Tshefu Inqaku 2005

INQAKU NGOKUPHUCULA ULUNTU ELIBHALWE
NGESIXHOSA NGOKOHLOBO LWEGENRE
NGU
NANISWA WINNIFRED TSHEFU
Umsebenzi ofakwe njengenxal'enye yeemfundiso zesidanga seMaster of Arts

kweDyunivesithi yaseStellenbosch
Umqeqeshi ophambili: Uprof MW Visser
April2005
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
ISIQINISEKISO
Mna osayine ngezantsi, ndiyaqinisekisa ukuba uphando olwenziwe kulo msebenzi Iolwam buqu
kwaye andizange ndilufake lonke okanye inxal'enye yalo ngaphambili nakuyiphi na
iDyunivesithi ngeenjongo zokufumana isidanga
Umhla
11
ABSTRACT
This study explores the defining characteristics of the genre-theory analytically for
isiXhosa. The five chosen genre texts in isiXhosa, extracted from five Bona magazine,
deal with social problems.
Firstly the study investigates the theory of genre-based approach. The genre-based
approach forms the framework for the analysis of the isiXhosa texts. The ethnography of
writing posited in the theory of text construction of Grabe and Kaplan (1996) is explored.
This theory is accepted as an underlying framework for teaching writing in isiXhosa in
Curriculum 2005. The ethnography of writing entails addressing the following questions:
who writes, what, to whom, for what purpose, why and how.
Secondly, the write parameter, which is extensively examined, deals with the six learning
outcomes such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, thinking and reasoning, language
structure, in relation to the assessment standards, as a realisation of communicative
purpose. The text-linguistic characteristics of the genre approach involving Grabe and
Kaplan's model of writing are explored in the five isiXhosa magazine texts.
III
OPSOMMING
Die studie ondersoek die onderskeidende kenmerke van die genre-teorie analities vir
isiXhosa. Die vyf genre-tekste van die BONA tydskrif wat gekies word, handeloor sosiale
probleme.
Die studie ondersoek eerstens die teorie van die genre-gebaseerde benadering. Die
genre-gebaseerde benadering vorm die raamwerk vir die analise van die isiXhosa tekste.
Die etnografie van skryf soos gepostuleer in die teorie van tekskonstruksie van Grabe en
Kaplan (1996) word ondersoek. Hierdie teorie word aanvaar as onderliggende raamwerk
in die onderrig van skryfvaardighede in Kurrikulum 2005. Die etnografie van skryf, behels
die ondersoek van die vrae: wie skryf wat aan wie, vir watter doel, wanneer, waarom,
en hoe.
Tweedens, die skryf parameter, wat uitgebreid ondersoek word met verwysing na die
Xhosa tekste, hou ook verband met die leeruitkomste van luister, lees, praat,
denkvaardighede en taalstruktuur, met betrekking tot die assesseringsstandaarde, as 'n
realisering van kommunikatiewe doelstelling. Die tekslinguisitiese eienskappe word
ondersoek soos gepostuleer deur Grabe en Kaplan t.o.v. die vyf Xhosa tydskrifartikels.
IV
ISICATSHULWA
Lo msebenzi uphonononga ukwakhiwa kwe thiyori yegenre ngokuhlalutyiweyo. Itekisi

zegenre ezintlanu zijonga iingxaki zasekuhlaleni yaye zicatshulwe kumabali amahlanu
encwadi ekuthiwa yiBona.
Okokuqala lo msebenzi uphanda ithiyori ebanzi ngendlela ethi igenre ijongwe ngayo. Le
yimvelaphi yohlobo Iwetekisi yolwimi IwesiXhosa. Indlela yokubhala amagama ivela
kwithiyori ka Grabe no Kaplan (1996). Le thiyori yamkelekile njengesiseko sokufundisa
ukubhala. Iquka indlela yokubhala enale mibuzo: ngubani obhalayo, ebhala ntoni, ebhalela
bani, siyintoni isizathu, ngoba kutheni, ebhala njani.
Imigaqo okanye imimiselo yokubhala iyavavanywa yaye iza kujongana neziphumo

zokufunda ezithandathu ezizezi: ukumamela, ukuthetha, ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala,
ukucinga nokuqiqa, ukwakhiwa kolwimi nokusetyenziswa, nendlela yokuhlola
njengenjongo yokudlulisa umba lowo. Ezi mpawu zolwimi Iwetekisi yokusetyenziswa
kwegenre zizakujongwa banzi kusetyenziswa Ie ndlela yokubhala ka Grabe no Kaplan.
Iziphumo zemfundo eyile: ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala, ukucinga nokuqiqa ziza kunikwa
uqwalaselo olulodwa.
Okokugqibela abafundi bebanga lesixhenxe baza kuba nakho ukukubona ukuvisisana

nokudibana kokubhala ukucinga ukuqiqa kunye nemiqathango yokuhlolwa.
v
DEDICATION (Ukunikezela).
This work is dedicated to Julie Dlabantu (Grandmother), Elda Sowazi (Mother) and Elsie
Nosekeni Tshefu (Mother in Law). Though they passed away many years ago, their
influence and teachings are still alive in me. May their Souls Rest in Peace.
VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I acknowledge with great thanks and appreciation the role played by my husband - Peter
Tshefu, my children Phumlani, Zondwa, Sivuyisiwe, Sandiswa, Sinesipho, Sinoxolo, Zipho
and our beloved Nomhanase Dukisa. Their tolerance of me, support and understanding
contributed to the success of this work.
I am also grateful to a lot of people for their collegial encouragement. I am indebted to

Xolani Mavela and Nomsa Satya for their academic support and other logistics. In
particular I wish to thank Prof Mariana Visser for making things happen by pushing me to
the limit when in doubt and giving up. Theses praises are also showered to all the staff of
the African Languages (University of Stellenbosch).
My support staff Bahle Mali, Camagu Ndaki, Thando Geza and Lindile Sonjani "tighten up
the loose screws" thanks ever so much. Last but not least - our family friend - Nontando
Bam who keeps on inspiring me to achieve my goals in life.
"Ndibamba ngazibini
kuni nonke"
vn
Table of contents
ISAHLUKO 1: INTSHAYELELO
1.1 Injongo kunye nentsingiselo yolufundo 1
1.2 Isakhiwo sobume bomsebenzi 2
1.2.1 Inxaxheba yohlelo lob halo kufundo lolwimi 2
1.2.2 Uhlehlelo lob halo 2
1.3 Ulungiselelo lofundo 3
ISAHLUKO 2: UHLALUTYO LWEZIMVO NEEMBONO EZAHLUKENEYO ZABABHALI

NGEGENRE
2.1 Intshayelelo 4
2.2 Igenre kufundo ngembali, iintsomi namaqhalo abantu 5
2.3 Igenre kufundo ngoncwadi 5
2.4 Igenre kwizifundo ngolwimi 7
2.5 Igenre kubuciko bokubhala nokuthetha obuthi kubenefuthe kwabanye 8
2.6 Uhlolo 11
2.7 Inkcazo esebenzayo yegenre 12
2.8 Uvavanyo oluyintloko Iwesimo oluthi lujike ingqokelela yeziganeko ziba yigenre
zibe yinxenye yesimo senjongo zokuthetha 12
2.9 Imizekeliso yegenre iyohluka kwimvelaphi yayo 14
2.10 Amagama athi asetyenziswe ngabahlali kwintetho yegenre bobona bubulumko
nouqonda okubalulekileyo xa usebenzisana nabantu into eyenzekileyo 18
2.11 Inkcazo ngegenre 19
2.12 Phambi kwegenre (Pre-genres) 20
2.13 Iyantlukwano phakathi kweegenre 22
ISAHLUKO 3
3.1 Imfuno zokuphanda ngobhalo 50
3.1.1 Intshayelelo 50
3.2 Isimo sesicatshulwa esibhaliweyo 53
3.2.1 Izinto ezijongwayo xa kuphicothwa isimbo sokubhala 54
3.2.2 limpawu zesicatshulwa njengonxibelelwano 55
3.3 Uphando ngolungelelaniso Iwesivakalisi 56
Vlll
3.3.1 Uhlahlelo lobumbo sivakalisi 56

3.3.2 Uphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile 61
3.4 Imbonoyomsebenzi wesivakalisi 63
3.4.1 Ukwakhiwa kolwazi 63
3.4.2 Ukuhlela isigama 64
3.4.3 Ukwakhiwa kwesivakalisi 65
3.4.4 Ukuqhubeka kwesihloko 66
3.4.5 Izihloko esisetyenziswayo buciko 67
3.4.6 Ukuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko 69
3.4.7 Ukwaziswa kwebali elitsha 70
3.4.8 Unxibelelwano kwisicathsulwa 70
3.5 Ngokubhekiselele kumzekelo wolwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa 73
3.5.1 Ingabulo zigcawu 75
3.5.2 Amalungu omzekelo okwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali anokumelwa
zindawo ezine 78
3.5.3 Amalungu okwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa 78
3.5.4 Udidi Iwesivakalisi 78
3.5.5 Uchazo Iwamagama 79
3.5.6 Ukuzakhela amagama ngokolinganisa ingxolo 80
3.5.7 Izibizo mboleko 81
3.5.8 Amagama asetyenziswa ekuhlonipheni 81
3.5.9 Cacisa ezona ngongoma ziphambili malunga nembono yonxibelelwano 82
3.5.10 Ingongoma ezibalulekileyo malunga nembono yonxibelelwano 83
3.5.11 Umlinganiselo wesicatshukwa osetyenzisiweyo osebenzayo 84
3.5.12 Ulwaziolungelulo olweelwimi 87
3.5.13 Umzekelo wesicatshulwa esiqulathe konke 87
3.6 Inkcazo yenkcubeko ekubhaleni. 90
3.6.1 Iparamitha ngubani? 90
3.6.2 Iparamitha yokubhala 91
3.6.3 Iparamitha kayintoni 93
3.6.4 Iparamitha kakubani 94
3.6.5 Iparamitha kantoni 95
3.6.6 Iparamitha kutheni 96
3.6.7 Iparamitha kanini no phi 97
3.6.8 Iparamitha ka njani 97
IX
3.6.9 Ushwankkathelo Iwenkcazo yenkcubeko ngobhalo 98

3.7 Uhlahlelo lobuchule bokubhala ulwazi nenkqubo 99
3.7.1 Imvelaphi yeziqalo zohlahlelo 99
3.7.2 Uhlelo Iwemfundo yobuuchule bokubhala,iziseko zolwazi neenkqubo 99
3.7.3 ULazi ngolwimi 100
3.7.4 Ulwazi ngentetho 100
3.7.5 Ulwazi ngolwimi Iwasekuhlaleni 100
3.7.6 Ngaphezu koko iingcamangozaba phulaphuli 100
3.7.7 Ulwazi ngelizwe 100
3.7.8 Umsebenzi wobuchule wenkqubo yokubhala 101
3.7.9 Ubuchule benkqubo yokubhala 101
3.8 Umzekelo wokubhala 101
3.8.1 Indlela yokunxibelelana ekubhaleni 101
3.8.2 Umzekelo wobuchule bokuthetha osetyenziswe ekubhaleni 102
3.8.3 Isiphelo 104
Isahluko 4
4.1 Uhlahlelo Iwenkcazo yezentlalo kubhalo IwesiXhosa njengohlobo lob halo . 106
4.2 Izakhiwo zemiba yokubhala: imiba yokubhala 106
4.2.1 Uhlahlelo Iwenkqaku lokuqala
uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built his house on
potatoes) 107
Uhlahlelo Iwenqaku lesibini
Umzingisi akanashwa (the fruits of hard work) 133
Uhlahlelo Iwenqaku lesithathu
uLucky ubulela uThixo (Lucky thanks God) 164
Uhlahlelo Iwenqaku lesine
Oomama besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation) 189
Uhlahlelo Iwenqaku lesihlanu
Ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka 221
ISAHLUKO 5
5.1 Isishwankathelo 250
IBIBLIYOGRAFI 252
ISAHLUKO 1
INTSHA YELELO
1.1INJONGO KUNYE NENTSINGISELO YOLU FUNDO
Olu fundo kakhulu lujonge ukwenza uphando ngolwimi kuhlobo lobhalo kunye nohlahlelo.
Oku kwenzeka kwilizwe jikelele kusenziwa ngabaphandi beveza iimbono zabo
endingabalula phakathi kwabo u Bhatia Miller (1993), Swales (1993) ongomnye wabafundi
baka Halliday abawuqale lo msebenzi e Australia kwisikolo esisebenzisa ulwimi. Loo nto
ke yenze ukuba uphando lufumaneke ngesingesi. Kuloko kufunyaniswe ukuba makhe
kwenziwe uphando ngesiXhosa olwenziwa ngokuhlahlela amanqaku eBona yesiXhosa.
Imiba yohlahlelo iza kungqamana nale yesiNgesi eyile imiba yezentlalo, inkcazo
ngezakhiwo, inkcubeko nonxibelelwano lobhalo.
Injongo zokubhalwa kwethiyori kukubonisa itekisi zesiXhosa ukuba uhlahlelo Iwetekisi

lubalulekile kufundo lolwimi olusetyenziswayo. Ababhali baveze iindlela ezahlukeneyo
ngokuhlahlelwa kwetekisi. Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi yenye yezinto ezithe zaqwalaselwa
nezinto nezinto ezikhuthaza oko ngoncedo olufumaneka ku Cope no Kalantzis (1993);
uGrabe no Kaplan kwelinye icala baza kucacisa umba wokubhala othi uboniswe uhlobo
owenzeka ngalo ngeeparamitha ezinxulumene neziphumo zoludwe luka 2005. Kwakhona
ezinjongo zolufundo kukushicilela uhlobo olutsha Iwemfundo ethi ibe neziphumo ezihle
ekugqibeleni. Oko kwenzeka ngokuthi utishala nomfundi bakwazi ekufuneka kwenzekile
ukuze imfundo ibe neziphumo ezihle ezifana nokuba abafundi ebomini bakwazi ukuzimela,
ukunxubelelana, nokuba neliso kwimeko ezithile ngokuthi bayibone into xa intle naxa
ingentlanga besebenzisa ulwimi oluthethwayo.
1.2ISAKHIWO SOBUME BOMSEBENZI
Kolu fundo kuza kwenziwa okuza kwenzeka kwisahluko sesibini, sesithathu nesesine.
Kwisahluko sesibini siphethe umba ongohlalutyo Iwezimvo nembono ezahlukeneyo
zababhali ngegenre, abafana no Swales J.M. (1993). Kwisahluko sesithathu siza kuphatha
umba ongemfuno zokuphanda ngokubhala njengokuba sisazi ukuba oku kubhala kusuka
ekuthetheni, nto leyo yenza ukuba kungabi lula ukubhala. Kwisahluko sesine iza kuba
luhlahlelo Iwamanqaku eBona yesiXhosa apho kuza kube kuphethwe ubuciko ngumbhali,
2
umfundi nenqaku ubuqu. Kulamanqaku kulapho kuxoxwa ngeemeko ezahlukileyo

zasekuhlaleni iinjongo zengxoxo ikukulungisa ezo meko. Meko ezo ezithi zibe neziphumo
zokuba umfundi ashiyeke ecacelwe yonto eqhubekayo yasekuhlaleni nendlela
engayilungisa ngayo. Kanti kwelinye icala kucelwa umngeni kuRhulumente apho
anokunceda khona kule miba.
1.2.1 Inxaxheba yohlahlelo lobhalo kufundo lolwimi
Apha ke kujongwa amava omfundi kwicala lasekufundeni. Apha uqala ukumjonga kulwazi
aza nalo esuka ekhaya umlungise kulo. Wanduie ukufaka ulwazi Iwase gumbini
lokufundela. Kwakhona kufuneka umntwana akwazi ukubhala ulwimi nokuluhlalutya
nokugweba. Oku kugweba kufuneka xa abantwana bebuza imibuzo egwebayo. Nto leyo
ekhokelela kwimpendulo ezigwebayo. Iziphumo zako konke oku kukuba abantwana
bakwazi ukucinga, ukusombulula ingxaki nokuba umntwana akwazi ukuthatha isigqibo
ngokwakhe. Zonke ezi zinto zikhokelela kwiziphumo eziphumayo zoludwe Iwemfundo ka
2005 ezizezokufunda nokubhala. Umbhali uza kukwazi ukubhala iindidi ezahlukeneyo
zeetekisi. Oku kuquka nabantwan abangakwazi ukuthetha, izithulu kunye neemfama.
1.2.2 Uhlahlelo lobhalo
Kolu fundo kuza kuhlahlelwa amanqaku amahlanu ephephandaba iBona. Injongo

zokuhlahlelwa kukufundisa abantwana ukuba babgafundeli nje ukuzonwabisa
ngamanqaku kuloko bafunde beneliso eligwebayo. Kwakhona abafundi bakwazi ukwakha
uqhagamshelwano neetekisi ezilulutho.
Kwakhona ukuhlahlela kufundisa abantwana bakwazi ukuzimela ngokuthi bakwazi

ukuzisombululela iingxaki ngokwabo eziveliswa kokubhaliweyo. Kwakhona abafundi
bafumanisa ukuba kwezitekisi zala maphephandaba akubhalwa nje ikhona le nto
ayiqulathileyo enxulumene nezinto zasekuhlaleni nenkcubeko. Kwakhona kolu hlahlelo
sithi sidibane kakhulu nohlobo intetho ezenzeke ngalo apho sichazelwa kuqala
ngokwakheka kwegama, isivakalisi ide ibe sisicatshulwa oko sikufumana kwiimbono
ezahlukeneyo zababhali. Loo nto ikhokelela ekubeni umfundi athi eseluia akwazi
ukuzikhangelela igama kwisichazi magama, nokuzakhela isicatshulwa ngokwakhe.
3
1.3 ULUNGISELELO LOFUNDO
Apha kolu fundo kulapho kukrotyiswa into eza kuqhubeka kwezi zahluko. Kwisahluko
sesibini ababhali benza uphando nzulu ngolwimi besusela kwimvelaphi yolwimi
ekukuthetha noqwalaselo oluthe Iwenzeka lusenziwa ngabaphandi befumanisa ubunzima
kubafundi ekubhaleni.
Kwisahluko sesithathu uGrabe no Kaplan basichazela ngokubhala kokubanzi besebenzisa

ipharamitha, ukusuka kwipharamitha esixelela ukuba ngubani obhalayo, yona isixelela
ukuba nabanina angabhala omncinci omdala, onamava nomgenamava.
Isahluko sesine iza kuba luhlahlelo Iwamanqaku eBona, apho kuphethwe imiba
eyahlukeneyo yasekhlaleni. Kulapho kufumaniseka khona ukuba umbhali xa ebhala
kusukuba ikhona into ayilungisyo.
4
ISAHLUKO 2:
UHLALUTYO LWEZIMVO NEMBONO EZAHLUKENEYO ZABABHALI
NGE GENRE
2.1 INTSHAYELELO
Kwesisahluko sizakuthi sijonge yaye sihlalutye izimvo neembono ezahlukeneyo zababhali

ngegenre. Kuba ulwimi olusetyenziswayo ngendlela yokuthetha, ukufundwa nokufundiswa
luqukamisa izizwe ngezizwe (international usage). Kunyanzeleka ke ngoko okokuba
kucatshulwe kubabhali bezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Lo ngumbono omhle onenjongo
ephuhlileyo kuba kaloku uluntu luphila kubuzwe obubanzi (global world). Nabeni lo
Mzantsi Afrika uyinxalenye yesizwe esibanzi ngadlela zonke. Umceli ngeni ngulo wokuba
igenre ngowona mba uxoxwayo kwezemfundo kule mihla yaye nasezikolweni zethu
ubekwe esweni ungakumbi ekubhaleni nasekufundisweni kolwimi.
U Swales J.M. 1993 kwincwadi yakhe engohlahlelo Iwegenre ngentetho yesixhosa,

uyichaza igenre njengengaqondakali lula. Uqhuba athi igenre luhlobo oluthile olucacileyo
oluqulathwe kokubhaliweyo. Kwezintsuku igenre kuiuia ukuyifanisa neeandelo elithile
elicacileyo Iwencoko eyalo naliphina uhlobo, nokuba iyathethwa okanye ibhaliwe, nokuba
inazo okanye ayinazo injongo zobhalo. Eyona nto kukuqwalasela ukuba ingaba igenre
njengesixhosa sokulungisa ufundiso Iwezelwimi ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa nje
kwamagama asetyenziswa qho ngaphandle kokucinga, afana no molweni, usaphila njalo
njalo, okanye isiphumo soko kukwenza nje zonke izinto lula ukulungiselela ezemfundo.
Eyona ndlela iphambili yokujongana nalo mba kukuphonononga ukuba ababhali bathini
na nge genres kwinkalo eziliqela.
Inkcazelo
I. URichard Rorty (1982) ecatshulwa ngu Aviva Freedman no Peter Medway

(1992:246) bathi igenre ivuselelwa okanye ibangelwa kukususwa yimeko
yasekuhlaleni okanye yintetho yomntu athi uBhakin (1986) iyaziphumela nje
ibangele ukuba kubekho ingxoxo. Plu hlobo luvela kwimo ezinzileyo yasekuhlaleni.
II. UAviva Freedman (1992) uyinabisa ngokuthi Ie ndlela yokubhala yenzeka kakhulu
kwizikolo zentetho umhlawumbi kungajoliswaga kwi genre kuphela okanye imigaqo
5
yayo. Yenzeka okanye idaleka kwimeko apho isimo sendawo okanye

okuqhubekayo kuxhasa ingxoxo.
III. USwales (1993:58) uthi igenre iqulathe uluhlu Iweziganeko ezinxulumeneyo,
enamalungu athi ohlulelane ngenjongo zoko. Ezi njongo ke zaziwa ngamalungu
azincutshe kuluntu 010 luchaphazelekayo ekumiliseleni igenre. Ukumilisa oko
isiseko esakhiweyo sencoko, sibuye sibe nefuthe nezithintelo ekukhetheni
okuqulathiweyo nendlela esakhiwe ngayo.
IV. UBhatia (1993;13)elandela omnye imbhali onguSwales (1981:1985;1990) uthi
igenre yinto eyenzeka xa kuncokolwa ngokunejongo nesizathu yaye lencoko
iqondakala kwiincutshe, ababhali nakwizifundiswa zalondawo. lye ke igenre
imiliswe, iguqulwe inezithintelo ezilungisiweyo khona ukuze kuvumeleke amagalelo
abanye abantu ngokujolise kwiindlela aba bona ngayo.
2.2 IGENRE KUFUNDO NGEMBALI, IINTSOMI NAMAQHALO ABANTU.
Inqgikelelo ye genre ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kufundo ngembali ukususela kwikhulu

Iweminyaka ngokonyana baka Grim, uBen Amos.
U Ben Amos yena uyibona igenre njengecandelo elimisa amahlelo ngamahlelo

mhlawumbi ibali lingabonwa njengentsomi, ilivo okanye ingxelo. Ukubaluleka kolu hlelo
kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwalo njengesixhobo sophando. Elinye iqela leembono
liyibona igenre njengemo okanye isithethe esimisiweyo. lintsomi namaqhalo azikaguquki
ngokwasemabalini azo. Ngokuka Malinowski( 1960) iigenre zeentsomi zinegalelo
ekumiseleni nokuphuhlisa amaqela oluntu kuba zikhonza okanye zisebenzela iimfuno
zasekuhlaleni nezomoya. Mhlawumbi zinike nezinto ezixabisekileyo kwizithethe nto leyo
ebangela ukuba umphandi aqaphele ngakumbi ukuba iimbono zoluntu zezibona nyani
igenre. Nakubeni kunjalo ayingabo bonke ababhali beFolkore abayamkeleyo ukuba le
ngqikelelo isisigxina. Abanye bayibona njengeguqukayo yaye imelana nelizewe
eliguqukayo.
2.3 IGENRE KUFUNDO NGONCWADI
Sibonile ukuba ababhali beembali, iintsomi namaqhalo abantu banezizathu ezizezembali

ekukholelweni ukuba iiGenre zithathta imo esisigxina. Kwelinye icala abahlalutyi
boluncwadi banezizathu ezizezabo ekungabekeni mnwe kwinto yokuba igenre zikwimo
6
esisigxina, babonisa indlela athi umbhali othile ayohlule imo eqhelekileyo amiseie
intsingiselo nemvelaphi. Kukho ukubanga okuthi ukunconywa kwegenre kuyimfuneko
ukuba akuyomeko eyaneleyo yokuncoma uluncwadi. Kuyimfuneko kuba ayoneli nje
kukunika ukutolikeka nokuhlalutyeka kwalomsebenzi, kodwa lo msebenzi unobutekisi kuba
unenkcubeko, unembali, unoqoqosho Iwasekuhlaleni, ukwanxulumelene nopolitiko.
Ekugqibeleni uhlalutyo Iwegenre lubalulekile kuba lunengcaciso, enika indlela
yonxulumano ekusetyenzisweni kokubhala ngababhali, ngabafundi nabahlalutyi
ekutolikeni:
1. Ithiyori yegenre inakho ukunxulumana kancinci kuba ayingqamani nemisebenzi
yoncwadi.
2. Ithiyori ngenene ikhokelela kwinkcazo ezinzima kulinganiso olungenasiseko.
3. Ixabisa ukuthanda amasiko akudala.
4. Iyinto engenakuqondwa kwinzame zayo ukucacisa ixesha langoku ngexesha lakudala
kwinzululwazi ngeelwimi.
Uian Reid uthi I "genre" ngendlela ebaluleke ngayo iya ngena kuluhlu lolwazi Iweengcali
zolwimi. Olu luvo uluveza kwincwadi yakhe ethi "A Generic Frame for Debates about
Genre". Uye wacacisa nembono yokuba ababhali mabaziveze iimpawu ezihlangeneyo
nezahlukeneyo kuluncwadi Iwabo ukuze kukuphuhliswe iinkalo ngeenkalo engxoxweni
kuba isiphumo soko luluvo oluselungekileyo. Amagalelo eengcali kufundo Iwokubhala
ulwimi abaluleke kakhulu kuba aphucule anyumsa umgangatho wolwimi ukwenzela ukuba
lungami ndawonye.
U Viva Freedman no Peter Medway kwincwadi ethi GENRE AND THE NEW RHETORIC
basichaza isincoko kule ncwadi njengesimele indawo evelayo entsha yemfundo eNorth
America ebizwa ngokuba zizifundo ngegenre. Kwabo bazana ngengqikelelo yesithethe
segenre okanye nomsebenzi omtsha ngegenre ezimanywe negenre nesikolo iSydney e
Australia.
Inkcazo yesithethe segenre iqalisa ulungelwano Iwesicatshulwa. Kwincwadi ezinemfundo

ngezithethe iigenre ezifumanekayo sisibomgo esifutshane esinemigca elishumi elinesine
umdlalo olusizi, akusekho konwaba nesibongo.
Umzekelo wesibongo esifutshane(Sonnet) siwufumana kwincwadi ebhalwe ngu W.M

Kwetana :1990;34 kumbongo othi usithunzi.
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1. Ndikhe ndahlangana nabaf 'abade.

