72 - 36 - 318-1-2024 E11 Lecture 7 FEP 2023

Instructor: Freddy Pina
Live Load Due to Earthquakes
Part 2: Application of Code Provisions

The Equivalent Static Procedure
Instructor: Freddy Pina, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Coordinator: John Pao, P.Eng., Struct. Eng.
E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design

Useful documentation/access:
National Building Code of Canada 2015 & 2020
https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/codes-canada/codes-
canada-publications/national-building-code-canada-2015
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=515340b5-f4e0-4798-be69-
692e4ec423e8
Covered Here can be found in:

Volume 1, Division B, Part 4, Section 4.1.8 and Appendix C
Seismic Hazard Data - National Building Code of Canada 2015 & 2020
https://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard-alea/interpolat/calc-en.php
https://www.seismescanada.rncan.gc.ca/hazard-alea/interpolat/nbc2020-cnb2020-
en.php
E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 2

The Modal Response Analysis

Procedure is the default method…but
Base Shear must be scaled

to the Minimum Earthquake
Force of the Static Method

Applying Code Provisions

Restrictions on use of the Equivalent Static Force

Procedure
Low
Seismicity

Restrictions on use of the Equivalent Static Force

Procedure
• Regular structures with:
• Height < 60m
• Ta < 2s
• Short buildings (Height < 20m & Ta< 0.5s) that:
• Does not have Vertical Stiffness Irregularity
• Does not have Torsional Irregularity
• Does not have Gravity-induced Irregularity
• Does not have Sloped Column Irregularity
Minimum Earthquake Lateral Force, V

Where:
S = design spectral response acceleration
Ta = fundamental period of vibration of the building
Mv = factor to account for higher mode effects
IE = earthquake importance factor
W = Weight of the building
Rd = ductility-related force modification factor
Ro = Overstrength-related force modification factor

Design Spectral Acceleration, S
Where:
X is the Site Designation
Sa = 5% damped spectral response acceleration (ratio of gravity) varies with
region and building period

Site Designation, X

Site Designation, X
XV → Vs30 XS → Site Class
SPR
(blows/
0.3m)
Vs 30 m or 30 m
USR
(kPa)

Site Designation, XS

Site Coefficient, F

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa(T, XS)

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa(T, XV)

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa
Victoria RBCM - NBCC 2020 Sa vs T for Varied Site Class

2.2
2 Site Class A
Site Class B
1.8
Spectral Acceleration (g)
Site Class C
1.6 Site Class D
1.4 Site Class E
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Period (s)

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa

Vancouver CH - NBCC 2020 Sa vs T for Varied Site Class
2
1.8 Site Class A
Site Class B
1.6
Site Class C
1.4
Site Class D
1.2
Site Class E
1
Victoria Site Class C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Period (s)

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration – Diff. Cities
2
1.8 Sa - NBCC 2020 for X560 (Site Class C)
1.6
Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)
Victoria
1.4
Vancouver
1.2 Montreal
1 Toronto
0.8 Winnipeg
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Period, T (s)

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration - NBC 2015 VS NBC 2020
Victoria RM - NBCC 2015 vs 2020

2.2
2.0 NBC 2015 - A
1.8 NBC 2015 - B
NBC 2015 - C
1.6
NBC 2015 - D
1.4 NBC 2015 - E
1.2 NBC 2020 - "A"
1.0 NBC 2020 - "B"
NBC 2020 - "C"
0.8
NBC 2020 - "D"
0.6 NBC 2020 - "E"
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Period (s)

Fundamental Lateral Period, Ta
Two methods are available to

determine the Period of structure:
1. Empirical Formulae
2. Rational Analysis

Fundamental Lateral Period, Ta

Higher Mode Effect Factor, Mv

Higher Mode Effect Factor, Mv
S(0.2)/S(5.0)
Vancouver ≈ 10
Calgary ≈ 20
Winnipeg ≈ 42
Toronto ≈ 35
Halifax ≈ 14

