Practical Research 1

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research
First Edition, 2020

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 Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

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check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed to let you understand the characteristics, processes,

and ethics of research. As a senior high school student, you need to know these basic
considerations in writing a research paper because they will also serve as your
foundation in doing the same in your future career.

At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following
competencies:
1. describe the characteristics of research (CS_RS11IIIa-3);
2. illustrate the processes of research (CS_RS11IIIa-3); and
3. define ethics in research (CS_RS11IIIa-3).

What I Know

Read and analyze the following statements carefully. Write FACT if you think
the statement is correct, and BLUFF if incorrect.
__________ 1. Research should be empirical.

__________ 2. Research should be subjective.

__________ 3. Research follows a system in formulating its components.

__________ 4. Any unusual phenomenon may happen and can turn into a potential
problem.

__________ 5. The choice of variables does not affect the clarity of research.

__________ 6. The first step in writing a research is identifying any problem.

__________ 7. The researcher must use a standardized approach in writing a research.

__________ 8. Research can be done in just one sitting.

__________ 9. The research process entails a careful investigation leading to the

discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements.

__________ 10. Conducting a research may be done individually or collaboratively.

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__________ 11. Ethic promotes the pursuit of deceit, knowledge, and credibility.

__________ 12. Human subject protection is the most important ethical consideration
in conducting a research.

__________ 13. A researcher must always adhere to the ethical codes and policies of
research.

__________ 14. Ethics in research covers the rights of research participants.

__________ 15. Proper acknowledgment should only be given to chosen authors cited
and sources used in research.

Lesson

1 Characteristics of Research

In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the definition of research along
with its importance in daily life. Aside from them, you also need to know the
characteristics of research because they will guide you in crafting your own.

Let me remind you that characteristics are features or qualities that

distinguish a person, place, or thing.

What’s In

Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different characteristics of

research. Place the correct letter in each box.

1. E S M T S A C T Y I

2. E O C V J T E B I

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 3. S F A E I L E B

4. C E P A I R L I M

5. A R C E L

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares the learners to be acquainted with the
different characteristics, processes and ethics of research that will
guide them in writing their own research in the future.

What’s New

As a senior high school student, you are required to study a few research
subjects and conduct a research either individually or collaboratively. But, do you
know how to make a good one? Well, this module will surely help you to achieve your
goal.

In this lesson, you will be oriented about the five basic characteristics of
research (Cristobal & Cristobal 2017). There may be a lot of characteristics stated by
other authors in other references but let us only focus on the following characteristics
rooted from the given definitions of research in the previous module.

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 What is It

Characteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

1. Research should be systematic.

- The researcher needs to carry out a series of interrelated steps in
conducting the study. Such procedure must follow a well-planned,
sequential and organized structure from beginning to end.

- The research paper is divided into macrosystem and microsystem. The

former refers to different chapters labeled with main headings, while the
latter consists of various elements detailing the contents of each part.
2. Research should be objective.
- The researcher needs to present information that are purely based on
truths. It should always be anchored on the factual basis in which the
research work is founded, thus being free from any bias or personal
opinion.

3. Research should be feasible.

- The researcher needs to consider the possibility and practicality of
conducting the proposed study. All significant factors like time, budget and
access to resources must be analyzed to determine if the research can
actually be done.

4. Research should be empirical.

- The researcher needs to employ appropriate methods, either quantitatively
or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based information. They can be drawn
from concrete experimentation, direct or indirect observation, and
verifiable experience.

5. Research should be clear.

- The researcher needs to use comprehensible language to present
information and convey explanation throughout the research process. The
factors to be manipulated, measured or described in the study, also known
as variables, must be clarified using literature from published and
unpublished materials. They should be explained well from the
introductory part of the research paper to ensure a deeper understanding
of the study to be conducted.

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 What’s More

Think of any symbol that represents each characteristic of research. Draw

them inside the circles of the given concept map below.

Research

What I Have Learned

What are the five basic characteristics of research?

o _______________
o _______________
o _______________
o _______________
o _______________

What I Can Do

Examine the following research scenarios and identify what characteristic of

research is disregarded. Then, suggest how can the researcher improve his/her work.