2. Suka ndibavalele bonk'ebuchotsheni.
3. Ndikhe ndihlangane nabany' abafutshane.
4. Suka ndinzonzotheke okohili.
5. Ebudaleni ndingokanoquku
6. Kanti noko ndingumaqeleni
7. Amazwe onke ndiyavelela
8. Ngokufun'ukuthath'umfanekiso
9. Ndide ndilwe nalo nelanga
10.Nditsho nalapho ndibonakale
11. Ndophathe kuphosa ithinzi lamafu
12. De umhlaba ube luthuzuba
13. Kroti elide negqwesa
14. Ngulo mfo kuthiwa kukufa
M.S.M Kebeni
2.4 IGENRE KWIZIFUNDO NGOLWIMI
lingcali ngezolwmi zithatha icala kulentetho yegenre. Azithethi okokuba iziganeko zegenre
mazohlulwe, koko iimeko/iindawo zeegenre zimelwe kukohlulwa.
U Saville-Troika(1982) uyibona igenre njengejolisa kuhlobo Iwemo yokunxulumanisa,

wenza imizekelo eyile izinto ezihlekisayo, amabali, izifundo, umbuliso neencoko.
Ngokufanayo nababhali bembali kukho umdla ekufumaneni ebantwini ukuba zeziphi
iindlela zokunxulumanisa ezibhaliweyo zaphawulwa, kuba ezimpawu zizakwenza indlela
yokuthetha eyamkelekileyo eluntwini nokuba ifihlakele. Kananjalo nababhali beenzululwazi
ngeentlanga bathi banike ingqwalasela yokuba olululo lulo naluphi na ulwimi oluthi
lusetyenziswe ekuhlalutyeni olunye ulwimi lungatolikwa.
Kuyinto engumceli mngeni kengoko okokuba kubekho imibuzo ephakanyiswayo xa

kuxoxwa ngegenre. Injongo yokunika ifuthe ngakumbi ekufundiseni ulwimi ezikolweni.
Ababhali uWayne Sawyer no Ken Watson kwisihloko sabo eithi: Questions of Genre
ekhankanywa kwincwadi kalan Reid (p46) ethi: The Place of Genre in Learning: Current
Debates banezingongoma zilandelayo:
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(a) Igenre ezimalunga nokubhaliweyo ziyabonakala yaye ziqingqekile. Kananjalo

zingohlulwa kwezinye.O
(b) Kungakuhle okokuba iigenres zimelwe kukukhethwa ngobunono ngababhali yaye
zakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo.
(c) Izakhiwo zeGenre zimelwe ukufundiswa kubafundi ukwenzela okokuba abafundi
abo babe nako ukuyisenzisa nabo xa bebhala.
(d) Kuqapheleka okokuba abafundi babeka umnwe kakhulu ekubaliseni ingakumbi
kumabanga asezantsi. Le ndlela iba neziqhamo ezingezihle xa benyukela
kumabanga angentla.
Lomba ke ufuna ukuqatshelwa zolwimi ukubangaba kujongwe impumelelo ekufundiseni
iingcali.
Ukongeza oku kuqulathwe ngentla apha, iyafuna ukongezelelwa into yokuba ubhalo
nofundo lungolwimi kwenzeka ekuhlaleni yaye oku kungahlanganiswa nomba
wokuphuhlisa intiaio yoluntu. Kuyinto eyaziwayo okokuba abantu okanye masithi abafundi
banezini ezahlukeneyo (different genders). Lengxoxo ke ngoko iyayichaphazela lemeko
ekufundeni nase kufundiseni ubungcali kwezolwimi. UBili Green kumhlathi wakhe
onesihloko esithi: Gender, Genre and Writing Pedagogy obhalwe kwincwadi kalan Reid
ethi The Place of Genre in Learning: Current Debates (p83) uyayichaphazela imeko
yokwabiwa komsebenzi ngokobumi (dividion of labour according to Gender or Sex) Uthi
uBili Green ukufundiswa kolwimi ngokuphuhlileyo kwenzeka kumantambozana
asemancinci. Kuba amakhwenkwe akaniki ngqalelo ingako. Nasezikolweni zethu
kuyaqapheleka okokuba lemeko ikhona apho kuye kubekho imbono yezithethe (cultural
opinions). Ukwenza impumelelo kufundo nobhalo ngolwimi, oku kucelo umngeni kotishala
ukuguqula lemeko. Kuyafuneka okokuba kutshintshwe indlela abantu abancinga ngayo
(change mind set) khon'ukuze lemfundiso intsha ibe nokuqondwa nokusetyenziswa.
2.5 IGENRE KUBUCIKO BOKUBHALA NOKUTHETHA OBUTHI BUBE NEFUTHE

KWABANYE
Ukususela kwimihla yo Aristotle uphando nohlalutyo olunobuciko bokubhala nokutheha

oluthi lube nempembelelo nakwabanye lube nomdla ekucaciseni incoko. Eyona ndlela
iqhelekileyo kukuqala phezulu uhle ezantsi uze ke ngoku uqulunge amacandelo anemo
evalekileyo. Owona mzekelo ucacileyo walemihla ongomnye wemisebenzi ngoka
9
Kinneavy: The Aims of Discourse(1971). U Kinneavy uyahlula incoko ibe ngamabakala

amane acacisayo, acengayo anoluncwadi nanesalathiso.lncoko inokohlulwa kuhlobo
oluthile apho kuthi umnombo kunxulumano 010 ufumane ukunikwa indawo ebalulekileyo.
Ukuba ngaba ukubaluleka okanye injongo ikumthumeli, incoko izakuba yecacisayo, ukuba
ngaba ngowoyamkelekayo iyakucenga, ukuba ngaba ikwimo yezolwimi iyakuba
yeyohlalutyo, ukuba injongo kukumela ubunjani belizwe, iyakunika izalathiso.Abafundi
bobuciko bokubhala nokuthetha obuthi bube nefuthe kwabanye abathe bathathta indlela
yokwenza izinto ukusuka ezantsi uye phezulu baye bathathe imvelaphi phambili baze
banike igenre indawo ebalulekileyo.
UJohn Dixon kwisihloko sakhe esithi: The Question of Genres (Pio) unezingongoma
zilandelayo ezihambisana nalomxholo ukhankanywe ngentla apha. Ezingongoma
uzimilisela kwingxoxo ezithi ziveie nge genre kwezemfundo yaye ziluncedo nakwiitishala.
(a) Ukuhlalutya iingcinga ezingaqinisekanga nemiqathango eye ivele kwii genre

ezixoxwa eklasini.
(b) Ukwamkeleka kweembono eziqhelekileyo ngegenre, ezithi zibhalwe zithethwe xa
kusetyenziswa ulwimi.
(c) Kwizinto ezifana nokucinga, ukuba nombono okanye umbuzo, ingxoxo eziwelayo
zinceda ekuphiliseni imiqathanga enoba khona.
(d) Lunceda ekuqondenu enokukhethwe ngabafundi kululilo Iwegenres nokugqamene
nabo ekufundisweni.
Xa sijonga ulwimi Iwase maNgesini singaphawula sithi isonethi kuncwadi inemiqolo

elishumi elinesine. Imiqolo esibhozo yokuqala icacisa isiqalo somba lowo, ize igqityezelwe
kwemithandathu yokugqibela.
Umzekelo imigca esibhozo yokuqala kuchazwa ... Isonethi efumaneka kuncwadi Iwase
Yurophu imvano siphelo iluhlobo oluthile ize ke ibizwe ngalo mvano siphelo. Umzekelo
siwufumana kwincwadi ka Qangule ethi INTSHUTSHE KA NGCANGATHA
Ethi UKUPHUMA KWELANGA.
Umz: Ubuntombi
1. Liqhayiya lelizwe liphela lona
2. Sisihombo sesizwe siphela bona
3. Yintyatyambo kwizizwe zonke bona
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4. Kub' umhlaba ufaniswa nabo bona

5. Bonk' ubuhle bunikezelwa kubo bona
6. Abazali babuphakamis'imihla yonke bona
7. Buthandwa ngabo bonke
8. Bunconywa ngabo bonke
9. Ngab' uthando nobubele buyazalwa
10.Ngab' ukratshi nokuzicingela kuyantshula
11. Ngab'isitshab asiyazuzwa
12. Ngab'isizwe siyasikelelwa
13. Ngab'isizwe siyaqalekiseka
Umdlalo olusizi siwufumana kwincwadi ka Chinua Achebe, usibalisela ngomfana oselula
owayesenkundleni yamatyala ogama lingu Obi Okonkwo, owayeligosa eliphezulu
kwinkonzo yaseburhulumenteni.
U Obi Okonkwo wayetyholwa ngokwamkela isinyobo
"Andisifumani isizathu esibangele ukuba uvumele ukunyotywa, yatsho ijaji", ungumfana

oselula ofundileyo umfana oselula esijonge lukhulu kuye. Uthe u Obi akuweva lamazwi
zaphalala iinyembezi. U Obi wayelahlekelwa yinto yonke, wayelahlakelwa
ngunina(wayebhubhile) kwaye walahlekelwe nayi ntombi awayeyithannda, yayimshiyile
ingasayi kuphinda ibuye. Ayikho enye into eyayinokubuya iphinde imlahlekele uObi
Okonkwo.
Inkcazo zegenre ezingezoncwadi zitsale ingqalelo zombhalo ngokugqwetha iphiramidi

yeendaba zebali, injongo,indlela yokwenza, inkqubo, ukulolonga, isiphelo, ulungiselelo
Iwengxelo yelebhu nezinye. Ufundo Iwezimini uphando ngokubanzi ngokungaphandle
kokulahla ngaphambi kwexesha luphanda futhi, ngaphandle kokulahla ukuqonda
kwangaphambili ngegenre njengentlobo zokuthetha ezithi ziphawulwe ngokufana
kwesiqulatho, isakhiwo, uhlahlelo Iwezimini nokufana okuyinene kulungelelwano kwindawo
apho abantu basebenza khona. Ngentetho evakalayo eligama litsha legenre liyakwazi
ukudibanisa ukuqonda ukulungelelana kweentloko zentetho ekuhlaleni nasekuqondweni
kwesithethe silwimi 010 lusetyenziswayo.
Le ngcingane yokucinga ngokutsha ikhokele okanye ikhatshwa kukwanda kweqela

olikholose ngamava kwizifundo esikolweni nasenndaweni ekubhalelwa kuzo. Ukususela
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oko u Odell kunye no Goswamis abahlahli ndlela kwingqokelela ka 1985, WRITING IN

NON ACADEMIC SETTINGS, abaphandi basebenzise ikeazo yenzululwazi ngeentlanga,
uphando ngendlela yokwenza etsalwe kufundo ngolwazi ngomntu njengesidalwa lo
mizekelo efana nokubhalwa kwezigxina zobugeisa benzululwazi ngezilwanyana nezityalo
(Myers 1990) amaxwebhu aveliswa ngababhali zimali berhafu (Devit 1991) ukuveliswa
kwenqaku lomfuniselo (Bazerman 1988;Swales 1990) intetho eveliswa kwibhanka
esembindini, (Smart 1992, 1993 ) ukubhalwa nokuehazwa konontlalontle (Pare 1991)
ukudaleka kwento oyibhalileyo oyigeinela ixesha elizayo nengxelo yeshishini (Yates 1989)
inxaxheba yesieatshulwa kwimigudu yabueala (Doheny Farina 1991) kunye nobhalo
Iwendlela yokufundisa eyunivesithi (Herrington 1985; Me Carthy 1987; Freedom 1990;
Berkenkoter et aI.1991).
Zonke ezi zifundo zikhupha inkeukhaea ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, inkqubo yesizwe, iimeko
zamaziko noqeqesho emdlalweni kwimveliso ethe ngqo yentlobo zokubhala.
Ufundo Iwegenre luvula iimbono ezintsha ngokusetyenziwa kolwimi. (Miller 1984)

ukuboniswa ukuqondwa kwegrnre njengesenzo sasekuhlaleni esenza thina sikwazi ukuba
sifune ntoni xa kufundwa iigenre ezintsha: sifunda iziphelo esinokuthi sibenazo sifunda
ukwazi kakuhle kunoku iimeko ezithi sizifumane sikuzo. Kubafundi igenre njengezitshixo
ekuqondeni ukkuba singayithatha njani na inxaxheba kwizinto ezenziwayo ekuhlaleni.
Kubafundisi ntsapho ukungakwazi ukuqonda igenre njengesenzo sasekuhlaleni kujika into

ebiza kuba kwenziwa kubuehule bakudala izinto ezintle ukufumana isiphelo sentlalo
kumsebenzi wobugeisa ovelayo wokwenza izieatshulwa ezithi zilungele iimfuno ezithile
ezisekweni.
2.6 UHLOLO
Indlela ebonwa ngayo igenre kwezi zifundo zingaphambili ibonisa isimo esiqhelekileyo
esinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo:
1. Uhlelo oluthandabuzekayo nolunobuehule.
2. Uluvo lokuba igenre idibanisa ixesha eladlulayo nelimiyo.
3. Ukunakana ukuba igenre ime kumabandla afundisayo apho inkolelo kunye nezenzo
zamalunga ezixelayo zinonxulumano.
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4. Ugxininiso kwinjongo zokuthanda ukuthetha kunye nezenzo zokuthanda ukuhlala

nabanye. Umdla kwisakhiwo sohlobo oluthile
5. Inqgondo yokuvelisa ngokuphinda-phindeneyo isikhundla segenre ukumisela injongo
zobuciko bokubhala nokuthetha obuthi bube nefuthe kwabanye nokuqhubela phambili
impumelelo.
2.7 INKCAZO ESEBENZAYO YEGENRE
limpawu zegenre
Isiganeko sokuthanda kulapho ulwimi ludlala indima ezimbini inxaxheba yokubaluleka
nokufuneka. Zininzi iimeko apho kunzima ukuthi intethoyomlomo inenxaxheba engundoqo
le yokudibanisa okanye hayi. U Levinson ubonisa iimfuneko zemeko zokuthetha
ngomlomo. Uyachaza ukuba sinentshukumo ezakhiwe ngokuthetha umzekelo yintetho
yasemnxebeni naxa ufundisa. Uphinda abonise iintshukumo apho kufuneka
kungathethwanga ukuba ukuthethe kwenzekile ngempazamo umdlalo webhola yomnyazi.
Isiganeko sokuthanda ukuthetha sodidi oluthile siza kuthi sohluke ngohlobo esithi senzeke
ngalo ukususela kokuqhelekileyo ngokugqithisileyo ukuya kokunqabileyo
ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokubanzi udidi olunemizekelo embalwa kufuneka lube nokubaluleka
okukhulu ngokunxulumene nenkqubo yesizwe ukusebenza njengodidi Iwegenre. Ukuba
ngaba isigaba sokuthetha sohlobo oluthile sithi senzeke kanye ngonyaka, kufuneka sibe
sesilahlekileyo ukwenzela ukwakhiwe kodidi 010. Isiganeko sokuthetha siyaqondwa
njengesingaquki intetho kuphelo nabathathi nxaxheba bentetho leyo, kuloko nenxaxheba
yentetho nobume bemeko yendawo leyo yenziwe kuyo nebonwe kuyo, iquke imbali yayo
umzekelo ngamaphepha ndaba.
2.8 UVAVANYO OLUYINTLOKO LWESIMO OLUTHI LUJIKE INGQOKELELA

YEZIGANEKO ZIBA YIGENRE KWINXENYE YESIMO SENJONGO
ZOKUTHETHA
U Miller(1984) okanye uMartin(1985) babeka into emisayo yokuqala yobulungu be genre

kwinxalenye yeenjongo, kungathi ngokufuna kwemilo. Izigqibo zisekwe kwizenzo zokuba
igenre zindlela zokuthanda ukuthetha ukuphumeza injongo. linjongo zezinye igenre
kunzima ukuba ungazifumana, Umzekelo: kumbongo imbongi izakuthetha ngentyatyambo
13
kanti xa sele uphanda le ntyatyambo kuthethwa ngayo yintombazana.Kwezinye izehlo

ukubona injongo kuiuia, umzekelo omhle siwubona kubathungi abathi basebenzise indlela
yenkqubo(Pattern) apho ilokhwe leyo ufuna ukuyenza uzakuqala uyibonise xa iphelele,
kuze kuiandeie indlela oza kuyenza ngayo ukuze ibe nje. Kwezinye akhukho lula,
umzekelo xa unenjongo zokuphanda isehlo esithile emntwaneni, umzekelo
ukudlwengulwa komntwana osemncinci akukho lula ukuba akuchazele kuba kaloku
uthenjiswe ngokubulawa, ude uye kuba cebisi kuba bona bazakusebenzisa amacebo
athile ukuba athethe. Nexhoba elo !ide libe nomrhano wokuba lizimele lihambe. Uphando
oluzimeleyo luyibonisa lento ingekho njalo. (Atkinson and Drew, 1979; Danet et al 1980).
Sisenokucinga into yokuba iinjongo zeqela lepolitiki kwintetho yalo kukwazisa inkqubo
yeqela kulondawo, bezama nokubonisa indlela kangangoko banako, begxeka inkqubo
nezidima zamaqela aphikisayo nokuzisa ukuthembeka. Ngakumbi kule mihla yengxelo
yeziganeko, intetho zamaqela opolitko zithi zibhalwa zakhiwe zihanjiswe ngendlela apha
eza kunika uthakazelelo olukhulu. (Atkinson 1984) umzekelo iqela le African National
Congress (ANC) liyakwazi ukuya eNtshona Koloni apho ibandla lakhona elilawulayo liyi
D.A bapapashe inkqubo yabo, umzekelo- ukwakhela abantu izindlu, ukuvula amathuba
emisebenzi njalo-njalo. Bayabacenga ukuba batshintshe ingqondo zabo bangavoteli iqela
le D.A. Le mizekeliso ingaphambili icebisa into yokuba akuqhelekanga ukufumana igenre
eneeseti zenjongo zokuthetha. Ngeli xesha usasazo Iwendaba Iwenzelwe ukugcina
abaphulaphuli besazi iziganeko ezenzekayo elizweni ( apha ke sidibanisa iziganeko
ezithethwayo ), bayakwazi ukuba neenjongo zokwakha izimvo zabantu, ukuqulunqa izimilo
zabantu, xa amalungu exabana nje ngakwi Enviromental Impact Statements ezifundwa
ngu Miller (1984). Ukusebenzeka kwe Genre njnengesenzo sobuciko basekuhlaleni
buyathandabuzeka.
Kwimeko yezemfundo igenre enokuthi enokwenzeka ngenjongo zokuxabana yileyo

yamfundi ebechophele iimviwo zakhe (Searle,1969; Horowitz, 1986a) Umzekelo apho
umfundi athi achophele izifundo zoviwo ebhala izifundo ezithile Umz. Xhosa, zekuthi xa
kuphuma iziphumo kuphume zifundo zimbi phofu etshonile apho eliweni. Apho ke umfundi
kuyanyanzeleka ukuba afune ukubona amaphepha akhe kungenjalo akorekishwe
ngokutsha.
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Ezinye igenre apho injongo zingafanelanga ukuba zingaba luvavanyo lokuqala. Igenre
yesibongo ngumzekelo ocacileyo nangona kusenokubakho ipolitiki ephandle, yonqulo, into
eyenzekileyo yokuthanda uhlanga ethi ibekwe ngokohlobo Iwesiqendu sesibongo,
ubuchule bokubonga obuthi bufundiswe, bukhunjulwe, baziwe buthandwe, obufane bube
lolo hlobo benza kwakhona umtsalane oqhelekileyo kumfundi okanye kumphulaphuli kube
nzima ukuvumela nuluphi na uhlelo Iwenjongo olungekho lula okanye olunoncedo.
Imibongo nezinye igenre ezinolonwabo oluhleli kulonwabo yinkcazo yomlomo. Imibongo
nezinye igenre ezimtsalane wazo uhleli kulonwabo olunikwa yinkcazo yomlomo zinokuthi
ziphawulwe ngokwahlukileyo yinyaniso yokuba ukubalelwa kwinjongo zokuthanda
ukuthetha. Umbongo akukwazi ukuwuhlela kuxhomekeka emntwiin ukuba uwubona njani.
Into emele, kuzo zonke kodwa ke kwizihlelo ezingaqhelekanga, kukunika iwonga

nelungelo elithile kwinjongo engaphumi kuphela kumqondo wamandla, umbongo othi ube
nawo ukulungisa kwimicimbi yethu, kodwa ke kuba ibonelela indlela yokwahlula into
yokwenyani ekulungiseni omnye umntu ngendlela ehlekisayo. U Arnold Fisher nabanye
kwisichazi magama abo sesiNgesi nesiXhosa bayichaza I "parody" ngokuthi kukulungisa
umntu ekudlaleni, ekubhaleni nokuba kusekuculeni ngendlela ehlekisayo. I "parody"
elungileyo yesetyenziswa qho kumxholo ongafanelekanga kancinane.
2.9IMIZEKELISO YEGENRE IYOHLUKA KWIMIZEKELO YAYO
Ubuhlungu begenre busekwe kwinjongo zokuthanda ukuthetha eq.Verbal Communicatoin,

bubonwa kwezinye iimpawu ezmbini ezizezi, indlela ecacisayo kunendlela yezinto anazo
kusapho.lmbono echazayo yeyona kufuneka imisiwe ichaza indalo nexabiso lesichazi
magama, uluhlu Iwenkcazelo nobuchwepheshe obubodwa. Ibanga nento yokuba kwi
Thiyori kuyimfuneko ukwenza iqela elincinci leempawu nganye ezicacileyo, nganye
nganye eziyimfuneko nezongezelekayo ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa onke amalungu
namalungu kuphela ohlelo oluthile esuka kuyo yonke into eyenye elizweni. Umz. Inyoka
singayichaza ngokuba sisilwanyana esinegazi elibandayo, esibeka amaqanda,
esirhubuzayo, inde, ibhityile, ayinambambo inofele olunamaxolo, incinane, ihlala engceni.
Kuba nje lonto inezimpawu zigxininisiweyo, ililungu lelohlelo. Akukhathaliseki nokuba
inyoka yile iqhelekileyo iyiNyushu okanye ekude efana neMamba efumaneka emithini
neZilenzi elifumaneka emanzini, ziyalingana zizinyoka. Le mbono ichazayo ibe
nempumlelo kwezinye indawo.Apha ekusebenzeni ubunzima buye bafumaneka ekuzobeni
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uluhlu okanye iimpawu ezichazayo ezifana nezinto ezihleliweyo imihla

ngemihla.lsenokuba ngumzekelo into yokuba into egcine ukwabelana kobulungu
ndaweninye ayiloluhlu Iwenxaxheba zempawu ezichazayo kuloko lulwalamano noko
lohlobo olukhululekileyo, Umz. Ukuba sijonga isidalwa apha esingumntu sizakufumanisa
ukuba kukho iimfama, izithulu, izidenge, iziqhwala. Ikhona lento ikho kubo bonke,
ayizukubuzwa, ngokuba ngabantu, kodwa ke jonga ubone ukuba akukho nto ikho kubo
bonke na, kodwa ukufana, ulwalamano nothotho Iwabo kuloo nto. Jonga iziqhwala
neentlobontlobo zabo zokwalamana, jonga kwakhona izithulu ngoku uzakufumana ukuba
zikhona izinto ezidibana ngazo neziqhwala. Kodwa ke iimpawu ezininzi azikho kodwa
ezinye ziyavela.
Kumzekelo wolwabelwano (assignment) sifumana ukuxananaza nje okunzima

nokungenana nokunqamleza okufanayo: Ngamanye amaxesha ukufana nje konke,
ngamanye amaxesha ukufana kwenkcukhaca. Olunye ulwabelwano luthi lufane xa
sijonge ezi zinto zilandelayo isihloko kutshintshe nje indlela esibekwe ngayo, indlela
ezakuthi ibhalwe ngayo, Umz. Inentshayelelo, isiqu nesiphelo, indlela ekucatshulwa
ngayo, indlela ekuthi kubhalwe uluhlu Iweencwadi zombhali omnye okanye zomxholo
othile, indlela emayibhalwe ngayo ngaphandle, njalo-njalo. Ezinye zizakufana nezinye
ngokulingana kodwa ke ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ingachazwa into yokuba ithiyori
yokufana kosapho ingenza nantoni ifane nenye into nokuba yintoni na.
Ngumlomo ofanayo amehlo afanayo impulo efanayo

B C o
U B no C banophawu olufanayo, u A no 0 abananto ifanayo ngaphandle njengokuba
besabelana ngophawu olwahlukileyo ku B no C yiyo 100 nto isifudumezi I(Heater) sifana
nesitovu kuba zombini zinika ubushushu, isitovu sifana ne ayini kuba zombini ziyatshisa,
iayini ifana ne ketile kuba zombini azinamqheba, iketile ifana nembiza kuba zombini
ziyakwazi ukugcina into engamanzi. Njengokuba u Bloor(1983) eye waxoxa, kufuneka
sikhumbuie ukuba uWittgenstein wayezikhathaza ngokufana kosapho nento yokuba
usapho luyanamathela ngesizathu esinye izinto ngaphandle kwempawu zasemzimbeni
ezifana nokudibana kwamagazi, ukwabelana ngamava; ngokoke bekungazi kufaneleka
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ukushiya ummandla womsebenzi wezinto zokupheka (Stove etc.), kulowo wezinto zoku
ayina(iron).
Ingxoxo ka Wittgenstein yokufana kosapho nkcazo elandelayo ekuweliseni umzekelo

wokuqala okanye iqela lethiyori emiselwe ukucacisa isikhundla sethu ukuqonda imizekelo
yeendindi.lndlela yomzekelo wokuqala kwindindi uye wahambisana nomsebenzi ka
Eleanor Rosch (Rosch,1975) nabanye. U Rosch kunye nabasebenzi bakhe beqala
ngokulolonga ukuba nangona ngokwenkcazo intlanzi ethile enkulu yaselwandle (cod),
intlanzi enkulu emcaba esetyenziswa ekutyeni efumaneka kuiwandie Iwasmntla (Halibut),
intlanzi enkulu enethambo elingathi likrele (swordfish), intlanzi etyiwayo enomzimba
omncinane enamaxolo amancinci (snoek), nomamlambo (Mermaid) zizintlanzi, sihamba
sibone into yokuba azinawonga elifanayo zonke. Ezintle zibuntlanzirha kunezinye, Umz.
Ezinye intlanzi zinamaxolo, zinamaphiko kwaye azikwazi ukuba zingaphila emhlabeni
ziphila emanzini qha. Intombi-ntlanzi yentsomi yona iyingxaki kuba ayidibani ncam apha
ezintlanzini kuba icala layo yintlanzi, icala layo ngumntu. Ngoko u Rosch wafundisa
ngothotho Iwemfundo ( Experiments) ukuzinzisa lento. Waba nakho ukubonisa umzekelo,
ngulo wokuba ngexesha izifundo zathathwa ukuqinisekisa ukulunga kwentetho
kwakuxhomekeke ekubeni isifundo eso silelona lungu lelo banga okanye hayi. Yiloo nto
apha eMzantsi Afrika iitapile, iminqathi, ikhaphetshu yeyona mifuno kodwa imvane
elinywayo ( Asparagus ) yona asiyona yona. Ezona ndidi zezi ziyimizekelo yokuqala;
isitulo siso esiqala sithi qatha engqondweni xa sithetha ngeFenishala nekhaphetshu xa
sithetha ngemifuno ne Apile xa sithetha nge ziqhamo . Ukhozi yintaka enentsiba
liyabhabha linamaphiko, liyakwazi ukufikelela kwisantya esingaphezu kwe 160kl. ngeyure.
Asikho esinye isilwanyana esihamba ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwentaka. Ngokuka
Rosch (1975) udidi lunesakhiwo salo sangaphakathi, esithi sinike iimpawu, ukuba
nethemba lokwenzeka kwento ethile ngokuthi kufakwe kubulungu bodidi oluthile, lokuba
lilungu Iwelo hlelo lilungu elingenamsebenzi, kuba ayiphumeleli ekukwazini njengoko
kulindelekile, nokuba nesiqu esincinci.
I Penguin ibalasele ekuqubheni, amaphiko iwasebenzisa ekuxhathiseni. Amaphiko

ziwasebenzisa ekuqubheni kwayo. Izinto ezinamalungu asebenziselanayo ezifana
namalulwane kwakunye neminenga ziyingxaki kuba zinempawu zezinti ezithile
ezingengomalungu azo, Umz. Amalulwane, amanye ahiala odwa okanye engamaqela
amancinci. Emini ayalala kwizichopho zawo. Xa kuqala ukurhatyela amalulwane kukhona
17
aphumayo abhabhe imigama imigama emifutshane. Ukuzikhusela etshabeni ayazifaka

afane nalo ndawo ahiala kuyo. Neminenga ngokwanjalo sisilwanyana esikhulu
zaselwandle ezijongeka ngokwentlanzi nangona zingezo ntlanzi. Zingamalungu eqela
lezilwanyana elibizwa ngokuba zizilwanyana zolwandle. Iminenga iyafana nentlanzi kodwa
iyohluka kwintlazi ngendlela ezininzi. Umahluko obonakalayo ngumsila, zinemiphunga hayi
iiFins. Zona zizala amantshontsho elixa intlanzi izala amaqanda. Njalo-njalo. Njengoko
sibonile injongo zokuthetha ziye zamiselwa njengempawu ezinelungelo elithile
Iwegenre.(Ukufunda nokubhala). Ezinye iimpawu ezifana nohlobo, isakhiwo nenjongo
zabaphulaphuli nezinto ezilindelwe ngabaphulaphuli ziyasebenza ukubonisa
ngokuyinxenye umzekelo othi ube yimvelaphi yegenre eluhlobo oluthile. Umz.lfomu
yokucela indawo esikolwen nempendulo yayo elandulayo
Unobangela wokunyanzelisa ukumiselwa kwegenre sizinzise kumanqaku avumelekileyo

ngokwentetho, indawo nohlobo. Amalungu amiselweyo entetho yabantu abahlala
ndaweninye abanenkolo namasiko afanayo asebenzisa igenre ukuqonda ngokuthanda
ukuthetha iinjongo zasekuhlaleni. linjongo zegenre eziyiseti eyabelanayo ngale ndlela
yeyoqondwa kumgangatho othile wokuqondwa ngamalungu amiselweyo ayimvelaphi
yentetho yasekuhlaleni, isenokuqondwa kancinci kuphela ngamalungu angabafundi,
isenokuqondwa okanye ingaqondwa ngabo bangengomalungu. Ukuqondwa kwesizathu
kunika imithetho engunobangela ngelixa isizathu sona sithi sazise kuso imithetho
ekuvunyelwene ngayo. Le mithetho ithi ivele lonke ixesha, kwakhona inakho ukuba
ingamenywa kodwa ke iyaqhuba ukusebenzisa iimpembelelo. Imizekelo emibini izakuthi
ibonise ezi zenzeko ezivela kwimbalelwano ngokuphatha enye ivele kudliwano ndlebe
ngomsebenzi kwimbalelwano ngokuphatha. Kwimbalelwano ngokuphatha zininzi igenre
ezimisiweyo. Ezithi zizalane kakhulu zileta ezithi zibhekiswe ebantwini eziqulethe indaba
ezimbi neziqulethe indaba ezimnandi, Ezi leta iba zimpendulo kwizicelo okanye ngamanye
amaxesha ibe zizikhalazo. Imizekelo ethi ibe yeyodidi kwimpendulo kwincwadi zokucela
umsebenzi, ulwazi olufunyenwe ngokufunda, nemali efunyanwa ngofundayo. Zombini
ezintlobo zencwadi zakha igenre enye eyimpendulo kwizicelo. Kodwa ke isenzo nje
esincinci esizekelayo sizakubonisa ukuba umbhalo wommandla ne rejista zinokuba yinto
enye isiseko sahluke ngokwaneleyo ukufuna igenre eyahlukileyo kwinto nganye.
Unobangela wencwadi ezimnandi usekwe kulwazi lokuqala oluthi luhanjiswe ukuba