Importance Factor, IE

Importance Factor, IE

Seismic Weight, W

Reduction Factors, Rd Ro

Example 1. Base Shear Calculations
• 4-storey timber on 2-storey

concrete
• 424 Homer St, Vancouver
• Vs30 = 250 m/s (Site D)
• Residential
• 25’ high – Concrete structure
• 36’ high – Timber structure
• 118’ E-W x 54’ N-S
• SFRS: Concrete Walls + Nailed
Shear Walls (Wood based
panels)

Example
Assume for Seismic Weight:

Roof Roof
Roof: 18 psf L6
Snow: 35 psf
Extra (at roof): 150 kips L5
36’ L4
Typ. Floor
L3
Floor: 20 psf
Walls + exterior: 25 psf
L2
ADL (max per code): 10 psf

Example
54’
118’

Design Note

Step 1. Period, Ta
Walls
Ta = 0.05 (h)^3/4
h = 36’ = 10.8m (11m)
Ta = 0.05 (11)^3/4 = 0.3 s
Step 2. Hazard Data PGA 0.494 g

Vs = 250 m/s Sa(0.2) 1.110 g
X = XV = X250 Sa(0.5) 1.070 g
Sa(1.0) 0.634 g
Sa(2.0) 0.387 g
Sa(5.0) 0.116 g
Sa(10.0) 0.046 g
PGAref (4.1.8.4 (4)) 0.494 g



Step 3. Design Spectrum
PGA = 0.494
S(0.2) = max(1.11, 1.07) = 1.11
S(0.5) = 1.07
S(1.0) = 0.634
S(2.0) = 0.387 PGA 0.494 g
S(5,0) = 0.387 Sa(0.2) 1.110 g
S(10.0) = 0.046 Sa(0.5) 1.070 g
Sa(1.0) 0.634 g
S(0.3) → Interpolation Sa(2.0) 0.387 g
S(0.3) = 1.11 – [(1.11-1.07)*(0.3-0.2)/(0.5-0.2)] Sa(5.0) 0.116 g
Sa(10.0) 0.046 g
S(0.3) = 1.097
PGAref (4.1.8.4 (4)) 0.494 g

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Step 4. Higher Mode Factor, Mv

Walls
S(0.2)/S(5.0) = 1.11/0.116 = 9.6
Ta = 0.3s < 0.5
→ Mv = 1.0
Step 5. Importance Factor, IE

Residential → Normal Category
IE = 1.0

Step 6. Seismic Category
IES(0.2) = 1.0 * 1.11 = 1.11 > 0.75 → SC4
IES(1.0) = 1.0 * 0.634 = 0.634 > 0.3 → SC4

Step 7. Seismic Weight, W
Roof, W_roof
W_roof = (18psf + 35psf / 4)*118’ * 54’ = 170 Kips+150 Kips = 320 Kips (1455kN)
Typ., Wi
Wi = (20psf + 25psf + 10psf) * 118’ * 54’ = 350 Kips (1590kN)
Total Weight, W
W = 320 Kips + 3 * 350 Kips = 1370 Kips (6225 kN)

Step 8. Reduction Factors, Rd Ro

Timber Building
SFRS: Nailed shear wall: wood based panel (must follow CSA O86)
Rd = 3.0
Ro = 1.7
Restrictions for SC4

Maximum height = 20m > 11m → OK

Step 9. Base Shear, V
V = 1.097*1.0*1.0*1370 Kips / (3.0*1.7) = 295 Kips ( 0.22W)
Lower Bound for Walls

S(4.0) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 0.1556*1.0*1.0*1370 / (3.0*1.7) = 42 Kips (0.03W)
Upper Bound
Max between:
2/3 S(0.2) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 2/3*1.11*1370/(3*1.7) = 199 Kips (0.15W)
S(0.5) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 1.07*1370(3*1.7) = 287 Kips (0.21W)
Then, V = 287 Kips (1274 kN)

