PLANT ECOLOGY REFERENCE

A. Understanding Ecology

What do you think about ecology? Understanding ecology in general is

the science that studies the interrelationships between organisms and their
environment. While the etymological understanding of ecology is "Ecology"
comes from the Greek "Oikos" which means a place to live and "Logos" which
means science. Then the notion of ecology in language is the science of the
relationship between organisms and their environment. According to some
ecologists is a comprehensive science of the relationship between organisms
and their environment (Ernest Heackel; 1866) while according to C.J. Krebs
(1972) ecology is a branch of science that studies the way organisms interact
and their abundance.

B. Definition of Plant Ecology

Plant ecology is a branch of science that deals with the spectrum of
interrelationships between similar plants and other plants and the physical
environment in which they live.
This understanding leads to that, plants influence each other's life
activities. Plant ecology has a distinctive feature, plants can convert chemical
energy into potential energy and convert inorganic materials into organic
matter.
Discussing plant ecology, plant ecology cannot be separated from
ecosystems. Ecosystems are influenced by the presence of abiotic factors
(temperature, water, soil, humidity and light) and biotic factors (iving things
consisting of humans, animals and plants and microbes)."

C. Ecological Scope
The ecological scope is as follows:
1. Individual: a single organism of each particular species. Examples are
a human, a lion, a cat, a fish and so on.
2. Population: a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting a
particular place and time. For example, a collection of humans, a
collection of ants, a collection of trees and so on.
3. Community: a collection of populations that interact with each other.
For example, prairie communities, bird populations, caterpillar
populations, snake populations and so on.
4. Ecosystem: there is a reciprocal relationship between living things and
their environment. for example forest ecosystems, marine ecosystems
and others.
5. Biosphere: the highest level of organization in which there is life on
earth.

D. Aspects About Plant Ecology

According to the book I have read which says that ecology has three
main aspects, of which the three aspects are:

D(a). Agronomic aspects

The science or study that discusses how to manage production and
the surrounding environment with the aim of obtaining better and more
optimal production or results than before is called the agronomic aspect.
This aims to find out how a place or location can be used as a location
for production processing and its relationship to the environment and
the impact factors it gives to the environment itself.
Agronomy itself has a lot of negative factors or fatal consequences,
because when managing and utilizing the place it can disturb the
organisms that are in the place or even the soil used and managed is not
good and cannot produce properly.
From this, there are still many factors that can occur when using
the agronomy method itself, which is not yet known by the public,
especially the people who existed in ancient times or at the time before
modern technology was introduced. In ancient times people only wanted
to take the produce they had cultivated and did not care about the place
that had been used. When they get the results of the processing with
less than the maximum income, they have to move places or move
locations to match crops.
Habits carried out by ancient people until now who do not know what
the factors are if a place that has been processed and then abandoned
can cause fatal damage and it may be that all the places they use cannot
produce a better product. Because it has been damaged and not treated
so that it can be used again.

D(b). Aspects of Plant Physiology

Based on the journals that I have read which state that plant
physiology is a study that discusses and studies and applies that
processes or methods that occur in the plant body or its internal parts
that cannot be seen directly without injuring or examining the internal
organs involved. found in plants themselves, especially higher plants.
From the "Karim" statement, I can conclude that in the science of
plant physiology it develops from the results of structural observations
and how the observations that have been obtained will be associated
with the function of the plant itself, so that it can be easier to know the
characteristics and characteristics of the plant itself. the grouping of the
plants themselves so that after finding things related to the plant, it can
be seen what factors limiting the yield of the plant such as what affect its
growth and knowing how to increase the potential yield of the plant so
that later the potential that has been obtained can be used or used to
improve the way and quality of the plant itself and then the influence of
what is around the plant itself that makes the plant can live.

D(c). Agricultural Climatological Aspects

Climatology itself is a science that discusses the ilkim condition in
the environment with other environments and what things distinguish
that place from other places so that the growth of a plant is different
then the relationship that has been established is associated with human
activities around it.. Then what factors can affect the plant itself based
on the state of the surrounding environment and geographical location
that affects the state of the plant. This climatology also discusses why the
climate and weather in various places are different, what influences these
conditions and what factors cause these conditions to occur.
This climatology is very influential in the growth period of a plant
because it is directed to the climate and the measurement of climate
control itself on the growth rate experienced by a group of plants so that
it can be said that this climatology has many benefits for agriculture,
forestry, transportation, transportation, telecommunications, tourism,
trade.
Based on these three aspects, it can be said that the three aspects
are interconnected, which gradually explains how the management
process is then how to know the characteristics of the plant itself and it
can be seen how the internal organs contained in the plant and the
climate or weather that affect the growth of the plant itself.