1. The researcher lacks explanation on the identified variables being studied.

-

2. The researcher does not follow the standard format in writing the research
paper.
-

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 3. The researcher relies on the opinion of other researchers.
-

4. The researcher thinks of an implausible problem to solve.

-

5. The researcher uses information from a fabricated experimentation.

-

Assessment

Identify whether the following scenarios show different characteristics of a good

research. Write ACCEPT if it does, and REJECT if it does not.

__________ 1. Organizing the study in a logical manner

__________ 2. Disregarding the basis on which the work is founded
__________ 3. Validating the results of the study
__________ 4. Clarifying indicators and boundaries
__________ 5. Basing on biases
__________ 6. Analyzing phenomena of importance
__________ 7. Following scientific procedure
__________ 8. Providing fabricated information
__________ 9. Presenting opinions
__________ 10. Considering the extraordinary nature of things
__________ 11. Changing information from respondents
__________ 12. Using different formatting styles
__________ 13. Evaluating sources of information
__________ 14. Counterchecking different evidence
__________ 15. Screening pertinent literature

Additional Activities

Choose one among the five characteristics of research and explain how you
can apply it in writing your own research. Express your answer in at least five
sentences.
systematic objective feasible
empirical clear
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 Lesson

2 The Research Process

In the previous lesson, you were oriented with the basic characteristics of
research. At this time, you also need to know the process of research because it will
help you in properly conducting your own study.

Let me remind you that process refers to a series of steps or actions taken to
achieve a particular end or goal.

What’s In

Can you help the researcher get out of the maze to achieve his goal?

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 Great! What you have just done can be compared to the process of research. It
takes you to the correct direction to finish your study and achieve your goal.

What’s New

As a senior high school student, you are required to accomplish a research

output at the end of the semester. But, do you know the steps to take in making a
research? Well, this module will surely help you to meet your goal.
In this lesson, you will be oriented about the research process. It can be
broken down into five phases, making it more manageable and easier to understand.
This module will give you an idea of what is involved at each phase in order to give
you a better overall picture of where you are in your research, where you will be
going, and what to expect at each step.

What is It

The Research Process

Research process is a systematic manner in which the researcher approaches
his/her area of study to produce knowledge that the community will consider to be
worthwhile within the field (Rao, 2017). Understanding such process is an important
step towards executing any study. The following table shows the five phases of the
research process along with their definition (Whittemore & Melkus, 2008).

Research Phase Definition

Conceptual Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating
Phase the hypothesis, developing the research framework, and
determining the research purpose and objective
Design and Selecting a research design, developing study procedures,
Planning Phase and determining the sampling and data collection plan
Empirical Phase Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis
Analytic Phase Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making
conclusions
Dissemination Communicating results to appropriate audience, and utilizing
Phase the findings

Study the following sample that illustrates how research can be conducted
through the five phases of the research process (Blankenship, 2010):

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 In the conceptual phase, the researcher identifies childhood obesity as a local
problem and concern within the community. He/she reviews previous studies
conducted about it and discovers statistics related to the long-term effects of the said
problem in terms of health issues, death rates, and projected medical costs. He/she
also finds several articles and information from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention that describe the benefits of walking 10,000 steps a day. Based on the
literature review, he/she hypothesizes that walking may help in combating obesity.
He/she conceptualizes obesity as the research problem and purports to determine if
walking 10,000 steps a day for three days a week will improve the individual's health.

In the design and planning phase, the researcher decides to use experimental
design in the study. He/she develops the plan for the walking program indicating
what data will be collected, when and how the data will be collected, who will collect
the data, and how the data will be analyzed. The instrumentation plan presents all
the steps that must be taken for the study to be completed. From the identified
population of children aged 10-12 years old, the researcher randomly selects sample
to participate in a walking program for six months.

In the empirical phase, the researcher collects data through the use of survey,
questionnaire, and observation. He/she measures the defined variables like weight,
percentage of body fat, cholesterol levels, and the number of days the child walked a
total of 10,000 steps during the class. The researcher gathers these data twice: at
the first session and at the last session of the program.