Iwamkelekile. Enye indawana yencwadi ezimnandi yeyokuba uqhagamishelwano luza
18
kuqhuba. Kwincwadi equlethe indaba ezimbi isekwe kwisiqalo sokuba olu Iwazi lunikwe
aph alwamkelekanga. Ezi ndaba zihanjiswe emva kwesidambisi esithi simlungise umntu
obhalelwayo ukuba ayamkele ngenxa yolwimi oluthi lusetyenziswe ngamamkelayo
nolungathekelelwayo. Kwakhona inxalenye yezizathu-ncwadi iqulethe inciphisa ingqumbo
yomntu lowo nokuba kungabikho okwakungavani nendawo leyo. Enye into kukubonisa
ukuba uqhagamishelwano lufikelele esiphelweni. Ngesosizathu kule iqulethe iindaba ezi
sisiqgibo sichasayo, kuye kuthiwe sithathwe ngabo bantu abachophileyo abafana
nekomiti, apho umbhali anika uluvo lokuba nempembelelo encinci injongo ikukuresha
isikhalazo, isibongo kufuneka singasetyenziswanga. Lo nobangela ubonisa into ethi u
Martin (1985) ubhekisa kulwakhiwo Iwentetho olunyanzelisa amagama olwimi nokhetho
Iwesivakalisi.Umboniso wesibini uthatyathwe ekubonaneni noqgirha kwaye wenzelwe
ukubonisa umahluko konobangela bokubona phakathi kwamalungu azinzileyo
nangazinzanga entetho yabantu basekuhleleni. Enye indawana yonobangela isenokuba
yindlela ezinye izinto ezihamba ngayo ezifuna nemibuliso nokuthathwa kwekhefu
neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa izigulana nokuphumeza
inguqulelo phakathi kwindawo ekwenzeka kuzo izinto ezingaqhubekiyo ukuqhutywa
kwenjongo (iziphumo zovavanyo, impawu ezibonwa nguqgirha) kunye noluvo Iwakhe
(lento isigulana sithi ayilunganga, lento isigulana siyibona njengempawu) isenokuba yinto
yangasese.
2.10 AMAGAMA ATHI ASETYENZISWE NGABABHALI KWINTETHO YE GENRE

BOBONA BULUMKO NOKUQONDA OKUBALULEKILEYO XA USEBENZISANA
NABANTU OKANYE INTO EYENZEKILEYO
Ulwazi oluthi kuvunyelwane ngalo Iwegenre (Nezizathu zalo) lulindelekile ukuba lube
lukhulu kwabo baqhele okanye kwabo basebenza isigxina kulogenre kunabo bathi
babandakanyeke kuyo ngamanye amaxesha. Kwisiphumo into esebenzayo yamalungu
asekuhlaleni ithambekela ekubeni nengxelo yobuchule begenre ethe ngqo njengoko
sisoloko sibona kunxibelelwano phakathi kwamalungu abasebenzi bonke bomsebenzi
othile nabaxhasi babo esidlangalaleni. Esinye isiphumo sesokuba lamalungu asebenzayo
athi ayinike igenre amagama kwiindidi zeziganeko zokuthetha athi ayiqonde njengenika
uqhubekeko kwisenzo sobuciko. La magama isenokwenzeka ukuba yande into yokuba
amkelwe okokuqala yintetho cokisekileyo kubahiali emveni koko ibe yephambili
necacilleyo ekuhlaleni. Uqwalaselo oluthile lufuna ukunikwa kumagama asetyenziswa
19
kukwazi oluthile Iwegenre eyenziwe ngabo baqheleneyo nayo nabaqukwayo isigxina

kwezo genre. Igenre kwelicala Iwemfundo yintetho ebandakanywayo ikakhulu utshintsho
kwangaphambili ngenjongo encinane yegama ; imfundiso eyintshayelelo, izifundo ezithi
zenziwe ukwazisa lo nto, uktshintsha iimviwo, ukujonga isicatshulwa, bhala isigxeko
ncomo ngexesha lengxoxo, ukubhala umsebenzi weqela labantu abasebenzayo okanye
abafundayo ngalomsebenzi uwodwa.
Amalungu entetho yasekuhlaleni wona ayayiqonda into yokuba igenre yamaxesha athile
inenxaxheba enkulu ekufuneka iyidlalile kwintlalo yalapha emfundweni ngalo ndlela,
kwiziphumo, iiseti yenjongo zibanje: Kwelinye icala zicacile, kwelinye ziyanyanzelwa.
Ukuba kukho amagama egenre ekungekho genre incanyathiselweyo kuwo

kuyanyanzeleka apho kubakho igenre ngaphandle kwegama olu luhlobo lokwazisa,
lokuvelisa oluthi lunikwe kubalingane nakubafundi abamfundo inomsila, ethi yakhiwe
kwiziqendu ezininzi apho abathathi nxaxheba, bathi basebenze ngababini okanye
ngamaqela amancinane, apho bathi bacelwe ukuthi bafikelele nokuba babelane
ngeziphelo kwitekisi ezimfutshane abathi babelwe zona.
2.11 INKCAZO NGEGENRE
Igenre iqulethe uluhlu Iweziganeko ezinxulumeneyo, inamalungu athi ahiuielane

ngenjongo zoko. Ezi njongo ke zaziwa ngamalungu azincutshe kuluntu oio,
ngokwenjenjalo aqulunga ukumila kwegenre. Oku kumila kulungisa ukwakhiwa
kocwangciso Iwesincoko yaye sibe nefuthe nonyanzelo ekukhetheni okuqulathiweyo
nendlela esetyenziswe ngayo. Indlela yonxulumano yekhethekileyo esebenza ekugcineni
umda wegenre ijongene ngokucacileyo kwindlela enokufundiswa ngobuciko nobuchule
bokusetyenziswa kwamagama ekuthetheni okanye ekubhaleni ukwenzela oko ukucenga
okanye ukuba nempembelelo kwabanye(ubuciko) ukongeza lenjongo abantu abenza
umzekelo ngegenre baye babonise indlela ngeendlanga ezifanayo malunga nesakhiwo,
isimbo sokubhala, umxholo nabantu abaphulaphuleyo. Ukuba ngaba konke
okulindelekileyo kwenzekile, umntu lowo wenza umzekeliso uyakubonwa nje ngoyena
luluntu Iwencoko yasekuhlaleni. Amagama egenre athe afumaneka akhutshwa, aze
asetyenziswa ngabanye enza unxulumano Iwesebe lolwazi ngomntu njengesidalwa oluthi
lusebenzisane nenkcazo yeentlobo-ngeentlobo zamaqela abantu ngokwenqubo yesizwe
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nangokohlanga, olubalulekileyo, kodwa noko kufuneke into yokuba makungqiniswe

kwakhona.
2.12 PHAMBI KWEGENRE ( PRE-GENRES)
Abantu balungiselela unxibelelwano lokuziphatha ngongqokelela yeegenre. Zonke

iziganeko zonxibelelwano luthathwa njengemizekelo yegenre. Kukho ubuncinane
imimandla emibini yemisebenzi yenkcazo zomlomo engaphandle athathwa njengeyiyo
kwegenre, intetho nokubalisa. U Levinson (1983) z84 uyichaza incoko njengohlobo
Iwentetho apho abathethi-nxaxheba ababolekisanayo ngokuthetha baba babini
nangaphezulu apho le ncoko yenzeka ngaphandle kwezakhelo zalamaziko athe ngqo
afana nenkqubo yenkonzo, uludwe Iwezifundo zomthetho nakwigumbi lokufundela,
nangokuthanda kwakho. Uhlobo lokuthetha luye Iwafundwa laxoxwa kakhulu ukususela
ukufika kwe kweteyipu-rekoda. U Arkinson (1982) nabanye unika ingxoxo nokubaluleka
kwentetho okanye isincoko. Baqhuba bathi intetho nje eqhelekileyo sisiseko sohlobo
ulothile lokusetyenziswa kolwimi u Preston (1989-225-6) unika inkcazo enjenje, "Njengoko
intetho kolunye uluvo isisiseko kuyo yonke intetho yobuso ngobuso, ibonakala ifuna
ukubhekisa kulo migangatho isezindaweni zonke zokwenza intetho leyo ke izakuthi iqonde
umahluko phakathi kwentetho nayo nantoni na umntu anokuthi anqwenele ukuyibiza
ukuba yigenre"
Intetho ezenzekileyo yona yabakho ekuqalekeni kokudaleka kohlanga Iwabantu, njengoko

intetho isenzeka kumntwana ofumana ulwimi lokuqala. Intetho ithatha kuninzi Iwethu
iintsuku ezininzi, ukuzifaka ekuthetheni kunzima ukuba ungakubaleka. Xa sithetha,
sinabantu esibaziyo ababonakala benendlela ebalaseleyo yokugcina intetho ezenzekileyo,
kodwa ngabokuqala ukwazisa, umzekelo ukuba abazukwazi ukuphakama banike ilwizi
lombulelo ukusindisa ubomi babo. Ezi mbono zonke zibonakala zisalatha kwinyaniso
yokuba ukuba nakho ekuncokoleni nje nakwi genre ethe ngqo yobuchule bokuthetha
isenokuba sisenzeko sento ethile eluhlobo olwahlukileyo. Ukuba ngaba okuqwalasela
kunento enayo iza kubonakala into yokuba intetho nje iyacenga kakhulu iphinde ibaluleke
kakhulu ingajonga ukuba isetyenziswe njenge genre. Oku kuqwalasela singathi luhlobo
oluthile lobom olungaphambili kwegenre, isiseko apho uninzi Iwentlobo ezithe ngqo
zonxibelelwano esingathi sivela khona okanye ziqheleke kuzo. Umbuzo onomdla wabantu
abaphicotha igenre ayikho kakhulu, nokuba yintetho igenre endaweni yoko umdla ulele
21
ekujongeni uhlobo oluthile lonxibelelwano elinokuthi lisebenze phakathi kweepateni

zencoko, indleko nemigaqo nezo zinokuthi zifunyanwe (ukunika imizekelo emithathu)
imibuzo yasemthethweni xa udibene nogqirha nencoko kwigumbi lokufundela.
Enye imbono yomdla yonxibelelwano edla ngokucingelwa phakathi kwegwnre

yangaphambili (Pre-Genre) negenre ethi yenzeke apho uthetha-thethwano yobuso
ngobuso indawo yalo ithi ithathwe luthungalwano ngocingo, ngefoni, neradiyo njalo-njalo.
Schegloff (1979) ubonisa ukuba uthethwano ngefoni lokuqala ngokuthi ifoni ikhale nento
yokuba umntu othi aphakamise umqheba (Receiver) athethe uyaphendula kwisimemo. U
Owen (1981) ubhale ngendlela apha enika umdla ngokusetyenziswa njengokuba
benditshilo " to resume a story" no "kakade" njengomqondiso othi unikwe zase Britane
ukubonisa umqweno wokuphelisa incoko okanye ifoni. Ngoko ke kubungqina obukhoyo
buza kubonakala bufanele ukuyikhuphela ngaphandle incoko yefoni kwiwonga legenre
zicingelwe, ngaphandle kobufutshane bembali, njengenxenye yegenre yangaphambili
(Pre-Genre). Ngokuchaseneyo, singayoqonda ngokukhawulezileyo imeko
engaqhelekanga yereyido foni (apho ufona nge radio). Robertson (1985 - 1988).
Umzekelo uzibonisa iinjong seradio foni ukuba kuku:-
(a) Ukuthintelaungquzulwano emoyeni

(b) Ukuthintela ungquzulwano phakathi kwenqwelo moya naphakathi kwenqwelo maoya
nezithintelo kumhlaba wokuphamba
(c) Ukukhawulezisa nokugcina ucwangco endleleni kuhambo Iwezithuthi zasemoyeni
(d) Ukunika macebiso nolwazi noncedo nokhuseleko lokuqhuba kuhambo ngomoya, leyo
yekaRobertson, 1985:295
Iradio - foni elawula ukuhamba kwezithuthi ngomoya iyadibana nendlela yemeko yegenre,
ukuba ngaba intetho (casual conversation) enganonopheliyo ngumsebenzi oyincoko
phakathi kwabantu ababini phambi kwegenre (pre - genre) ingaba uthelekiso lukhona
kumntu phambi kwegenre (pre - genre) Umviwa ocacileyo lubaliso. Ubaliso ngentetho
yindlela ekhawulezileyo yomhlaba wophando (van Dyk 1972 et al) baphuhlise igama
loqeqesho. Narrotology. Ubuliso nokuba lubhaliwe okanye luyathethwa lusebenza
ngobume bempumelelo yexeshana apho ezinye iziganeko zithi zibe zizenzo zeziganeko
ezidlulileyo. Ezinye iimpawu zobaliso zezokuba iintetho ezinjalo ziyathanda ukuphuma
kwigosa ubuqu nento yokuba isakhiwo iba seso seyelenqe (plot) ilong turns ze pre - genre
22
zibakho kwincwadi (letter) ziphinde ziveie nje ngempendulo esele zilungile ezinje ngo
"belinjani ikhefu" okanye "ibinjani intlanganiso" njalo-najlo.
Ngenye indlela okufananoku kuchaziweyo kwintetho inlobo ezithile zobaliso ziyajika

kwimfuno zangaphambi kwegenre ziqale ukufuna imeko ze genre. Kwindaba ezingamabali
ukuphumelela kwexeshana kuye kuphazanyiswe kukubeka ezona zintsha kuqala
(ngaphezulu). Kwinxelo ezizintlobo ngentlobo ezifana nezo zichaza imisebenzi
yenzululwazi, iziganeko ngaphezu kwe - arhente ziyabalasela. Iziqhulo okanye intetho
ehlekisayo nazo zinendlela yeli lizwe ezithi ziyilandele yexeshana, ukuziqhelanisa kwe -
arhente ne yelenqe kodwa ke isigqibo seyelenqe siyabalula : la mzuzu wesigqibo
kufuneka uphawule ngokuphandle ngelixa indlela yesigqibo kufuneka ingaxelwa
kwangenxa enligaphambili. Udidi Iwamaphetshana ekubhalwa kuwo isiqulatho, igama,
idilesi (ilebheli) njalo-njalo olufana neeleta alubhekisi ngaphambi kwegenre ngalendlela
kusetyenziswa yona, kodwa lusebenza ngokweentlobo ezithile eziqukanisayo
ngokuthetha.
2.13I1YANTLUKWANO PHAKATHI KWEEGENRE
Ukuba bekukho iyantlukwano ezincnci kwigenre bekuyakubakho imfuneko encinci

ngokucalulwa kwegenre njengomsebenzi owahlukileyo kwintetho ecalulayo, ngekungekho
mfuneko kwaphela yocalulo oluqhutywayo ngabo banxulumene nokuyisebenzisa. Igenre
iyahluka ngokweentsingiselo ezithile kwiimpawu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka
ngokuntsokotha nange njongo zobuciko. Ukususela kwi resiphi elula ebonakalayo ukuya
kwintetho ebonakalayo enzima yombuso okanye yepolitiki ziyohluka kakhulu
ngkwemigangatho apho imizekelo yegenre ilungiswa khona. (Nystrand 1986) eyona genre
ilungisiweyo iquka ukuphenguphengululwa kwamaphepha, iiIeta eziya ebntwini, imibongo,
iiresiphi, ufundolweendaba njalo-njalo, ngelixa kwelinye icala iingxoxo ezigqithileyo
neengxabano zona ziyadangazela ngaphandle kolunya Iweengcinga eziphambili. Igenre
iyahluka ngokwendlela ecaciswa ngayo ngenene ukwakheka kwentetho ngokuphikisanayo
ngokubhalo kusenokuba nzima. (Gregory 1967) umzekelo ngulo wemizekelo edlulileyo
wegenre elungisiweyo uninzi Iwayo lubhalwe ngedlela eyongamayo. Amaphepha ophando
anokuthi afundwe kwingqungquthela kwinto ebhaliweyo ehanjiswayo. (Dubois 1985)
okanye igafundwa ikhwaziwe (Goffman 1981) ngelixa izalathisi neeresiphi zinokuthi
kwimeko ezingxamisekileyo zithethwe ngefoni Izibongo kwintlalo yabelungu ibhaliwe
23
nangona (icengcelezwa) kwaye kuyinto, kulisiko eliqhubekayo, omnye ucinga ngento

yokuba ifuna ubuchule obungaqhelekanga ekulungiseni intetho (ngokunxlumene
nabalinganiswa) okanye utoliko (ngokunxulumene neembongi zifunda umsebenzi wazo).
Kwinkqubo yezinye izizwe ukuthetha kudityaniswa nesibongo nje ngesiseko sendlela
yokuthetha, uhlobo lokubhala lusebenza nje ngomthombo wokulondoloza izibhalo
ezibalulekileyo, usasazo Iwendaba luyabhalwa ngesandla koko zifundwe zikhwazwe.
litekisi zegenre ezilungisiweyo ezinje ngezi besisoloko sizibhala ziyohluka nazo

ngkwenqanaba lokuba itekisi yegenre inde kangakanani na apho ababhali betekisi
zegenre balindeleke ukuba basebenzise abaphulaphuli nabafundi babo. Olu tshintsho
yinto engangqinelaniyo nengcinga eninzi eqhubekayo nophando kwinkqubo yokubhala.
Umphembeleli nommeli oxhasayo wentsebenziswano yokuziqhelanisa ekufundeni
nakwindlela yokubhala nguWidowson (Widowson 1979, 1983, 1984). Ukhona
umgangatho wokhuselo osemthethweni owenziwa ngabavavanyi owokusebenzisa
izivakalisi ezide oqulethe intlaninge uphinde ucacise nenkcazo ngokungqinelana njalo-
njalo. Le ntetho yokuzikhusela izakubanga into yokuba yonelise kakhulu into yokuba itekisi
iveze ingcaciso enveni kwenkcukacha nakufundo olubalaseleyo nengcaphephe kune tekisi
enokufikelelwa kwamsinya kwabo bafundi bafundileyo bangezo ngcali ivela kwezo
zintsokothileyo phantsi kwezo zifundo zininzi (Bhatia 1983)
UFlower (1979) abantu abasebenza kunye basenokuba banyanisile kwincazo

eyingcingane yabo yokuba umbhali ongekagqibeleli uvelisa umbhali (indie eqhelekileyo
yokuthetha okanye yokubhalwa kolwimi) aze yena umbhali ogqibeleleyo avelise umfundi
osekwe kubhalo gabalala, izakubonakala ngokulinganayo icale into yokuba ababhali
begenre ezithile ezigqibeleleyo nabo bavelisa ababhali abasekwe kwindlela eqhelekileyo
yokuthetha okanye yolwimi olibhaliweyo.
UKaplan noOstler (1982) ekuhloleni wabo incwadi, bagqibezela nangona iqela elincinci
labantu abahlukeneyo nabanye ngokholo kwizifundo bephikisa into yokuba iilwimi
ezahlukeneyo zinezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhethwayo ukwenzela iintlobo ezithile zendlela
yenkqubo yokuthetha. Umzekelo, baye baxoxa into yokuba indlela eqhelekileyo
yokuthetha okanye yolwimi olubhaliweyo olubonisayo Iwesingesi linomzekelo wobuciko
bemigca efunekayo.
24
Isihloko esichazwe ngokucacileyo, intshayelelo, isiqu esicacisa konke ngesihloko eso

sixeliweyo, imihlathi enxibeleleneyo omnye kolandelayo, nesiphelo esithi sichazele
umfundi le nto ibixoxwa... akukho mpambuko nokuba sele sinomdla kangakanani,
buyavunyelwa phansi komhlaba wokuba buzakwaphula ubunye (Kaplan & Ostler 1982:14)
Bathi ngoko bathelekise lo mzekelo ngengcaciso enxuseneyo yesakhiwo esifunyanwa

kubhalo gabalala yase Arabia enemizekelo ephambukileyo emininzi yokubhala kulwimi
IwesiRoma oluthi luvumele izinto ezinokutshinsha intetho yakho enokuthi ivezwe kwintetho
njalo-njalo.
Uthelekiso Iweelwimi laziwa ngokuba nzima ngakumbi kumgangatho ofundisayo. Phakathi

kwezilumkiso ezinjalo kubalulekile ukuthelekisa itekisi (texts) zegenre enye kwiilwimi
ezimbini. Hinds (1987: 143-4) ucebisa into yokuba kwinkqubo yesizwe yolwimi Iwesingesi
bathambekela yala mbhali ngomthwalowokucacisa nengxelo elungisiweyo ngokupheleleyo
ngelixa inkqubo yesizwe saseJapan iluxanduva lomphulaphuli (okanye umfundi) ukuqonda
ukuba yintone le isithethi okanye umbhali afuna ukuyithetha : uhlahlelo luka Hinds
lunxulumana kwindlela enqumlayo kwingxoxo zangaphambili ngeentlobo e zithe ngqo
zegenre kuxanduva lombhali.
IINTLOBO EZAHLUKENEYO ZOKUBHALA

UKUEUNDA OKUDIBENE NOLUDWE LWEZIEUNDO
(Karikyulaml
Ukufunda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubhaliweyo asiyombono intsha. Ngokodliwano ndlebe

Iwengxelo ka Bullock zonke iitishala kufuneka zilwamkele uxanduva lokuphuhlisa
ukufunda kwimimandla yabo, nemigaqo yokwabelana kufuneka ibancedise ekuzalisekiseni
oku. Abalungelelalinisi bolwimi baye bakhuthaza iitishala kuludwe Iwezifundo ngokubanzi
ukuba bazazi iingxaki abantwana abaninzi abathi bahlangane nazo xa befunda iilwimi
Iwezifundo ezahlukeneyo.
Umsebenzi wophando owaqaliswa yi London Institute of Education ngo 1970, waba

nempembelelo kwiitishala zezikolo zodidi Iwesibini kumasebe esiNgesi. Kulo msebenzi,
umsebenzi wabantwana wafundwa wahlelwa kananjalo ngokwamaqela asekwe
kwimisebenzi, yokubhala engorhwebo, ukubonisana kunye nokubonga. ( Martin et al
25
1976) Lo msebenzi wawungasekwanga ekubhaleni kwabantwana qha wawunika

nezisekelo apho izikolo ezithile zaqalisa ukuxoxa iintlobo ezahlukileyo zolwimi
olusetyenziswayo kuludwe Iwezifundo ngokubanzi (Karikyulam).
Izinto ezininzi ezinomdla ezifunekayo kulwimi ezazikwazi ukuba zingenzeka kwiKarikyulam

zaye zaphela emehlweni ngo 1970 kuba kwakungekho mali ifumanekayo evela ku
Rhulumente ukuxhasa abalungelelanisi bolwimi abanamava. Lonto yavusa ingxoxo
ngolwimi kwezemfundo. Kangangokuba kwafunwa otishala bolwimi Iwesi Ngesi ukuba
bajonge iintlobo zolwimi. Uphando Iwase Australia lona ngeli xesha Iwaye Iwajonga
ngokutsha izifundo zolwimi. Yile mbono ezakuthi isetyenziswe ekuhleleni iintlobo
ezahlukileyo zokubhaliweyo ezidweliswe kulwimi IwesiNgesi elenzelwe abantwana
ukususela kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi elinesithandathu. (Des 1989)
IINTLOBO EZAHLUKENEYO ZOKUBHALIWEYO ZOLWIMI LWESINGESI

EZENZELWE IMINYAKA EMIHLANU UKUYA KWELISHUMI ELiNESITHANDATHU
lintlobo ezininzi zokubhala zikhankanyiwe kwinqubo yokufunda yesiNgesi yabantwana

abaneminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu.( Des 1989) Oku kubhekisa
kubantwana abakumabanga asezantsi naphezulu.Uluhlu Iweencwadi ezisetyenziswayo
lukhulu kwaye lubalulekile luhamba ngoluhlobo : ngamabali, imibongo, iincwadi
zemifanekiso, izibongo zabantwana abancinane, iintsomi, ilivo, imidlalo, amaphephandaba
abantwana, iincwadi ezizizikhokelo, ilebhile, iintloko, izaziso,imiyalezo, uludwe Iwezipheko,
izalathiso zendiela, ubhaliso Iwemihla ngemihla Iwemisebenzi, amacebo, iimaphu,
imizobo, izichazi magama, iincwadi zamagama, iintsomi ezidumileyo,
amaphephandaba,iikhathalogu, uluhlu Iweziqulatho, izalathiso, uluhlu lohlelo Iwendlu
yeencwadi, amabali ngobomi babantu abawabhale ngokwabo,iileta,iidayari, amabali
amafutshane, iinoveli, iBhayibhile, iincwadi ezivela kwamanye amazwe, amabali
angaphambi kweenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iincwadi zokuhamba, iingxelo
ngemisebenzi yezinto, iincwadi zezikhokelo, iimvumelwano,iincwadana eziqulethe ulwazi,
izinto ezaziswa uwonkewonke, imiqulu ekhokelayo, iincwadi zeqela elinyanzelayo,
iincwadana, inkcazelo ngeendawo ekwenzeka kuzo izinto, iincwadi zokufundisa, iifomu,
umendo wengqokelela yemithetho ecwangcisiweyo, iincwadi eziyingqokelela yamagama
okanye izivakalisi,iincwadi zemapu, iintyila Iwazi,iindawo ezaziwa ngezinto eziziziseko.
26
lincwadi ezikolweni zihlelwa ngokwezifundo.

Kumabanga asezantsi kuqala kwibanga lika-R uyokuma kwelesuthathu (Grade R -3).
Izifundo ezifundiswayo zezi: ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala (Literacy) zona zohlulwe
kabini, ulwimi olusetyenziswa ekhaya (Home Language) kunye nolwimi lokuqala
olongezelelweyo (First Additional language), izibalo (Numeracy) ,kunye nobubuchule (life
skills ). Ngokuya benyuka ngokwamabanga nezifundo ziye zinyuka, Umz: ukuba sithatha
isihloko esithi Mna, kwibanga lika R bayazizoba. Kwibanga lokuqala bayazizoba bafakele
namalungu omzimba.
Kwibanga lesibini banika inkcukhacha ngabo, Umz:

Igama lakho
Ifani yakho
Igama lesikolo sakho
Ibanga ofunda kulo
Idilesi yakho
Inombolo yemfonomfono yakowenu:
Inombolo yemfonomfono yesikolo:
Kwibanga lesithathu banika inkcukhaca ngabo, Umz:

Igama lakho
Igama lakho lesiteketiso
Ifani yakho
Umama wakho
Isiduko sakhe
Utata wakho
Ulwimi Iwasekhaya
Imini yakho yokuzalwa
Indawo owazalelwa kuyo
Igama lesikolo sakho
Idilesi yaso
Inombolo yomnxeba
Igama likatitshala wakho
Igama lenqununu yesikolo
Ibanga ofunda kulo
27
Iphondo ohlala kulo

Into ongayithandi kakhulu
Ngoba
N.Monakali 2003
Kufundwa into enye ukusuka kwibanga lika R ukuya kwelesithathu. Ngokuya enyuka
amabanga isihloko eso kufundwa ngaso siye sibanzima.
IINJONGO EZAHLUKENEYO NGOKUBHALA

IZINTO EZIFAKIWEYO KWIGENRE
lintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubhaliweyo zithi zihlelwe ngokwenjongo zombhali. Ababhali

abanenjongo ezifanayo bathi badale umbhalo we Genre oluhlobo oluthile umzekelo,
ababhali barnabali sukuba bebhalela abantwana. Amanye amabali ayafundisa, amanye
ayonwabisa. Ziintlobo ezahlukileyo ezo zeGenre ebhaliweyo kuba iinjongo zababhali
zahlukile. Umzekelo: idrama luhlobo lombhalo we genre owonwabisayo. Imibongo luhlobo
lombhalo we genre oncomayo. Kanti inovel yona iyafundisa.
IGENRE YEENCWADI EZISETYEZISWA EZIKOLWENI
Kwisiseko sababhali esiyinjongo yokubhala sibona kala ngokuthi ukwazi ukuhlela incwadi
ezisetyenziswa esikolweni ngokwendidi ezine. Kwezi ndidi zine udidi ngalunye lunolunye
udidi ngaphantsi kwalo.
IINCWADI EZIYI GENRE YONCWADI
Ababhali abanenjongo yokubalisa okanye ukuchaza izinto ezenzeka ebantwini, bathi

babhale incwadi ezibalelwa kwigenre yoncwadi. I grene ezingaphantsi kolo ncwadi
ziintsomi, amabali amafutshane, imibongo, irnidlalo, nencwadi zengcinga zemihla
ngemihla. Ezo ke zifundwa ngabantwana abaneminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi
elinesithandathu. Umzekelo:
28
IGWALA
Kudala kwaye kukho umfazi nendoda behlala endlwini yabo enezindlu eziphezulu. Kwathi
ngenye imini behleli phandle, umfazi ekhanda umsingizane, kwee gqi into enkulu yenyoka.
Yathi kwaoko indoda yatsiba ibaleka, yenyuka yaya kwindlu ephezulu .
. Wasala umfazi apho exakiwe ukuba makathini na. Wesuka wayitsho hele ngesiqwayi yafa.
Yehla indoda yeza kuye yathi; "Mfazi wam namhlanje thina sobabini senze into enkulu
sibulele inyoka." Wafumane wathula umfazi kuba yayibulewe nguye inyoka. Asinto
iqhelekileyo ukubona indoda ibaleka ingozi ishiya umfazi esilwa notshaba. Lo mfo
wayeligwala.
IINCWADI EZIKWIGENRE EBONISAYO
Le ke igenre ibhalwa ngababhali abaceba ukuchaza, ukwazisa, ukuxoxa. Udidi Iwegenre

olugaphantsi kolo ncwadi ngamaphetshana aqulethe ulwazi, iincwadana,
amaphephandaba, iincwadi yesikhokelo, nezikhokelo. Umzekelo we Brochure.
Le genre incinane yenzelwe abantwana abaneminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi

elinesithandathu.
IINCWADI EZIKWIGENRE YENKQUBO
Ababhali abeneminqweno yokunika imfundiso okanye abanqwenela ukuqala imisebenzi

incwadi zabo ziza kuba kolu didi Iwencwadi, aba babhali basixelela ngendlela
ezahlukeneyo zobuchule ezithi zisetyenziswe xa ufunda okanye indlela enokuthi
ugqibezele ngazo umsebenzi. Uluhlu Iwemiyalelo, iincwadi ezizikhokelo neefomu, ziigenre
ezingaphantsi eziya kubantwana abeminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu.
IINCWADI EZIKWIGENRE YOKWALATHA
Ezi ncwadi zibhalwa ngababhali abanenjongo zokubhala ulwazi Iwabo ngendlela

elandelelanayo ngezihloko ezithile. Diu Iwazi kuye kube lula ukulukhangela ngendlela
olunikwe ngayo ngababhali. ligenre ezingaphantsi kwesihloko izichazi magama, iintyila
lazwi, iimaphu neekhathalogu.
29
IMBONO EZINTSHA NGEGENRE NENDLELA EZICHAPHAZELA NGAYO IMFUNDO
Eli gama lithi genre libhekisa kwintetho ezahlukeneyo zobhalo loncwadi. lye yanda
intsingiselo kangangokuba ngoku ibhekisa nakwezinye iintlobo zokubhala olungezo
ncwadi. Ngoku igenre ibhekisele nakwamanye amahlelo. Umzekelo: igenre yomculo.
Apha ke sifumana iintlobo ezahlukileyo ze genre efana nohlobo oluthile lomculo

olwaculwa kuqala ngabantu abantsundu eMerika engezantsi ekuqaleni kwe 1900( Jazz),
umdlalo womculo onoburharha( Opra) umculo othandwa ngabantu bonke ( Pop), umculo
wodidi njalo njalo. Kuphando oluye Iwenziwa yi London Institute of Education ngowe 1970
yavuselela imbono yokubhala kwimfundo.
Ababhali ababini uMoffat no Hymes balumeka umsebenzi wokubhala eA merika.u Moffat

(1968) wabhala incwadi eyayinempembelelo iceba ukuba abantwana mabaziswe zonke
intlobo zokuthetha zolwimi u Hynes(1972) wabhala nge genre ebhaliweyo efana
nombongo, intsomi, ingxelo, amaqhalo, irarayi, ileta, inkqaku lomhleli kunye nomhleli
kunye nefomu yorhwebo. Kwakhona wabon akuba eyona genre inkulu efana nenkonzo
ecaweni nayo inegenre encinane ezifana namaculo, iindumiso nentshumayelo.
Ukinneavy et al.(1976 :- 7-8) uchaza indlela ababona ngayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo

zezicatshulwa kananjalo waqala uphando Iwezimini ngegenre. Bayichaza imbali
njengegxininisa kwimiba etshintshayo yezinto ezikhoyo, baqhubekeka ngokuchaza iindlela
zezicatshulwa njengezithi zivelise kwakhona indlela esithi siyibone ngayo into ekhoyo.
lindlela ezahlukileyo zesicatshulwa zivelisa kwakhona iindlela ezahlukileyo zokucinga.
Ababhali babenenjongo ezithi zigqibe ngendlela ethile okanye ngegenre ezakuthi

isetyenziswe njengokuba bebhala nje. Indlela obhalwe ngayo umsebenzi wabo uthi ube
neempawu, siyakwazi ukiqikelela iimpawu zegenre abazakuyibhala. linjongo zegenre
ziyadibana, lonto ke ikwazi ukubanceda abafundi abasaziphuhlisayo ngokuthi siziveze ezi
zinto kubo.
Igenre iyasebenza kwizinto zasekuhlaleni. Kwalegenre iyakwazi ukuba nentsingiselo

kwizithethe zethu, Martin et al.(n.d :59) unika inkcazo ngegenre enjenje"igenre ivelisa
kwakhona ezona ndlela zisebenzayo ezithi izithethe zibe nazo ngexesha elimisiweyo
30
lokuhambahamba kwimicimbi yabo. Xa sithe sathatha inxaxheba kwindawo zethu esihlala

kuzo sithi sibe namava ngoluhlu oluphangeleleyo Iwegenre.
Ngo mnyaka we-1980 eSidney umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuphuhliswa kolwimi waqalwa.

