chairing meetings with clients.

• Ability to liaise with key project stake holders like the clients, water companies, the Environment
Agency, local authorities and also utility companies.

• Experience of designing, project managing & liaising with clients.

• Directing outside consultants in construction activities.

• Assisting in the pricing of tender enquiries and valuations.

KEY COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS

Structural Design

Inspections

Quality assurance

Certification

Project management

Producing ACAD plans

Site supervision

TECHNICAL SKILLS AND EXPERTISE

Autotrack

Autosign

Signplot

Microstation 2D & 3D

Inroads

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS

BSC Civil Engineering 2009

B.Sc. Physics (Hons.), 2011

Jan 2012 Introduction to AutoCad 2012

Sept 2012 CIWEM Sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Seminar

Sept 2012 CDM Regulations 2007 and compliance

REFERENCES – available on request.

Driving license: Yes

DOB: 1985,July-25,2006

Languages: English, Nepali, Hindi.

Grammar

B. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs.
a. If you sell your stocks now, you won’t get much money for them. (not/get)
b. A lot of people would lose job if the factory closed down.(close down)
c. Our country won’t have to export wheat if it rains in November and February. (rain)
d. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. (find)
e. If he had not been wearing helmet, he would have been seriously injured. (be)
f. Unless you follow the instructions, you won’t pass the exams. (not/ pass)
g. I don’t mind walking home as long as the weather is fine. (be)
h. The bank will sanction you the loan provided you deposit a collateral. (deposit)
i. What would you have done if you had not got this job? (you/do)
j. If you had the choice, where would you have lived? (you/live)
C. Change the following sentences into ‘if sentences’ as in the example.
a. The driver was talking on the phone so the accident happened.

If the driver wasn’t talking on the phone, the accident wouldn’t have happened.

b. There is no anyone at home because all the lights are off.

If there was someone at home, all the lights wouldn’t be off.

c. He must be an educated person because he has subscribed ‘The Kathmandu Post’

If he wasn’t an educated person, he wouldn’t subscribe ‘The Kathmandu Post’.

d. His head was not injured in the accident because he had put the helmet on.

His head would have been injured in the accident if he hadn’t put the helmet on.

e. I am sure he passed the exam because he gave a heavy treat to his friends.

If he hadn’t passed the exam he wouldn’t have given a heavy treat to his friends.f. You didn’t take any
breakfast so you are hungry now.

If you had taken some breakfast, you wouldn’t have got hungry now.

f. I am sure he is a doctor because he is wearing the white gown.

If he wasn’t a doctor, he wouldn’t be wearing the white gown.

 g. She is very rich so she drives a Mercedes.

If she wasn’t very rich, she wouldn’t drive a Mercedes.

h. I didn’t know it was only half a kilometer from my house, so I booked a ride.

If I had known it was only half a kilometer from my house, I wouldn’t have booked a ride.

i. He has hidden something in his mind, so he does not look fresh.

If he hadn’t hidden anything in his mind, he would have looked fresh.

Critical thinking

A. Do you believe that walking helps us understand ourselves? Give reasons in support of your
opinion.

Yes, I believe that walking helps us to understand ourselves. Walking provides the best of both worlds. It
offers the physical benefits of exercise while also boosting your emotional well-being. It can help reduce
anxiety, depression, and a negative mood. It can also boost self-esteem and reduce symptoms of social
withdrawal. Walking also helps to clear our head and think creatively. It opens up a free flow of ideas
and is a simple way to increase creativity and get physical activity at the same time. While walking we
interact with our inner self, we evaluate ourselves, our works, our behavior. This makes us realize
actually who we are. Understanding ourselves means self-realization which can happen when we are
alone and submerged with natural world. Thus it’s true that walking helps us to understand ourselves.

B. Think of one of your hobbies. How does this hobby relate to your psyche and self?

Hobbies are seen as markers of a balanced person who is adept at juggling personal and professional
well-being. I have only one hobby. Yet, it consumes all my free time. I enjoy reading and have always
been a voracious reader.

Although I prefer reading fiction, I make a deliberate effort to read at least one non-fiction book in a
couple of months. My first book was “Famous Five Go to Kirrin Island” at the age of ten. What I truly
treasure about my hobby is its power to transport me to different locations whilst I’m still on my couch.It
Is a low budget travel option that I often take! Recently, I started attending book club meetings. It’s a
group of 15 individuals and we meet on the third Sunday, every month to discuss books that we have
read in that month.It’s wonderful how a few lines can have so many varied interpretations, and can give
rise to a multitude of emotions and opinions.My hobby has made me develop analytical thinking and
open-mindedness.Reading has also broadened my imagination across horizons. I wouldn’t possibly trade
it for anything else, ever!

C. Many people turn their hobbies into careers. Is it good to turn one’s hobby into a career?

Yes, it’s true that many people turn their hobbies into careers. But what I think that is; a big decision of
whether to turn a hobby into a career is a godsend for some lucky folks, but for other poor souls, it’s not
all it’s cracked up to be. Whether you’re looking to go freelance, set up a limited company or become a
sole trader, making hobby turn into livelihood can be a messy business. Hobbies are really important for
personal growth and enjoyment, and the last thing you want to do is turn a form of escapism from the
hustle, bustle, and grind of everyday life into something stressful and pressurized. To sum up, if a person
is truly passionate about his/her carry, then he/she can easily turn their hobby into a career else it’s
going to be a great suffering.

Writing

a. Highlighting the advantages of walking, Henry David Thoreau says, “An early morning walk is a
blessing for the whole day.” Write an essay on the advantages of morning walk.

Advantages of morning walk

The modern-day world is full of psychological disorders, poor health, mental tension, and many more
problems. Likewise, the life of some people is like a mad rush from one work to another without any
break. Besides, there are very few people in the world that care about their health more than their work
or daily tasks. But, there are ways by which we can restore our healthfully and morning walk is one of
them. Additionally, it is so effective that it can reduce the amount of health disorder from the world.

From childhood, we have heard that “early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and
wise.” This is not just a saying because morning walks make a man healthy and wise.

Moreover, it improves the physical shape and state of the body which protects us from many diseases.
Besides, all this morning walks create a sense of equality among the people.

Above all, morning walk gives you energy, motivates you to avoid laziness, creates a positive mindset, it
is good for your organs especially heart, and it gives you time to plan your schedule. According to
research, the best time for a morning walk is in the latter part of the afternoon between 3 pm to 7 pm.