Example 2 (Same but now Site Class C)
• 4-storey timber on 2-storey

concrete
• Vancouver, Site C
• Residential
• 25’ high – Concrete structure
• 36’ high – Timber structure
• 118’ E-W x 54’ N-S
• SFRS: Concrete Walls + Nailed
Shear Walls (Wood based
panels)



Step 1. Period, Ta
Walls
Ta = 0.05 (h)^3/4
h = 36’ = 10.8m (11m)
Ta = 0.05 (11)^3/4 = 0.3 s
Step 2. Hazard Data PGA 0.468 g

Site Class = C Sa(0.2) 1.080 g
Sa(0.5) 0.863 g
X = XS = XC
Sa(1.0) 0.501 g
Sa(2.0) 0.305 g
Sa(5.0) 0.087 g
Sa(10.0) 0.037 g
PGAref (4.1.8.4 (4)) 0.468 g

Step 3. Design Spectrum
PGA = 0.468
S(0.2) = max(1.08, 0.863) = 1.08
S(0.5) = 0.863
S(1.0) = 0.501
S(2.0) = 0.305 PGA 0.468 g
S(5,0) = 0.087 Sa(0.2) 1.080 g
S(10.0) = 0.037 Sa(0.5) 0.863 g
Sa(1.0) 0.501 g
Sa(2.0) 0.305 g
S(0.3) → Interpolation
Sa(5.0) 0.087 g
S(0.3) = 1.08 – [(1.08-0.863)*(0.3-0.2)/(0.5-0.2)] Sa(10.0) 0.037 g
S(0.3) = 1.008 PGAref (4.1.8.4 (4)) 0.468 g

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

Step 9. Base Shear, V
V = 1.008*1.0*1.0*1370 Kips / (3.0*1.7) = 271 Kips ( 0.20W)
Lower Bound for Walls

S(4.0) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 0.118*1.0*1.0*1370 / (3.0*1.7) = 32 Kips (0.02W)
Upper Bound
Max between:
2/3 S(0.2) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 2/3*1.08*1370/(3*1.7) = 193 Kips (0.14W)
S(0.5) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro) = 0.863*1370(3*1.7) = 232 Kips (0.17W)
Then, V = 232 Kips (1031 kN)

Distribution of lateral Forces







Distribution of lateral Forces for Example 1

Distribution of Forces over Height
I-S Height Height at
Portion of W by level (kN)
(m) Level (m)
1455.0 Roof 2.7 10.8 15714 kN-m
1591.0 L6 2.7 8.1 12887 kN-m
Wx= 1591.0 L5 hi-s= 2.7 hx = 5.4 Wx · hx = 8591 kN-m
1591.0 L4 2.7 2.7 4296 kN-m
0.0 Base 0.0 0.0 0 kN-m
Σ Wx · hx = 41488 kN-m
Force concentrated at the top of building,
0.07 Ta V ≤ 0.25 V = 0.0 kN

Ft =
0 if Ta < 0.7 s
Σ Fx
495 kN 495 kN 37.9% Roof

406 kN 901 kN 31.1% L6
Fx = (V - Ft) Wx·hx/ Σ Wx·hx = 271 kN 1171 kN % Fx/V = 20.7% L5
135 kN 1307 kN 10.4% L4
0 kN 1307 kN 0.0% Base

Distribution of OTM for Example 1
Mx = Jx Σ{Fi (hi-hx)}
1.00 Roof
1 for hx>=0.6hn 1.00 L6 495 kN
Jx = =
J + (1-J)(hx/0.6hn) for hx<0.6hn 1.00 L5
1.00 L4 M6 = 495*2.7 = 1336 kN m
2.7m
1.00 Base 406 kN
0 kN-m Roof
M5 = 1336 + (495+406)*2.7
1336 kN-m
M5 = 3768 kN m
L6 271 kN 2.7m
Σ{Fi (hi-hx)} =
3768 kN-m L5
M4 = 3768 +
or, Σ{(Σ Fx) * hi-s} 6931 kN-m L4
(495+406+271)*2.7
10459 kN-m Base 135 kN
2.7m
M4 = 6931 kN m
0 kN-m Roof
1336 kN-m
M3 = 6931 + (495+406+271
Mx = L6 2.7m
+135)*2.7
3768 kN-m L5
M3 = 10459 kN m
6931 kN-m L4
10459 kN-m Base

