ISMAILSAHEB MULLA LAW COLLEGE, SATARA

Project report submitted under Environmental Studies

Year 2022 ---- 2023

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Name of the student Roll no.

1. Yash Prakash Sawant 253

2. Shahu Chandrankt Patil 244
3. Ujjwal Anandrao Salunkhe 252
4. Shakti Vaibhav Pise 248
5. Atharv Kalyan Bhagwat 208
6. Chaitanya Sunil Chavan 213

Name of subject teacher: Miss.Sneha Sahasrabudhe

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 Declaration

Under the course of environmental studies we have selected Bio diversity Hotspots for our field
work. During our field work we have collected information, data and images under the guidance of
our teacher Mrs. Sneha Sahasrabudhe. Our project work helped us to improve our knowledge of
environmental issues.

Place: Satara Signature of students

Date:

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 Certificate of supervisor

This is to certify that the students of Second year N.L.C have submitted field work report under
environmental studies for internal evaluation for Shivaji University, Kolhapur under my guidance.
As per my knowledge the information given in this project was collected, studied and evaluated by
the student.
Place: Satara

Date:

SUBJECT TEACHER PRINCIPAL

(Mrs. Sneha Sahasrabudhe) (Mrs. Patil)

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 Index Page
Contents-
1. Introduction
2. Criteria to be satisfied for being a biodiversity hotspot.
3. Conservation International.
4. Biodiversity Hotspots in India.
1.Himalaya
2. Indo-Burma.
3.Western Ghats.
4. Sundaland.
List of images-
1. Bio diversity Hotspots all over the world.
2. Himalayan Ranges.
3. Indo-Burma
4. Western Ghats
5. Sundaland.

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1.1 Introduction
The term energy can be generally defined as the amount of force or power
when applied can move one object from one position to another, or it defines
the capacity of a system to do the work. The energy can have many forms such
as kinetic, potential, electromagnetic, nuclear, sound, light or photoenergy, and
gravitational. The most important characteristic of energy is the possibility to
convert one of its forms to another. This can be done naturally (e.g. chemical
reactions) or artificially through man-made energy technologies (e.g.
hydropower generators). In the later energy conversions the energy
technologies convert a naturally available form of energy to aspecific desired
form such as electricity or heat Energy is one of the most important needs of
humans in daily lives and has been for decades, perhaps millenniums. Once the
things we cannot do without energy is considered, energy becomes of great
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importance and is becoming increasingly vital as technology advances
progressively. Since fossil fuels are utilized for the production of energy and
they are not endless, due precautions must be taken in order to prevent future
problems for countries and earth.

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------ The energy security refers to the availability of energy resources for the
future while the economic growth refers to the accommodation the energy
needs in developing countries. The environmental effect refers to the impacts
associated with the artificial energy conversion processes on the environment.
The electricity system reliability refers to the integrality of the electric energy
infrastructure and its capability to provide continuous electric power with
sufficient quality. As time goes by, world population is increasing; therefore the
need for consumption of energy is growing day by day. Consequently,
environmental. pollution and the greenhouse effect are harming our
atmosphere, threatening the health of humans as well as the natural habitat.
Fossil fuels not being endless and harming the environment have not prevented
countries from stopping to use them for energy; in fact, they are still utilized to
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provide the majority of the world’s energy source. However, it is visible that
more and more countries around the globe are focusing on renewable energy,
reforming their policies and legislations in order to reduce environmental harm,
and search for alternative energy sources.

1.2 Renewable Energy Resources and Sources

The term energy resources refer to the naturally available forms of energy
while the energy sources refer to the output forms of energy from the manmade
energy technologies. Generally, the energy technologies are the manmade
devices, equipment, and systems used to capture, convert, store, and transport
energy from the energy resources. Alternative or renewable energy sources
include traditional renewable energy technologies (such as wind turbines) as

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well as innovative new technologies, such as hydrogen internal combustion
engines, and hydrogen-based fuel cells.

1.3 Advantages of Renewable Sources of Enenrgy.

 Abundant by nature: Even when it comes to renewable sources that aren't
from never-ending sources (such as wind power and solar power), they can
still be reproduced quickly. Biofuel can generate electricity and can be
created from various waste products collected from the farming industry.
And while biofuel is not as clean as other renewables and won't get us out
of the woods when it comes to reversing the impacts of climate change, it
is a reliable renewable source. It also helps us make sure that we maintain
large areas of farming land, which allows the exchange of CO ₂ back into
oxygen as the plants in these areas grow.
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 Clean: While biofuel may not be particularly clean, many energy
generation methods are. Wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower are all
clean and don't generate much — if any — pollution when installed and
run.
 Suitable for the planet: Clean forms of renewable energy don't damage
the health of our planet like fossil fuels do. This isn't only because they
don't create any pollution, but also because they stay put once they're up
and running. Throughout history, our dependency on fossil fuels has meant
that we have to constantly search for new oil, coal and gas deposits and
then dig down thousands of feet into the earth to extract them. And because
this can't be done without dislodging the soil considerably, it often leaves
behind huge scars on the surface of our planet.