To sum it up, we can say that, Morning walk is very important for the body. Also, it helps to keep the
body and mind healthy. Besides, everyone whether kids or elders should try to make a morning walk a
part of their daily routine. As it is seen that the life h4 of people who walk daily is more in comparison to
those who do not do morning walk.

Grammar

B. Change the following sentences into passive voice.

a. I want someone to love me.

I want to be loved.

b. Someone broke into our house while we were on holiday.

Our house was broken into while we were on holiday.

c. I don’t like people staring at me.

I don’t like being stared at.

 d. Is it true that someone stole your car?

Is true that your car was stolen?

e. The cat enjoys someone tickling him.

The cat enjoys being tickled.

f. Would Swostika open the window?

Would the window be opened by Swostika?

g. Did they confess the crime?

Was the crime confessed by them?

h. He thinks that someone is teaching Jennie.

He thinks that Jennie is being taught.

i. Sabina hates people laughing at her.

Sabina hates being laughed at.

C. Complete the following sentences as in the example.

a. English people think that the number thirteen is unlucky.

The number thirteen is thought to be unlucky by English people.

b. What are you wearing for the wedding?

Actually, I am having a suit made (a suit make). They will give it tomorrow.

c. The carpet in our drawing room is very dirty.

It needs to be cleaned (clean).

d. There are rumours that the factory at the corner is manufacturing bombs.

The factory at the corner is rumoured to be manufacturing bombs.

e. Some people believe that Silajit from Jumla cures all indigestion problems.

Silajit from Jumla is believed to cure all digestion problems.

f. People claim that Changu Narayan temple is the oldest temple in Nepal.

Changu Narayan temple is claimed to be the oldest temple in Nepal.

g. A: Your car is making a terrible noise.

B: Thank you. I am not a mechanic and I will make it be repaired soon. (repair).

h. The police suspect that the criminal left the country.

The criminal is suspected to leave the country.

i. A: Where are you going?

B: I am going to the stationery to get my document photocopied. (my document /photocopy)

j. People allege that the corrupt leader has embezzled millions of rupees.

The leader is alleged to embezzle millions of rupees.

Critical thinking

a. How does the author make satire on the modern idea of the ‘self’ based on individuality,
independence and uniqueness?

The author in this essay satires on the modern idea of ‘self’ based on individuality, independence and
uniqueness. This essay is about the self and what nature can teach us. In the beginning the writer brings
an attention to the trend in humans on uplifting the feeling of self-based on individuality, independence
and uniqueness.

Here the author Is presenting the close relationship between the nudibranch and medusa living in the
Bay of Naples. A mature jellyfish engulfs a tiny newly-hatched slug only to be devoured bit by bit until
the snail dominates and the jellyfish is reduced to a round “successfully edited parasite” affixed to the
skin near the snail’s mouth. Finally the tentacles, until the jellyfish becomes reduced in substance by
being eaten while the snail grows correspondingly in size.

This essay projects both creatures cannot live in any other way, they depend for their survival on each
other. The author illustrates the value of co-existence, cooperation, helpfulness, collaboration and
togetherness with the tale of the nudibranch and the medusa. We all are important and one’s life is
determined by another like the relation between anemones and crabs as well as medusa and snail. It
also shows the significance of friendship and dependence on each other for survival and existence.
Through this, the author justifies that the modern people’s pride over the concept of individuality,
independence and uniqueness is not applicable in the real and practical life.

Writing

A. Write an essay on “Independence vs. Interdependence” in about 250 words.

Independence vs. Interdependence

Human beings usually categorize themselves into individual or group entities. These self-conceptions
usually emanate in people’s minds and determine their motivation as well as cognitions. There are
usually two perceptions that people have about themselves regarding their relationship with others. The
first is the independent self-concept where an individual’s conception about his or her existence is that
he or she exists separate from other people. Independent self-concept encompasses behaviour traits,
preferences and attitudes of an individual. The second perception is the interdependent self-concept
where a person is affiliated or feels connected to others. This paper explores the advantages of
interdependence as opposed to independence. Gish Jen argues that “the joy of a functioning
interdependent relationship can be tremendous.”

Unlike independent-self which focuses on individual responsibility separate from the entire society,
interdependent self-concept emphasizes shared responsibilities. The main tenet of interdependence
self-concept is the reliance that exists among individuals in the society for survival and mutual
development. Interdependence self-instils the idea that people are not alone in their attempts at mental
growth and development. People also provided support for one another to grow socially.
Interdependent self-concept also promotes responsibility sharing by encouraging individuals to take
various roles, which contribute to the development and growth of the society.

Interdependent self-concept is also crucial for overcoming fear. Unlike independence, which puts an
individual against the rest of other members of the society, interdependence promotes cohesion among
society members, thus helping individuals to experience lower levels of fear and insecurity. The
recognition of the fact that one has support of others remains crucial for alleviating negative feelings,
which could yield fear in individuals. Support for each other is only possible in a society where people
feel close to each other and the society is characterized by high level of interdependence.

Interdependence emphasizes on how people relate with each other and get on well with existing norms
of the society, which dictate how people relate. Intrinsic attributes of individuals play no major role in
the way individuals think, feel or act. However, Jen also argues that “we need both the interdependent
and the independent self,” appealing that people from either side of self-concepts accommodates and
understands each other.

B. Write a newspaper article highlighting the increasing individualism in the modern Nepali
society.

Increasing Individualism in the Modern

Nepali Society

By Pravakar Silwal,

March 12, 2025.

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the
intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires and to
value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve
precedence over the state or a social group while opposing external interference upon one’s own
interests by society or institutions such as the government. Individualism is often defined in contrast to
totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate social forms.

In the modern Nepalese society, individualism is increasing rapidly. This increase appears to be due
mostly to increasing socio-economic development, including higher incomes, more education,
urbanization, and a shift toward white-collar jobs. Increases in these factors in a given region are reliably
followed by gains in individualist beliefs and practices in the ensuing decade Nepal comes under those
few countries that bucked the global trend toward individualism.
Rising prosperity and education are largely welcome changes that reflect not merely gains in wealth for
the already-wealthy, but for the desperately poor as well. Wealth, and the individualism that follows, are
often conflated with selfishness. This is, in part, because individualism’s inverse — collectivism —
emphasizes close social ties and an interconnected rather than independent view of the self.