Iqela leengcali zolwimi nootishala bajonga iintlobo ezahlukileyo zobhalo oluveliswa
ngabantwana besikolo bamabanga aqalayo. Abaphandi baqala ukulihlela olu bhalo
ngokwe genre bajonga kananjalo indlela yokuphuhlisa ukubhala kwabantwana. Ngokuya
uphando lukhula, iingcali ezazikhokelwe ngu Jim Martin baqalisa ukuchaza igenre
ngokwabo. Igenre ayinatsingiselo yayo izimeleyo. lintsingiselo zibonakala ngokuthi
kusetyenziswe ulwimi, umbhali akathi akhululeke kulwimi nga phandle kwe mbongi.
Ababhali basebenzisa ulwimi oluzakulungela injongo zabo nakuhlobo Iwegenre
ekhethiweyo. Ababhali basebenzisa iintlobo ezithile zolwimi abacinga ukuba zifanelekile.
010 hlobo lolwimi kuthiwa luhlobo lokuthetha ulwimi.
UHLOBOLOKUTHETHA
Inzululwazi ngeelwimi kwimigaqo yayo iyibone indlela yokuthetha ikukuqonda ngelwimi

okungabonakaliyo. Yindlela ababhali abathi bazasise ngayo. Indlela yokuthetha iyohluka
ngokwemeko ekuthethwa kuyo okanye ekubhalwa kuyo, umzekelo ngulo wokuba kukho
umahluko xa kuthetha inqununu nomfundi intetho iyandiliseka, naxa kuthetha umfundi
notshomi bakhe ibayintetho eqhelekileyo engaphucukanga. Indlela yokuthetha ibonisa
imeko ngolwimi. Umzekelo: kukho umahluko xa umntu encokola naxa esilwa. Indlela
yokuthetha ibonisa lento kuthethwa ngayo okanye kubhalwa ngayo, ingubani othethayo
okanye obhalayo nokuba umyalezo uhanjiswa njani. Ezi mbonakalo zintathu zeemeko
ingcali zolwimi zizibiza ngokuba ngumyalezo(field), indlela ulwimi olusetyenziswa
ngayo(ODE) nengcinga (tenor).
Umyalezo, indlela ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngayo, nengcinga ziboniswa ngolwimi. Loo nto
ithethe ukuba yindlela isithethi okanye umphulaphuli athi akhethe ngayo isigama sakhe
okanye igrama. Apha ngezantsi ndiza kubonisa indlela yokuthetha yezicatshulwa ezi
ziintloko ezahlukeneyo zegenre Umzekelo, kwibali, kulwazi, kumyalelo nakwisigama.
31
IMIZEKELO YENDLELA ZOKUTHETHA EVELA KWIIGENRE ZEENCWADI

EZIFUNDWA NGABANTWANA ABAKWISIGABA SESITHATHU
Urnzekelo wendlela yokuthetha : igenre yoncwadi (ibali)
Kwaye kukho kudala ixhego elalihamba lithengisa izankwane. Lathi ngenye imini lihamba
njalo lahlala phantsi komthi. Lithe lisaiele ubuthongo lithwele esinye isankwana kwafika
iinkawu. Zithe zakufika zatyhila phaya kulaa mpahla isongiweyo. Yayileyo inkawu
yathabatha isankwane yasithwala. Zathi kwa-oko zakhwela emthini, zatsho zafana nqwa
nexhego lithwele isankwane. Lithe lakukhangela ixhego izankwane zalo lafika kungekho
nokuba sibe sinye. Lithe kwa-oko lajonga phezulu emthini lazibona iinkawu zithwele
izankwane. Lacinga icebo kuba lalisazi ukuba iinkawu ziyathanda ukulinganisa.
Laqala lasithwala isankwane salo nazo zazithula ezazo. Lasithwala, zazithwala, lasothula
lasijonga, nazo zazithula zazijonga. Ixhego lasiphosa phantsi nazo zaziphosa phantsi
ezazo. Lasuka ixhego lazichola lazifaka engxoweni lahamba.
Umyalezo: libali elingohambo

Uhlobo olusetyenziswa ngayo ulwimi libali elisebenzisa ukucinga. Iziganeko
ziyalandelelana (sixelelwa ngexhego elihamba lithengisa izankwane, lahlala phantsi
komthi lalala, lafikelwa zinkawu lisaiele, zathabatha izankwane zazithwala zakhwela
emthini)
Isenzo sombhali kukonwabisa abantwana abakumabanga asezantsi.
UMZEKELO WEGENRE ETYHILAYO ( ULWAZI)
Inkomo sisilwanyana esikhulu. Ibaluleke ngaphezu kwegusha nebhokwe. Itya ingca ende
lula kuba isebenzisa ulwimi xa iyifaka emlonyeni. Imazi yenkomo iyehlisa kakhulu.
Umyalezo kukuchazelwa ngenkomo, indlela ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngayo.
Isenzo sombhali ubhalela abafundi abancinci abasafuna ulwazi.

32
UMZEKELO WENDLELA YOKUTHETHA

IGENRE ENENKQUBELA ( EFUNDISAYO)
Izifo ezosulelavo
1. Masazi ukuba ukosulela kuthetha ntonina

2. Masithethe ngezifo ezosulelayo Umzekelo: ingculazi
3. Masijonge ubungozi bazo ( iyabulala)
4. Yosulela njani (
5. Kunganqandwa njani ukosuleleka.
Umvalezo: izifo ezosulelayo

Uhlobo othetha ngalo: incoko phakathi kotishala nabafundi, incwadana ezibonisa abantu
abanesifo sika gawulayo nendlela abathi abantu bosuleleke ngayo.
Idlela umphulaphuli avithathe ngavo :Iindlela abathi bathethe ngayo Umzekelo ukuba
omnye unesi sifo 100 nto ayithethi ukuba bonke baza kuba naso.
Indlela abathi abantwna babaphathe ngayo abo banengculaza, bayazi ukuba
abazikosuleleka ngokuhlala nabo nokudlala nabo.
Umzekelo wend lela yokuthetha igenre

Igenre ekhangelayo (kwisichazi magama)
Bodise, n (close-fitting upper part of a woman's dress) isifuba (English - Xhosa Dictionary
1998.
Umyalezo: Ukuchwazwa kwegama.
Uhlobo othetha ngalo
Ukumila nobukhulu bencwadi.
Indlela umphulaphuli ayithatha ngayo

Ibhalelwa abafundi abaqalayo ukusebenzisa isichazi-magama; inkcazo izanyiwe
ukwenziwa lula kodwa ke kuyo yonke lonto yashiyeka isahamba ngesiko.
33
Bb
Baby a very young child who cannot walk or talk yet Mrs Brown has a baby. She is the
mother of the baby.
(Primary Dictionary 2000)
Indlela yokuthetha isebenza njani

Indlela yokuthetha ithi ibekho ngenxa yokunxibelana kwezinto ezintathu zemeko
zasekuhlaleni ezizezi umyalezo oyilento kuthethwa ngayo okanye kubhalwa ngayo, indlela
yokusetyenziswa kolwimi, imbonakalo yombhali okanye isithethi kumphulaphuli okanye
kumfundi nakwintloko leyo. Indlela yokuthetha singathi ngumda wengcali zolwimi.
Siyakwazi ukubanceda abantwana bethu ekubhaleni injongo ezahlukileyo nasekufundeni
incwadi ezibhalelwe iinjongo ezahlukileyo.
Isithethi okanye umbhali yindlela esithetha ngayo. Indlela esithetha ngayo ibonakaliswa
lukhetho esithi silwenze olwesigama negrama, esilwenza kuba sifuna ukubonakalisa lento
sinqwenela ukuyithetha, nendlela esithetha ngayo, nabantu abo sithetha nabo. Umzekelo,
Ukuba sithatha isimbambazelo umbhali kufuneka abe nalo uphawu lokwazisa
ngobhubhileyo oku uzakufumana kwimigca yakhe yebinza. Usathe gxada, yindlela
ayithetha ngayo. Abantu aba baxelelwayo ngokuqinisekileyo bazakubonakalisa umothuko.
Bachaze imisebenzi yakhe nendlela abamazi ngayo umntu lowo ubongwayo.
Xa sithetha okanye sibhala senza ukhetho Iwesigama nolwakhiwo Iwegrama. Xa sibhala

sizidibanisa nesicatshulwa esinendlela yokuthetha ekhethwe gumbhali. Njengabafundi
abanobuciko sidibana nendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthetha. Xa sinceda uninzi
Iwabafundi abasakhulayo luqhelane neendlela ngendlela zokuthetha kufuneka sicacelwe
ngendlela ezisebenza indlela zokuthetha. Loo nto ithethe ukuba kufuneka sifunde
ngendlela umyalezo, uhlobo othetha ngalo nembonakalo yesithethi okanye umbhali
kumphulaphuli nakwisihloko eso ezithi ziboniswe ngayo kulwimi.
Umyalezo: Ulwimi luyibonisa njani lento kuthethwa ngayo
Umyalezo yilento iqulethwe yilento ithethwayo. Lento kuthethwa ngayo isenokwenzeka ibe
yinto eqhubekayo ngoku kuthethwayo okanye ibezingcinga zombhali. Umzekelo wento
edla umzi ngoku sisifo seNgculaza, ababhali bencwadi nabamaphepha ndaba bathe
34
bhukuqu emaphepheni kubhalwa ngesisifo, onomathotholo nomabonakude nabo

abemanga ukuthetha ngengculaza ide idlalwe nokudlalwa kwinto ezifana nomabonakude.
Lo myalezo uthi ukuze ucace ibe luluhlu Iwamagama olusetyenziswe ngumbhali.
Kubalulekile ukuba akwazi ukuthetha kanye 100 nto afuna ukuyithetha. Ukuba umbhali
ufuna ukuthetha ngobuhle bendalo kufuneka amagama akhe awakhethe ngendlela ekuya
kuthi ngayo akuwasebenzisa aphumelele kwinjongo yakhe. Ukuba ufuna ukuthetha
ngobuncwane bobomi, iingcinga zakhe kufuneka azibeke gendlela ecacileyo
owamaphepha ndaba athembeke. Tshabe et al 1989. Uluhlu Iwamagama asetyenziswe
kwincwadi yesikhokelo afanele ikuba abe yincutshe yaloo ndawo.
Umzekelo kwincwadi yomculo kuza kuthethwa ngama gqudu ( staff notation) umzekelo:-
Xa abantwana befunda ubuchule beso sifundo baza kudibana netekisi ezinamagama
amaninzi obugcisa. Ngamannye amaxesha la magama achazwa ngumbhali ngamanye
amaxesha umbhali athathe ukuba ayaziwa. Ngako nje ukuba isifundo siba nobugcisa
obuninzi namagama aqulathwe sisifundo aba nobugcisa 100 nto ibangela ukuba kube
nzima ukusilandela isifundo eso.
Kwezinye itekisi uluhlu Iwamagama luyayitshintsha intsingiselo ngokunxulumene

nesifundo eso. Umzekelo igama elithi ULUBELEKILE kwisivakalisi esithi UMFAZI
ULUBELEKILE USANA intsingiselo inokuthetha ukuba ULUZELE okanye ULUBELEKE
EMQOLO. Kubakho kwakhona amagama athanda ukubhidaniswa namanye. Loo magama
ayelelene ngentsingiselo okanye ngemo kulawo abhidaniswa nawo.umzekelo ngu OYISA
no EYISA.
1. Woyisa emfazweni
2. Zifundise ukuzeyisa ezintweni zonke ezimbi xa ungumkrestu
Ezi zenzi azinantsingiselo ifanayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesisekunene endaweni
yesisekhohlo isenzi kunika intsingiselo engeyiyo le bekujongwe ukuvakalisa yona.
Kwakhona kukho izenzi ezibhidaniswayo entethweni ezifana nezi Thintela no Khusela.
Abantu bayathanda ukuphazama ngoku KHUSELA INGOZI. Kanti befuna ukuthi
UKUTHINTELA INGOZI EZINDLELENI. Ezi zenzi zibini zineempawu ezithile zentsingiselo
ezifanayo ngazo. Zozibini zinento yokwenza nengozi. Ingozi ayikhuselwa iyathintelwa.
Kukhuselwa abantu kwingozi.
35
Ngako nje ukuba umbhali athathe isigqibo ngento aza kubhala ngayo. Usebenzisa
amagama anxulumene nentloko leyo. Abantwana ungathi wakugqiba ukubanika intloko
abaza kuthetha ngayo ubacele bayicalule ngokuthi bazele izinto abaza kuthetha ngazo
ezinxulumene nalo ntloko. umzekelo
Emveni kokucalulwa kwale ntloko into eza kushiyeka yindlela eza kukwenziwa ngayo,
ulwimi oluza kusetyenziswa nento yokuba yenzelwa bani.
Abantwana banesokungayiqondi into ethethwa yincwadi ukuba amagama awaqhelekanga
kodwa lento yenzwa bubunzima benewadi.
INDLELA YOKUTHETHA. ULWIMI LUCACISA NJANI
Indlela yokuthetha ixhomekeke kwindlela eyakhiwe ngayo itekisi nolwimi

olusetyenzisiweyo. Xa sifunda sifunda ulwmi olubhaliweyo olunokwenzeka ukuba lubhalwe
encwadini, ebhodini okanye ephepheni. Indlela esithi sithethe ngayo kwitekisi ebhaliweyo
kusutyenziswa igrama okanye uluhlu Iwamagama. Ezinye iingcali zisebenzisa ilwakhiwo
lolwimi uhlobo oluthile lomzekelo othi ulandelwe uyenziwa njengokuba igrama noluhlu
Iwamagama lunxibelalana. Ngoku sizakuchaza isicatshulwa ngasinye esithi sibe
nomzekelo wolwimi ovela komnye.
U Horrowitz (1985) ucebise ukuba zintlanu iintloko zemizekelo yetekisi efumanekayo

kwiitekisi zezikolo. Umzekelo wezinto ezenzeka elizweni okanye umzekelo
wokulandelelana kweziganeko uyafumaneka kwincwadi zamabali. Abanye ababhali
bazenza ngobuchule iziganeko njengomboniso owenzeke ngaphambili umzekelo ngulo
we - eleji apha umbhali usixelela ngomntu osishiyileyo apha kucingwa ngemisebenzi
yakhe. Umzekelo webali elineziganeko ezizalanayo siwufumana kwincwadi ka Jongilanga
et al.(1989) Sazi isixhosa kwisihloko esithi USiphango esikolweni. Kumhlathi wokuqala
sixelelwa ngoSiphango noontanga bakhe besiya esikolweni. Oko sikuva kumazwi athi
"yathi yakukhula yaya esikolweni noontanga bayo".
Kumhlathi wesibini sixelelwa ngokungasithandi kwakhe isikolo. Oko sikuxelelwa sesi

sivakalisi "Wayesuka ancathame etyholweni angayi esikolweni." Umhlathi olandelayo
sixelelwa ngokuphuthunywa kwakhe ngamakhwenkwe ethunywe ngutitshala nokohlwaywa
kwakhe yinqununu "Wathi akufika yamohlwaya inqununu" njalo njalo. Ababhali betekisi
36
ezingommandla bayazicwangcisa iziganeko ukuchaza iziganeko ezikhoyo. Umz. ILlZWE

LAM ukuba ndithatha eli lizwe lam lingu Mzantsi Afrika. Xa ndibalisa ngeli lizwe
ndizakuthetha : 1. Ngamaphondo ase Mzansti Afrika anga la
c. Empuma- Koloni
b. Entshona- Koloni
c. Emntla -Koloni
d. Efreyistasta
e. Kwazulu Natala
f. Empumalanga
g. Emntla Ntshona
h. NephondolaseNtla
2. Okulandelayo ndibalisa ngeFlegi yaseMzantsi Afrika nalapho ifumaneka khona

Umzekelo.
o. Masipala
b. Isitishi samapolisa
c. Nethala lenewadi
3. Ndibalisele ngoMhobe wesizwe okhoyo kwilimi ezine ezinjengeSixhosa, Sisuthu,

Sibhulu, kunye nesingesi umz. Kwisixhosa
Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika

Maluphakanyisw' uphondo Iwayo
Viva imithandazo yethu
Nkosi sikelela
Thina usapho Iwayo.
Sotho
Morena boloka sitjhaba sa heso
Ofedise dintwa lamatshweneho
Seboloke, 0 seboloke
Sitjhaba sa heso, sitjhaba sa South Afrika,
South Afrika.
37
Sibhulu
Uit die blou van onse hemel,
Uit die diepte van ons see,
Oor ons ewege gebergtes
Waar die Kranse antwoord gee
Ngesi
Sounds the call to come together,
And united we shall stand.
Let us live and strive for freeedom
In South Africa our land.
4. Ndisenokubalisa nagemidlalo yalapha eMzantsi Afrika, njalo njalo.
Kanti ke abetekisi ezingembhali (History) bayawusebenzisa lo mzekelo wolandelelwano

ukuchaza iziganeko ezidlulileyo. Umzekelo, Arrival of Missionaries.
Umzekelo owahlukileyo usetyenziswa kakhulu ngababhali bencwadi yesikhokelo

yenzululwazi apho bazikhathaza ngonobangela neziphumo kunye nengxaki nesisombululo
njengakwisivakalisi esifumaneka kwincwadi ethi Masikhanyise, ( incwadi yabafundi)
"NGENXA YENANI ELiPHEZULU LEENGOZI EZENZEKA EZINDLELENI" ootishala
eNgqeleni bagqibe ekubeni babize amagosa endlela aze kwenza imiboniso ngezendlela"
(tshabe et al 2003). Lo mzekelo ungunobangela neziphumo awukho malunga
nezicwangciso zezinto ezihlayo nezenzekayo. Kugxininiswa kakhulu kunobangela
nesiphumo zinika isizathu ngento eyenzekayo. Unobangela sisizathu kwaye isiphumo
yinto eyenzekayo. Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sinengxaki nesisombululo. "Esokugqibela
isifundo sibe ngezilwanyana ezindleleni zemoto. Abelusi mabaqwalasele xa beweza
imfuyo yabo ezindleleni" (Tshabe et al). Imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yetekisi omnye uyangena
komnye. Itekisi inye iyakwazi ukuba nomzekelo kanobangela nesiphumo kunye nengxaki
nesisombululo. Uhorrowitz ucebisa into yokuba imizekelo yengxaki nesisombululo
ifumaneka kubhalo oluphathelele kwezoqoqosho kwizifundo zentlalo, inzululwazi
ngezelizwe kunye nenzululwazi ngengqondo. Kanti ke yena uTshabe et al uchaza enjenje
ngesisombululo kwibali.
38
Abanye ababhali bazama ukuwuchaza umsebenzi wabo ngendlela eza kwenza ukuba
kungabi yimfuneko ukuba ibali liphele gesisombululo.Umfundi kufuneka asiqokelele
ngokwakhe isisombululo kuba kaloku ulwazi ulunikwe lonke.
Eminye imizekelo ingothelekiso nochasaniso kwimizekelo yezifundo ngenzululwazi nezinto

zendalo njengakwisicatshulwa : umzekelo wothelekiso
U Honowitz ucebisa ukuba le mizekelo yothelekiso nochasaniso uyafumakeka

kwimathematika, Umz: 3x2=6,6/2 =3 ( loook for maths book) kwizifundo zentlalo
kwezembhali nakwezinye ilwimi zamanye amazwe. Isichazi magama nentyilazwi zakhiwe
zaba luluhlu.
IINDLELA ZOKUDIBANISA KWITEKISI
Abathethi bolwimi nababhali bolwmi bathetha into enye oko bakwenza ngokuthi kubekho
unxibelelwano Iwentsingiselo kwizinto abazithethayo nabazibhalayo. Olu nxibelelwano
Iwenzeka ngolwimi. Ikwa lolulwimi lunye oluthi Iwahlule phakathi komntu nesilwanyana.
Ukuze siqonde ukuba singabantu ubani kufuneka azi olulwimi lusenza abantu. Ise kwalolu
Iwimi lunye olungumthombo wobomi bomntu namndla. Umntwana uthi ukuze abe ngumntu
abe uyaqalisa ukufunda ulwimi.
Xa siluchaza, ulwimi yingqokelela yezivakalisi. Ezi zivakalisi kulwimi ngalunye zakhiwa

ngokwemigaqo yolo Iwimi. Esi isigaba sinxulumene nendlela esithi sidibanise ngayo
intsingiselo kwintetho yethu naxa sifunda. Enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo abathi ababhali
badibaise amasolotya awohlukeneyo eetekisi zabo kukusebenzisa intsingiselo.
Uqhagamishelwano olugqinayo luyaziswa kwitekisi kwindawo ethile, lungavezwa kwethile.

Kwalapha kwitekisi UChapman (1987) ucebisa ukuba ngako nje ukuba abafundi babone
indawo yokuqala yoqhagamishelwano olunamatheleyo balindela inxalenye yesibini
yoqhagamshelwano Umz: USANA LUBONA UNINA KODWA LONAL UYALILA. U LONA
ubhekisa kusana. Ukuba ubani akaluqondi olu nxibelelwano uza kufumana ubunzima
ekulandeleni ulwimi.
39
Izihlanganisi zezona zixhobo zinamathelayo. Ootitshala basoloko benengxaki

ekuqononondiseni ababhali abasakhulayo ukuba zikhona ezinye izihlanganisi ngaphandle
kwezi zithanda ukusetyenziswa u NE.
Ezinye izihlanganisi zibonisa ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezifana no Umz: ezinye zibonisa

uthelekiso : ngamanye amazwi. Eziinye zibinakalisa ukuba izinto ziyohlulwa: kodwa,
nokuba . ezinye izihlanganisi zibhekisele kwixesha, kwindlela, nonobangela ngeloxesha.
Emva (koko), ngeloxesha linye ngokufanayo. Izihlanganisi ziyakwazi ukubonisa idlela
umbhali acinga ngayo kwitekisi etyhilayo, abantwana bayaboniswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa
kuka nokuba, kubonisa ukutshintsha kwengcinga Umz: izihlanganisi ezifana no
KANGANGOKUBA, NJENGOKO, KUSUSELA OKO zimenza umbhaliakwazi ukuxela
unobangela nokubonisa iziphumo, Umzekelo
Isenokuba ngumzekelo wolwimi ongaqhelekanga kodwa ke ngawo ootishala bayakwazi

ukuthi babonise njengoko benceda abafundi bakwazi ukuqonda intsingiselo yetekisi.
Amagama nawo ayalunika olunamathelano lukwitekisi. Amagama ayakwazi ukuba
nonxibelelwano. Izithetha ntonye ngamagama anentsingiselo enye afana no Igusha --
imvu) no Zonda - Thiya. Izichasi uDe no Futshane ngamagama anentsingiselo
ezahlukeneyo afana noBI noHLE. iiHyponyms Ngamagama anentsingiselo ekudidi oluthile
afana nala magama, neeNkomo, iiGusha,iibhokhwe , iiHagu, magama azi Hyponyms
zezilwanyana zasekhaya.
Zonke zinika olwanamathelwano kwitekisi kuba ziphindaphinde intsingiselo eqhelekileyo.

Unamathelwano luyachaphazeleka xa amagama athe aphindaphindwa kwitekisi naxa
kukho amagama asoloko ekhona kwibinzana afana neti, nobisi
Isakhiwo setekisi senziwa yindlela yokuthetha kunye nonamathelwano. Zombini ezizinto

zibalulekile ekuphuhliseni ukufunda.
Indlela ekucaciswa ngayo intsingiselo
Ababhali basebenzisa unamathelwano lokubhala into enye kulo msetyenzana bawenzayo.

Basebenzisa iintlobo ze grama neempawu zoluhlu Iwamagama njengoko ecacisa
intsingiselo
40
ULWIMI OLUKHOYO ENGCINGENI KUPHELA
Xa abantwana bengena esikolweni samabanga aphezulu ngoku badibana nobhalo

olusesikweni kunesi basuka kuso. Loo nto ke ibenze babe nengxaki ekufundeni olu bhalo
ngokusesikweni. Ngoku ke olu bhalo sizakujonga indlela oluthi lucwangciswe ngayo. Xa
abantwana bethetha basebenzisa ulwimi oluthe ngqo olu lusetyenziswa kwincwadi zabo
ngamabali Umz: Izibizo, ezi zizinto, izenzi ezingamagama enzayo, ezimagama achazayo
nezivakalisi ezithi zidityaniswe ngezihlanganisi. U Halliday (1985) ayibize ke yonke lento
ngokuba lulwmi oluvumelanayo oluthe nqo
Xa sithelekisa ababhali benewadi ezi zizikhokelo basebenzisa ulwimi olukhoyo

ezingcingeni kakhulu nathi u Halliday alubize ngokuthi yigrama ekwekwayo. Abantu
abalubonisi kakhulu olu hlobo lolwimi lubhekiselele kwingcinga. Kodwa ke intetho yabantu
abadala isoloko inomzekelo lolu hlobo lolwirnil. Abafundi abasakhulayo kufuneka baqale
ngokuziqhelanisa nolu hlobo lolwimi, ukuba abenzanga ngolo hlobo kuza kuba nzima
ukuba bamelane nolwimi olubhaliweyo Iwamabanga aphezulu, nezinye iindlela ezininzi
apho ulwimi lusetyenziswa khona kubomi babantu abadala.
Isibizo igama elalatha into ephathekayo okanye engaphathekiyo. Isibizo esipheleleyo

sinezakhi ezithathu ezizezi
c. Isimaphambili sesibizo
b. Ingcambhu
c. Isimamva esisigqibelo
Isimaphambili sesibizo sinezakhi ezibini

c. Iceba
b. Nesisekelo
Umzekelo, isisombululo
I -iceba
Si- isisekelo
Sombulul- ingcambu
0- isigqibelo
41
IINTSHA YELELO EZINTSOKOTHILEYO
Isiqalo sesivakalisi esintsokothileyo luphawu lolwimi olukhoyo engcingeni kuphela.

