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    Per Unit Solutions

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    Per Unit Solutions

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    Per Unit Solutions

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    of 14

    EEL 3216 Introduction to Power Systems

    Homework # 3

    Solutions

    CHAPTER 3
    (Problems 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, pp 154-157 in Textbook)

    1. The secondary winding of a transformer has a terminal voltage of


    vs(t) = 282.8 sin 377t V. The turns ratio of the transformer is 50:200 (a = 0.25). If
    the secondary current of the transformer is is(t) = 7.07 sin(377t − 36.87°)A , what
    is the primary current of this transformer? What are its voltage regulation and
    efficiency? The impedances of this transformer referred to the primary side are

    Req = 0.05 Ω RC = 75 Ω
    Xeq = 0.225 Ω XM = 20 Ω
    2. A 20-kVA 8000/277-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and
    reactances:

    RP = 32 Ω RS = 0.05 Ω
    XP = 45 Ω XS = 0.06 Ω
    RC = 250 kΩ XM= 30 kΩ

    The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of
    the transformer.

    (a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the high-voltage
    side.
    (b) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer.
    (c) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277 V and 0.8 PF
    lagging. What is this transformer’s input voltage? What is its voltage
    regulation?
    (d) What is the transformer’s efficiency under the conditions of part (c)?
    3. A 2000-VA 230/115-V transformer has been tested to determine its equivalent
    circuit. The results of the tests are shown below.

    All data given were taken from the primary side of the transformer.
    (a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage
    side of the transformer.
    (b) Find the transformer’s voltage regulation at rated conditions and
    (1) 0.8 PF lagging, (2) 1.0 PF, (3) 0.8 PF leading.
    (c) Determine the transformer’s efficiency at rated conditions and 0.8 PF
    lagging.
    Attention! The numbers in the problem statement above are different from the
    ones in problem 3-3 in the book. However, the solution process is the same.
    The solution is given her for the numbers in the above statement and NOT
    for the one in the book.
    4. A single-phase power system is shown in Figure 1 below. The power source feeds
    a 100-kVA 14/2.4-kV transformer through a feeder impedance of 38.2 + j140 Ω. The
    transformer’s equivalent series impedance referred to its low-voltage side is 0.12 + j0.5
    Ω. The load on the transformer is 90 kW at 0.85 PF lagging and 2300V.
    Figure 1

    (a) What is the voltage at the power source of the system?


    (b) What is the voltage regulation of the transformer?
    (c) How efficient is the overall power system?
    5. A 15-kVA 8000/230-V distribution transformer has an impedance referred to the
    primary of 80 + j300 Ω. The components of the excitation branch referred to the
    primary side are RC = 350 kΩ and XM = 70 kΩ.

    (a) If the primary voltage is 7967 V and the load impedance is ZL = 3.2 + j1.5 Ω,
    what is the secondary voltage of the transformer? What is the voltage
    regulation of the transformer?
    (b) If the load is disconnected and a capacitor of –j3.5 Ω is connected in its place,
    what is the secondary voltage of the transformer? What is its voltage
    regulation under these conditions?
    6. A 5000-kVA 230/13.8-kV single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of
    1 percent and a per-unit reactance of 5 percent (data taken from the transformer’s
    nameplate).

    The open-circuit test performed on the low-voltage side of the transformer yielded the
    following data:
    VOC = 138 kV, IOC = 15.1 A, POC = 44.9 kW
    (a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer.
    (b) If the voltage on the secondary side is 13.8 kV and the power supplied is
    4000 kW at 0.8 PF lagging, find the voltage regulation of the transformer. Find its
    efficiency.
    7. A 150-MVA 15/200-kV single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of
    1.2 percent and a per unit reactance of 5 percent (data taken from the transformer’s
    nameplate). The magnetizing impedance is j100 per unit (Rc not specified, can be
    assumed to be negligible).

    (a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer.
    (b) Calculate the voltage regulation of this transformer for a full-load current at
    power factor of 0.8 lagging.
    (c) Assume that the primary voltage of this transformer is a constant 15 kV, and
    plot the secondary voltage as a function of load current for currents from no-load
    to full-load. Repeat this process for power factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, and 0.8
    leading.

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