Grammar

A. Make passive sentences from the following information as in the example.

a. Volleyball/every/country/play

Volleyball is played in every country.

b. Spaghetti/boiling water/cook

Spaghetti is cooked in boiling water.

c. Each lesson/an exercise/follow

Each lesson is followed by an exercise.

d. Taxes/the price/include

Taxes are included in the price.

e. Extensive information/the internet/find

Extensive information is found on the internet.

f. Our order/the waiter/took

Our order was taken by the waiter.

g. The schedule/the participants/will distribute

The schedule will be distributed by the participants.

h. The police/footprint/found

Footprint was found by the police.

i. The children/the sandcastles/built

The sandcastles were built by the children.

j. The father/the window/not going to open

The window is not going to be opened by the father.

B. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice using the correct form of verbs in the
brackets.
a. Call the ambulance! Two boys have been injured (injure) in a motorbike accident.
b. The clock has been used (use) since the 17th century.
c. I had to wait outside the classroom while the classroom was being cleaned (clean).
d. The problem is being discussed (discuss) by the subject specialists at the moment.
 e. By the time I came back, the task has been finished (finish).
f. Women are said (say) to be happier than men.
g. Look! The house had been destroyed (destroy) by the fire.
h. The other three reports will be submitted (submit) by next month.
i. Many people have been resuced (rescue) from the floods by the security persons this
year.
j. The state of Florida was hit (hit) by a hurricane that did serious damage.

Critical Thinking

a. Many innocent people lose their lives in ruthless attacks every year. What do you think the
governments should do to protect their people from such attacks and make the world a
safer place to live? Discuss with your friends.
Yes, it’s true that many innocent people lose their lives in ruthless attacks every year. The
government must be responsible to handle and control such situations. It should think seriously
for the security of their citizens from such ruthless attacks. The things the government should do
to protect their people from such attacks and make the world a safer place to live are as follows:

– Every government should maintain stability in them, the leaders and the
political parties.
– Borders restrictions should be done.
– Armed forces should be kept at several places where there is the high risk of
attack outbreaks.
– Though the peace treaty are being signed but not followed accordingly. So
every nation should work to maintain peace.
– Peoples should be moved to safer place if there is any danger.
b. Revenge and violence are the integral parts of the history and civilization. They can’t be
ignored, only managed. Do you agree or not with this statement? Present your logic.
Yes, I agree with the statement that revenge and violence are the integral parts of the history
and civilization. Revenge is associated with hurt and damage, and violence is the use of physical
force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy. The cause of World War II is also due to the
Revenge from German, in 1919 June 28. When the Treaty of Versailles was signed and the war
between German and Allied Power was ended, it humiliated and blamed Germany for World
War I and imposed heavy debt payments on Germany. Germany revenged for it in 1939 and
from that World War II had stared. We have seen from our past that revenge and violence and
lead to a miserable situation. Thus, it can’t be ignored, but only managed.

Writing

A. Write a description of an event that you have recently witnessed.

Recently I witnessed a very special celestial event known as the full lunar eclipse. It was special
because astronomers declared it to be longest lunar eclipse of this century which took place on
July 27. It was difficult for me because I had to wake up till late night for watching this lunar
 eclipse. Finally the eclipse started at 11:30 pm and ended at 1 a.m. I was accompanied by a few
friends who chose to witness this lunar eclipse. We kept looking up in the sky for one and a half
hours which was a bit difficult but rewarding in the end.

B. Human life does not pass as one expects. You might have also gone through different but
memorable incidents. Write an essay on “An Unforgettable Event in my Life’ in about 500
words.

It Is true that if we have joys in our life we have sorrows too. Like all others, I cannot be an exception. I
still remember the day when I felt that there is no joy in the world but sorrow.

I was enjoying the vacations after my tenth class board ex-examinations. My best friend in the
neighborhood, Alisha, was staying with me. Her parents had gone to Kathmandu where her grandfather
was to undergo some major operation. I and my parents did our best to keep her happy and away from
missing her parents. For us it was play time all through the day.

One evening as we were playing our little brain game, her parents called and said her grandfather’s
operation was successful and her parents were to return the next day by plane. On reading it Alisha was
overjoyed and I joined her in her moment of happiness.

That night Alisha did not sleep. She counted the hours till the early morning. We dressed hurriedly and
my father took us to the airport. On reaching there we sensed something wrong. The Yeti Airlines flight
from Kathmandu had crashed while landing. Fire tenders and ambulances were on the run. Our hearts
sank. Alisha fainted from shock. My father hired a taxi and sent us back home.

We waited with throbbing hearts for my father to return with her safe and sound parents. My mother
sent for a doctor as Alisha’s condition became worse. I sat by her side silently wishing for a happy turn.
My father returned only to say that there was no sign of her parents though their names were
mentioned in the airline’s passenger list. Alisha was hysterical and it became difficult to control her.

She said that she wanted to go to her home. I decided to go with her while my mother would soon
follow. Once out on the street she ran towards her home. I saw a speeding car and shouted after her to
stop. She didn’t. The car didn’t stop and sped away leaving her laying on the road badly hurt.

We immediately took her to a nearby hospital. The doctors who examined her said she may recover
gradually but did not confirm her recovery. She was placed in the intensive care unit.

I returned home with my parents. The moment we entered the room the telephone rang. It was a call
from the hospital to inform that Alisha was no more. I felt numb and tears welled up in my eyes. I still
refused to believe what I heard was true.

Again, the telephone rang and it was from Alisha’s parents to inform that they had missed their flight
due to some car trouble on their way to the airport. The news of Alisha’s parents as alive did not touch
my heart.

Alisha’s parents were shocked to hear about their daughter’s death when they came home next day. But
nothing could be done. Even today when I remember the incident every moment of that day flashes
through my eyes and I begin to cry, “Alisha, why did you have to die? I have lost a good friend in you.”
Grammar

Prepositions

C. Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions.

a. The relationship between the two boys has changed significantly over the past few years.

b. In Nepal, many girls get married at an early age.

c. I’m not in the mood for such silly games.
d. There were no security personnel on duty at that time.
e. The new smartphone is similar to the one I bought a few years ago.
f. My dad insisted on taking the later train.
g. People with ambition always try to achieve their goals, no matter what happens.
h. Mr. Jenkins has been disabled all his life as a result of a childhood illness.
i. We bought the TV because it was on sale.
j. She has no understanding of how computers really work.
k. I gave him my new T-shirt in exchange for a few cigarettes.
l. The company is run by two people who hardly ever meet.
m. All the celebrations and parties were called off because of the tragic accident.
n. There was a great need of volunteers at the site of the crash.
C. Complete the following text with correct prepositions.
What are we seeing here? One very real possibility is that these are the educational
consequences of the differences in parenting styles that we talked about in the Chris Langan
chapter. Think back to Alex Williams, the nine-year-old whom Annette Lareau studied. His
parents believe in connected cultivation. He gets taken to museums and gets enrolled in special
programs and goes to summer camp, where he takes classes. When he’s bored at home, there
are plenty of books to read, and his parents see it as their responsibility to keep him actively
engaged in the world for him. It’s hard to see how Alex would get better at reading and math in
the summer.