Qwalasela esi sivakalisi (ukusuka kulo ntsunguzi vamahlathi aseCumakala utvatyadula
ngalondlela igosogoso, phofu iphakathi kwamahlathi navo, ude uVe kungena
kuQobogobo.) Ikhona intshayelelo kwezi zivakalisi. Apha kwesi sivakalisi akukhontloko
loonto iza kukwenza bacinge into yokuba ngubani lo ohamba le ndlela. Abafundi
abazokuyikhathalela into ethethwa YINTSUNGUZI NO TYATYADULO. Izinto ezinjalo
zithi zibe yingxaki kuvavanyo lokuqonda ebantwaneni njengoko bedibana nendlela
yokuthetha entsokothileyo.
Kukho ingcebiso yokuba ngokuqondwa kwezinkcukacha zininzi siza kukwazi ukunceda

abafundi kumabakala okuziphuhlisa. Ukuba thina kuqala siyalwazi olu Iwimi lukhoyo
engcingeni kuphela sinokuthatha elithuba ngokuthi sifunde olu hlobo lolwimi sifundeie
abantwana abancinci sibakhuthaze ukuba nabo bazifundele. Ngako nje ukuba bayiqhele
le ndlela yengcaciso nabo ke bazakulungela ukungaziphithanisi izinto ezifihlakeleyo
zentsingiselo yeetekisi ezisesikweni.
ULUHLU LWAMAGAMA
Amagama anayo intsingiselo ayiqulathileyo okanye intsingiselo yeGrama njengakweso

sivakalisi, ukuba ujonga kwesivakalisi silandelayo amagama aqulathiweyo abhalwe
ngokuqhelekileyo ngelixa amagama anobugrama egxininiswa: U-Andrew uqhaphele
eminye imiqulu ~khapheti ifunjwe ecaleni komnyango wangasemva (Mark 1976).
Kwesi sivakalisi sithi "Ndababona besaziqhuba NGANENO kwehlathi (Paak 1983). Kwesi
sivakalisi singasentla amagama la magama aqulathiweyo abhalwe ngohlobo oluqhelekile
yo aze la anobugrama, size xa sibhala sisebenzise amagama aqulathileyo. U-Rhe (1969)
ucacisa into yokuba amagama anobugrama anento yokwenza nesenzo, ekubeni uninzi
Iwamagamga aqulathiweyo enento yokwenza nengcinga. Kubhalo olwazisayo amagama
aqulathileyo ase nokuba nobuchule obuthi bandise ingxaki yokuqonda.
42
Intshayelelo nesiphelo
Umhlathi oqukumbelayo uyafana nqwa nomhlathi otshayelelayo kuba kulapho izinto

ebezilenga lenga ziqosheliswa khona. Ucace ukubaluleka lomhlathi xa kubhalwa incwadi.
Igenre ezahlukileyo zinokuba neentlobo ngeentlobo zentshayelelo, ezithi zinike umkhondo
ngeenjongo zababhali, 100 nto ke ithethe ukuba kubalulekile ukuba sixoxe ezimpawu.
Eyona ibalulekileyo yile isinika ulwazi oluthi lusetyenziswe ngababhali betekisi etyhilayo.
Ezimpawu zibonakala kwintshayelelo nakwisiphelo seencwadi zinika ulwazi. Umz: pg.247
Isikhuthazi "Umhlathi oqukumbelayo uyafana nqwa nomhlathi otshayelelayo
ngokubaluleka kuba izinto ebezi lenga lenga ziqosheliswa khona. Ucaca ukubaluleka
lomhlathi xa kubhawa incwadi(ileta) apho kuye kuqhapheleke ukuba incwadi engenawo
lomhlathi ayigqibelanga. (Tshabe S.L, Mini B.M; et al. 1989)
limpawu ezingathethwayo
Umboniso luphawu Iwendlela esithetha ngayo. Ababhali abaninzi basebenzisa iindlela

ezininzi ukwandisa intsingiselo yeetekisi zabo. Intlobo ezininzi ziyasetyenziswa amaxesha
amaninzi ekugxuniniseni. Abantwana bethu kufuneka bayiqonde intelekelelo yomfanekiso
oshicilelweyo. liyantlukwano kwintlobo ezithi zisetyenziswe ekushicileleni iphepha
zisenokuzisa ingxaki kubafundi abambalwa abanganenakho.(Tinker 1963).
Imiboniso nemifanekiso yazo zonke intlobo iyasetyenziswa ngababhali ekuncedeni

ukuqonda, Umz: Njengoko abantwana beluqonda unxibelelwano phakathi kwentsingiselo
nendlela zokubonisa, bazakuqonda ngakumbi ngendlela ezithi iintlobo ezahlukileyo
zokubhaliweyo abathi bazifunde eziboniswa ngayo.
(lnkgubo) Ulwimi lubhalelwa bani
Inkqubo izikhathaza ngonxulumano phakathi kwesithethi okanye umbhali nomphulaphuli

okanye umfundi. Iphinda izikhathaze ngengcinga noluvo Iwesithethi okanye umbhali
kweso sihloko. Ubhali xa acinga ngokuthetha ucinga nangabantu abo ababhalelayo
akhethe isihloko esizakungqamana nabo. Umz: kubantu abahlala elokishini isihloko sakho
asinakuze sithethe ngokusenga kuba abazinto ngeenkomo abanazo nokubanazo.
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Umbhali webali labantwana abancinane ubhala ngesihloko esiqhelekileyo. Umz:

kwincwadi zamabanga asezantsi uyakufumana ukuba izihloko ezifana nezi Isitiya sam,
esikolweni, inja yam njalo njalo. Siyakwazi ukufunda okanye ukubhala isicatshulwa
esisesikweni lube luncinci unxulumano olufunwayo phakathi kombhali nomfundi. Inkqubo
okanye isihloko esilolohlobo sisoloko sisetyenziswa zingcaphephe ezithi zibhalele
abafundileyo nabafundi abanolwazi oluphangaleleyo.
Zicaciswa njani inkgubo okanye izihloko ezahlukeneyo
Sinakho ukuba singasebenzisa iintlobo zezinto ngezinto njengokuba sibhala okanye

sithetha. U lala phantsi ngumyalelo othe ngqo kodwa ke ukuba ibingumyalelo othethwayo
imvakalozwi ibiza kusetyenziswa ukongeza ekuboniseni inkqubo njengekwesi sivakalisi lila
ntombi icula kamnandi ngudade wethu". Olu phawu lubonisa imvakalozwi ephakamileyo
kanti ephantsi ikwabonakaliswa lolu.
Ngamanye amaxesha ababhali basenenzisa intsizasenzi okanye izenzi ezincedisayo

ezihamba nezenzi eziyintloko, zibizwa ngokuba zizenzi zendlela ekwenziwa ngayo kwaye
zicebisa uguquguquka, ukungaqiniseki, ukungacaci, ukuba nokwenzeka. Umzekelo wezi
zenzi zincedisayo ngu -nga- Umz,
I. Ungahamba
II. Ungathetha
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zenzi zibonakalisa izenzo ngakumbi xa sikuthaza abafundi ukuba

bajonge ukubhala okuqinisekisayo kwazo zonke iintlobo zezenzi ezithi zisixelele
ngeengcinga okanye uluvo lombhali.
Imibhalo eyahlukeneyo ithi iphunyezwe ngokuthi kusetyenziswe isixando sokwenza

nesixando sokwenziwa, apho ke umenzi athi abe yintloko kwisivakalisi uyacaca,
njengakwesisivakalisi, Inkwenkwe ikhwele ihashe. Kwesi sivakalisi ucacile umntu
okhweleyo ukuba ngubanina. Ukuba sifunda esi sivakalisi, Inyama ityiwe embizeni.
Asicacelwanga ke ngoku ukuba ngubani otye inyama. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixando
sokwenziwa kuqhelekile njengoko iitekisi ziye zisiba sesikweni. Njengoko umbhali
eqelelaniswa kwisenzeko lonto iyenza uyenza kube nzima ukuba umfundi athathe
inxaxheba.
44
Ukuba sesikweni nokungabi sesikweni kombhalo kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni komntu

wokuqala, wesibini, nowesithathu. Xa umntu wesithathu ( ubona, yona, zona njl njl)
esetyenziswa sithi 010 bhalo lusesikweni njegokwesi sivakalisi sifumaneka xa umbhali
esebenzisa umntu wesibini U-U osisivakalisi sentloko Umz: Uva edolophini. Xa athe
wasetyenziswa njenge njongosenzi ucaciswa ngu -KU Umz: Ndivakubona. Kwisininzi u-U
no KU bamelwe ngu NI njengakwesi sivakalisi NINA, NOIFUN'UKUTHETHA NANI. Apha
ke kubakho ukuqondakala komphulaphuli okanye umfundi okuqinisekileyo umbhalo ke
ngoku awubi ngosesikweni.
Ukuba umntu wokuqala isinye MNA NDl usetyenziswe, njengabafundi siye simqonde
umbhali njengomntu nathi sizibandakanye kwitekisi. Sizibandakanya ngakumbi xa
sisebenzisa u SI isimelabizo esisetyenziswephambi kwesenzi njengaku sivabona, THINA
njengaku sitsho thina. Umbhali unqwenela ukumisa imvisiswano kunyena babhali
abancinci.
Isishwankathelo
Kwesi sahluko besihlahlela amanqaku amahlanu eBona aphethe umcimbi wasekuhlaleni.

Umba weenzululwazi ngeelwimi, ubuciko kunye nesakhiwo sesiXhosa uye waxovulwa
kakhulu. Imibuzo ethi, "ngubani obhalayo ebhala ntoni, iya kubani, enanjongo zithini
phi, nini, kunye nakanjani" ithi ifumaneke kumalungu eelwimi xa kuchazwa
ngobunzululwazi bokubhala. Amanqaku athe ahlalutywa ahamba ngolu hlobo.
1) Umzingisi akanashwa (The fruits of hard work)

2) UOube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Oube built his house on
potatoes)
3) Ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka (a day in the life of a star :
Nomonde Gongxeka)
4) Oomama besizwe sethu (Mothers of our nation)
5) ULucky ubulela kuThixo (Lucky thanks God)
Olu hlalutyo Iwala mabali lungentlalo yethu yemihla ngemihla. Apha kula mabali kecelwa
umngeni kuRhulumente angenelele.
45
Inqaku esiqale ngalo elithi uMzingisi akanashwa (The fruits of hard work). Umbhali apha
ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba phambi kokunqaba komsebenzi umntu ngamnye makazame
indlela yokuziphilisa, ngokuthi aziqeshe ngokwakhe. Kuchazelwa abafundi ukuba izinto
zokuqala ishishini uyancediswa ngazo.
Kwinqaku lesibini elithi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (UDube built
his house on potatoes) Umbhali wazisa abafundi ukuba ukulima mabangakujongeli phantsi
kunemali. Qha kufuna ukuba ukhuthale, ukuthande. Kuphinda kwaziswe abafundi ukuba
akuyi kuthi ukuze uqale ishishini ube nemali eninzi, uqala ngemali encinci.
Kwinqaku lesithathu lona lithi, Ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka (a

day in the life of a star: Nomonde Gongxeka) Apha umbhali uphethe umba odla umzi isifo
esigqiba abantu, iHIV AIDS. Ulumkisa ulutsha ngaso. Esichaza nokuba sifumaneka njani,
phi, ungasikhusela njani. Apha ke kwesi sifo sise nesikhalo sokuba siyabagqiba abantu
asinmntu ungakanani omdala nomncinci. Sisacela uRhulumente aze nechiza lokunqanda
lobhubhane. Kodwa ke ikhona imali engange R1000 enikwa abo sebegula kakhulu.
Inqaku lesine elithi Oomama besizwe sethu (Mothers of our nation) Apha umbhali ubonisa
indlela abazali bakudala ababebana bantwana ngayo, umama wayengabi nabantwana
abangaphantsi kweshumi. Kodwa kuyo yonke loonto babebafundisa babuye babe lulutho
kubazali. Xa bethelekiswa nabantwana bangoku, abangoku bayafundiswa imali bayitye
utywala bakuphangela neziyobisi. Umbali ke uthetha nolutsha.
Xa ndigqibezela ngebali lesihlanu elithi uLucky ubulela kuThixo (Lucky thanks God) Apha
umbhali uxelela abafundi ukuba kuiuia ukujika entweni nokuba ubuyithanda kangakanani.
Kwakhona umbhali ukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba akukho nto igqitha inkonzo ikusindisa
kwizinto ezininzi. Xa sihlahlela la manqaku sifumanisa ukuba igrama isetyenziswa kakhulu
ngolu hlobo ukuqhubekeka kwisihloko, ukunikwa kolwazi olutsha njalo-njalo.
Uhlahlelo lokunikwa ulwazi olutsha. Apha umbhali unika ulwazi olutsha kolo beluseie
lusaziwa kakade. Kwakhona umbhali uyasixelela ukuba umxholo yilento kuthethwa ngayo,
kwaye uyafumaneka kwigatya eliyintloko. Ukuba sijonga ku Ukuchitha imini
noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka. Sinalo ulwazi esinalo lokuba ifumaneka
ngokudibana komntu obhinqileyo noyindoda ngezesondo. Siyazi into yokuba xa
46
kusenzeka oko kufuneka kusetyenziswe icondom. Ulwazi olutsha lolu lokuba, ngalo lonke
ixesha uhamba icondom mayibe kuwe ebhegini : nento yokuba ikho kwindawo ezinabantu
abaninzi. Xa uhlahlela igenre ucaciso lolwimi luyasebenziseka kakhulu.
I. Uhlobo Iwembalo kunye nemfundiso yolwimi olusekeke kwiziphumo
Ubume buka Grabe noKaplan okanye isakhiwo sokubhala kunye nolwimi olufundiswayo
luludwe Iwezifundo zika 2005
UGrabe kunye noKaplan 1996, iimbono zakhe ziyadibana nemfundo eneziphumo

kuKarityulam 2005. Unxibelelwano lukhona phakathi kokuthetha nokubhala loombono
siyifumana kuGrabe noKaplan (1996) nakuRNCS ithi ibe yimbono ephambili. Kubalulekile
ukuba abafundi bakwazi ukuthetha, bakwazi ukunxulumanisa kananjalo bakwazi
ukubumba itekisi. Kufuneka bakwazi ukubhala behleli kwimibuzo kaKaplan noGrabe 1996
ethi ngubani obhalayo, ubhala ntoni, ebhalela bani, nganjongo zini, kuba kutheni, ebhala
nini, phi kunye no ebhala njani? Umfundi ngokuphendula kwakhe lemibuzo ugqibile
ukwakha isicatshulwa esebenzisa ulwimi negrama esulungekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba
ootitshala balusebenzise ulwimi kuba yonke into eza kuthi ifuneke kule nkqubo kaRNCS
iphuma kulo.
Imfundo yeziphumo isebenza njengonxibelelwano kwisakhiwo sokubhala sikaGrabe

noKaplan
Ukuze umfundi abe ugqibelele kufuneka abe utyale kuye ezi ziphumo zemfundo
zilandelayo ezisisiseko sikasoludwe wezemfundo zikakarityulam 2005 : phaya kwisigaba
sebanga lesixhenxe silindele ukuba umfundi abenakho ukufunda abhale. Kwakhona
umfundi makangamkeli yonke into makabeneliso eligwebayo xa esebenzisa ulwimi
Iwesicatshulwa ngoku kaGrabe noKaplan.isitanza esilandelayo
Imfundo yeziphumo ime ngoluhlobo
Imfundo yesiphumo : 1) ukumamela
Umfundi uyakwazi ukumamela ulwazi kwaye emamelela ukuzonwabisa aze aphendule
ngokufanelekileyo nangokunzulu kwimeko ngokubanzi.
47
Imfundo yeziphumo : 2) Ukuthetha

Umfundi uzakwazi ukunxibelelana ngempumelelo nangokuzithemba, ngolwimi
oluthethwayo kwiimeko ezibanzi.
Imfundo yeziphumo : 3) Ukufunda nokubukela

Umfundi uyakwazi ukufunda nokubukela ulwazi kwaye afundele ukuzonwabisa aze
aphendule kakuhle, kwinkcubeko nakukuxabiseka okunovakalelo kwizicatshulwa.
Imfundo yeziphumo : 4) Ukubhala

Umfundi uyakwazi ukubhala iindidi zezicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo ezineengongoma
ezinobunyaniso nezentelekelelo kwiinjongo ezibanzi.
Imfundo yeziphumo : 5) Ukucinga nokuqiqa

Umfundi uzakukwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi ekucingeni ekwafikelela kulwazi, esetyisa aze
alusebenzise ekufundeni.
Imfundo yeziphumo : 6) Ukwakhiwa nokusetyenziswa kolwimi

Umfundi uyakwazi ukuqonda kwaye akwazi ukusebenzisa izandi, isigama negrama
yolwimi ukuyila nokutolika izicatshulwa.
Njengokuba iziphumo zesifundo (LO s) zichaza ulwazi , izakhono kunye nentsingiselo

ekufuneka iphunyezwe ngabafundi kwindawo yokufundela nganye. Imigangatho
yovavanyo(Ass) zichaza izinga ekufuneka abafundi babonise ngayo abakuphumezileyo
kwiziphumo zezifundo zabo kwi RNCS.
Iqwalasela ngokukodwa kwibanga , ikwabonisa okulindelekileyo kubafundi kwibanga

ngalinye kwakunye nendlela eyakwenzeka ngayo inkqubela phambili yengqiqo kwindawo
yokufundela nganye. Apha ngezantsi nidzakubonisa iziphumo zezifundo kunye
nemigangatho yovavanyo embalwa.
48
II. Iziphumo zezifundo III. Imigangatho yovavanyo

1.Ukumamela 1.Uyamamela athande ukuchaza, ukucinga
nokubalisa.
2. Uyalumamela kakuhle ulwazi nemiyalelo
aphendule kakuhle.
2.Ukuthetha 1. Uyaxoxa imiba ebalulekileyo.
2. uthatha inxaxheba ezahlukeneyo kwingxoxo
nakwintlanganiso.
3.Ukufunda nokubukela 1. Uyafunda ezonwabisa nangomdla uluhlu
Iweentloko ezahlukeneyo Iwezicatshulwa.
2. uyaxoxa ngentlobo zezicatshulwa azithandayo
echaza nokuba kuthenii ezithanda nje.
1. uyatshintsha ukwakhiwa kwamagama( ijika
izibizo zibe zizenzi)
4. Ukubhala 2. Usebenzisa izihlanganisi nezimelabizo
ezidibanisa nemihlathi edlulileyo.
1. Uyamamela, afunde, abhale imiyalezo
egondoqo yesicatshulwa.
2. Uyakwazi ukulungelelanisa ulwazi ngendlela
eyiyo.
5. Ukucinga nkuqiqa 1. Isebanzisa uluhlu oluzeleyo leziphumlisi
ngendlela eyiyo.
2. Usebenza ngezicatshulwa.
-Usebenzisa intloko nezivakalisi ezixhasayo.
-Usebenzisa izihlanganisi ezifana no nangona
6. Ukwakhiwa nokusetyenziswa -Unxibelelanisa izivakalisi nemihlathi edlulileyo
kolwimi ngokuthi asebenzise uphinda-phindo
izimelabizo nokuvumelana kwamagama.
-Ulandelelanisa umhlathi omnye uzale omnye
ukudala izicatshulwa ezide.
49
Abafundi bazakukwazi ukuhlahlela into leyo ehambelanayo noKharityhulamu 2005.

Iziphumo ezo zihambisana nesakhiwo sika Grabe no Kaplan. Abantwana bazakuzimela
bathethe naphina. Kwakhona bazakukwazi ukunxibelelana ngokubhala bakwazi kwabona
ukuyihlola into abayibhalilieyo.
50
ISAHLUKO 3
3.1 IMFUNO ZOKUPHANDA NGOBHALO
3.1.1 Intshayelelo
Ngaphambili imeko malunga nokubhala zazibonisa ubungqina benkqubo encinci

nobunzima obabufunywana ngabantwana ekufundeni nasekubhaleni. Kumele ukuba kube
kwakunzima kuba yayilixesha lenguqu. Kuba siyeva phambili phaya Iwalungekho ubhalo,
yonke into yayisenziwa ngomlomo. Sizokukhutshwa kulomeko kukufika kwabefundisi
bokuqala. Bona bafundisa abantu ukuba bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze bakwazi
ukunxibelelana. Oko kungqinwa kukuba izikolo zaku dala zazibizwa ngamagama
eBhayibhile njenge St. Matthews (Mthwaku) kwa Qoboqobo. Omnye uyakumva esithi
ndadifunda eRhabe ngakumbi ababantu balalokishi indala yase Monti. Ezinye
uyakufumanisa ukuthi ngezemvaba ezithile njenge Nxukhwebe (Healdtown) eyayisisikolo
sarna Wisile.
Ukubonisa ukuba abantu bakudala oobaw'omkhulu noomakhulu babe ngakwazi ukufunda,

ukubhala, nokubala, sifumanisa into yokuba babeyibala ngeengqatha zeegusha ezo
beziqokelelwa ukuze zithi xa zingena ebuhlanti iigusha nokuba ziinkomo bafake ingqatha
enye enkonxeni ngegusha nganye engena ebuhlanti. Xa zifika ngelanga elilandelayo
zaziphinda zibalwe zithi ukuba iingqatha zilingene neegusha ezikhoyo kwaziwe ukuba
ziphelele. Ukuba iingqatha zisele kuyakwaziwa ukuba iigusha ezilelo nanai leengqatha
azibuyanga.
Kule mihla kukho uphando olufanekeliyo kwinkqubo yokubhala nasekufundiseni ukubhala

oku phumeleleyo. Umzekelo ngulo wokuba ukubhala oku kuhamaba ngokomgangatho.
Abaphandi abahlelanga kwindlela enye yokubhala. Kuziswa le bayijonge ukuba iqhuba
njanina ukuba ayinaziphumo zihle bazise enye. Umzekelo ngulo wokuba bekuziswa
ezikolweni iOBE (Outcome Based Education). Kwa abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba
akasebenzi kakuhle kuba ukharityhulamu 2005 uyilwe wangaphaya kokuqonda
(overdesigned) kwaye ayicaciswanga ngokwaneleyo (underspecified). lo nto ke yenza
ukuba ootishala babenakho ukungaqondi ngokwaneleyo ngokufuneka bekufundisile
51
kwingqubo nganye yesifundo kwibanga ngalinye. Emveni koko kungeniswe inkcazelo

yekharithyulamu yeSizwe ehlaziyiweyo (RNCS) inemiththo siseko eyile:
(a) Ubulungisa entlalweni, indawo enempilo amalungelo oluntu kunye nokudityaniswa
kokuthile (inclusivity).
lingxelo zeendaeo yokufunda kwi-RNCS zibonisa imithetho-siseko kunye nokwenziwa
kobulungisa ekuhlaleni, kwakunye nokuhlonipha indawo esinqgongileyo namalungelo
oluntu, njengoko kuchaziwe kuMgaqo - siseko. Ngokukodwa, le kharityhulamu izama
ukuba ibe buthathaka kwimiba yendlala, ukungalingani, uhlanga, isini, ubudala,
ukukhubazeka kunye neminye imiba ecela umngeni enjengesifo sikaGawulayo
nentsholongwane yaso iHIV/AIDS.
(b) Imfundo esekelwe kwiziphumo

Oku kubizwa ngokuba ziziphumo (outcomes). Zibhekiselele kulwazi, izakhono,
intsingiselo nezimvo ngaphakathi kumxho othile.
Ukuze ukwazi ukufundisa ngendlela esekelwe kwiziphumo, kufuneka wenze oku:
(i) Qala ngokuphawula iziphumo zesifundo sakho okanye ulhlu Iwezifundo zakho.
(ii) Nikeza igalelo kunyo nemisebenzi eyakuthi inike abafundi ithuba lokuphumeza
ezi ziphumo.
(iii) Vavanya ubngakanani bendlela abathe abafundi baphumeza ngayo iziphumo.
Cinga ngobumgqina ekufuneka ubukhangele kwakunye nohlobo lovavanyo
oyakuthi ulusebenzise.
(iv) Sebenzisa iziphumo zovavanyo Iwakho ekwenzeni izicwangciso zexesha lakho
elilandelayo lokufundisa nokufunda.
(c) Izinga eliphezulu lezakhono nolwazi Iwabo bonke

Ikharityhulamu ehlaziweyo isebenzisa imigangatho yovavanyo ekuboniseni ubuncinane
bolwazi ekufuneka luphunyeziwe ngabafundi kwinqubo nganye yezifundo kwibanga
ngalinye. Ngale ndlela, ithi inikeze indlela yokuphuhlisa izakhono ezikumngangatho
ophezulu kunye nolwazi kubafundi bebonke.
(d) Ingcaciso nofikelelo