Distribution of Shear and OTM for Example 1
V = 1307 kN M = 10459 kN m
M/V = 8 m ≈ 0.78H

Where is this Force applied in plan?

Where is this Force applied in plan?

Example
0.1D = 0.1*35.4 = 3.54m
16.5m
(54’)
135 kN
35.4m
(118’)

Example
135 kN*3.54m = 478 kN m
16.5m
(54’)
135 kN
35.4m
(118’)

How does Torsion

distribute?
V
T

V
V/2 V/2

Θ*b/2
Θ
Θ*a/2
T
b
k*Θ*b/2
a k*Θ*a/2
k: lateral stiffness of the wall

kΘ: can be obtained from equilibrium, ΣF = 0; ΣM = 0
k*Θ*b/2
b k*Θ*a/2
T
a
T = 2*k*Θ*a/2 * a/2 + 2*k*Θ*b/2 * b/2
T = k*Θ*(a2 + b2)/2 → kΘ = 2T / (a2 + b2)

3 F1 = V/2 – 2T / (a2 + b2) * a/2
F2 = V/2 + 2T / (a2 + b2) * a/2

b T
1 2
V F3 = 2T / (a2 + b2) * b/2
4
a F4 = 2T / (a2 + b2) * b/2

ex = 0.1 * 35.4 m = 3.54 m
3 T = 135 kN * 3.54 m = 478 kN m
F1 = 135/2 - 2*478 / (35.42 + 16.52) * 35.4/2

16.5m T F1 = 67.5 – 11.1 = 56.4 kN
1 2 F2 = 67.5 + 11.1 = 79 kN
135 kN
4 F3 = 2*478 / (35.42 + 16.52) * 16.5/2
F3 = 5.2 kN
35.4m F4 = 5.2 kN

The end
Contact me:
fpina@cascadianeng.com
cascadianeng.com

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Instructor: Freddy Pina

Live Load Due to Earthquakes

Part 2: Application of Code Provisions

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design

Covered Here can be found in:

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 2

The Modal Response Analysis

Base Shear must be scaled

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 3

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 4

Restrictions on use of the Equivalent Static Force

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 5

Restrictions on use of the Equivalent Static Force

Minimum Earthquake Lateral Force, V

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 7

Minimum Earthquake Lateral Force, V

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 8

Design Spectral Acceleration, S

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 9

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 10

XV → Vs30 XS → Site Class

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 11

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 12

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 13

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa(T, XS)

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 14

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa(T, XV)

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 15

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa

Victoria RBCM - NBCC 2020 Sa vs T for Varied Site Class

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 16

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration, Sa

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 17

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration – Diff. Cities

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 18

5% Damped Spectral Acceleration - NBC 2015 VS NBC 2020

Victoria RM - NBCC 2015 vs 2020

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 19

Fundamental Lateral Period, Ta

Two methods are available to

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 20

Fundamental Lateral Period, Ta

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 21

Higher Mode Effect Factor, Mv

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 22

Higher Mode Effect Factor, Mv

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 23

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 24

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 25

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 26

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 27

Example 1. Base Shear Calculations

• 4-storey timber on 2-storey

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 28

Assume for Seismic Weight:

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 29

E11 National Building Code Part 4 Structural Design No. 30

V = 1.0971.01.01370 Kips / (3.01.7) = 295 Kips ( 0.22W)

V = 1.0081.01.01370 Kips / (3.01.7) = 271 Kips ( 0.20W)