Simple future, future continuous, future perfect and future perfect continuous.
A. Make sentences from the given clues as stated in brackets.

a. Who/pass the exam? (future simple)

Who will pass the exam?
b. How/you/get home? (future continuous)
How will you be getting home?
c. I/come later. (future simple)
I’ll come later.
d. She/catch the train by 3 pm. (future perfect)
She will have caught the train by 3 PM.
e. It/rain tomorrow. (future simple)
It will rain tomorrow.
f. John/sleep at 4 am. (future continuous)
John will be sleeping at 4 am.
 g. How long/you/see your boyfriend when you get married? (future perfect continuous)
How long will you have been seeing your boyfriend when you get married?
h. It/rain in Kathmandu next week. (future continuous)
It will be raining in Kathmandu next week.
i. How long/you/work here when you retire? (future perfect continuous)
How long have you been working here when you retire?
j. He/not/finish the cleaning by the time she gets home. (future perfect)
He won’t have finished the cleaning by the time she gets home.

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct future tense form of the verbs in the
brackets.
a. It will snow (snow) in Brighton tomorrow evening.
b. On Friday at 8 o’clock, I’m going to meet (to meet) my friend.
c. Wait! I will drive (to drive) you to the station.
d. When they get married in March, they will have been (to be) together for six years.
e. You’re carrying too much. I will open (to open) the door for you.
f. Do you think the teacher will have marked (to mark) our homework by Monday
morning?
g. When I see you tomorrow, I will show (show) you my new book.
h. After you take a nap, you will feel (to feel) a lot better.
i. I will let (to let) you know the second the builders finish decorating.
j. We will wait (to wait) in the shelter until the bus comes.
k. I’m very sorry, Dr. Jones won’t be (not be) back in the clinic unit 2 pm.
l. This summer, I will have been living (to live) in Birgunj for four years.
m. I don’t think you will have (to have) any problems when you land in Pokhara.
n. The baby should be due soon, next week she will have been (to be) pregnant for nine
months.
o. By the time we get home, they will have been playing (to play) football for 30 minutes.
p. When you get off the train, I will be waiting (to wait) for you by the ticket machine.
q. This time next week, I will be skiing (ski) in Switzerland!
r. Now, I am going to check (to check) my answers.

Critical Thinking

a. Desmond Tutu once said, “Forgiving is not forgetting; it is actually remembering-remembering

and not using your right to hit back. It’s a second chance for a new beginning.” Does this
quotation apply to this text? Analyze.

“Forgiving is not forgetting; it is actually remembering-remembering and not using your right to hit back.
It’s a second chance for a new beginning.” Is one of the famous quotes of Desmond Tutu. Forgiveness is
the way to release feelings of vengeance toward a person or group who harmed us, not matter they
deserve forgiveness or not. It is not to deny seriousness of an offense against us or it doesn’t mean
forgetting. Here in the text, even if the author is willing to apologize, he is still a victim of his father’s
domestic violence. Desmond Tutu remembers the pain his father had given to his mother. He wanted to
hurt back his father in his childhood. But later he forgives his father justifying that his father’s rude
behavior was because of the mistreat of white people to black people in South Africa. Therefore
forgiving is not forgetting rather it is remembering-remembering and not using it to hit back.

b. The author interprets “I am sorry” as three hardest words to say. How does it apply to your
life?

Committing mistakes are the part of human life. But accepting it and apologizing for it is the hardest
task. In the text, the author interprets “I am sorry” as three hardest words to say. Empathy is the ability
to put ourselves in another person’s shoes and feel what they feel. This is something we need to
develop. It takes humility. Too often, we are preoccupied with our own feelings. Empathy is the
recognition that it’s not all about us. Other people matter. They have feelings, too, and those feelings are
important. By saying we are sorry—sincerely and with authentic humility—we validate them as human
beings.

For me the three words “I am sorry” are hardest words to say when I hurt others. Instead to say sorry, I
remain aloof to them who have been hurt by me and don’t go close to them to talk again. I don’t talk
and be close to them unless they come to speak to me. I am so much proudly and sensitive person. I
easily get hurt by other and feel sad and I wish them to come close to me and say “sorry”. But I never
realize how much they are affected by my misbehavior. I feel very uneasy and difficult to say, “I am
sorry.” Thus, as a matter of pride, fear of being shameful, lack of awareness, sense of superiority, gap in
understanding, overwhelming emotion of guilt etc. also makes me hard to say the three words “I am
sorry”.

Writing

A. The author talks about dual education system based on race in South Africa in the second half
of the twentieth century. We also have private schools and public schools in Nepal. What
should be done to make education equal to all citizens of Nepal? Write a couple of paragraphs
expressing your views.

Nepal has come a long way in improving equity in education. In most countries, factors like income,
geography, gender, language and disability contribute to inequitable access and high drop-out rates.
Nepal’s education system has faced many problems since the mid-1800s. The first education system in
Nepal was only available to elite families, and Nepali people did not have access to education until 100
years later in the 1950s. Current day education in Nepal is still in the developing stage and did not really
start integrating the use of technology in the classroom until 2007.

To illustrate the issues that Nepal’s public school systems face, the children need access to clean drinking
water while they attend school as well as at home. The lack of water and high temperatures result in the
children having difficulty concentrating and comprehending the material at hand. Thus, this combined
with child malnutrition in Nepal, children in public schools do not have an advantage to performing well
and tend to fall behind or drop out of school. Given these facts, Nepal’s school system is indeed fairly
new and continuing to develop, but there is still limited access to public schools. This limited access is a
result of isolation of women from continuing education which leads families into poverty. In Nepal, there
is an additional factor of caste and ethnicity which further aggravates this situation. While the caste
system was legally abolished in the 1960’s, its legacy continues to impact the population for many years
thereafter, and people considered low-caste are often economically and socially disadvantaged. In the
past, children from such castes did not have access to schools. This has now changed with government
initiatives such as school enrollment campaigns and scholarships for marginalized children.