I-RNCS ijolise kuyilo olucacileyo nolufikelalayo kwakunye nokusentyenziswa kolwimi.
Ikharityulamu ehlaziyiweyo iyafumaneka ngazo zonke iilwimi eziseburhulumenteni
52
kwakunye nangohlobo lokubhala nokufunda ngamaqhuqhutyana avakala ngeminwe

kubantu abangaboniyo (Braille).
(e) linkgubela phambili nomanyaniso

I-RNCS iseka ngenkuthalo ulwazi, izakhono kunye nentsingiselo entsokothileyo
kakhulu, kunye nolwazi olu banzi ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuphumelela besuka
kwelinye ibanga baye kwelinye. Umanyaniso luxhasa lukwandisa amathuba abafundi
okuphuhlisa izakhono,intsingiselo kunye namava, baze bafumane nolwazi
kwikharityhulamu iyonke.
Ukubhala kuvuyela igalelo elivela kubafundi namagcisa engqondo, abafumanisa ukuba

uphando kwimveliso yomzekelo ifuna kuqala umzekelo owomeleleyo wovavanyo
lokuqonda. Amaciko nabaphandi ngokubhala baphuhlisa ingcingane yokubhala.
Baphonononga ukusulelwa ngetyala kwengcingane ezilohlobo zokufundisa. Uphando
ngengcingane yokubhala nokusebenza alufani, lubonisa umdla wengcingane
enokubaluleka komfundi, kulo mahluko kuphuma ummandla wophando nokubhala
osekwe kukhetho lomntu ngamnye, kwisithethe nezinye.
Imizekelo embaxa yokubhala yile ifunekayo ethi isebenza ebantwini nakwimeko zokuhlala
ezithi zinxulumane. Ufundo ngeziphumo zezicatshulwa lulodwa alukhokeleli kwiintlobo
zemizekelo yobuciko bokubhala obiyimfuneko ekuxhaseni impucuko ekufundiseni
ukubhala. lingcingane ngenkqubo yokubhala azenzi utoliko olubanzi la mazwi
abhaliweyo.
Ezikolweni akukhethwa nokuba yeyiphina incwadi kwaba bantu bathengisa iincwadi

bethunyelwa ziivenkile zencwadi. Abathengisi bayacelwa ukuba bazishiye iincwadi zabo.
Aze utishalakazi omkhulu aqokelele zonke iitishala kukhethwe iincwadi
enokusentyenziswa seso sikoio sonke ukusukela kwi banga lokuqala ukuya kwelesithathu
(Grade1-3). Okokuqala sijonga isigama sencwadi ukuba simelene na nelo banga. Ukuba
ke iitishala ziyavumelana kuthathwe yona.
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3.2ISIMO SESICATSHULWA ESIBHALIWEYO
Uhlahlelo lesicatshulwa esibhaliweyo xa siluthelekisa kwiindawo ezininzi ngumhlaba

omtsha wophando. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo uhlahlelo Iwesivakalisi
luye Iwakhula ngokukhawuleza ngokwenani nangokwentloko negalelo eluvela kulwimi
Iwasekuhlaleni, kwisebe lolwimi eluhambisana nemeko yengqondo nenkqubo kulwimi
nakwintetho, ulwimi olusentyenziswayo, ingqondo yokubona, nophando lokusebenza
kwengqondo. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba siqonde uninzi Iwezithethe eziqhubekayo
ngokwegalelo Iwaza kuhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa.
Isithethe sokuqala ibe lufundo ngendlela zokutolika ezingcwele (Eagleton 1983, Ong
1982). Ngokwemvelaphi zimele ukusebenza njengotoliko Iwezingcwele;ithe ngokuya
ikhula lendlela yokufundisa yaquka notoliko Iwentlobo zoncwadi, nangona ithe yagxininisa
ngokwembali kwintsingiselo yesicatshulwa. Ngelixa iye yabaluleka ekugwetyeni koncwadi,
esi sithethe sibe nezinto ezireshiweyo ekuhlahlelweni kwesicatshulwa (Britton no Black
1985, Rabin 1986). Isithethe sesibini esibizwa ngokuba bubuciko obuye babeko
ngaphambili uphando Iwesicathsulwa sale mihla, ngokuthi silande emva ku Aristotle
nolunye udidi Iwabafundi bamaGrike. Esi sithethe sobuciko sibenempembelelo kuhlahleko
Iwentetho yakutsha nje nohlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa (Berlin 1984, 1987, Neel 1988, Phelps
1988, Young 1987). Isithethe sesithathu sihamisana nolwimi Iwelemihla, sesokugweba
uncwadi Iwale mihla nesimbo.
Umzekelo 1: Isimbo sokubhala (style) sinokubhekisa kwindlela yokubhala eyayixhaphake

ngexesha elithile bazeke bonke ababhali belo xesha basebenzise eso simbo ubukhulu
becala. Kunokwenzeka ke ukuba lithi seligqithile elo xesha kubekho mbhali uthile uvusa
undalashe ngokuthi asebenzise eso simbo.
Umzekelo 2: Isimbo sokybhala isenokuba sisimbo sokubhala esisesombhali othile

kuphela.
Umzekelo 3: Isimbo sokubhala sikwabheki8sa naku myinge owaneleyo wokusetyenziswa

kolwimi ngokufanelekileyo.
54
3.2.1 Izinto ezijongwayo xa kuphicothwa isimbo sokubhala
(a) Ukuchongwa kwamagama. Le yindlela akhethwa ngayo ukuze awenze umsebenzi

wawokucace ukuba akukho gama limbi belinokuwenza bhetele 100 msebenzi.
(b) Ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso ngqondweni okanye imifanekiso ntelekelelo.
(c) Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqondiso.
(d) Ezinye izixhobo:
(i) Ubabazo
(ii) Isigqebhelo
(iii) Ukugxininisa ngokulandula into uyenza ngathi incinane kanti uqaqambisa
ubukhulu bayo.
(iv) Izikweko
(v) Izifaniso-mntu
(vi) Imfano-zandi
(vii) Izifana dumo
(viii) lindlela ngendlela zokuphindaphinda.
(ix) Imfano - siqalo nemfano- siphelo kwizivakalisi.Olu hlobo lophando luphakamisa.
Imibuzo esisiseko ngobume bezicatshulwa, mibuzo leyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe
ngokutsha ngalo lonke ixesha.
Ezi zithethe zithathu zaye zadibana nophuhliso lolwimi Iwalemihla, zaseka imbali
ngohlahlelo Iwesicatsulwa njengommandla wokufundisa u deBeaugrade no Dressler
(1981) no Tate (1987) banike isishwankathelo solu phuhliso. Abathethi bolwimi
abasebenzayo, abanye basebenza ngolwimi Iwaseluhlaleni, abanye bevela kwimeko apho
bangakwaziyo ukwenza nto, baye bangqamanisa ingqalelo kuhlahlelo Iwentetho,
ethethwayo nebhalwayo (Brown noYule 1983, Grabe 1992). Umsebenzi ka Coulthard
1994, Givon (1983), Halliday (1994) Halliday no Hasan (1976,1989), Mann Thompson
(1988,1992), van Dijk (1985) nabanye baphonononge amasolotya okwakhiwo kwentethom
kolu phando kuvele ukuqondwa kwesicatshulwa nobuchule bokujonga uhlobo
Iwesicatshulwa.
Uluhlulu lophando oluphembelela uhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa lifuna imibuzo yokuba

isicatshulwa lulwakhiwo olunomlinganiselo emininizi. Ultudson 1980:131ubhala enjenje:
55
"Inyaniso ngolwakhiwo lentetho yile yokuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwakhiwo zenzeka

ngentetho, naziphina iinzame ukunciphisa 100 ntetho ziynzelekile kuba zingabi
yompumelelo. "
Ubiber ubonise unobangela ocacileyo kuphando Iwakhe ngeyantlukano yeicatshulwa 100
nto eyibonis kokuthethwayo nokubhaliweyo. Uthi iyantlukwano yolwimi nakweliphi ulwimi

imzima ukuba lungahlehlwa ngokumlinganiselo omnye. Inyaniso yeyokuba ezi yantlukano
zininzi zacetywa ngabafundi ababonisa into yokuba umlinganiselo omnye awonelanga
uwodwa. Ukongeza kulo mahluko efana nencitshisiweyo xa siyithelekisa neyongeziweyo
nesesikweni iphikisane nengamiselekanga, iimpawu zolwimi ziyahluka
ngokobudala,ngokwesini, ngokodidi Iwasekuhlaleni, ngokomsebenzi, inxaxheba
yasekuhlaleni, injongo, isihloko njalo njalo. Ngokwengcinga ngokwembono silindel ukuba
inkcazo yeyantlukwano yolwimi nakoluphi na ulwimi olunikiweyo ibe nomlinganiselo
omninzi.
3.2.2 limpawu zesicatshulwa njengonxibelelwano
Ulwimi luthathwa okokuqala njengo nxibelelwano lutolikeka ngokubanzi. Umzekelo

lukhona unxibelwelwano labalinganiswa kunye nomxholo webali. Loo nto siyibona phaya
kwinjongo somlinganiswa ekwenzeni into ethile zikholisa ukuba nguwona msonto
unxibelela abalinganiswa abakumxholo webali. Ngokwenza into ethile nhlobo oluthile,
ugqibile ukuliqhubela phambili ibali. Kwakhona lukhona unxibelwelwano esilubona
kwimihlathi yakho ilandelelana ngohlobo oluthile ukusuka ekuqleni ukuya ekuqgibeleni.
Unxibelwelano yemihlathi ndiza kuli bonisa kweli bali lilandelayo:
lindoda Neenkawu
Kwayekuho kudala ixhego elalihamba lithengisa izankwane. Lathi nqenye imini lihamba
njalo lahlala phantsi komthi. Lithe lisaiele ubuthongo lithwele esinye isnkwane kwafika
iinkawu.
Zithe zakufika zathyila phaya kulaampahla isongiweyo. Yayileyo inkawu yathabatha

esayo isankwane yasithwala. Zathi kwa-oko zakhwela emthini, zatsho zafana nqwa
nexhego lithwele isankwane.
56
Kumhlathi wokuqala sithetha ngeenkawu ezafikela ixhego eliieleyo. Sithetha ngento efike
yenziwa zezinkawu kweli xhego. Lulapho ke unxibelelwana Iwaye luqhubela phambili
ibali.
Ubhalo lumele inzamo yokuthetha nomfundi. Wodowson (1980). Umbhali uba nenjongo
nolwazi afuna ukulihambisa umzekelelo.
Ubhalo luzakwakhiwa ukuze lukwazi ukuthetha ulwazi kwiilwimi ezithile ezivunyiweyo,

kwimithetho yengqondo nenzulu Iwazi ngoluntu.
Umzekelo 1:Imithetho ethathwa njengenyaniso.
Imfuneko yokuba ufundise, ulungise into ekhoyo, unxulumane, uvakale ngokucacileyo,
nendlela ezichaza ulwaphulo Iwalemithetho. (Empson 1961, Steiner 1978)
Umzekelo 2:Amasiko nezithethe zokudlulisa iwonga, imeko, inyameko, noluvo.
Umzekelo 3: Indlela yokwakhiwo ukubonisa ubutsha beendaba, isantya sokuhamba
kweendaba, nokuba nethemba lokwenzeka kolwazi.
Umzekelo 4: Uqikelelo Iweembono zolwakhiwo olwenza umlinganiso onkhulu
wokulungiselela, ukuyila, injongo, isandla, uphahla njalo-njalo.
Inkcazo eyingcingane engokwakhiwo kwesicatshulo kufuneka ijonge ukuba imithetho

siseko iphembelela njani kulungiselela nolwakhiwo lobhalo. Kanti isicatshulwa
esibhaliweyo siyajongwa, kubalulekile ukuqonda into yokuba inkcazo eyingcingane
yokuqala kufuneka ifake iimpembeleloezingaphantsi komgangatho asenzantsi wenkcazo
yolwimi. Uhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa kufuneka lubalise, kwayw luxhomekeke kwimeko apho
isicatshulwa besibhalwa kukuyo. Isicatshulwa sinika ulwazi kumfundi, kwimigangatho
eminizi eyahlukeneyo. Nayiphina inkcazo eyingcingane, ngokubhala, kuza kufuneka inike
inkcazo ngolungelelanisa oluninzi lokuthetha.
3.3 UPHANDO NGOLUNGELELANISO LWESIVAKALISI
3.3.1 Uhlahlelo lobumbo sivakalisi
Imigudu kaChomskyan yadala umdla ekuvavanyeni ukubhala kwabafundi ukuze baqonde

iimpawo zesivakalisi eziza kubonisa uphuhliso lobhalo. Esixhoseni kukho iindidi ngeendidi
zezivakalisi. Luioio udidi luneempawu zolwakheko, zemo, zesakhiwo ezilwahlula
57
kwezinye indidi-zivakalisi, lukwanomsebenzi othile ongowalo lodwa, Ukuzekelisa,

sinemibuzo-szivakalisi, esizisebenzesa xa sifuna ukubuza umbuzo, sineziyaleli, esinika
ngazo imiyalelo; izivakalisi ngqo ezixela ulwazi oluthile, kwanezivakalisi ezayamileyo
ezixandisa ezizimeleyo njalo njalo. Isiyaleli besibizwa ngokuthi sisivakalisi esikuhlobo
lokuyalela.
Umzekelo 1: Khala- Isiyaleli esimalungu mabini
Kwisininzi kufakelwa u-ni:
Umzekelo 1: Khalani
Kwizenzi ezilungu linye kuhlonyelwaisinzisi esingu-yi phambi kwesiqu.
Uumzekelo 1: yihla; yima
Kwizenzi ezino-I odukileyo kuhlonyelwa isizinsi u-y, kubuyiselwe no-I odukileyo.
Umzekelo: Yikha! Yikhani!
Ngokukwanjalo u-y uhlonyelwa phambi kwesiqu sesenzi eziqala ngesikhamiso.
Umzekelo: Yenda! Yendani!
Izivakalisi ngqo ezizimeleyo kusithiwa zizivakalisi ezikuhlobo lokuqondisa.
Umzekelo: Ndiva, ndihamba imo engagxininisiyo Isalandulo ndiva-andivi.
Imo egxininisayo:
(a) ndiyavala
Zize ezayamileyo zibizwe ngokuthi zikuhlobo lokuqhubeka. Umzekelo ixesha langoku
ndibhala (isivumi) ndingabhai (isilanduli).
Uhlobo lolandelelwano
Dwona msebenzi obalaseleyo wexesha langoku lohlobo lolandelelwano ukwizivisa
zokulandalelana ezichaza izenzeko ezilandelelanayo.
Umzekelo: Kulungile ufunda uzimiseie ukholise umama wakho.
Uhlobo lokukhankanya
Isikhankanyi kuthiwa sizenzi -sibiza, kuba sisibizo esakhiwe kwisiqu sesenzi ngokuhlomela
isimaphambili sehlelo 15 (uku-) phambi kwaso, saye sineempawu zesibizo kwanesenzi.
Phambi kwesiqu esiqala ngo-a okanye -e, u- uyaququka abe ngu-w, ukuze ke
isimaphambili sibe ngu ukw-. Phambi ko-o lo-u uyahlwa kushiyeke ismaphambili esingu-
uk-.
Umzekelo: uku-.
Uku + sila = ukusila
Uku
Uku + akha = ukwakha
58
Uk
Uku + oja = ukoja
Uhlahlelo Iwabo Iwalusekwe kwingcinga zika Chomsky eazingundoqo wesivakalisi

nenguqulo. Ultuntb (1983) nabanye baphuhlise ingqikelelo kwiqela lika T njengombindi
wesakhiwo sokubhala kwabafundi. Intetho kuba yayibonw njengoluhlu yesakhiwo yeqela
lika T achazwa njengegatya eliyintloko namagatya oxhomekeko achazayo.
Umzekelo: Xa sibhala izivakalisi sibhala uthotho Iwamagama, naxa sizifundayo
ingokunjalo izivakalisi zine zakhiwo, esingabizwa ngokuthi asibonakali.
Amaqela akwizivakalisi akha amaqela ehlukeneyo
Umzekelo: Ingonyama okhahlakeleyo ite indoda etyebileyo. Imo mthi yesi sivakalisi ke
singayenza ngolu hlobo.
S
/\
B.SIB B.SE
SIB
A ?
/\
? B.SIB
1\
SIB ?
I
Ingonyama ekhohlakeleyo itye indoda etyebileyo
Isivakalisi sesi: Ingonyama ekohlakeleyo itye indoda etyebileyo. Isivakilisi sakhiwa
ngokuthi sibe nentloko, isivisa nenjongosenzi.
Intloko: : Itye
Injongosenzi: Indoda
Izichazi ngu ekhohlakeleyo no etyebileyo zozibini zichaza izibizo. Ngokwemo yomthi
singathi ngamagatya aqchazayo u-ekhohlakeleyo sisibaluli esichaza isibizo esingu
ingonyama, no etyebileyo uchaza indoda.
Ikakhuku lomsebenzi wawubhekisele kwinzame zokuhlola inkupho yomfundi ekubhaleni

isincoko. Imfundo eyaziwayo ka Hunt (1965), izakhiwo zegrama kwiindidi ezintathu
zemigangatho zibonisa ukwanda kweenkcukhanca ezininzi zesivakalisi kubhalo
59
Iwabafundi kumgangatho wesine, wesibhozo, noweshumi elinesibini. UHunt uphuhlisa

lobhalo ulubonise ngemilanganiselo emininzi. esuka kwisiseko semilinganiselo ka T.
Uphando luka Hunt luphendulwe ngokwaneleyo ukugunyazisa ukuthembeka
kwemilinganiselo yakhe. Ezona ziphumo zihle ngokusetyenziswa kolulwazi - nkqubo lolo
luneyantlukwano kwimimanganiselo yokubhala kubudala obucacileyo okanye kudidi
Iwabantu. Ulwazi nqkubo Iwakhe luyimvelaphi Iwezifundo ezingenakubalwa, nenkcazo
ebhalwe ngokubanzi ngokunjalo nolwazi nkqubo Iwemfundo eyaziwa njengesivakalisi
esidityanisiweyo.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukudityaniswa kwesivakalisi kukhokelela ekuphuculweni

kobhalo ngokubanzi, indlela yemfundo nayo ifumene umlinganiselo wempumelelo kwaye
ayinakubalelwa njengepheleleyo. U de Beaugrande (1984) no Hillocks (1986) banika
ingcebiso ezininzi ngokuba kutheni le nto kufuneka ukube mayibe nje. Ukudityaniswa
kwesivakalisi kuzisa uqwalasela kwimilo yokubunjwa kwesivakalisi.
Umzekelo: Baza kusibhalela kunjalonje, bakufika kwelo zwe.
U kunjalonje usisibanjalo esisentyenziswa njengesihlanganisi .
Uxhasa ukuzithemba komfundi kwandisa ulwazi ngomzekelo wobumbo zivakalisi.
Kuxhasa ubuciko ekubhalweni kwesivakalisi.
Kuxhasa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezivakalisi.
Umzekelo izihlanganisi ziyacalulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini.
(a) elidibanisa ezintanganye
(b) elitshayelela amagama ezizayami
Eli lona lahlulwa libw kwiindidi ezine.

Umzekelo yezivakalisi:
(a) Siya kuyikhonza inmkosi yethu kuba siyayithanda (isihlanganisi sobuntanganye).
(b) Ndinqenelwa ukwazi ukuba amaza olwandle abangwa yintoni na (izihlanganisi
ezitshayelela amagatya awayamileyo).
(c) Wemka kwangoko kuba engasathandi kuhlala apho (isihlanganisi esilandelwa luhlobo
loqhubeko)
Dibanisa imithetho elawula ubumbo zivakalisi nezinye iindidi zokuqhutywa kwentetho.
Ukudityaniswa kwesivakalisi kunika indlela yokuvelisa kumfundi ukuqonda okuzintlobo

zokwakha nemfuneko zokudibanisa. Ubunzima obukhoyo bobokuba akukho bungqina
60
nokuba lubambo sivakalisi olunamalungu axandileyo okanye lubumbo sivakilisi

olufezekileyo olungunobangela wempucuko ekubhaleni. Wonke umfundisi ntsapho
wolwimi Iwesibini uqubisene nabafundi akwaziyo ukubhala kakuhle ulwakhiwo lobumbo
zivakalisi kodwa bangakwazi ukwenza isicatshulwa esibaliweyo. Elinye inqanama
lothelekiso lubumbo zivakalisi olufezekileyo lubonakala luyinto ofunekayo kwintwtho
kodwa unxulumano oluthe ngqo aluqondwa.
Uphando lomlinganiselo ka T nophuhliso lokudityaniswa kwesivakalisi, ezinye izinto

eziphandwayo ezisekwe ngobumbo zivakalisi ezivela kulwakhiwo Iwabaphandi nophuhliso
Iwabafundi namagcisa enzululwazi ngengqondo banika iziphumo ezifanayo nohlahlelo
lomlinganiselo ka T. Olu phuhliso lo tshintsho lungabonwa luyimpumelelo kwisicatshulwa
esibhaliweyo. (Hillocks 1986, Perera 1984, Witte no Cherry 1986).
Ukwanda kokusetyenziswakweziphawuli, amalubgu exandileyo esibizo,izichazi

ezizimeleyo, izihlomelo, amagatya athelekisiweyo, amabinzana ezibizo njalo-njalo.
Xa sisekeleze kuphando Iwale mihla kwimpawu zobumbo sivakalisa, kukho imilinganiselo

emininzi eyohlulayo kuluhlu Iweendidi zemingangatho. Isimbo sokubhala esifezekileyo
singanazo ezimpawu zibe ninzi xa sithelekisa kwimisebenzi elinganayo. Ukufundiswa
kwezimpawu kwimfundiso kungakhokelela kwimpawu ezizizo zokubhala. Izinto
eziphandiweyo kuphando Iwesivakalisi esidityanisiweyo solwimi lokuqala luyacebisa
kufundiso Iwesivakalisi esidityanisiwe solwimi lokuqala luyacebisa kufundisa Iwesivakalisi
esixandileyo kubafundi bolwimi Iwesibini. Ukudityaniswa kwesivakalisa
makungaphazanyiswa nokuphuhlisa kokubhyalo.
Abaphandi abakwazi kubonisa unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi kwemilinganiselo

yobumbo zivakalisi oluxandileyo noluvo oluphuculweyo Iwempawu zokubhala yeyeona nto
igxekekayo leyo. Kwakhona akukho nxibelelwano lucacileyo phakathi kwale milinganiselo
yobumbo zivakalisi olumbaxa okanye ubusiko nempawu zokubhala njengokuba zibonwa
yimilanginiselo thethantonye (Hillocks 1986). U Hillocks (1986) ucebisa ukuba
ukudityaniswa kwesivakalisi kuxhasa ubuchule bobumbo zivakalisi olumbaxa neziphumlo
zobuchule kwiziphumlo zobuchule kwimpawu zokubhala ziyashiyeka kule ndawo
ingumbuzo ovulekileyo.
61
Nangona uhlahlelo lobumbo zivakalisi luqhuba nanamhlanje, lunika imbono kwimveliso

yesicatshulwa sabafundi, ishiya ulwazi oluninzi ngobume bolwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa,
ukuba ubhalo ibukukhohlohla ndaweninye amagatya axandileyo ingxaki ezikhoyo kubhalo
Iwabafundi bekuza kuba lula ukuzibona, ziqekelelwe, zipheliswe.
3.3.2 Uphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile
Uphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile yindlela yesibini youbumbo sivakalisi esekwe

kuhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa. Uphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile luthembisa ukunika
imbono ezongezelelweyo ngokusebenzisa ulwazi-nkqubo enobunkunkqele obuninzi.
Igxininisa kwisiseko sentetho esebenzayo yamaqela empawu ezingaphandle zesakhiwo.
Uphuhliso Iwakutsha nje kuphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile lucebisa kuba imbono
ezintsha kulwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa luvela koluhlobo lophando.
Ingxaki jikelele ejongene nomsebenzi emninzi ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile

kukunqongophala kwengcingane esisiseko sotoliko Iweziphumo phambi kohlahlelo. Uninzi
loluphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile ibe ziziphumo zoluhlobo, xa sijonge kubuninzi
besimangalo lugqibe ngento enoku thethwa ngezi ziphumo. Uninzi Iwezifundo zabumini
zohlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa lufuna ukufamana umzekelo kwiziphumo ngaphandle
kokusebenzisa ingcingane ukutolika iziphumo. Iyaqondwa intoyokuba izicatshulwa
zizakhiwo ezininzi ngokomlinganiselo. Olu bango aluveli qho kuphando ngengqekelela
ezithile ngeendlela ezizakuthi zivumele ukufunyanwa kwale milinganiselo.
Ezona nzame zizizo zokulwa lemida kuphando ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile

zikwimisebenzi kaBiber (1988,1992,1995). Uphando lukaBiber luphononga iyantlukwano
yamazwi ombhalo phakathi kwesicatshulwa esithethwayo nesibhaliweyo. Kwisifundo
sakhe esiyintloko (1988), waxoxa ngokusebenza kweyantlukano ezintandathu
zemilinganiselo echongiweyo yamazwi ombhalo. Inkqubo yophando Iwakhe yayifana
nononzi lolunye uhlahlelo ngengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile isebenzisa kakhulu ubuninzi
bezinto ezingabantu. Abanye babenokuxoxa into yokuba lendlela yahluke kancinci
kwezinye inzamo efana nazo. Ukufumana kwakhke kuziziphumo zokutolika imeko
ezinesiphumo sohlahlelo leempawu zencwadi yamagama yobumbo sivakalisi.
Ngaphambili wayngenambono yonininzi Iwemeko zobumbo sivakalazi awayezoko
kuzidala.
62
Inuner wamisela ixabiso lemilinganiselo yakhe yebumbo zivakalisi ngokusebenzisa

amanani aqinisekisayo kwinkqubo yamanani aqokelweleyo ento ethile, nangokufanisa
kanye iziphumo zakhe noninzi Iwengqokelela yezibhalo ezithile ezizimeleyo. Ezona zinto
ziphandiweyo ziyintloko kuphando lukaBiber zezokuba okubhaliweyo kwisicatshulwa
kungabonwa ngokwenzeka kunye kwemizekelo yamaqela empawu zangaphandle zolwimi.
Ulwakhiwo Iwangaphandle lubinsa ulwahlukwano yentetho, ngokuthekelela, ngolwakhiwo
Iwenntetho, ngendlela apho ulwakhiwo Iwangaphandle lubonisa umsebenzi wentetho
lungaxhomelekekanga kolona nxibelelwana Iwegcinga phakathi kwempawu zomntu
ngamnye nakubhalo Iwamazwi ombhalo athe ngqo. Njengombonisa umlinganiselo
wesine kaBiber 'Imbonakalo yangaphandle yokucenga' iquka imfuneko yendlela eyenziwa
ngayo.
Umzekelo:
Mele: umele ukuze wenze ngohlobo ubuxelelwe ngalo.
Ukuthekelela kwendlela eyenziwa ngayo. Esi sisenzi esibonisa ixesha elizayo (Auxilary
Verb)
Shall: zaku-Intombazana iza kusinda.
Izenzi ezinobumnandi.
Umzekelo: Vuma, lungisa, buza, cela, ceba, qondisa, cela, cebisa, khuthaza
Uhlobo lokukhankanya
Andikuthandi ukuhamba.
Umqondiso wolwayamano oluxhomekekileyo ukuba: Ndiza kuhamba ukuba uzakufika.
Ngaphandle Kokuba: Ndiza kufika apho ngaphandle ngokuba kubekho into ethi gqi.
Ezi mpawu xa zizodwa zingawachza kancinci amazwi ombhalo. Xa ethe adityaniswa
nokuba abonakala enqguzulana kwimilinganiselo yamazwi ombhali athi achazeke kuphela
xa edityanisiwe.
Umzekelo: Njengaphaya ngasentla njengokuba zidwelisiwe nje aziniki ntsingiselo okanye
azivakali. Zivakala kakuhle xa zikwisivakalisi.
Ukuba ndithatha ucebisa.
Ukuba ngucebisa nje ozimeleyo akavakali kamnandi. Kanti kwisivakalisi uyavakala.
Umzekelo ndicebisa ukuba ufunde.
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Ugrabe (1987) usebenzise indlela kaBiber kwintlobo - ngentlobo kubhalo gabalala

njengendlela yokuchaza ukuguquguquka kwamazi ombhali koludidi lukhulu. Kwakhona
umsebenzisile kwimpawu zolwimi. UGrabe wasebenzisa imeko yohlahlelo, kwakhona
usafumana imeko ezintandathu ezineziphumo ezitolekekayo ukotolikwa kwamazi
ombhalo kwakusekwe kwimizekelo ebalulekileyo eqhubekayo yempawu zolwimi kwimeko
nganye. Imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo emine ka Bibes notoliko Iwentetho yempawu zolwimi
kwimfundo yile.
1. Injongo ngokuphikisanayo nesimbo esibonisayo.
2. Ubuch.ule bokuqiqisa ngokuphikisanayo nolwazi Iwemeko.
3. Ukusebenzisana ngokuphikisanayo nolwazi lokuziqhelanisa.
4. Imeko engabalisiyo ngokuphikisanayo nemeko ebalisayo.
Lemininganiselo mine isebeza ekuchazeni iintlobvo ezintathuzelivo phakathi

kwezichatshulwa ezilishumi elinesihlanu zokubhaliweyo ezisetyenziswa ekufundeni.
Oluphando lubaluleke ngokuba lubonisa ulwakhiwo Iwamazwi ombhalo ekufundeni
kwiimpawu zolwimi kwisicatshulwa. Olu phando kwakhona lucebisa ngendlela yokuhlola
ukuguquguquka kwisicatshulwa esibhalwe ngabafundi esithe sibe nenkcazo enamandla
nonxulumano ekuphuhlisweni kokubhala.
3.4 IMBONO YOMSEBENZI WESIVAKALISI
3.4.1 Ukwakhiwa kolwazi
Ukwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa nokuphuhliswa kokubhala kuvele kwimisebenzi yangaphambili

ye Prague Shool of Linguistics (Firbas 1986).
Imbono yomsebenzi wesivakalisi ithatha indlela asebenzayo yolwimi. Baphanda into

eyenzia lulwimi, baze abantu bayisebenzise njani kwindlela ezahlukeneyo ukufumana
injongo ezahlukeneyo. Bagxininisa kunxibelelwano Iwesicatshulwa. Bayaqhubekeka
ngokujonga unxibelelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo nentsingiselo yesicatshulwa.
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3.4.2 Ukuhlela Isigama
Kubakho iingcangane eninzi xa kusakhiwo ulwazi. Ezi ngcinga kubhekiswa

kuzakukwazisa kwebali elitsha ukubalisa ngama gqabantshintshi esihloko, nokubalisa
ngomxholo.
Umzekelo: Ingabula zigcawu yinxenye yokuqala kwebali kufuneka ibali liqale ngendlela
evuselela umdla. Kufunuka umfundi akhuthakazelele ukufunda aqhubele phambili
anqwenele nokubona ukuba kuphelela phina. Ubhala ngenxaki ethile okanye,
ungquzulwana okanye impixano ayaziyo. Njalo ke umdla womfundi unokuvuseleleka.
Umfundi kufeneka nje ukuba abe novakalelo naye azifumanise exhalile okanye evelana
nabo bantu kufuneka azive ebantu abalinganiswa abo ibali lingabo. Kufuneka ayibeke
ingxaki okanye okanye intsusa yongquzululwana phakathi kwabantu okanye amacala.
Ngaloo ndlela ugqibile ukuyitsala nokuba ingqondo yomfundi. Emva koko kufuneka
awubambe umdla wakhe ukule ngxaki.
Impixano iphakathi kwabalinganiswa. Kubakho umzamo ochazwayo ophakathi

kwabalinganiswa. Abalinganiswa abalungileyo nabakhohlakeleyo bayakhethwa ukuze
ukruthakruthwanoolo lube phakathi kokulungileyo nokungalunganga. Abalinganiswa
kufuneka baziswe kumfundi. Abalinganiswa banikwa amagama, bachazwe nenkangeleko
yabo yangaphandle. Umfundi kubalulekile ukuba alazi ixesha nendawo apho ibali liqhuka
khona. Xa ibali lalenzeke kwixesha lamandulo, umbhali akanakho ukubenza
abalinganiswa bakhe bakhwele imoto okanye inqwelo-moya.
Kukwaziswa kwebali elitsha umphandi uchaza ukwaziswa njengolwazi obelukhe

lakhankanywa. Olu Iwazi aluzalani kakhulu nesihloko ebesikhe saxoxwa. Abaphandi
abaninzi badibanisa ukuhlahlelwa komxholo nenkcazo yomxholo nokuhlahlelwa
kwamagqabantshintshi esihloko.Xa isakhiwo somxholo siphethwe ngokwahlukileyo,
umxholo uthathwa njengebinzana lokuqala ukuthetha ngalo kumlinganiselo wegatya
eliyintloko, ngokwesiqhelo le nto yenzeka ngexesha elinye nesihlokp sesivakalisi.
Ngokuka Halliday isakhiwo somxholo kwisicatshulwa sithathwa njenge ngqikelelo
ezimeleyo, yingcingane ngomxholo umele ingongoma ekuthi kusekwe kuyo
kwisakhiwo:ngokuchaseneyo irhimu kukusuka kwintetho yokuqala yesithethi. Le
ngqikelelo isebenza kunye nokwaziswa kwebali elitsha, nakuba ingeyongqikelela inye.
Umahluko ngulo wokuba ukwzisa kwebali elitsha kusekwe kwimbono yomfundi, ngelixa
umxholo wona usekwe kwimbono yombhali. Amagqabantshintshi ngesihloko abonwa
65
njengechaza ukuba isivakalisi singantonina. Ukungqamanisa into efunakayo kubhekiselele