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 Economy- While most of us probably associate energy with all the oil
tycoons and money from fossil fuel production, renewable energy is much
more beneficial to the economy, particularly on a local scale. Renewable
energy farms can bring new life to rural areas that are quickly forgotten
and left behind in the U.S. Where land is cheap, there is potential to place a
wind or solar farm if the conditions are right. This can create jobs, boost
the local economy and generate more tax revenue for small governments to
provide better facilities for people.
1.4 Types of Renewable Sources of Energy.
 Solar power: Solar power is created using photovoltaic panels to harness
the sun's energy and turn it into electricity. It's now a common sight to see
solar panels on people's homes or even drive past a solar farm. While solar

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 panels aren't quite sensitive enough to power our world in a significant
way, the technology behind them is multiplying.
 Wind power: Wind power is one of the most promising forms of
renewable energy, and it's one of the most common forms of clean
electricity that Inspire purchases on behalf of our members Most wind
farms are found in super windy areas or even out at sea.
 Geothermal: Geothermal power is created by harnessing naturally
occurring heat from the earth to produce electricity. If you think back to
your elementary science classes, you'll remember that the center of the
planet is sweltering and cools bit by bit as it gets closer to the surface.
 Bioenergy: Bioenergy, also known as biofuel, is created by burning plant
matter to generate energy. While it's not as clean as some of the other

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 methods on this list, it is still renewable and far better than fossil fuels for
the environment.
 Hydropower: Hydropower is generated by using the natural power of
running water to turn generators that produce electricity. This uses the
same method as old water mills.
 Hydrogen: Hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen atoms to
produce electricity. New technology is developing every day, which brings
more possibilities to utilize this renewable energy source.

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1.5 Disadvantages of Renewable Sourcces of Energy.
 Renewable energy infrastructure will need to be produced from scratch,w
hich is expensive and time-consuming. There isn't currently enough
electricity to power the world, and developing it isn't consistent enough.
For example, wind turbines can only generate electricity when there is
enough wind but have trouble doing so if there is too little.
 It's more challenging to store renewably generated energy. When using
coal for electricity, the coal can sit in a pile until it's needed. But this isn't
how it works with many renewable sources, as we can't rely on the energy
source being there when we need it. So, we need significant batteries to
store excess energy.
 Wind and solar farms need a large amount of space to generate enough
power, so the more renewable energy we need, the more freedom we'll
need to develop it.

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1.6 Causes for the growth of Renewable Sources of Energy.
There are many reasons that renewable energy has become increasingly
popular and more common in countries worldwide. The increasing awareness
of how fossil fuel use negatively impacts our environment and contributes to
climate change combined with undeniable scientific evidence significantly
contributes to the increased investment of renewable energy sources.
Aside from environmental impact, many economic and political reasons have
also contributed to the growth of renewable energy sources. First, the cost of
renewable energy has fallen dramatically in recent years. This decrease in
overall cost has made renewable energy sources competitive with more
traditional fossil fuel energy generation methods. In some cases, renewable
energy sources have become less expensive than fossil fuels. The continued
advancement of renewable energy technology and its efficiency may decrease
overall costs and motivate governments and private industries to increase their
investments in renewable energy projects.
Aside from the environmental and economic reasons that renewable energy use
continues to grow, you may have to consider the political and policy-making
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decisions that have helped renewable energy industries to flourish. As
hurricanes, heat waves, wildfires and extreme weather are becoming more
common, there is an increasing outcry from the public who want to see real
change enacted to save their homes and businesses from nature-related
destruction. Extreme weather contributes to billions of dollars in destruction in
the U.S. alone. This fact has motivated many voters to select candidates for
public office that are pro-renewables. These same politicians are responsible for
adopting the policies that help contribute to an increase in renewable energy
use. For example, some would say that the tax credits given for private
residential and commercial solar use could be seen as one of the significant
contributors to the recent surge in solar panel installations.
Climate change is also making businesses think about how they look to the
average consumer. It has become quite popular for American companies to
create marketing campaigns highlighting their commitment to renewable
energy sources and what actions they have and will take to become carbon
neutral. Consumers have the power to choose which companies and products
they want to spend their money on. A company known for creating great harm

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to the environment could receive negative publicity and essentially a boycott
from consumers who wish companies to be leaders in the fight against climate
change.