Grammar

A. Join the following pairs of sentences using when and while.

a. Bibha Kumari was doing her homework. The doorbell rang.

i. Bibha Kumari was doing her homework when the doorbell rang.

ii. While Bibha Kumari was doing her homework, the doorbell rang.

b.I heard the telephone ring. I picked it up.

When I heard the telephone ring, I picked it up.

c. Dil Maya found a thousand rupee note. She was washing her pants.

i. While Dil Maya was washing her pants, she found a thousand rupee note.

ii. Dil Maya was washing her pants when she found a thousand rupee note.

d. Tenjing gave his measurements to the dressmaker. He was visiting the market yesterday.

i. When Tenjing gave his measurements to the dressmaker, he was visiting the market yesterday.

ii. While Tenjing was visiting the market, he gave his measurements to the dressmaker.

e. I was at the butcher’s shop. I met Harikala.

When I was at the butcher’s shop, I met Harikala.

f. The sales agent was dealing with the customer. A thief stole the jewels.

i. While the sales agent was dealing with the customer, a thief stole the jewels.

ii. The sales agent was dealing with the customer when a thief stole the jewels.

g. My small brother was sleeping. I played chess with my father.

i. While my small brother was sleeping, I played chess with my father.

ii. My small brother was sleeping when I played chess with my father.

h. The old lady fell down. She was climbing up the stairs.

i. When the old lady fell down, she was climbing up the stairs.

ii. The old lady fell down while she was climbing up the stairs.

i. The leader was giving a speech loudly. He lost his voice.

i. While the leader was giving a speech loudly, he lost his voice.

ii. The leader was giving a speech loudly when he lost his voice.

j. Kanchan broke her backbone. She was lifting up the load.

i. Kanchan was lifting up the load when she broke her backbone.

ii. While Kanchan was lifting up the load, she broke her backbone.

B. Fill in the blanks with one of the connectives from the box.

a. We didn’t go for a morning walk today since it was raining.

b. I wanted to go home early as I was not feeling well.

c. My brother stayed at home because of/ owing to his illness.

d. I was late in the class owing to traffic jams.

e. He didn’t like dogs so he was not happy when his wife brought a puppy at home.

f. He was not included in the team owing to his knee injury.

g. As I was tired, I went to bed early.

h. He was very unhappy since he lost one million rupees in share market.

i. We cancelled our trip to Rara Lake owing to the bad weather.

j. These two lines intersect with each because they are are not parallel lines.

Critical thinking

A. The writer seems to believe that rural life is better than urban life. Do you agree with him?

Yes, I agree with the writer that rural life is better than urban life. First and foremost, the tranquil
surroundings and environment attracts me a lot. The village is always described as a quiet and peaceful
paradise, which is a perfect place to unwind and escape from the rat-race and Hustle and bustle of the
city life. Besides, the rural areas are less crowded because there are not many people and cars. The
scenery in a village is beautiful as the beauty of nature is still well-conserved. Thus, people who live in
the village can enjoy nature and have a peaceful mind.

This condition is completely different with the city dwellers, who lead a hectic life and often feel annoyed
due to great stress in their daily life. The environment in the rural area is less polluted. The air in the
village is fresh and clean as there are plenty of undeveloped areas and greenery. In the rural area, there
is less air pollution since there are not many factories and cars around. Living in the city may have its
benefits such as better facilities and education. However, I am still in the opinion that living in the rural
area brings more advantages than living in the city.
 B. Is the writer’s way of looking at Bandipur just a gaze of an urban tourist? Why? Why not?

No, the writer’s way of looking at Bandipur is not just a gaze of an urban tourist. He doesn’t visit
Bandipur just as an urban tourist. Being fed with his hectic life in Kathmandu, he visit there along with
his friends to feel the peaceful environment and amazing beauty of the place by his heart.

Bandipur is a hilltop settlement and a rural Municipality which lies in Tanahu district of Nepal. This place
is the centre of attraction for various reasons. The true and original beauty of the place attracts most of
the tourists to this place. The amazing beauty and scenario of Bandipur also attracted the writer. At
Bandipur, he and his friends are amazed by the local cultures, behaviours and organic and delicious food
items. He enjoys various places in Bandipur along with his friends. He feels himself heartily connected to
this place where he gets all sorts of refreshments which he has been looking for. He learns about places,
people and their tourism businesses. The writer spends his best time in Bandipur. Thus, his gaze towards
this beautiful place is more than an urban tourist.

Grammar

A. Tick the correct one.

a. He has obtained full mark/marks.

b. More than two boys were/was absent.

c. One of the boy/boys was not found there.

d. His wonder knew no bounds/bound.

e. I give you my words/word.

f. He gave me much/many good advice/advices.

g. He gave wrong information/informations.

h. Give me two dozens/dozen eggs.

i. Six miles is/are a long distance.

j. The clock has struck four hours/hour.

k. Would you lend me a ten rupees/rupee note?

l. Nepal government makes five year/years development plan.

m. They went to Singapore on a four days/day trip.

B. Which of the sentence is correct in each pair? Rewrite the correct one.

a. My all books are lost. All my books are lost.

All my books are lost.

b. His both brothers are ill. Both his brothers are ill.
Both his brothers are ill.

c. Give me a hundred rupee. Give a hundred rupees.

Give me a hundred rupee.

d. Everybody except me was absent. Everybody except I was absent.

Everbody except me was absent.

e. He was died of fever. He died of fever.

He died of fever.

f. It is raining for a week. It has been raining for a week.

It has been raining for a week.

g. I have seen my friend long ago. I saw my friend long ago.

I saw my friend long ago.

h. My friend has gone out before I arrived. My friend had gone out before I arrived.

My friend had gone out before I arrived.

i. He said he has never seen him before. He said he had never seen him before.

He said he had never seen him before.

j. He assured he will come. He assured he would come.

He assured he would come.

Grammar

A.Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom, whose, where, why, how,
what or when.

a. There is a lady whose wallet has been stolen.

b. Do you know the man who sold these glasses?

c. The knife which you cut the bread with is very sharp.

d. Why do you blame him for everything that goes wrong?

e. A cemetery is a place where dead bodies are buried.

f. This school is for those children whose mother tongue is not Nepali.

g. I don’t know the name of the person whom I spoke over the telephone.

h. I came to Kathmandu on the day when the devastating earthquake took place.
i. In the application form she wrote when she needed a good payment.

j. The pilot explained why he made force landing on the road.

