SOUTHERN MASBATE ROOSEVELT COLLEGE

Katipunan, Placer, Masbate

General chemistry 2

ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

MET #Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids

Lesson # Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids

Prerequisite Content-knowledge: Students should already be familiar with the properties of

matter in the three phases: gas, liquid and solid.

Prerequisite Skill: _____________________________

Prerequisite Assessment:

Draw a star ( ) if the statement is correct and a triangle ( ) if the statement is incorrect.
_____ 1. Liquid particles are constantly moving.

_____ 2. Solid particles vibrate at a certain frequency.

_____ 3. Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion.

_____ 4. Liquids have definite volume and shape.

_____ 5. Solid particles move.

Pre- lesson Remediation Activity:

1. For students with insufficient level on prerequisite content - knowledge and /or skill(s):

Pen and paper activity to assess students prerequisite content knowledge and level of
readiness.

2. For students with fairly sufficient level on prerequisite content knowledge and/or skill(s):

Pen and paper activity to determine their correct understanding of the prerequisite.

Introduction:

This part must articulate the following:

1. Time frame a student is expected to finish learning the lesson (and where to contact the

teacher when concerns arise)

Time frame: 4 days (1 hour/day of engagement)

Mode of contacting the teacher

Online Approach: Messenger/ Text

F2F classes: Messenger or text, consultation time schedule.

2. The knowledge (RUA) the students is expected to gain from learning the topic/lesson

After this lessons, the students will be able to;

1. State what is intermolecular forces

2. Explain the properties of solids and liquids using kinetic molecular model.

3. Rank the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest.

3. Context where the student is going to apply his/learning (In what PAA/EFAA and personal

use?)

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object or subatomic
particle. Every moving object and particle have kinetic energy. A person walking, a soaring
baseball, a crumb falling from a table and a charged particle in an electric field are all
examples of kinetic energy at work.

4. Overview of the Lesson

Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This is energy in motion. The
amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature. There is space between
particles. The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance’s state of
matter. Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.

Student's Experiential Learning: (Note: use the Flexible Learning Activity identified for the
topic/lesson relative to the General Enabling Strategy)

This section is intended for the presentation guide of the lesson proper. It must highlight
the chunking of the topics into essential through the use of formative questions.

Chunk 1

Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are the attractive and repulsive forces that
arise between the molecules of a substance.

These forces mediate the interactions between individual molecules of a substance.

Intermolecular forces are responsible for most of the physical and chemical properties of
matter.

Forces also exist between the molecules themselves and these are collectively referred to as
intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are mainly responsible for the physical
characteristics of the substance. Intermolecular forces are responsible for the condensed states
of matter. The particles making up solids and liquids are held together by intermolecular
forces and these forces affect a number of the physical properties of matter in these two states.

Activity 1: FILL ME UP

I – Fill in the blanks: Try to fill out the missing words on the sentences below about the
intermolecular forces. You can choose you answer from the box below.
 1. Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are the a___________ and __________
forces that arise between the molecules of a substance.
2. Intermolecular forces are responsible for most of the physical and _________________of
matter.

3. Intermolecular forces are mainly responsible for the physical characteristics of

the_____________.

4. The particles making up __________ and liquids are held together by intermolecular
forces and these forces affect a __________of the physical properties of matter in these two
states.

Attractive substance chemical properties

Repulsive solids number

Formative Question

1. What is Intermolecular Force?

Chunk 2

Shape and Volume of Liquids and Solids

Solids

In the solid state, the individual particles of a substance are in fixed positions with respect to
each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular
interactions between the particles. As a result, solids have a definite shape and volume. Most
solids are hard, but some (like waxes) are relatively soft. Many solids composed of ions can
also be quite brittle.
Solids are defined by the following characteristics:
Definite shape (rigid)
Definite volume
Particles vibrate around fixed axes
If we were to cool liquid mercury to its freezing point of −39oC−39oC, and under the right
pressure conditions, we would notice all of the liquid particles would go into the solid state.
Mercury can be solidified when its temperature is brought to its freezing point. However,
when returned to room temperature conditions, mercury does not exist in solid state for long,
and returns back to its more common liquid form.
Solids usually have their constituent particles arranged in a regular, three-dimensional array
of alternating positive and negative ions called a crystal. The effect of this regular
arrangement of particles is sometimes visible macroscopically. Some solids, especially those
composed of large molecules, cannot easily organize their particles in such regular crystals
and exist as amorphous (literally, “without form”) solids. Glass is one example of an
amorphous solid.

Liquids
If the particles of a substance have enough energy to partially overcome intermolecular
interactions, then the particles can move about each other while remaining in contact. This
describes the liquid state. In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a
definite volume. However, because the particles can move about each other rather freely, a
liquid has no definite shape and takes a shape dictated by its container.

Liquids have the following characteristics:

 No definite shape (takes the shape of its container).

 Has definite volume.
 Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to each other.
A familiar liquid is mercury metal. Mercury is an anomaly. It is the only metal we know of
that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury also has an ability to stick to itself (surface
tension)—a property that all liquids exhibit. Mercury has a relatively high surface tension,
which makes it very unique. Here you see mercury in its common liquid form. If we heat
liquid mercury to its boiling point of 357oC357oC under the right pressure conditions, we
would notice all particles in the liquid state go into the gas state.