In the analytic phase, the researcher examines the data by comparing the
measurements of weight, percentage of body fat, and cholesterol that were taken at
the first meeting of the subjects to the measurements of the same variables at the
final program session. These two sets of data will be analyzed to determine if there
is a difference between the two measurements for each child who participated in the
program. Then, the researcher interprets the results and makes conclusions related
to the research question posed.

In the dissemination phase, the researcher eventually answers the research

question and communicates the results and findings of the study to the community
by publishing the accomplished research.

Now, study the following schematic diagram which illustrates the simplified
flow of the significant steps you need to take in conducting a study presented by Rao

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(2017).

Prepare Interpret
Define the
Review the Formulate the Collect Analyze and report
research
literature hypothesis research data data the
problem
design findings

What’s More

Arrange the following steps to illustrate the research process. Use one to seven
(1-7) to indicate the correct chronological order.

1. Prepare the research design

2. Interpret and report the findings

3. Define the research problem

4. Analyze data

5. Review the literature

6. Collect data

7. Formulate hypothesis

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 What I Have Learned

What are the five phases of the research process?

Will you enumerate the seven significant steps in conducting a study?

What I Can Do

Think of a topic that you’d like to research about. Then, compose a short
narrative essay describing the chronological steps you will take in conducting your
study. Be guided with the given rubric below.

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 Rubric for Assessing an Essay

VGE GE SE LE N
CRITERIA
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. The essay demonstrates an understanding of the
research process.
2. The essay descriptively narrates the
chronological steps in conducting a study based
on the chosen topic.
3. The essay follows the correct format.
4. The essay is written coherently and cohesively.
5. The word choice is appropriate.
6. The essay is free from grammatical errors.
TOTAL
OVERALL SCORE /30

Legend:
VGE – To a very great extent
GE – To a great extent
SE – To some extent
LE – To a little extent
N – Not at all

Assessment

Categorize the following steps in which phase of the research process they
belong to. Use the legend below for your answer.
A – Conceptual Phase D – Analytic Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase E – Dissemination Phase
C – Empirical Phase

__________ 1. Making conclusions

__________ 2. Developing study procedures
__________ 3. Communicating results
__________ 4. Identifying the problem
__________ 5. Selecting a research design
__________ 6. Developing the research framework
__________ 7. Determining the research purpose and objective
__________ 8. Collecting data
__________ 9. Interpreting results
__________ 10. Analyzing data

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__________ 11. Formulating hypothesis
__________ 12. Reviewing the literature
__________ 13. Preparing data for analysis
__________ 14. Utilizing findings
__________ 15. Determining the sampling and data collection plan

Additional Activities

Which do you think among the five phases of the research process can be done
easily? Choose one from the box and justify your answer.

Conceptualizing Phase Design and Planning Phase

Empirical Phase Analytic Phase Dissemination Phase

Lesson

3 Ethics in Research

In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the characteristics of research
and the research process. Aside from them, you also need to know the importance of
ethics because it will guide you in considering the ethical codes and policies you have
to follow in writing and conducting a research.

Let me remind you that ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals with moral
principles on governing a person’s behavior in the conduct of any activity.

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 What’s In

Search for and encircle the following terms in the word puzzle below.
1. Honesty 6. Respect
2. Objectivity 7. Confidentiality
3. Integrity 8. Responsibility
4. Care 9. Competence
5. Openness 10. Legality

What’s New

Read and analyze the following article comprehensively. This will serve as an
eye-opener for you to realize the importance of ethics in research.

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 Thousands of Indians die in unethical clinical trials
(Subramanian, 2018)