B. Join the following pairs of sentences using who, which, that, whose, whom, where, when or what.

a. The building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

The building which was destroyed in the fire, has now been rebuilt.

b. A new cricket stadium is being made in Chitwan. It can accommodate one hundred thousand
people.

A new cricket stadium which is being made in Chitwan, can accommodate one hundred thousand
people.

c. Shanghai is the most populated city in the world. I stayed there for five years.

Shanghai, where I stayed there for five years, is the most populated city in the world.

d. This is the man. I gave some money to him this morning.

This is the man whom I gave some money this morning.

e. Do know the man? His son was awarded in the school yesterday.

Do you know the man whose son was awarded in the school yesterday?

f. His step-mother was not very kind to him. He had been staying with her.

His step-mother, with whom he had been staying, was not very kind to him.

g. He can never forget Nakkhu Jail. He had spent 14 years there.

He can never forget Nakkhu Jail where he had spent 14 years.

h. He showed me his new tab. He had paid a hundred thousand rupees for it.

He showed me his new tab for which he had paid a hundred thousand rupees.

i. Nelson Mandela joined ANC in 1930s. He was a student then.

Nelson Mandela joined ANC in 1930s when he was a student.

j. She forgot to buy the things. Her mother had told to buy them.

She forgot to buy the things which her mother had told her to buy.

Critical Thinking

a. Iqbal is addressed as Babu Sahib by general folk simply because he knew English. Are Nepali
people who can speak English taken with respect? Discuss the importance of learning English
in the Nepali context.
Yes, Nepali people who can speak English are taken with respect. In Nepal, English is treated as a
language of elite class. Most of the Nepalese think that English is closely associated with class and social
status of a person. If you are fluent in English you’ll be perceived as a very respectable person who has
achieved great things in life. It’s almost same as visiting a store wearing classy clothes and getting all the
attention from the salespeople there. If you visit the same store with normal clothes, you are bound to
get less attention. People often judge a book by its cover. For Nepalese, if the cover is in English they’ll
directly buy the book, not just judge it.

b. Do you agree with Iqbal’s comments on crime and punishment? In your view, what should the
state, society and individuals do for peace and order in social lives?

Yes, I agree with Iqbal comments on crime and punishment. To cultivate and maintain a culture of peace,
state, society and individuals ought to work together.

Peace begins with the individual. We must realize that, as individuals, we are not powerless and that the
power of one can make a difference. As individuals we must accept the responsibility to end the scourge
of war and culminate a culture of peace. We must realize that peace is more than the absence of war.
War is a drain on both human and financial resources and as history proves, is not an effective means of
resolving conflict. Peace involves a process of individual and communal participation. It requires justice,
equal rights and equal opportunities.

Next, society plays a very important role in maintaining peace and order in social lives. In society, every
family has to be united to make their society a fine and secure place to live in. There should be a
formation of a special team in society who takes care of peace and order in society. This team has to
perform its duty for peace and order management and determine the punishment to the criminals.

The state also plays a very important and responsible role in maintaining peace and order in social lives.
The state has to implement various rules and regulations for the sake of peace and order in social lives. It
should focus attention on the security of social lives by minimizing the crime and violence from the state.
The state must have strict rules against crime and criminals. It should have the proper management of
punishment to the criminals too.

These are the things the state, society and individuals should do for peace and order in social lives.

Writing

A. Meet Singh says Jugga a badmash. There can be such people in your locality, too. Write
a paragraph describing him / her.
I met a guy during my school days, initially he was so good to me. Later he turned
out to be the most dishonest guy I have ever met. I used to share all tiny and big
secrets of mine with him as we had become good friends in no time. As time
passed, I found out that he was not worth that. He used to reveal all those things
of mine with his stupid friends and misinterpret me. When I got to know that, I
was completely broken and frustrated. But being strong, I forgave him, who didn’t
even sincerely apologize. I believe in — forget, forgive and move on and that is
how we should deal with such people. But don’t forget the lesson you learn from
them.

B. You may have travelled by bus or train. During your travel, you might have got different
experiences. Write a letter to your friend describing about your unforgettable journey.
Date: 2078-10-13
Pokhara-7, Kaski

Dear Samir,
Hope this letter of mine finds you in the best of health and spirit. My heart fills
with joy to share with you about one of my experience of travelling in bus to my
hometown Sankhuwasabha. I traveled in Manakamana Yatayat numbered Nine
Hundred and Ten boarded at 05:30 AM on 10/10/2078 and reached the
destination at 06:30 PM on the same day.

The journey throughout was amazing and relaxing. The view from the
windowpane while it feels like trees running far from us looks so relaxing and
calming. Waterfalls going by our side, fresh air coming through the window also
adds excitement to the journey. The ticket price was not much expensive and was
reasonable. Meals expenses were included in the ticket pricing. I got the corner
seat. People traveling along with me were so friendly that we played cards/ ludo/
chess while traveling and the time passed very easily.

I believe this is some experience everyone should have at least once in the whole
lifetime. The time spent on the bus that day was very comforting and enjoyable. I
will surely be making another trip plan in the coming days and will be asking you
to join me. Till then, take care.

Much love,
Prabhakar Silwal

Grammar

C. Fill in the gaps with the suitable form of the verb in the brackets. Use past simple/past
continuous/past perfect tenses. You may need to use negative too.
It was Sunday afternoon. I was watching (watch) a cookery programme on TV when I realised (realise)
how hungry I was. But of course, I was hungry; I hadn’t eaten (eat) anything since lunch, and I had run
(run) a race in the morning. “Biscuits!” I thought (think). My mother had given (give) me a jar of delicious
home-made biscuits.

I went (go) into the kitchen, opened (open) the fridge and poured (pour) some milk in a big glass. Then I
looked (look) for the kitchen chair but it wasn’t (be) there: somebody had taken (take) it away. And there
were no biscuits in the biscuit jar: somebody had eaten (eat) them all! I was sure I had put (put) the jar
there the previous day and I had eaten (eat) only one cookie. It was very strange.

A few minutes later, I was drinking (drink) my glass of milk when I heard (hear) a loud noise coming from
the dining room. I went (go) there quickly and I opened (open) the door. I couldn’t believe my eyes. An
enormous monkey was eating (eat) the biscuits excitedly on the kitchen chair.

D. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the mistakes.

a. She played the flute and then she had sung in their choir.

She had played the flute and then she had sung in their choir.

b. I borrowed Rima’s car. Had you known about it?

I had borrowed Rima’s car. Had you known about it?

c. After the lesson had finished, we run out of school.

After the lesson had finished, we ran out of school.

d. Had you be there? – Yes, the previous year.

Had you been there? -Yes, the previous year.

e. Did you liked my article published in the Himalayan Times yesterday?

Did you like my article published in the Himalayan Times yesterday?

f. I recognized him because I saw him before.

I recognized him because I had seen him before.

g. I hadn’t gone out because I hadn’t finished my homework.

I didn’t go out because I hadn’t finished my homework.

h. We had done nothing like this at that time.

We did nothing like this at that time.

i. It was quite difficult. I had had no idea what to do.

It had been quite difficult. I had no idea what to do.

j. As far as I’d known, she had always had some pets.

As far as I knew, she had always had some pets.

 k. When I met Jim, he was already a soldier for three years.

When I met Jim, he had already been a soldier for three years.

l. He had gone to the coffee because somebody had told him.

He went to the the coffee because somebody had told him.

Critical Thinking

a. Suicidal thoughts came in Beethoven’s mind several times but he did not commit suicide and
kept on composing music. Write a monologue in about 150 words from Beethoven’s
perspectives describing his suicidal thoughts and his will to live.

I was the life of the party. Even when there was no party. I made one happen. I made people laugh. I
made myself laugh. I worked good and hard to make myself laugh. Lord, you could hear my laugh from a
block away.

“Isn’t he something, that Beethoven?,” people would say. “Always happy. Look at him. Always with the
smile.” In this situation, I’m feeling quite lonely and helpless. My condition has isolated me from my
coworkers and relatives. They think negatively about me. They consider me a deaf guy. The entire efforts
of my life to make music alive and people of the world proud would go in vain. I can’t stand this situation
in my life. There is no hope within me to get cured. It wore me out sometimes, working like that, keeping
the motor running, the horn honking, the smoke pouring out. Sometimes I just wanted to come to rest.
So today, I made a mistake. I stayed alone. And then I decided, that’s what I’ll do. I’ll just stop. I’ll rest.

Later the day, I think it’s bad to kill my own life. I must try to conquer these suicidal thoughts. I should
think about the ethics of life and my interest in music. People say that a man should not give up his life
because he can do many other good things in life. Why do I have those thoughts? I can make everyone
think that I am normal, that I am coping, and that I am fine. I think to myself, suicide is not a permanent
solution to a temporary problem’. Human life is precious and important. I’m ready to leave this miserable
thoughts! I’m ready for a real life. It doesn’t matter if I can’t listen to others. I’m going to listen to my
inner sounds and feelings!

b. Was it divine inspiration or rigorous practice that made Beethoven one of the world’s greatest
musicians? Give the reasons.

No, it wasn’t divine inspiration but rigorous practice and his belief in music that made Beethoven one of
the great composers of the world. Ludwig van Beethoven was a German pianist and composer widely
considered to be one of the greatest musical geniuses of all time. His innovative compositions combined
vocals and instruments, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto and quartet.

Beethoven’s personal life was marked by a struggle against deafness, and some of his most important
works were composed during the last 10 years of his life, when he was quite unable to hear. He went on
singlehandedly to change the musical world forever. Due to his deafness, he became quite sad and
serious. In that suffering too, he didn’t give up his passion for his music and continued his creative works
further. He kept on composing his best music even after his deafness. Due to his rigorous practice and
musical devotion, his music career reached its height and made him quite popular not only within his
country but across the globe. It has been said that he alone dragged music out of the Classical age and
into the Romantic. But that doesn’t go far enough. I believe passionately that Beethoven both defined
and deserves his own musical era.

Writing

A. Who is your favourite Nepali musician? Write his/her biography in about 300 words.

Pramod Kharel, born on March 8, 1983, in Sarlahi, Nepal, is a celebrated figure in the Nepali music scene,
recognized for his remarkable contributions as a singer and composer. His musical journey commenced
at an early age, shaped by the influence of his family’s musical background, with his father, Bhakta
Bahadur Kharel, being a respected musician in his own right.

Pramod’s ascent to prominence unfolded in the mid-2000s with the release of his debut album,
“Pratikshya.” The album showcased a fusion of soulful melodies and poignant lyrics, capturing the hearts
of a diverse audience and marking the inception of his noteworthy career. His distinctive vocal style and
ability to convey profound emotions set him apart in the Nepali music landscape.

In subsequent years, Pramod Kharel continued to carve his niche in the industry, releasing a series of
successful albums that showcased his versatility across various genres. From romantic ballads that tug at
the heartstrings to energetic and upbeat compositions, his repertoire reflects a dynamic range that
resonates with fans.

Beyond his solo endeavors, Pramod has collaborated with other renowned artists, contributing to the
richness and diversity of Nepali music. His performances, characterized by a compelling stage presence
and a deep connection with the audience, have garnered widespread acclaim, both within Nepal and
among the global Nepali diaspora.

Pramod Kharel’s journey is marked by a passion for music, a commitment to his craft, and an uncanny
ability to evoke profound emotions through his songs. His impact extends beyond the studio and stage,
contributing to the cultural tapestry of Nepal’s vibrant music industry.

Grammar

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

a. I was accompanied to the hospital by my friend.

b. I have great respect for my teachers.

c. The culprit was sentenced to death.

d. His arguments are not based on truth.

e. He has not contributed to the development of our nation.

f. He died because of Corona at the age of thirty-five.

g. The young generation of Nepali people don’t take interest in politics.

h. Our village was not infected by Corona.

i. Why do you sneer at me?

C. Fill in the blanks with for, since, until, by or in.

a. The classes will be over by 6 PM.

b. Karma Sherpa reached the top of Mt. Everest in 8 hours.

c. We had met after five years. So we kept on talking until three in the morning.

d. She has been living in America since she got married.

e. He has been playing video game for ten hours.

f. She practices the Sitar every day for five hours.

g. He lived in Jumla until he passed high school examinations.

h. There is no chance of dry weather even today. It has rained since last Saturday.

i. I can type 120 words in a minute.

j. We take an early breakfast. It’s generally ready by six in the morning.