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1.7 Leading Countries In Renewable Sources of Energy.
Many countries have made pledges and strides toward moving their energy
generation methods away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy. Here
are a few examples of some countries that have made the most ambitious
commitments and achieved many of their renewable energy goals:
 Uruguay: Uruguay has been able to transform its entire electric
infrastructure in only 10-years. As of 2012, Uruguay got 40% of its energy
needs met from renewable energy sources. Today, Uruguay receives 100%
of its electricity from renewable energy sources.
 Costa Rica: Costa Rica is one of the most biodiverse places on the planet.
The government and its citizenry are almost unanimously committed to
protecting the rich biodiversity and environment that makes their country
unique. Costa Rica aims to be entirely carbon neutral by the end of 2021
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 and already gets 95% of its electricity needs met by combining
hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind energy.
 Sweden: Sweden has declared that it will 100% eliminate fossil fuels for
energy generation by 2040. Sweden is also committed to clean transport.
 Scotland: One of the leaders in wind energy is Scotland. Scotland gets
98% of its energy needs met by wind farms.
 Morocco: Morocco is investing heavily in solar energy and hopes to
produce over 50% of its electricity through solar power by 2021.
 Kenya: Kenya gets half of its electricity from geothermal energy. Their
wind energy industry is on the rise as well.
The countries listed above have made excellent progress in changing the way
their country produces energy. Their commitment to utilizing renewable energy
sources rather than fossil fuels is an inspiration to the rest of the world.
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1.8 Top five largest solar power plants in India
1. Bhadla Solar Park – 2,250MW

The Bhadla Solar Park, which is the largest solar power plant in the world, is
based in Bhadla village, in Rajasthan’s Jodhpur district. Spanning 14,000 acres,

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the fully operational power plant has been installed with a capacity
of 2,250MW.
The huge solar power plant was developed by multiple entities, such as
Rajasthan Solar Park Development Company Limited, Saurya Urja Company,
and Adani Renewable Energy Park Rajasthan. Rajasthan’s current solar power
consumption is 10% of the state’s total power usage.

2. Shakti Sthala solar power project – 2,050MW

The Shakti Sthala solar power project in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, is now
the second-largest solar power plant in India, having previously been the
largest of its type in the world. The 2,050-MW plant was developed by the
Karnataka Solar Park Development Corporation Limited (KSPDCL), with help
from the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). It spans more than
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13,000 acres of land. The 14,800 Indian Rupees crore ($2.1bn) development
has reportedly benefited 2,300 farmers, who previously fell victim to the region
being located in a semi-arid tract that attracts very little rainfall.

3. Ultra Mega Solar Park – 1,000MW

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Based in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh – another leading Indian state for
solar power – the 1,000-MW Ultra Mega Solar Park spans an area of more than
5,932 acres and is the third-largest solar power plant at a single location.
The plant was set up within two years by Andhra Pradesh Solar Power
Corporation through a joint venture with Solar Energy Corporation, Andhra
Pradesh Generation Corporation and New and Renewable Energy Development
Corporation, at an investment of more than Rs7,143 crore ($943m).
A 1,500-MW solar park is set to become operational in the adjacent district of
Kadapa, accompanied by two more large-scale solar power plants, which could
raise the state’s solar energy capacity by an additional 2,750MW.

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4. Rewa Solar Power Project – 750MW

The 750-MW Rewa Solar Power Project is spread over an area of 1,590 acres
in the state of Madhya Pradesh and is operated by Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Ltd.
Developed by Mahindra Renewables, Solengeri Power and ACME Solar
Holdings, the Rewa solar power plant is one of the major power suppliers to the
Delhi Metro – a mass rapid transit system in India’s capital city. Rewa is the
country’s first and only solar project until now to be funded from the Clean
Technology Fund and also India’s only solar power plant to obtain a
concessional loan from the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation.

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 5. Kamuthi solar power plant – 648MW

The Kamuthi solar power plant in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, is the
fifth-largest plant of its kind in India.

Dedicated to the nation by Adani Green Energy, the 648-MW solar power
plant, which consists of 2.5 million solar panels, while covering an area of
2,500 acres, was set up in 2016 with an investment of about Rs4,550 crore
($601m).

1.8 Challenges while potentially using Renewable Sources of Energy.

1. Intermittency: Some renewable sources, like solar and wind, are

intermittent, dependent on weather conditions. Energy storage technologies
and grid management are essential to ensure a stable and reliable energy
supply.

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2. Infrastructure and Investment: Transitioning to renewable energy
requires significant investments in infrastructure, including transmission
lines, energy storage facilities, and renewable energy plants.

3. Policy and Regulation: Supportive policies and regulatory frameworks are

necessary to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy and level the
playing field with conventional energy sources.

4. Energy Storage: Advancements in energy storage technologies are crucial

to store excess energy during peak generation and release it during periods
of low production.

5. Integration with Existing Systems: Integrating renewable energy into

existing energy grids and systems poses technical challenges that need to
be addressed for seamless operation.

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In conclusion,

The transition to renewable sources of energy is a collective journey. It

demands a united effort from governments, industries, communities, and
individuals. By working together, we can accelerate the shift towards a
cleaner, more sustainable energy landscape and secure a better, healthier
future for all.

As we move forward, let us embrace renewable energy as the foundation of

a new energy paradigm—a paradigm that harmonizes human progress with
environmental preservation. Let us seize this opportunity to build a world
powered by nature, where innovation, resilience, and responsible
stewardship of our planet define our energy choices.

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The time for action is now. The power to create positive change lies within
us. Let us be the driving force behind the renewable energy revolution, and
together, let us shape a brighter, greener, and more sustainable world for
generations to come.

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