Thousands of Indians have died in unethical clinical trials over the past decade,
even as a lawsuit to improve regulation of these trials has dragged unresolved
through the Supreme Court for six years.
Between January 2005 and November 2017, 4,967 people died during the
course of drug trials and research, according to government data obtained by a non-
profit called Swasthya Adhikar Manch (SAM). Another 20,000 odd people have
suffered adverse reactions in such trials.
Pharmaceutical companies have offered compensation to the families of the
deceased only in 187 of these cases, said Amulya Nidhi, who founded SAM. At least
475 drugs have been tested in trials during this time, according to Sanjay Parikh,
the lawyer representing SAM in the lawsuit it filed against the government in 2012.
The trials take advantage of loopholes in rules, loose oversight, and India’s large
population of poor people who are often unaware of their rights as trial subjects, Mr.
Nidhi said. “We need a strong regulatory system, and we need action on violators.”
The number of clinical trials in India rose after 2005, when India relaxed its
testing laws. Drug companies began to recruit clinical research outsourcing firms to
conduct trials in India, where costs are drastically lower.
The annual revenue of these outsourcing firms has grown from $485 million in
2010-11 to over $1 billion today, according to research from Frost & Sullivan, a
market consultancy.
India’s regulators have been unable to keep up with this explosion of testing.
For instance, Mr. Nidhi said, an ethics committee is supposed to oversee every trial.
“At one point, in Chandigarh, there were 257 trials going on, but only one ethics
committee overseeing them,” he said. “How is that even possible?”
Trials take place under the radar as well, Mr. Parikh said, sometimes by simply
paying poor subjects around 500 rupees a day and enlisting them. The details of the
trials and the data harvested remain with the companies. “There’s no way to find this
stuff out.”
In 2013, following an interim order from the Supreme Court, the government
made it mandatory for companies to seek written informed consent from each subject
before a trial, and for the process of seeking this consent to be recorded on video.
In reality, however, this rarely happens. What is more commonplace, Mr. Nidhi
said, is the kind of experience Pradeep Gehlot had. His story, as narrated to SAM,
forms part of the non-profit’s case in court.
Mr. Gehlot drives an auto rickshaw in the city of Indore, and when his father
Srikrishna, a tailor, fell ill with breathlessness and chest pain, he admitted him to a
government hospital.
In the hospital, Mr. Gehlot was given a sheaf of papers to sign. They were in
English, which he couldn’t read very well, but the doctors told him that his father
would be treated, free of charge, with imported drugs, so Mr. Gehlot went ahead and
signed.
 “Without his consent, Srikrishna was in a clinical trial for nearly two years,”
Mr. Nidhi said. “His health started deteriorating, and he died in 2012.”
When SAM heard about the case and sent a team to talk to Mr. Gehlot, they
confirmed from the documents that a trial had been conducted.
After Mr. Gehlot complained, the doctor’s medical license was suspended for
three months. SAM uncovered other cases of ethical violations in a different Indore
hospital and filed further complaints.
The state government, after investigating the hospital, found that 81 “serious
adverse events”—including 32 deaths—occurred during clinical trials on more than
3,000 people. These adverse events had not previously been reported to regulators.
A third Indore hospital enlisted 1,833 children and 233 mentally ill individuals in
trials without their consent, the investigators’ report found.
The report also suggested that doctors and clinicians running these trials had
frequently been sent on trips overseas, or had been paid out of process, by
pharmaceutical companies.
Punitive measures are weak, however. After its inquiry, the government
imposed fines of $100 apiece on 12 doctors for not cooperating with its investigations.
Two doctors were barred from conducting further trials for a period of six months.
But Chirag Trivedi, the president of the Indian Society for Clinical Research, a
professional body representing pharmaceutical researchers, argued that the
country’s rules are actually over-stringent, and that they have shrunk the number
of ongoing trials.
One regulation, for example, calls for companies to also pay for management of
all medical problems during trials, which is unfair, he said.
“There was a cardiovascular drug trial, which is for a heart ailment, where the
company had to pay for tuberculosis treatment for nine months,” Mr. Trivedi said.
“We all know that tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, not by any drug, and not by a
clinical trial for a heart ailment.”
In every case that has warranted compensation, companies have paid out, he
said. Mr. Trivedi admitted that, “as in any industry,” there were companies that
indulged in unethical trials as well. “We cannot condone any irregularities,” he said.
“Whatever protects the rights and safety of individuals, we will support such that.
Every life is precious. We can’t treat Indians as guinea pigs.”
He also pointed out that clinical trials are vital to drug development. “The
medicines that help you and me—they wouldn’t be available without trials.”
The next hearing of SAM’s lawsuit in the Supreme Court has been scheduled
for December 4, but all parties to the suit have been asked to file their suggestions
for an amended law next month, Mr. Nidhi said.
But the regulations before 2005 were both sufficient and comprehensive, Mr.
Nidhi said. “Bring back the law that existed before 2005. That is what we are asking.”
 What is It