Grammar

A. Make sentences from the table below using used to / didn’t use to as shown in the example.

a. She used to travel a lot but now she rarely leaves her town.

b. She used to be lazy but now she works hard.

c. She didn’t use to like junk food but she eats momo and noodles these days.

d. She used to have a pet but it died last year.

e. She used to be a school teacher but now she is a professor.

f. She used to have many friends but now she has limited friends.

g. She did not use to read many books but she reads a lot books.

h. She didn’t use to take coffee but now she drinks coffee.

i. She used to go to parties a lot but now she doesn’t attend parties.

B. Complete the following sentences with used to or would.

a. My sister used to have short hair when she was young.

b. We used to have lunch in the same school café when I was in middle school.
c. My father used to play badminton before he had backbone problem.

d. When I was very young, I didn’t use to (not) like milk.

e. She would call me after class for a chat.

f. My mother didn’t use to (not) wear glasses when she was at the university.

g. When I was a child, we used to live in a village.

h. On Sundays, My mother would wake up and go to the temple.

i. How many friends would have in class ten?

j. My father would always read me bedtime stories before bed.

Critical thinking

a. “The oppression of women knows no ethnic or racial boundaries.” Do you agree or not? Justify
with your reasons.

=“The oppression of women knows no ethnic or racial boundaries.” Yes, I agree with this statement.

Women have fought to be treated equal for many years and deserve same pay as men. Men receive
better treatment, jobs, and better pay than women, which shows discrimination towards them. Women
continue to fight against the discrimination worldwide. The oppression of women getting defined
equality creates a form of intolerance. Women not having the rights they deserve can lead to uncertainty
within oneself.

In history, women did not have equality rights which connects to why some still face sexist discrimination
against men. Despite the tremendous progress made in the struggle for gender equality, women still face
violence, discrimination, and institutional barriers to equal participation in society. Women are treated
less than men because of gender inequality, this show how women are not looked on the same social
status. It should be equal pay for equal work, but unfortunately women are looked as less than men.
Many countries do not give women the right to education because they believe women should not be
educated. Many poor women cannot afford to pay for education, limiting them to receiving it. Many
times it is not an option because governments prevent women from achieving their goal of education.
Thus, due to all these things, women have been suffering a lot. Their oppression knows no ethnic and
racial boundaries and they have been the victims for ages.

b. Why is it important to question our beliefs and values? How are they set up in a person’s
mind?

=It is important to question our beliefs and values because it builds character, honesty, compassion,
acceptance and strength. People usually tend to avoid questioning their own beliefs because they
assume that it will diminish their beliefs. If we think this way it’s because we already doubt the veracity
of our claims, and we are being dishonest with ourselves. Questioning beliefs through objectivity and
observing as a third party/person helps us to gage not only if our beliefs are true, but what are the
logical consequences of our ideas in the world (positive and negative). As soon as we question another
person’s beliefs on a topic, we should evaluate our own. If we discover we are wrong, this fosters
acceptance. if we discover we are wrong and modify our beliefs and admit our error, this fosters
strength. Thus, it’s important to question our beliefs and values.

Writing

B. Write an article for a national daily on “The Status of Women in Nepali Society.”

The Status of Women in Nepali Society

2024-01-26 : Nepal is a country of great geographic, cultural, ethnic, religious diversity. Across the
diversity, the majority of communities in Nepal are patriarchal. A women’s life is strongly influenced
by her father, husband and son. Such patriarchal practices are further reinforced by the legal system.
The status of women is determined by the patriarchal social system, values, and women’s right
preserved and protected by the state, and state policy for the development of women.

Women’s relative status, however, varied from one ethnic group to another. The economic
contribution of women is substantial, but largely unnoticed because their traditional role was taken
as for granted.

The health status of Nepal’s people is one of the lowest in the South Asian region and this is
particularly true for females. One fifth of women get married in the early age of 15-19. As a result of
their premature pregnancy the deaths of women have been occurring in a very high.

National statistics shows that women’s literacy rate is 30 percent while 66 percent to male. The
enrollment of women in higher education is only 24.95 percent. Women’ involvement in technical
and vocational education is also lower than men. This is due to the social norms and culture that we
follow also. As in rural areas girls are considered as “paraya dhan”(others property) and they don’t
get the opportunity to get education.

A large part of women’s work is not considered as economic activity. As a result only 45.2 per cent of
women as compared to 68.2 per cent of men are classified as economically active. There are very
few women working in professional work in Nepal. They may study the law, but few are able to enter
the profession.

Grammar

C. Choose the correct alternative.

a. An old foreign car/a foreign old car

An old foreign car

b. A beautiful white dress/ a white beautiful dress

A beautiful white dress

 c. A nice tall young man/a tall nice young man

A nice tall young man

d. A big black wooden desk/ a black wooden big desk

A big black wooden desk

e. A delicious Italian pizza/ an Italian delicious pizza

A delicious Italian pizza

f. A huge brown bear/a brown huge bear

A huge brown bear

g. A purple cotton sleeping bag/ a cotton purple sleeping bag

A purple cotton sleeping bag

h. A beautiful old Indian village/an old beautiful Indian village

An old beautiful Indian village

i. A cute little kitten/ a little cute kitten

A cute little kitten

j. An expensive antique /an antique expensive table

An antique expensive table

D. Put the adjectives in the following sentences in the correct order.

a. I bought (red/ a /comfortable/new) scooter.

I bought a comfortable new scooter.

b. She reached home and sat on (relaxing/old/her/wooden) chair.

She reached home and sat on her old relaxing wooden chair.

c. We ate (Chinese/delicious/some) food.

We ate some delicious Chinese food.

d. I need (golden/delicious/some/round) apples.

I need some delicious round golden apples.

e. We like to live in a (calm/unmediated/remote) place for some time.

We like to live in a calm unmediated remote place for some time.

f. She is wearing (silver/beautiful / a(n)/ old) ring.

She is wearing an old beautiful silver ring.

 g. I am looking for (golden/stylish/a/Japanese) watch.

I am looking for a stylish Japanese golden watch.

h. She dropped (old/china/attractive/a(n)) cup and smashed it.

She dropped an old attractive China cup and smashed it.

i. He wants to marry (young/pretty/educated/a(n)/rustic) girl.

He wants to marry a pretty young educated rustic girl.

j. We stayed in a (luxurious/five star/new) hotel in Dubai.

We stayed in a new luxurious five-star hotel in Dubai.