kulwazi ekugxininiswa kulo nakulwazi olungasemva. Ukungqamanisa amaxesa amaninzi
lulwazi olutsha, into efunekayo ithathwqa njeko kwaziswa kwebali elitsha. Kubalulekile
ukuba ube nolwazi olusisihloko sesivakalisi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nolwazi olufunekayo
oluthi Iwaziswe kwisicatshululwaokokuqala.
3.4.3 Ukwakhiwa kwesivakalisi Esiyintloko
Ukuhlahlelwa kwamagqabantshintshi asisihloko kuyasetyenziswa ukuphonononga

isicatshulwa esibhaliweyo nokwenza lula intetho. Inkcazo eyingcangane ka Lautamatti
(1987) yokuphuhliswa kwesihloko kwintetho iphonononga unxulumano phakathi
kwesihloko sentetho, intloko engundaba mlonyeni yesivakalisi, ukubanjwa kwesivakalisi
esiyintloko, nelungu lokuqala kwisivakalisi. Ulautamatti uphicothe imizekelo eyimfuneko
eyahlukeneyo kwisicatshulwa esibhaliweyo. Injongo yakhe yayi kukohlukanisa intloko
engundaba mlonyeni wesivakalisi aze aphonononge imizekelo yokuqhubekayo ethi
intloko engundaba mlonyeni iyakhe kwisicatshululwa. Le ndlela yakhe ibalulekile kuba
unike uhlelo olusisiseko ngento engundaba mlonyeni nengngondaba mlonyeni ngento
ebalulekileyo nengunzululwazi ngeelwimi kwisivakalisi iindidi ziyachaza ukuba isahluko
ngasinye kulindeleke ukuba senze ntoni kwisivakilisi. Inkcukacha ngentloko
engundabamlonyeni iyaziswa ngendlela.
Usebenzisa uhlahlelo Iwakhe kwintetho ebhaliweyo ukubonisa ukuba imizekelo

engundabamlonyeni eqhubekayo isenokufundeka kamnandi kuneminye. lindlela ka
Lautamatti's kuphihliso Iwesihloko inokusetyenziswa ekuhlahleleni ukubhal kwabafundi.
Isenokunika amacebo okufundisa athe ngo ukwenzela abafundi ababonakala bohlukile
ngendlela abasibhala ngayo isicatshulwa Iwabanye, singafundeki kamnandi nesihloko esi
singalungiswango bakuhle. Ukwakhiwa kwesivakalisi esiyintloko kuyasetyenziswa
kwizikolo zalapho eMzantsi Afrika. Izicatshulwa ziyohlulwa zibe yimihlathi. Kumhlathi
ngamnye kukho isivakalisi esiyintloko. Esi sivakalisi sisenokuba sekuqaleni okanye
ekugqibeleni kwebinzana. Ezinye izivakalisi kumhlathi ngamavo axhasayo.
Umzekelo:
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Bubi ubutshivela
UNozintombi umntwana kaMaDlamini wayehlala nonina kuphela. UYise wabhubhela
eRhawutini ngokudilikelwa ngumgodi. Wayefunda ngemali eyayisetyenzwe nguYise
nangenye eyayithunyelwa ekhaya akusweleka uYise (S.M. Qaba et al, 1994).
Kulomhlathi ungasentla isivakalisi esiyintloko sesi sikwelelwe umgca ngaphantsi.
Kumhlathi wokuqala isivakalisi esiyintloko sithi: Unozintombi, umntwana kaMadlamini
wayehlala nonina kuphela. Izivakalisi ezilandelayo ngamava nje axhasayo. Umzekelo
isivakalisi esilandela esithi: Uyise wabhubhela eRhawutini ngokudilikelwa ngumgodi. Esi
sivakalisi sibonisa ukuba kwezeka ntoni ukuze uNozintombi noMadlamini bahlale bobabini.
3.4.4 Ukuqhubeka kwesihloko
Ugivon (1983,1985) kuphando Iwakhe ngokuqhubeka kwesihloko ugxininisa kwintetho

ethi iphuhlise isihloko. Kuphando Iwakhe uGivon izihloko uzithatha njengamabinzana
ezibizo (NPs) ezithi zisoloko zikhankanywa ekuhambeni kwentetho.
Umzekelo: Izibizo ziba yinxalenye yesakhiwo zezivakalisi, zinempembelelo ezibalaseleyo

nakwisakhiwo - ngokwezakhi zamanye amagama anjengezenzi, izichazi, nezimelabizo,
akhoyo kwizivakalisi. Ezi mpembelelo zisuka kwizimaphambili zazo izibizo. Eyazo indawo
apha kwizivakalisi yeyentloko, okanye eyenjongosenzi. Izivakalisi ziba nentloko nesivisa.
Intloko xa ndiyichaza sisibizo okanye isimelab.izo esenza isenzeko esixelwa sisenzi

kwisivakalisi.
Umzekelo: Inja iyaluma
Sithetha ukuthi intloko kwimeko ethile. Imeko leyo ixelwa kwisivisa.
Kwakhona intloko yesivakalisi esiXhoseni singayichaza ngokwema mithi. Izivakalisi

zesiXhosa, zingachazwa ngokwemo-zijungqe zazo. Le mo-zijungqe ibonakaliswa
ngomzobo obumthira, esithi ukuwubiza yimo-mthiyezivakalisi. Ngokwemo-mthi intloko
libinzana lesibizo (B.S.I.B) olanganyelwe ngqo lelona binzana liphezulu emthini, isivakalisi
(S) ngokwaso. Masizekelise senjenje: Umntwana uyalila
67
(ii) B.SIB B.SE (iii)
I I
(iv) SIB SE (v)
umntwana uyalila
Ibinzana lesibizo elingasekhohlo(ii) lilo eliyi ntloko yesisivakalisi. Izivakalisi zakhiwe
ngamagama alandelelanayo nazalanayo ngendlela eyenza ukuba kube lula ukusichaza
isivakalisi ngasinye ngokwezijunge zaso. Ezi zijungqe zezi zakha amabinzana. Lo
mzekelo ubonisa indlela adlelana ngayo le mabinzana. Akohluli phakathi kwenkcazo
ngesihloko nokwaziswa ngebali elitsha ezi ngqikelelo uyazidibanisa. Umsebenzi wakhe
uhambisana nomsebenzi ongokunikwa iziganeko ezitsha kwintetho apho kufunwa intetho
ethe ngqo kujongwa into njengesihloko esiza kuhlahlelwa. Xa siqala kwimbono
esebenzayo yokuba isakhiwo sesihloko sibalulekile ekuqhubeleni phambili intetho.
UGivon ucebe ukuba ibinzana eliyintloko elithi libe sisihloko lithethwe kwakhona ngenye
indlela ekihambeni kwentetho ngendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kule miba .
(a) Ukugqibela ukukhankanywa kwisicatshulwa.

(b) Uninzi lokhuphiswano olwenzekayo olumele ibinzano eliyintloko kwintetho
eqhubekayo.
(c) Amandla okuzingisa kwintetho ezayo.
Le milinganiselo mininzi inika indlela yokuxela indlela ezahlukeneyo ezithi izihloko

zibhalwe ngayo kulwakhiwo Iwegrama ziphinde zicebise kwizigqibo zombhali ekulawuleni
ukuvela kolwazi. Le ndlela ifikelela kwindlela yohlahlelo lonamathelwano.
3.4.5 Izihloko esisetyenziswayo ubuciko
Ibinzana lesibizo eliyintloko lingaba sekuqaleni kwisakhiwo. Ngamanye amaxesha liba

kwezinye iindawo lingabi sekuqaleni kwisakhiwo. Ngamanye amaxesha liba kwezinye
iindawo lingabi sekuqaleni.
Imizekelo (a): Uyifundile lo mntwana incwadi .
Apha intloko ilandela isenzi endaweni yokuba isandulele.
(b): Ifundiwe incwadi ngulo mntwana.
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Apha iB. SIB eliyintloko limi ekugqibeleni. Utshintsho ndawo Iwe B SIB eliyintloko
Iwenziwa yimigaqo ethile yemo zivakalisi ebizwa ebizwa ngokuthi ngooGuqula.
Izimelabizo ezingagxininisiyo
Izimelabizo ngamagama amele ezibizo. EsiXhoseni zintathu iindidi zezimelabizo:Esoqobo,
esokukhomba, esoquko, esochazo, sokukumbi nokunye
Izimelabizo zoqobo
Umntu I, Isinye : mna ; isininzi:thina
Umntu II, Isinye : wena; Isininzi: nina
Ihlelo 1 : yena
Ihlelo 2 : bona
Isimelabizo soqobo sisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa isibizo nesinye,kwisivakalisi.
Umzekelo: Usiphamandla uyakuthanda ukuhamba kanti Usiphesande akakuthandi.
Isimelabizo soqobo siyagxininisa apho isimelabizo isimelabizo soqobo sisetyenziswa
kunye nentloko yesivakalisi, siyandulele intloko leyo.Umzekelo:
Vena utata uyakwazi ukuqhuba imoto.
Isivumelanisi sentloko nenjongosenzi njangezimelabizo

Isimelabizo ligama elisetyenziswayo endaweni yokuphindaphindwa kwesibizo esithile
kwisivakalisi. Umzekeloxa uphendula umbuzo.
(a) uhambe no Wongiswa?
Ewe ndihambe naye, okanye
Hayi andihambanga naye.
Apha kwezi mpendulo sishiye isibizo esingu Wongiswa
Kukho iindidi ngendidi zezimelabizo esiXhoseni. Ezinye zazo azingomagama apheleleyo,
azimleyo, koko ziyinxalanyeyamagama apheleleyo, koko zizinxálenye zamagama.
(a) izivumelanisi zentloko

izivumelanisi zentloko nezenjongosenzi zingasebenza njengesimelabizo xa singafuniyo
ukuphindaphinda intloko okanye injongosenzi kwincoko yethu. Xa siphendula umbuzo
othi:
Uzintle uluubhalile uviwo?
Ewe ubhalile.
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U-u nguye osiqondisayo ukuba sisathetha ngoZintle osisivumelanisi sentloko kwisenzi

ubhalile.
Isikhova yintaka . sibhabha ngobusuku simnyama ngebala . sinamehlo amakhulu
.sithanda ukuchopha kwindawo eziphakamileyo .siyahlola xa sikhala.
(b)_ ezenjongosenzi
siyafana nesivuelanisi sentloko . Naso singasebenza njengesivumelanisi esimeie
injongosenzi ngalo lonke ixesha singafuni ukuphindaphinda isibizo esiyinjongosenzi
entethweni yethu.
Nantsi imizekelo : Uya esikolweni ? Ewe ndiyaya.
Isivumelanisi senjingosenzi kwimpedulo ezingentla apha isebenaza njengesimelabizo
esimeie iinjongosenzi leyo.
3.4.6 Ukuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko
UDanes no Lautamati baphande ngesivakalisi esisekwe kuhlahlelo Iwentetho, olu phando

lungqonge isihloko nokwaziswa kolwazi olutsha. UWittle (1983 a1983b jonga kwakhona
Connor1987, van de kloppe1986) baphuhlise ukuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko
ukufunda umahluko phakathi kophawu oluphezulu nophawu olusezantsi lokubhala
nomahluko kubuchule bokuphengulula. Xa sijonga isihloko nolandelelwano Iwemizekelo
eluludwe kwisincoko somfundi, uWittle (1983b) ifumanise into yokuba isantya esisezantsi
sesincoko asiniki ngokwaneleyo ulwazi olufanelekileyo siphinde sinyanzele umfundi enze
intekelelo ezininzi.izicatshulwa zazingathandwa ngabafundi.uWuttle ufumanise ukuba
isantya esiphantsi sesincoko sisebenzise imizekelo embalwa kuludwe lolandelelwano, 100
nto yenza kwabanzima kubafundi ukubona isihloko esiyintloko kwisincoko. Kuyo yonke 100
nto imizekelo eyahlukileyo yokuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko ibonakala iveza abantu

abalungileyo ekuxeleni ngenxa engaphambili kubhalo olulungileyo Iwabafundi.
UConor 1987 usebenzisa isakhiwo sesihloko ekufundiseni ukubhala ukubona ukuba

abafundi bangaziswa ukuqonda ulwazi Iwemizekelo yesakhiwo kubhalo Iwabo. Connor
(1987) uxela iziphumo eziqinisekileyo ekufundiseni abantwana ukwenza isihloko
esiyintloko nezinye izihloko ezixhomeke kwisihloko esiyintloko nokuqhubeka kolwazi
oluxhasayo. UCorner uxela into yokuba abantwana baya bephucuka ekubhaleni.
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Bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa izihlokwana ezincinci. Sifumanisa ukuba uhlahlelo lolwakhiwo

Iwesihloko lolona lulungileyo ukuqonda unamathelwano ekubhaleni.
3.4.7 Ukwaziswa kwebali elitsha (okanye ulwazi olutsha)
Le indlela yohlula ulwazi olunikiweyo kwisihloko kwisiseko sokuba ulwazi olunikiweyo

kufuneka luvele kwindawo ephambili yentetho, ulwazi olunikiweyo akufuneki lube
luncinane kuphela kwintetho esisihloko. Kuphanda olwenziwa ngu Van de Koppe (1982,
1983, 1986) asebenzisa iintlobo-ngentlobo zemizekelo yesakhiwo solwazi lubonisa
ukuba, xa kuthethwa nje, ulungiselelo lolwazi olunikiweyo phambi kolwazi olutsha lenza
isicatshulwa sifundeke kamnandi kakhulu sikhumbuleke. Uphando Iwakhe kwisakhiwo
solwazi nolwazi lunxulumaniso lucebisa into yokuba imizekelo encenkcukacha ezininzi
yokuqhubeka kolwazi mhlawumbi iyasebenza, yokuba abafundi banokufundiswa ukhetha
le mizekelo yokulungiselela kwizicatshulwa zabo, nabaphandi basenokuba nakho
ukubona umahluko kwizicatshalwa ezibhaliweyo, kubabhali okanye kwinjongo zokubhala
kwisiseko solwakhiwo lolwazi.
Uprince (1981, 1992) ucebise into yokuba ukunikwa nemicimbi emitsha mayingabi
zizahlulo ezibini. Ucebisa iindidi ezisixhenxe zolwazi olutsha, oluthekelelwayo nolunikwayo
esenzela uhlahlelo oluphuculiweyo lokwakhiwo kolwazi kwisicatshula. Phantsi kolwazi
olutsha, uPrince uyalohlula ulwazi olungakhange lusetyenziswe nolwazi olutsha kraca.
Izinto ezikhoyo ezintsha kraca kusenokwenzeka ukuba zigciniwe okanye azigcinangwa
kuxhomekeke ekubeni zinegalelo na kwintetho eqhubekayo okanye zange ziphinde
zenziwe kwakhona udidi oluphakathi luquka indidi ezimbini zentekelelo: intekelelo
equkethe ukuqonda. Ngeluxa uhlelo Iwamabali kwisicatshula lilitsha, lunokusetyenziswa
ukubonisa iyantlukwano phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zezicatshulwa.
3.4.8 Unxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa
Unxibelelwano indlela ekhoyo kwinkangeleko yangaphandle yesicatshulwa ukubonisa

ubudlelane ebusebenzayo phakathi kwezivakalisi okanye kwiqela lamagatya.
Umzekelo:
1. Inja itya amathambo.
Inja [tya amathambo
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2. Ukuhamba kumenza umntu abe nenqgondo ephangaleleyo. Ukuhamba kumenza

umntu abenengqondo ephangaleleyo.
Kwesa sivakalisi sokuqala, inja yintloko, itya sisenzi amathambo yinjongesenzi. Kukho
unxibelelwano phakathi ko-i-ka inja no i- ka itya esisivumelanisi sentloko. Kwesisivakalisi
sesibini ukuhamba sisikhankanyi. Isikhankanyi sisimaphambili shlelo 15 u-ku-, sitsho sibe
nobumbolo mbini. Sinempawu zesibizo nezesenzi. Sibizwa ngokuba sisenzi sibiza
kwakhona kukho uvumelwano phakathi koku- ka ukuhamba no ku ka kumenza.
U(Halliday no Hasan 1976, 1989) begxininisa kuvavanyo Iwengqondo Iwamaceba enziwe
ngendlela emisiweyo asetyenziswa ukudibanisa inkangaleko yangaphandle yesicatshulwa.
Yimbonakalo yangaphandle esekela unxulumano oludibanisa isicatshulwa. Unxulumano
aluniki ingxelo epheleleyo ngotoliko lombhalo wesicatshulwa, ngumalathisi obalulekileyo.
Umzekelo: Umntu-omnye (isinye)
Abantu-abaninzi (isininzi)
Apha ngasentla siyalathiswa into yokuba xa ingumntu omnye siza kuthi um xa bebaninzi
siza kuthi aba
Kukho indlela ezahlukeneyo apho unxibelelwana lusebenza khona ludibanisa ikakhulu
inkangeleko, ibambela, ukushiywa kwamagama kwisivakalisi, izihlanganisi, nento
yokwenza namagama azalanayo ophindo, uquko, isithethantonye, isichasi nokudityaniswa
kwamagama ngokokusebenza kwayo (Brown noYule 1983, Halliday noHossana 1976,
Hoey 1991) Umzekelo:
1. Isichazi: umfazi -indoda
2. Isithetha ntonye : bhubha -sweleka, fa
3. Uquko: zabo bonke,kwabo bobane
4. Izihlanganisi: kuba, kanti
5. Ukushiywa kwamagamakwisivakalisi. Umzekelo: iphiwa amathambo Inja iphiwa
amathambo.
Kukho uphikiswano njengoko kulindelekile ngolona setyenziso, ngowona mmandla
nangolona hlobo oluthi unxulumano loquko.
Esi sicatshulwa siquka uninzi Iwemiqondiso enamatheleyo. Umzekelo: omhle
wonamathelwano sisimelabizo ukusetyenziswa kuka bona no lona ukubhekisa
kumagatyana. Ubona no lona zizimelabizo zoqobo. Ubona sisimelabizo soqobo sehlelo
lesibini, aze u lona abe sisimelabizo soqobo sehlelo Iwesihlanu. Zakhiwe ngolu hlobo:
Isivumelanisi esakhiwe kwisisekelo.
Ingcambu yesimelabizo - 0 +
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Isimamva sesimelabizo u -na

Imizekelo: b+o+na
L+o+na
Isicatshulwa kwakhona sisebenzisa isihlanganisi ukunye. Unamathelwano lochazo
Iwamagama luyenzeka kwesi sicatshulwa ngendlela ngendlela ezimbini izichazi zoquko:
Umzekelo
1. Ndalikhenketha lonke elo lizwe
2. Oku kulungele wonke umntu
U Lonke no Wonke zizimelabizo zoquko. Zithi ke zakhiwe ngezakhi ezithathu:
I. Isivumelanisi esiliqabane okanye usingankamisa
II. Ingcambu yesimelabizo engu Q
III. Isiqu sentsusa sesimelabizo soquko u nke u odwa okanye inani
Imizekelo ebonakalisa ukubunjwa kwezimelabizo zoquko;
L +o+nke
L +o+nke
Ukuvumelana kwamagama nako kumelwe kwesi sicatshulwa. Umzekelo: ilokhwe endala.
Nkosi enkulu
Apha ngasentla kusetyenziswe isivumelanisi esongezelelweyo sesiphawuli, sisetyenziswa
xa isiphawuli sichaza isibizo esineceba nesibizi. Izikhombisi, izihlanganisi nezinye yonke Ie
misebenzi inika inzame zokudibanisa isakhiwo sesicatshulwa. Zibonisa injongo
zokuthaetha nokhetho olwenziwe ngumbhali kwizakhiwo ezisetyenzisiweyo
nakucwangciso le migca yesicatshulwa. Ingqikelelo yonxulumanoidale impikiswano
ethile,ngokugqithisileyo ngakumbi nokuba inika imilinganiselo elungileyo yombhalo okanye
uphuhliso lokuqonda nokuba imele inkcazo epheleleyo yonxulumano lombhali.
Unxulumano kuphela yinxeye yolungiselelo lolwakhiwo Iwezicatshulwa.
UHosana uqwalasele kwakhona inkcazo yakhe yonxulumano nento yokwenza namagama

ngokuthi anciphise anciphise inkcazo yayo kuphando kwezona ndidi kuiuia ukuba
zivakaliswe. Ngokuqonda into yokuba ukuvumelana kwamagama akunakuqinisekiswa lula
ngokuthembekileyo phakathi kwabaphandi, uHosana ngokusebenzisa iindidi zezinto
ezinokwenza namagama ngakumbi awolwimi esithetha ntonye okanye (izifanokuthi),
isichazi, isicengcelezo njengentlobo zokwandisa ngokulinganayo kwesicatshulwa.
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Uphando ngonxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa nakubhalo Iwabafundi lube luninzi. Uphando

olunxulumeneyo alubonakali njengempendulo epheleleyo ekuqondeni ukuphuhliswa
kokubhalwa kwangelixesha linye uhlahlelo lonxulumano lunika imbono ezithile eziluncedo.
UWittle no Faigley baqwalasele ukuba unxulumano ngumqikeleli onengqondo
kuphawulobhalo kudidi lomgangatho jikelele. Balwe nento yokuba unxulumano
ngumalathisi olungileyo weyantlukwano yoqambo lobuchule kubafundi.
UHaliiday no Hosana balwandisile uhlahlelo lonxulumano Iwaba yinkcazo eyingcingane

yemvisiswano enamatheleyo. Ukuqonda isigwebo sokuba ukunamathelana malunga
nokuchazwa kobuninzi akohluli isicatshulwa esicacileyo kwesingacacanga, bacebe indlela
ehlabamandla edala uludwe loqhagamshelwano olufanayo. Ngale ndlela amalungu
anamathelanayo adala uludwe nathi aqhagamshelane nolunye uludwe athi abe zimpawu
ezinokuchazawa malunga nobuninzi bonamathelwano obubonisa ukuthetha into enye
kwisicatshulwa. Ngeli xesha, obunye ubuninzi bophando buyenziwa kusetyenziswa
ungqinelwano olunamathelanayo.
Unxibelelwano phakathi kokunamathelana nokuthetha into enye ngumba osoloko
uphakanyiswa amaxesha amaninzi.
3.5 NGOKUBHEKISELELE KUMZEKELO WOLWAKHIWO LWESICATSHULWA
Ukuphuhliswa kokuhlahlelwa kwamazwi ombhali bekuzinzame zokuphuhliswa komzekelo

wokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali, inkcazo yokuba isakhiwo samazwi ombhali adityaniswe
njani, kuqwalaselwe umyalezo, injongo zombhali, isihloko,nokulindelwe ngabaphulaphuli.
(Bereiter no Scadramalia1987, uHaliiday no Hosana1989, Martin1992).Umzekelo:
Umyalezo ngulo wokuba umfundi kufuneka aqaphele ukwakhiwa kwamagama, aqaphele

imisebenzi yamagama kwizivakalisi, aqwalasele intsingiselo zamagama ukuze akwazi
ukulusebenzisa olu Iwazi kwizincoko naseluncwadini.
Injongo zombhali zezokuba umfundi kufuneka akwazi ukuphuaphula, makazi ukuba

nomzimba wakhe ungamnceda ekuthetheni, kufuneka akwazi ukusebenzisa ilizwi
ngendlela efanelekileyo, kufuneka akwazi ukuthethela ukuba abe nakho ukubenza babe
nomdla abo athetha nabo, izimvo zakho kufuneka zisulungeke, zilandelelane
ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka akwazi ukuthetha ngokuzithemba engagingxizi, kufuneka
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alazi igama elifaneie imeko ethile, kufuneka akwazi ukuyithi cho ngegama into ayibonayo
okanye ayivayo, xa inguye othethayo makathethe into evakalayo, kufuneka akwazi
ukuphulaphula, kufuneka aqwalasele apho kucinezelwayo nalapho kubalekiswayo xa
umntu efuna ukuvelisa uvakalelo oluthile.
Kwisihloko umbhali kufunela ibe sisihloko esinika umdla nesidlwengula umxhelo

wabafundi. Kufuneka akwazi ukutyumba amagama afanelekileyo. Iziphumlisi kufuneka
ekuqaphele ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Kufuneka aziqaphele iindlela ezivunyiweyo
zokubhalwa kesiXhosa. Kufuneka azi ukuba xa ubhala kufuneka ucoselele ukodlula xa
uthetha ngokuphathelele kwicala lemigaqo ntetho. Kufuneka aqaphele izivakalisi,
amagama, imihlathi, iziphumlisi nezimvo ukuba zilandelelana njani na.
Abaphulaphuli kufuneka balunambithe uncwadi. Makasoloko efunda incwadi. Makandise

ulwazi Iwakhe lolwimi Iwenkobe nokufunda. Makafunde ngeliso esibukhali eliba nezinto
eliziqaphelayo njengokuba efunda nje. Makafunde ukutikelela ezigqibeni ngokufunda
uncwadi. Mabandise ulwazi Iwabo ngokufunda uncwadi. Ngale ndlela baya kuthi bafude
lukhulu ngoluntu neziqu zabo. Makaqaphele apho umbhali abhale ngokucacileyo nalapho
athethe into engacacanga ukuba kunjalo.
Inkumbhulo zophando ngeenzululwazi, ngeelwimi zamazwi ombhali zibonisa iinzame

ezibangela umsebenzi ontsokothileyo kumzekelo wokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali.
Umzekelo kufuneka umele uphandongobugcisa bengqondo ngasakhiwo samazwi ombhali,
uphando ngeenjineli neengcali zolwimi kwingqiqo engeyoyendalo, uphando ngeengcali
zolwimi nokubhekiselele kwiingcali zolwimi ekuhlahlelweni kwentetho nomzobo obonisa
izinto eziqhelekilyo kumazwi ombhali, iziphumo ezivela kufundo lokuphuhlisa ukubhala,
nemibono evela kubuciko nasemfundweni.
Ukuqondwa kwendlela awakhiwe ngayo amazwi ombhali sisiqalo sokuqonda imo

yokubhala nokuphuhliswa kokubhala. Umzekelo ochazayo wokwakhiwa kwamazwi
ombhali uyacetywa. Lo mzekelo umele ingcingane yokubhala edibanisa ulwazi
lokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali. Ukwenzela ukuba sikwazi ukuphuhlisa lo mzekelo
kuyimfuneko ukuba siqale sijonge injongo ezibalulekileyo ezithathwa njengenyaniso
engaqinisekanga. Ezona zibalulekileyo injongo ezithathwa njengenyaniso zezi:
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Ulwimi olubhaliweyo Iwahlukile kulwimi oluthethwayo. Ngokomlinganiselo wobhalo

ulwakhiwo lolwimi olubhaliweyo kufuneka kufundiwe ngokwesakhiwo solwimi 010
noqxmrruso kubuciko. Isincoko somlomo ngunozala wesincoko esobhalwayo. Into

ethethwe ngomlomo iyakwazi ukugcineka xa siyithelekisa nento ebhaliweyo. Ukubhalwa
yindlela ekugcinwa ngayo into ukwenzela ukuba ikwazi ukufundwa nangabazukulwana.
Ongakwaziyo ukuthetha itsala nzima ekubhaleni. Enye into xa ubhala uqala ufunde.
Ukukwazi kakuhle ukuthetha kunceda nasekuleseni okubhaliweyo, kwanokubhala kakuhle
kananjalo. Kumntwana othetha ngqalileyo aze acinge cacileyo uqhuba kakuhle
nasekubhaleni. Umntwana ontetho ingqalileyo uthatha lula ukufunda ukubhala ulwmi
Iwakhe.
Isicatshulwa sakhiwe saluluhlu, sithanda ukwakhiwa kakhulunjengeqela lamabali

anobuchule bokuxoxa, kwabhengeziweyo okanye amalungu kwintetho efunwayo okanye
imvisiswano enamatheleyo. Umzekelo ndiza kuwubonisa ngomzobo kuiandeie ingcaciso.
C
E
A = linqanaba lengabulo zigcawu okanye lokutyhilwa kwemibandela.
B = linqanaba lokuyondelelana okanye ukujiya kwebali
C = linqanaba lovutho- ndaba
o = linqanaba lokusonjululwa kwezinto
E = linqanaba lesiphetho.
3.5.1 Ingabulo zigcawu
Kweli nqanaba kuqala ibali. Kufuneka liqale ngendlela evuselela umdla. Kufuneka umfundi
abe nomdla wokulifunda kuba enomdla sisiphelo. Kubakho ingxaki ethile. Umbhali
kufuneka ayibeke intsusa yongquzulwano phakathi kwabantu. Abalinganiswa kufuneka
76
bazotywe kakuhle. Kwingxaki kufuneka kubekho isisombululo. Umbhali kufuneka asinike

ixesha nendawo apho ibali liqhubeka khona.
Ibali ke licwangciswe ngale ndlela
I. Ingabulo zigcawu
Yoneka umcimbi lo umdlalo ungawo. Ibonisa indawo apho umdlalo wenzeka khona,
ixesha owenzeka ngalo nentsusa yokuxambulisana okuza kulandela apha emdalalweni.
Ukuba kuyaxanjuliswana ngokungqubana kwesithethe namasiko kuya kuveliswa oko kule
ngabula zigcawu, kukwalapha kule ngabula zigcawu apho sidibana nabalinganiswa
abaphambili neemeko abakuzo ukuze zithi iziganeko ziyondelelana sibe sinolwazi
ngemeko yabo.
II. Ukuyondelelana kwebali
Apha iziganeko zithatha amanye amanyathelo ukubheka phambili. Kula macala mabini
axambulisanayo lilelo litsalela kwelalo icala lizama ukudobalalisa nokudobelela utshaba
010. Akukho kuqiniseka ngelona cala linamandla kunelinye.
III. Uvutho ndaba