Importance of Ethics in Research

Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in Research & Why is it
important?”, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the following
reasons why it is important to follow ethical principles in writing and conducting a
research:
1. It promotes the aims of research.
Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth, and avoidance
of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification and misrepresentation of research
data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative work.
Many researchers who are working in different disciplines and institutions
cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a particular research. With ethics in mind,
they also maintain trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
Ethical norms guarantee the public that researchers are deemed responsible
for committing any form of research misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research.
People express and lend their support by all means if they can trust the quality
and integrity of research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices that can adversely harm
the research subjects and the community. Thus, it encourages social
responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public
health and safety.

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School”, lists the following ethical codes and policies that the researcher needs to
consider in conducting a study:
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to truthfully report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased. The study should not be
influenced by his/her personal motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility through the consistency of
his/her thought and action. He/she should act with sincerity especially on
keeping agreements.
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of the study.
All information should be critically examined. Records of research activities
should be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms and new ideas for the
betterment of the study. Research results and findings should be shared to the
public.
6. Respect for intellectual property
The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should be given to who or
where it is due. All authors cited and sources used in the study should be
properly acknowledged.
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes claiming an intellectual property
as one’s own that can be penalized through Republic Act 8293 known as
the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to protect all confidential communications
or documents from being discovered by others.
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her work is clear, honest, complete,
accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate publication. It
should likewise refrain from selective, misleading, or ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible conduct of research and share
professional knowledge and skills especially to new or less-experienced
researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by treating
them equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social good by working for the best interests
and benefits of the environment and society as a whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any
factor relating to scientific competence and integrity. Thus, research should be
open to all people or entities who will participate in research.
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary knowledge and skills in
conducting a study. He/she should be equipped with a sense of professionalism
and expertise to ensure competent results.
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by relevant laws, institutional and
government policies concerning the legal conduct of research.
15. Human Subject Protection
The researcher should protect human lives by preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy of human subjects to be used in the study.
Rights of Research Participants
In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are inseparably linked to one
another. This means that both the researcher and the participant have necessary
obligations to perform as a prerequisite of their privileges in conducting research.
According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003) and Polit (2006), the following are some
of the rights of research participants, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be given the privilege to exercise their free
will whether to participate or not. They have the right to refuse involvement in the
study. Thus, any person should not be forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be provided with sufficient information about
the procedures and risks involved in the research. It serves as an initial guide on
why and how the study will be conducted. Hence, the researcher must ensure that
they fully understood and agreed upon the study.
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected from any type of harm whether
it may be physical, psychological, social, or economic. The researcher must avoid,
prevent, or minimize threats especially when they are exposed and engaged in
invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured of their privacy particularly on
personal information. The researcher must secure that all information disclosed
by them will not be used without authorized access.
5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain anonymous or unidentified
throughout the study even to the researchers themselves. They have the right to
keep their identities secret as they participate especially in case-sensitive studies.

What’s More

Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be undertaken in order to correct

the unethical practices presented below. Consider the ethical principles that must
be followed in conducting a research.
Unethical Practices Ethical Actions
1. Bella, a graduating student, claimed the
research work of her classmate. She erased the
 name of the original researcher and placed her
own.
2. Joseph, the class president, forced his
classmates to participate in his study.
3. A group of research students secretly chose their
adviser as the subject of their research.
4. Sheila, an honor student, ranked last in the
honor roll because of non-participation in extra-
curricular activities. A qualitative research about
her is conducted without informing her.
5. Delbert, a senior high school student, is
planning to carry out his first research on the
misbehavior of fellow students during
examinations. However, he has no idea on the
ethical guidelines in conducting such research.

What I Have Learned

At this point, you already learned a lot about ethics in research. Now, can you
recall the importance of ethical codes and policies?

What should you consider most among the different ethical codes and policies
when conducting a study? Why do you think so?