Gases

If the particles of a substance have enough energy to completely overcome intermolecular

interactions, then the particles can separate from each other and move about randomly in
space. This describes the gas state, which we will consider in more detail elsewhere. Like
liquids, gases have no definite shape, but unlike solids and liquids, gases have no definite
volume either. The change from solid to liquid usually does not significantly change the
volume of a substance. However, the change from a liquid to a gas significantly increases the
volume of a substance, by a factor of 1,000 or more. Gases have the following characteristics:

 No definite shape (takes the shape of its container)

 No definite volume
 Particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
 Highly compressible

Activity 2: LET’S COMPARE!

– Comparing the illustration of solid and liquid particles.

Guide question: •how can you compare the properties of the two materials above?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
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Formative Question

1. In what way does the solid, liquid and gas similar to one another?

Chunk 3

Types of Intermolecular Forces

An intermolecular force is an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or
protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another
molecule. Various physical and chemical properties of a substance are dependent on this
force. The boiling point of a substance is proportional to the strength of its intermolecular
forces – the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.
1. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Dipole-dipole interactions are attractive forces among polar molecules. Polar molecules have
permanent dipoles that are formed due to differences in the electronegativities of the atoms
that are associated with a covalent bond. The partially positive portion of one molecule is
attracted to the partially negative portion of another molecule.

2. Ion-Dipole Interactions

These interactions are similar to dipole-dipole interactions except for the fact that they arise
between ions and polar molecules. Example: When NaCl is mixed with water in a beaker, the
polar H2O molecules are attracted to the sodium and chloride ions in the beaker. The strength
of this interaction depends on:

 The magnitude of the dipole moment

 Size of the polar molecule
 The size and charge of an ion

3. Ion Induced Dipole Interactions

In this type of interaction, a non-polar molecule is polarized by an ion placed near it. The non-
polar molecules, upon obtaining a charge, behave as induced dipoles. This interaction
between an ion and an induced dipole is known as ion-induced dipole interaction.

4. Dipole Induced Dipole Interaction

These interactions are similar to ion-induced dipole interactions. However, the differentiating
factor is that non-polar molecules are transformed into induced dipoles due to the presence of
a polar molecule nearby.

5. Dispersion Forces or London Forces

It operates for a short distance and it is the weakest force. This kind of force arises due to the
movement of electrons thus creating temporary positive and negative charged regions.
Activity 3: Let’s Organize
Direction: Organize the following intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest. Label
them from 1 to 5:
_____ Ion-Dipole Interactions
_____ Dispersion Forces or London Forces
_____ Dipole Induced Dipole Interaction
_____ Dipole-Dipole Interactions
_____ Ion Induced Dipole Interactions

Formative Question

1. How many types of intermolecular forces are there?

2. What are the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest?

Synthesis

Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are the attractive and repulsive forces that
arise between the molecules of a substance.

Solids

Definite shape (rigid)

Definite volume
Particles vibrate around fixed axes

Liquids

 No definite shape (takes the shape of its container).

 Has definite volume.
 Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to each other.

Gases

 No definite shape (takes the shape of its container)

 No definite volume
 Particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
 Highly compressible

Types of Intermolecular Forces

An intermolecular force is an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or
protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another
molecule. Various physical and chemical properties of a substance are dependent on this
force. The boiling point of a substance is proportional to the strength of its intermolecular
forces – the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.
1. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
2. Ion-Dipole Interactions

3. Ion Induced Dipole Interactions

4. Dipole Induced Dipole Interaction

5. Dispersion Forces or London Forces

RUA of a student's learning:

At this point, the teacher will determine the learner's level of applying their achieved
knowledge and skills in this lesson on the intermolecular forces.

State what is intermolecular forces

 Activity 1: FILL ME UP

Explain the properties of solids and liquids using kinetic molecular model.

 Activity 2: LET’S COMPARE!

Rank the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest.

 Activity 3: Let’s Organize

Post lesson Remediation Activity:

The teacher will provide an activity to the students to assess what they have learned during
the discussion.

Instruction: Read the summary before answering the questions.

• Liquids and solids are quite a different story compared to gases. The principal difference
between the condensed states (liquids and solids) and the gaseous state is the distance
between molecules.

• In a liquid, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty space. If you
can still recall your lesson in junior high school, liquids are much more difficult to compress
than gases, and they are also much denser under normal conditions. Molecules in a liquid are
held together by one or more types of attractive forces, which will be discussed in the next
modules. • A liquid also has a definite volume, because molecules in a liquid do not break
away from the attractive forces. The molecules can, however, move past one another freely,
and so a liquid can flow, can be poured, and assumes the shape of its container. • In a solid,
molecules are held rigidly in position with virtually no freedom of motion. Many solids are
characterized by long-range order; that is, the molecules are arranged in regular
configurations in three dimensions. There is even less empty space in a solid than in a liquid.
Thus, solids are almost incompressible and possess definite shape and volume.

1. What is intermolecular forces ?

2. Enumerate the types of intermolecular forces.

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
3. Find any material that you see in your house to complete the table below:

Substance State of Matter Description of Picture of Molecular

Molecular Motion Motion

Prepared By:

GROPHEL L. MESA

Subject Teacher