E. Plant Ecological Benefits

The use of plant ecology for humans is as follows:
1. Knowing Biodiversity
Ecology provides understanding to humans about the variety of living
things on earth accompanied by their respective places of residence. For
example, camels are able to live and adapt to high desert temperatures
and penguins which are adapted to live in very low temperatures.
2. Knowing the Behaviour of Living Things
Ecology can make humans know the types of behaviour of other living
things so that they can be useful for human life. For example, in the
behaviour of bats that can adapt to submarine solar systems.
3. Knowing the Role of Humans in the Environment
With ecology, humans can know the impact of a product produced on
an environment. For example, the use of High-Level Disinfection (DTT)
which is used to eradicate pests and can pollute the environment in
humans and other organisms.
4. Mapping Food Consumption
Humans can know the structure and scale of food in every living thing.
For example, plants as producers, herbivores as first-level consumers,
carnivores as second-order consumers, humans as third-order
5. Solving Problems in Agriculture
Humans can help solve agricultural problems they have faced. For
example, maintaining soil fertility can add some microbes that can
produce ammonium and nitrate.
6. Solving Energy Problems
Humans can help ensure the availability of energy to support life. For
example, the use of alternative energy through solar power that can
produce electrical energy.
7. Solving Health Problems
Humans can help solve the health problems they have faced. For
example, the Aedes aegypti mosquito can cause dengue fever which can
be eradicated by humans with a treatment or action.

F. Ecology Types
The types of ecology are as follows:
1. Human Ecology
Human ecology is a branch of ecology that studies the state of the
human environment. The concept of human ecology was first introduced
by sociologists named Robert EPark and Ernest W Burgess. According to
Hawley (1950), states that the scope of human ecology is the ecology of
plants and animals that can represent the special application of a general
view in a life.
2. Plant Ecology
Plant ecology is a branch of ecology that studies plants as organisms
and ignores humans and animals. According to Keddy (2004), plant
ecology is examining all environmental factors that affect the existence
of a plant species (species ecology), or a plant community (community
ecology) in a certain area. Environmental factors that affect plant ecology
are plants, animals, humans and microorganisms.
3. Animal Ecology
Animal ecology is a branch of ecology that deals with animals as
organisms and ignores both humans and plants. The goal of animal
ecology is to understand the basic elements of the performance base of
animals as individuals, populations, communities, and inhabited
ecosystems, such as recognition and patterns in a series of interactions.
The scope of animal ecology is synecology and autecology. Synecology
is a community where interactions between populations occur within a
community. For example, examining the abundance of a particular type
of fish in a tidal area. While autecology is an ecological aspect of
individuals or populations of animal species. For example, researching
the ins and outs of Drosophila sp ife, ranging from food, habitat,
reproduction, behaviour, response and others.
4. Population Ecology
Population ecology is a branch of ecology that studies the relationship
between groups of organisms and the number of individuals and the
determinants of population size and distribution. For example, fish
populations and sumpil populations are from river ecosystems, because
these two types of living things have met the requirements as
populations. The population can use survey and observation methods or
experiments for more accurate data.
5. Habitat Ecology
Habitat ecology is a branch of ecology that deals with the nature of a
habitat. According to Sambas Wirakusumah, habitat is the tolerance in
the orbit in which a species lives so that it includes environmental
factors. Orbit is the living space of a species against a broad geographic
environment, while habitat is the living space of the environment in
which it lives.
6. Social Ecology
Social ecology is a branch of ecology that deals with the relationship
between humans and the natural environment and technology. The
theory of social ecology is known as the Chicago school by Mr. R.E Park
(1864-1944). Social ecology theory deals with the structure of the intercity in
terms of the ways in which the parts of the city. Social ecology
theory explains that society has two levels, namely the biotic and social
levels. The biotic level is the basis of society and the sub-social structure
that applies to the competitive and dependent principle, so that society
develops in certain patterns. While the social level is related to the socio
cultural in society that has been regulated by communication, values,
norms, and community, structures, functions and changes that occur in
society.5
7. Language Ecology
Language ecology is a branch of ecology that studies the relationship
between language and the human environment as found in
ethnolinguistics and sociolinguistics. According to the dialectical
Eco linguistic view (Steffensen,2007), language is a part that forms and is
shaped by social praxis. The concept of social praxis refers to all actions,
activities, and behaviour of the community, both towards fellow
communities and the surrounding natural environment.