What I Can Do

Complete the following phrases by referring to the ethical principles for

research.
1. When I conduct research, I will

2. The participants of my study will be

3. To finally arrive at the best findings, I will

Assessment

Identify whether the following actions follow the ethical codes and policies for
research. Write GO if you think it is ethical, and STOP if it is unethical.

__________ 1. Securing the safety of research participants

__________ 2. Rejecting criticisms from others
__________ 3. Exposing personal identity of respondents
__________ 4. Carrying out inconsistent actions
__________ 5. Treating all peers equally
__________ 6. Duplicating other publications
__________ 7. Obeying relevant laws
__________ 8. Keeping agreements
__________ 9. Searching from credible online sources of information
__________ 10. Falsifying reported data and results
__________ 11. Refraining from any form of biases
__________ 12. Validating information from experts
__________ 13. Grabbing credits from the work of others
__________ 14. Following institutional and government policies
__________ 15. Discriminating some participants

Additional Activities

Pick one from the rights of research participants inside the box. Then, explain
how you can personally apply it in conducting your own research in the future.
Express your ideas in at least five sentences.

Voluntary Participation Confidentiality Anonymity

Informed Consent Risk of Harm
 Assessment:
1. D What’s In:
2. B
3. E
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10.D
11.A
12.A
13.C
14.E
15.B
Lesson 2
Additional
may vary. Lesson 2
Activities: for each item
Assessment: - Suggestions What I Know:
- Answers may
1. ACCEPT
5. empirical 1. FACT
vary.
2. REJECT 4. feasible 2. BLUFF
3. ACCEPT What I Have 3. objective 3. FACT
4. ACCEPT Learned: c 4. FACT
5. REJECT 2. systemati 5. BLUFF
6. ACCEPT o systematic 1. Clear 6. FACT
7. ACCEPT o objective 7. FACT
8. REJECT o feasible What I Can Do:
8. BLUFF
9. REJECT o empirical 9. BLUFF
10.ACCEPT o clear What’s In: 10.FACT
11.REJECT - Answers may 11.BLUFF
1. SYSTEMATI
12.REJECT come in any 12.BLUFF
C
13.ACCEPT order. 2. OBJECTIVE 13.FACT
14.ACCEPT 3. FEASIBLE 14.FACT
15.ACCEPT What’s More: 15.BLUFF
4. EMPIRICAL
- Answers may 5. CLEAR
vary.
Lesson 1
Answer Key
 Assessment:
1. GO
2. STOP
3. STOP What’s New:
4. STOP 1. Ethics in research is the practice of principles that place
5. GO primary importance on the protection of the human
6. STOP subjects and participants of the study.
7. GO
2. It is unethical because the 400 African-American people
8. GO
9. GO were deliberately left untreated and they were not informed
10. STOP about the study.
11. GO 3. (Answers may vary.)
12. GO
13. STOP
What I Have Learned:
14. GO
15. STOP - Ethical codes and policies are important because they will
guide the researcher in the pursuit of knowledge, truth and
What I Can Do: credibility.
- I think all ethical codes and policies are equally important,
- Answers may vary. so we need to consider all the given guiding principles in
What I Know:
What I Have Learned:
Additional Activities: - The five phases of the research What’s
process are conceptual, design More:
- Answers may and planning, empirical,
vary. analytic and dissemination. 1. 4
- The seven significant steps in 2. 7
conducting a study are 3. 1
determining the research 4. 6
What I Can Do: problem, reviewing literature, 5. 2
- Answers may vary. formulating hypothesis,
6. 5
(Be guided with the preparing the research design,
collecting data, analyzing data, 7. 3
given rubric in
assessing an essay.) interpreting and reporting
findings.
 conduct a proper research.
5. Delbert must know and follow appropriate guidelines in order to
preferably with a signed agreement.
researcher must acquire her approval to participate in the study,
4. Sheila must be properly informed about the research. The
their research subject.
notify their adviser regarding their intent on making him/her as
vary.
3. The students must employ informed consent. They should formally - Answers may
he should invite them formally.
2. Joseph should not force his classmates to join in his study, instead Activities:
and not claim the work of others as her own. Additional
1. Bella should avoid plagiarism. She must do her own research work
Additional Activities:

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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