Eli linqanaba alila ukuyondelelana kwebali. Kulapho zonke iziganeko zifikelela
enkcochoyini. Lilelo icala lifikelele unkcochoyini yeziganeko kutsho kuqhawuke
unobathana, kungabikho kubuya mva.
IV. Isisombululo
Emva kovutho ndaba imiba yebali iye isombuluka kutsho kucace ukuba isiphelo sikekelele
kuliphi na icala.
V. Isiphelo
Iziganeko zebali ziphela njani na, ngokubhekiselele kubalinganiswa abayintloko. Ngaba
isiphelo sesincumisayo okanye sesihlininikisayo. Ukuba isiphelo esihlininikisayo kulowo
uyintloko okanye esimasikizi,umdlalo kuthiwa yintiekeie kanti ukuba sesincumisayo
sisiyolo. (L M Mbhadi no CZ Gebeda 1978)
lintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamazwi ombhali ziyahluka ngenxa yemfuno, njogo, apaphulaphuli
iwonga,umbhali umthwalo wolwazi,umxholo, imontlalo nexesha , Umzekelo ndiza kuwenza
ngesimo sentlalo.
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a. Isimo sentlalo sonokuchaphazela nantoni na, ilali, idolophu, indalo, irhanga, ityholo,
isitalato njalo njalo.
b. Kufuneka izinto ezichatshazelweyo zikhethwe ngobugcisa obukhulu.
c. Loo nto ichatshazelweyo inokwenza imisebenzi emininzi. Incede ekuveliseni isimo
somlinganiswa, isityhilele ngesakhiwo sebali, isityhilele nangentsingiselo yebali njalo
njalo.
d. Isimo sentlalo sisixhobo esiphucukileyo esisetyenziswa ngumbhali webali elifutshane.
e. Xa sisetyenziswe ngobunono sinokumtyhila bhenqe umlinganiswa.
f. Umoya webali nawo unokuhlunyiswa kwakwesi simo sentlalo.
g. Ngenxa yokulinganiseleka komhlaba webali elifutshane, kufuneka umbhali athi into
inye ayisebenzisele izinto ezininzi ngobugcisa obukhulu(N.v Mkhonto, BM Mini, no S..L
Tshabe 1988:230)
Amazwi ombhali anesakhiwo esikwiqondo eliphezulu athi ohlukane ngenxa yeentlobo
ngentlobo zamazwi ombhali, iinjongo nabaphulaphuli. Inqanaba eliphezulu elibonakalayo
lesakhiwo samazwi ombhali lunonxibelelwano nokuqonda ukukhumbula nokunamathelana
okucebisayo. lindlela zokuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo samazwi ombhali zinokusetyenziswa
kuphando. Ingcingane zokuguquka kwentlobo zamazwi ombhali ziyimfuneko kwaye
ziyafunwa ukwezela ukwenzela ukuqonda, isiphumo nophando olucebisayo. Ingcingane
zokunamathelana zibalulekile nakowuphina umzekelo wokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali.
Nayiphina ingcingane yokunamathelana kufuneka ifake ulwazi lokuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo
nokunikwa kwentetho ngesihloko esitsha nezinye. Inkangeleko yamazwi ombhali adlala
indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kwamazwi ombhali. Ukufunda ukubhala kufuna
ukusebenzisa ngobuchule kwesakhiwo esintsokothileyo nemilinganiselo yobuchule.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba isakhiwo ngokwaso samazwi ombhali sinegalelo okanye

siyaphazamisa ukunamathelana okubonwa ngunfundi. Ingcinga zokuba amazwi ombhali
anomlinganiselo omninzi wokwakha ngoku zamkelekile. Umzekelo ochazayo ukwakhiwa
kwamazwi ombhali ofuna ubuncinane isiseko samalungu asixhenxe.
1) Ukwakhiwa kobumbo zivakalisi
2) Ukuchaza izimvo nobalulo
3) Umqondiso wokunamathelana
4) Uhlobo lokulungiselela ukwakha ukuxhasa ukunamathelana kwenkcazo
5) lintlobo zokuchaza amagama nonxibelelwano
6) Isimbo sokubhala nomlinganiselo wokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali
78
7) Isiseko solwazi olungelo Iweelwimi nolwazi Iwangaphambili.
3.5.2 Arnalungu ornzekelo wokwakhiwa kwarnazwi ornbhali anokurnelwa zindawo

ezine
1) Amalungu okwakhiwa ngamazwi ombhali

2) Ingcingane yokunamathelana
3) Umzekelo osetyenziswayo wokusebenza kwamazwi ombhali
4) Umzekelo wokusebenza kolwazi olungelolweelwimi.
3.5.3 Arnalungu okwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa Introduction
Kulwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa kukho amalungu amane azimeleyo asebenzayo

kwimigangatho emibini. Imigangatho emibini isebenza kwisivakalisi eminye emibini
isebenza kwisicatshulwa kukho umahluko omkhulu kwezindidi zombini phakathi
kolwakhiwo Iwangaphandle nolwakhiwo Iwangaphantsi. Lo mahluko usenokubonwa
esakha uhlobo Iwentsingiselo ecacileyo. Ilungu lesihlanu yincwadi echaza amagama,
lilungu eli sasazekileyo ngaphantsi kwesi sine. Xa edibene la malungu ahlanu equka
amalungu okwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa, isiseko sokuyilwa kolwakhiwo apho zonke
izicatshulwa zakhiwa khona.
3.5.4 Udidi Iwesivakalisi
Kudidi Iwesivakalisi ubumbo sivakalisi nentsingiselo ziyacingwa njengokuba

ngokuqhelekileyo ziya zondwa kwingcingane yolwimi. Zisebenza kudidi Iwesakhiwo
legatya elibhaliweyo, elimeie iindlela zomphezulu wolwakhiwo notoliko olusekelweyo
(intsingiselo nobalulo evela kwintsingiselo yegama ukuya kwintsingiselo yesivakalisi).
Amalungu obumbo sivakalisi aquka iintlobo zamagama akhethiwo, iintlobo zokwakhiwo
kwamagatya nokudityaniswa kwamagatya nolwandelelwano kwamabinzana
namagamakwisivakalisi. Umphandi uzakufuna ukuceba ilungu lobumba sivakalisi elichaza
onke amaceba obumbo zivakalisi akhoyo kulwimi (Umzekelo uQuick nabanye 1985).
Abaphandi kufuneka bayamkele indlela yokubunjwa kwesivakalisi eyona idibanayo
noqeqesho kunye nomdla wabo Uhlahlelo lobumbo sivakalisi ikakhulu. Luza kuquka
ubhalo Iwentlobontlobo zolakhiwo nolwahlulo ngokweendidi kudatyiniswe namaxesha
ezehla ngawo.
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Intsingiselo yelungu xa sithelekisayo isoloko ivulekile kwimo ezisebenzayo. Njengokuba

ufundo Iwentsingiselo yolwimi iphuhliso Iwabu mini nje inkcazo emfutshane epheleleyo
ngengcingane ayikamiselwa. (Frawley 1993, Laudusaw 1988, Martin 1992). Inkcazo
ngentsingiselo yengcingane izama ukudibanisa iintlobo zolwimi kwinjongo neziganeko
kwizinto ezenzekayo apha elizweni. Umsebenzi wokuqala weli lungukukunika intsingiselo
emagameni nakumabinzana, nakutolika ukuba intsingiselo yebinzana idibana njani
ukwakha intsingiselo yenkcazo yamagatya apheleleyo. Intsingiselo yelungu kwakhona
itolika intsingiselo yamagama athile kumagama amahlelo kumagatya. Izinto eziqukiweyo
kulo mahlelo zizimelabizo, isenzi sobuyiso, indlela ezakhiwa ngayo izenzi kunye neendidi
zezenzi ezikhatshwa yintsingiselo ethile. Umzekelo izenzi ezinika uphawu emntwini
okanye kwinto njengalo mzekelo: Bamonyula wabangu mphakathi. Bambiza ngokuba
sisibhanxa, baluqaba luhlazo ucango.
Izenzi eziqondayo, inkangalelo yezenzi, umzekelo: Indlu ejonge eMpumalanga, izenzi

ezicebisayo okanye ezicengayo nezenzi ezaziwayo ngabantu abaninzi. Intsingiselo
yelungu iza kuchaza izizathu zokutolikwa komda neminye imiba yentsingiselo enokuthi
isebenze kumgangatho wesivakalisi (Frawley 1993, Jackendoff 1972).
3.5.5 Uchazo Lwamagama
Incwadi echaza amagama ityhutyha isine sonke samnye ala malungu kuhlobo lolwakhiwo
Iwangaphantsi. Zombini ziyachaphazela nazo ziyachatshazelwa, yiyo nganye yala
malungu mane. Ukungenelela kwesigama solwimi olusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni
kwesicatshulwa kunika intsingiselo engundoqo nentekelelo ebalulayo apho ulwakhiwo
Iwezivakalisi, intsingiselo yokuvahaz'ukuthi inguquko yento ebambekayo ziyaveliswa.
Incwadi echaza amagama inceda amalungu obumbo zivakalisi ngokuvelisa amaqela
eentlobo eziluncedo kubumbo zivakalisi ezifana nombekwa phambili namanqaku
anokubakho apho. Ngaphezu koko ukungena kwesigama solwimi sawona magama
kuquka ulwazi lubumbo zivakalisi lokwenziwa kolwakhiwo lobumba zivakalisi. Incwadi
echaza amagama ibonelela iintlobo ekuchazukuthi abamele uluvo oluqullethwa
sisicatshulwa. Intlobo zesigama solwimi ubuqu silungiselelwe ubukhulu becala
ngokwendlela yokuchazukuthi abafuna neenjongo ezinxulunyaniswa nokwakiwo
kolungiselelo okanye umbhalo ekunzima ukuwuqonda. Umzekelo ngulo wezenzi
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ezenzeka engqondweni, izenzi zokubona, izenzi zengqondo, izenzi zikawonke-wonke,

izenzi zentshukumo okanye izihlomelo zobunjani, isathandawo, ixesha uthelekiso.
Eligama lithi ulwimi Iwalatha iindidi zamagama, nezakhi ezithile neendlela ezithile
zokuthetha, zokudibanisa amagama ukuze kuphume iindidi-ndidi zeentetho, eziluvakalisa
kamnandi nangokutheqoko udaba lombhali lowo kubhekiswa kuye. Ezi ndidi zamagama
nezezakhi nezeentetho, oko kukuthi izimbo, zokuthetha, zonk kuthiwa xa zibizwa
ngegama elinye sisigama, solwimi olusisiXhosa. Isigama solwimi siyaguqu-guquka
siyakhula sande. Ziliqela iimeko ezisikhulisayo, zisiguqule zisandise isigama solwimi,
ndiza kukwenza
Umzekelo:
(i) ngamagama amatsha
(ii) amagama aphantse afana ngentsingiselo
(iii) namagama asetyenziselwa ukuhlonipha
(iv) amagama emboleko kwisiNgesi nesi Bhulu
(v) Ukuzakhela amagama ngokulunganisa ingxolo
(vi) Ukuzakhela igama ngokomsebenzi wento umzekelo usasazo, umabonakude,
gandaganda, oosamajukujuku njalo
(a) Oosamajukujuku-zimatshini ezibhabha phezulu ziye kutsho phezulu emajukujukwini
kwezinye iplanethi.
(b) Ganda-ganda-inqwela enkulu egangatha indiela.
(c) Umabona kude-thelevishini umatshini osibonisa izinto ezenzeka kude.
(d) Sasazo-ukuxelwa kwendaba ngoo nomathotholo
3.5.6 Ukuzakhela amagama ngokolinganisa ingxolo
Amaga ezandi zilinganisa ingxolo okanye isandi sento kuthiwa zizifano dumo.
Izifanodumo iba zizifanekisozwi, kuze kwakhiwe kuzo ezinye izigabantetho ezinjengezenzi
nezibizo. Umzekelo
(i) bham, bham>isibham
(ii) thu_thu-thu-isithuthuthu
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3.5.7Izibizo mboleko
Le yenye indlela yokwandiswa kwesi gama solwimi, sisandiswa lulwimi ngokwalo,

kukuboleka. IsiXhosa sinamagama kwaneenetho ezithile esiziboleke kwezinye iilwimi
ezijenge siNgesi, isi8hulu nakwezinye iilwimi zeSintu ngakumbi iziyelelanr ezi zesiXho.sa.
Umzekelo:
Isibizo ulwimi Iwemvelaphi
Izinki Isingesi (zinc)
Ilaphu Isi8hulu ('n lap)
Ooprezidanti Isingesi (presidents)
Oorhulumente Isi8hulu (goewermente)
3.5.8 Amagama asetyenziswa ekuhlonipheni
(a) icephe - iwaku

(b) amanzi - amanunga
(c) umlungu - umnyepho
(d) iinkomo - iinombo
Kumgangatho wokwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa ngokuthe kratya kwigatya, iintlobo zesigama
solwimi zibonisa ulwazi lombhalo ngokwethetho yonamathelwano. Incwadi echaza
amagama yabalula amaqela esenzela le njongo ibandakanye umzekelo izimelabizo,
izikhombisi, imqondiso wokushiywa kwamagama kwizivakalisi nomqondiso
wokusetyenziswa kwento endaweni yenye. Ezi kunye nezinye iintlobo zonke zinokuthi
zibonise inkangeleko yonamathelwano. Okokugqibela ukwakhiwa konamathelwano
kunokuba nempembelelo kwisigama solwimi kwintekelelo eziyi mfuneko, kuqikelelo
buciko, nobuchule bonxumaliso phakathi kwentetho ebanga ukuhba yinyaniso,
inokutolikwa lula ngezona ntlobo zesigama solwimi. Umzekelo olula ngulowegatya
lokuqala elisebenzisa igama elithi ingxa ngokwesiqhelo ibonisa ukuba intetho kusaku
sonjululwa ingxaki (cf. Hoey 1986, 1994 , Tadros 1994). Xa sijonge incwadi echaza
amagama njengombindi kwingcingane yokweakhiwa kwesicatshulwa asilophawu lokumka,
uninzi Iwabaphandi baphikisana ngoku ukunamathelana kwesigama solwimi isenokuba
lelona cala lonamathelwana lubalulekileyo (Halliday noHosan 1989, Hoey 1991, Witte no
Faigley 1981). Ababhali abanezimbo zabo zokubhala bezikhathaza ngokubaluleka kobioz
mazwi ngokuhambisa eyona ntsingiselo nokumila.
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3.5.9 Umgangatho wamazwi ombhalo
Umgangatho wesivakalisi unamalungu amabini. Lamalungu mabini athe ngqo,

njengakwincwadi echaza amagama njengokuba ununzi Iwabaphandi bewazi
njengabalulekileyo kuphando lolwimi. Amalanga akumgangatho okubhala noko nokuba
kuthenina anokuphikiswa kakhulu. Ukunamathekana nokuthetha into enye ziyanxusana
kwisivakalisi nokuchazukuthi ngaphezu komgangatho wegatya njengomphezulu
nomphantsi wokwakhiwa kwamazwi ombhali. Isakhiwo kulo mgangatho siyohluka kuba
kungeyo mfuneko ukuqikelela kakuhle kuba nasiphina isivakalisi siza kubonisa ihlobo
okanye utoliko Iwesivakalisi ngelinye ixesha nangona kulindeleke uphembelela izivakalisi
emva kwexesha. Isakhiwo kulo umzuzu,umgangatho omkhulu uzekelisa ngokuguqula
amagama, umzekelo: Oyena - abona; owona -eyona, elona - awona , esona - ezona
njalo njalo. Loo nto ithetha ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthetha uhlobo oluthile Iwesivakalisi
endaweni yolunye Iwesivakalisi. Uludwe Iwamandla okunyula akhoyo kwindawo yeGafya
esilinikiweyo lumele uthintelo lomzekelo wolwakhiwo Iwayo lokuguqula amagama.
Umzekelo wokuguqula amagama ungaboniswa ngale ndlela. Kuyenzeka ukuba ibinzana

uliqale nanjani na ngokwezivakalisi zithathu zingezantsi zonke zimele unyulo
olunokwenzeka njengokuba lakhiwe njalo ekuqaleni.
1. Into ekhokelela ukuba sibe nemini nobusuku kukukhanya kwelanga nenyanga

2. Ukukhanya kwelanga nenyanga kukhokelela ukuba sibe nemini nobusuku.
3. Imini nobusuku sidalwe kukukhanya kwelanga nenyanga
1. Ingxoxo womqolo wokuqala ungemini nobusuku.

2. Ingxoxo kumqolo wesibini ingokukhanya kwelanga nenyanga
3. Umqolo wesithathu uthetha ngemini nobusuku. Kwangalo mqondiso ukumisa
kwesiqalo nemeko elandelayo kudala ukuba nethemba lokwenzeka kwento ngoko
nangoko.
3.5.9 Cacisa ezona ngongoma ziphambili malunga nembono yonxibelelwano
Umba wokulandelelana ubusakwamkelwa nje ngenxalenye yophando mgokuhala

nangokuyalela. Kodwa kule minyaka ingama -20, abaphandi ngezemfundo kumacandelo
83
enzululwazi ngengqondo, ezolwimi oluthethwayo nolusetyenziswayo baqala

ukuwuqwalasela lo mba. Injongo ikukufuna ukwazi ukuthi abafundi basitolika njani
isicatshulwa njengento ehlangeneyo nokuthi ababhali bakulawula njani ukusekwa kolwimi
ukudlulisa intetho ehlangeneyo. Kwangaxesha nye uphando kokwenzekayo
nokuncokolwayo kucebisa ukuba okungenani ,inxalenye yokulandelelana yakhiwe yindlela
abafundi abatolika ngayo nokuba ukwakhiwo kwesicatshulwa kunjanina. Ngamanye
amazwi, umfundi ngamnye unokuzitolikela isicatshulwa ngokwahlukileyo nangendlela
okanye inkqubo eyahlukileyo.
3.5.10 Ingongoma ezibalulekileyo malunga nembono yonxibelelwano
Ngokuka Garnham Oakhill (1985) noGarnham (1988) abafundi benza okuninzi

okuhlangeneyo okungathi kulawulwa ziinzane zomfundi ekudibaniseni uhlobo
Iwesicatshulwa kwinkumbulo ende. Le ngxoxo ilandela icacisa ezona ngongoma
ziphambili malunga nembono yonxibelelwano.
Le ngoxo ilandelayo iphuhlisa isihloko seli candelo. Ukuqonda ubungakanani bokudibanisa

ezi ngongoma kuchaza ukuhanjiswa kohlobo oluthile Iwezelwimi kwinqubo eqondakala lula
nto leyo inokuthi ibonise ukuthi ngaba ezi nqubo ziyinxalenye yoluhlu lolwimi okanye
zinemvelaphi yazo evela kwenye indawo kuhlobo oluthile ekuqondwa ngalo.
Inokuphakanyiswa ke ngoko into yokuba ukuba ngaba ubukhuku becala zinxulumene
nolwimi, ke ngoko impikiswano ingavela kuhlobo Iwesicatshulwa okokuba oku
kungunobangela wale ndibano (inferensing mechanism)
Umthombo wesibini ongowokutolikwa ngokuhlanganisa iilwimi, ixoxwa ibonakaliswe ngu

Brown noYule(1983). Bona babembono ethi unamathelwano ngunobbangela wolwazi
oluguqulweyo okanye oluhlaziweyo nokulandelayo okuthi umphulaphuli okanye umfundi
abe nakho ukumilisela amacandelo kumyalezo. Le lithombo yebhaliweyo yaye izizixhobo
ezilungiselelwe ihlabathi. UBrown no Yule baxoxa bephikisana ngelithi unamathelwano
Iwenziwa ngumfundi kunokuba lube luphuma kwisicatshulwa. Umfundi ukhangela izinto
ezifanayo kwimiyalezo nolwazi athi abe nalo. Umfundi uyanyanzeleka okokuba abe nakho
ukudibanisa imbono
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Imbono yesithathu yengadibanisi siseko sezolwimi. Leke kuthiwa yimbono yezinto

ezilungeleneyo (Theory of Relevence). Undoqo walembono ubonisa ukuba umyalezo
othethat into enye ungathwathwa njani. Isiseko salembono sesisokuba abantu bamiselwe
ukuba bakhangelwe okulungene nesicatshulwa ngokuthi baqhathanise ezi zicatshulwa
nolunye ulwazi nto leyo ebangela ukuba kudaleka ulwazi olutsha. Isicatshulwa
singathetha into enye kodwa sibesingavumelani nazo zonthathu iindlela zalombono
youkulungeneleyo. Iphepha eli bhaliweyo okanye elishicilelweyo alibafulekanga kwinqubo
yokufunda isiseko sokutolika sizinze okukuqala ngumyalezo yesicatshulwa. Ukungazihoyi
izithintelo ekutolikeni okuza nesicatshulwa kukhokelela kwisigqibo esithi isicatshulwa esa
asinantsingiselo.
Uphando Iwakutshanje ngonxulumano kwizicatshulwa lubonisa ukuba ulwazi

ngokwakhiwa konxulamano asiyonto ephoswe nje kwisicatshulwa ngumfundi. Imiba
ngonxulumano iyalandeleka kwisicatshulwa ngokwaso. Eminye imiba ibona njegegalelo
kwintsebenziswano (kulunxulumano lomfundi) nolwazi Iwesicatshulwa ngokuhlangeneyo.
Ngokuphisanayo ngolwamkelo Iwembono ezingeziso ezolwimi ngothetho-ntonye, ingcali
ngeelwimi zezicatshulwa ziyiphandile indlela esakhiwe ngalo isicatshulwa khonokuze
kuzokubonakaliswa ukuba kungatshiwo na ukuba isicatshululwa esa sithetha into enye.
Indima enikwe inkqubo yentelekelelo ekwakhiweni kwesicatshulwa esithetha into enye
simelwe ukuqalaselwa. Nangona ingezizo iimpawu zezicatshulwa inkqubo ezinjalo
ziyasebenzisana nokwakhiwe kwisicatshulwa ukunqanda umbhali okanye umfundi
ekuboneni izithintelo ekutolikeni into ethwethwe sisicatshulwa.
3.5.11 Umlinganiselo wesicatshukwa osetyenzisiweyo osebenzayo
Kule ngxoxo kkujongwa ezonantsika zibalulekileyo kwiindlela zokubhaliweyo. Kufuneka

kukho icandeleyo lokwakhiwa kokubhaliweyo elibonakalisa umlinganiselo kunye nemiba
elungiswe ngokusebenzisana khona ukuze kuqulingwe okubhaliweyo aka. Le mo ke
ingabonwa njengo qhagamishelwano kwinqinaba lIobuntu ekwakhiweni kokubhaliweyo.
Indlele esetyenziswa ngayo iphonononga ukuhlangana kwembono yombhali, kwembono
yomxholo, kwmbono yendawo okanye imeko, kwembono yolwazi Iwelizwe umhlawumbi
nembono yombhali ngokwakhe. Eli nqanaba lohlalutyo kananjalo libonisa imigaqo
elungeleneyo nokubhaliweyo. Indlela okubhaliweyo ekubhalwe ngayo ibonisa ubunjani
bombhali. Le miba ke ibonisa imigaqo yolwimi athi umbhali ayisebenzise ukuguquguqula
85
okubhaliweyo oko ngezizathu ezithile. Lo mba ke ujongene nendlela esithi sibunjwe ngayo
isiqalo ekwenzeni okubhaliweyo.
U Dillon (1983) unengongoma ezintlanu ezithi zibonise unxulumano Iwemo
yokubhaliweyo nenokuthi iqondwe ngayo noqhagamishelwano phakathi kombhali
nomfundi. Nazi ezi ngongoma
1. yakho - ingabi yeyamntu
2. Shiya - imbumba yamanyama
3. Okukhulu - nokulinganayo
4. Thambekileyo - jongana
5. Ngokusesikweni -ngamiselekanga
Kutshanje uphando luka Biber nabanye lubinisa uluvo Iweendidi -ndidi zemilinganiselo
yokubhaliweyo ezithe zona zakhiwa kwindlela enobunzima ekuthi kusetyenziswe ngayo
uhlobo lokwakhiwa kwamagama.zilithoba ke ezo ngongoma ezithi ziphakanyiswe
ekwakhiweni kokubhaliweyo.
1. Injongo zobuciko zibonisa umba wokuba ukwakhiwo kokubhaliweyo kubanjwe ngentla

yindlela ecwangcwisweyo ethe yakhiwa ngayo. Ubuciko ndizakububonisa kwindlela
umbhali azenako ngayo iimbono nengcinga zakhe kwincwadi ayibhalele uluntu.
Umbhali ngamnye unesimbo sakhe. Kwakhona izimbo zombhali ziyohluka kwincwadi
nganye ayibhalileyo. Isimbho sombhali sikhokelwa ngumongo okanye ingcamango
anga angayiphakela abantu bakowabo. Le ngcamango kufunea ayibeke ngendlela
apha eya kuthi ingene ngalendlela ifunwa ngumbhali kumfundi.
2. Intsebenzwisano ngumba wokubhaliweyo othi udibanise iimpawu ezithi zidlulise

unulumano phakathi kombhali nomfundo ngokubhaliweyo oko. Ukuxhasa lentetho
ingasentla ikhona intsebenziswano phakathi kombhali nomfundi. Kaloku umbhali xa
ebhala ikhona le nto ezama ukuyilungisa kubafundi. Umzekelo kwincadi ezinomxholo
wothando bakholisa ukubonisa ukuba isiko lokubonela alilunganga (Buzani kubawo).
3. Unxulumano luchaza uhlobo ekuthi kubhekiswe ngalo okwenzeka kokubhaliweyo oko.

Umzekelo ngulo unxulumaniso Iwenzeka xa igama lokuqala kumqolo kugqityelwa
ngalo kumqolo olandelayo. Lukhona nonxulumaiso olunqumlezileyo olu Iwenzeka xa
uqhagamshelwano nonxulumano ziveie ngaxeshanye.
86
4. Imeko eyenzeka kwangoku kubonisa iindlela ezohlukeneyo ekuthi kusetyenziswe

ngazo okwethutyana kusenzelwaukuchaza okubhaliweyo.
5. Ingcebiso indlela ekuthi kusetyenziswe ngayo iimpawu ezibonakalisa amalinga ombhali

ekukhuthazeni umfundi, le nto ke yenzeka ngendlela ekwakhiwe ngayo uhlobo
Iwesenzi.
6. Ukungabonakalisi kubonisa injongo yokungacaci ngokungaphandle kwemo

yokubhaliweyo.
7. Ukucaciswa kuuboniswa inqanaba ekuthi kuchazwe okanye konwatywe ngalo

kwintlobo-ntlobo zokubhaliweyo. Le nto inganiswa neengxaki ezithi ziveie kwindlela
ecetyiweyo nengacetywanga. Umzekelo kwakhona ndiza kuwunika kwincwadi
ezinomxholo wothando. Kusukuba kugqitiyiwe ngabazali into yokuba intombi yabo
baza kuyendisela kumfana othile. Ibe intombi ingamfuni. La ngcacisa yenziwayo xa
kuchazwa abalinganiswa abaphambili okanye aba bantu badityaniswayo. Umzekelo
uCikizwa noMjongwa. uCikizwa kwa igama eli lakhe lalatha umntu omhie uMjongwa
hayi elakhe igama alithembisi Igqibelela xa kusithiwa wayengazi nto ngothando qha
yena wayengumntu othanda ukulima iitapile. Siyacaciselwa ukuba ngabalinganiswa
abohlukeneyo ngezenzo.
8. Cacileyo Imfuneko yababhali ngendlela esulungekileyo apho kuboniswa iqondo

lokuzinikela kwinto ekuthethwa ngayo. Apha ababhali bakhetha namagama
azakulungela intetho.
9. Uhlobo lokubhaliweyo: Uhlobo lokubhaliweyo ekuthi kufumaneke iimpawu ezahlukileyo

ingakumbi kwizicatshulwa ezingafuniyo nezithi zichazwe ngayo. Okubhaliweyo
kuyohluka sinazo izibongo,amabali amafutshane, idrama,iinoveli nentsomi njalo.
Ubhalo Iwento nganye lohlukile kolunye. Ukuba sithatha intsomi inendlela okanye
iimpawu zayo. Umzekelo xa iqala kuthiwa kwathi ke kaloku ngantsomi. Zenziwa
ngokuhlwa. Zenzelwa abantwana zisenziwa ngumakhulu. Abaphulaphuli
bayangenelela kwindawo ezithile umzekelo xa kuculwa. Xa iphela kuthiwa phela phela
ngantsomi.
87
Umba ngamnye ekunokuthi hkanti kukho nomnye umele iindlela ezakhiwe mgayo
izicatshulwa (okubhaliweyo) ngokwenjongo ezahlukeneyo zombhali nokufunwa komxholo.
Xa ndithetha ngenjongo zombhali omnye umbhali ngokwenza imihlathi emifutshane, kanti
nomhlathi omde ukwafuneka ngamanye amaxesha. Esona simbho sicacileyo seso
umbhali axuba -xuba imihlathi emifutshane nemide kodwa abe nentsingiselo egqalileyo
ngokwenza oko. Amagama - izivakalisi nemihlathi zizixhobo zommbhali ezithi zidulise
isimbo sakhe ngendlela azisebenzise ngayo ezi zikrweqe. Izafobe yindlela umbhali
asebenzise ngayo amagama akhe.
3.5.12 Ulwazi olungelulo olweelwimi
Ilungu lokugqibela lomzeelo wokwakhiwa kokubhaliweyo linika imvelaphi yolwazi,

yotolikoolululo nemveliso yokubhaliweyo amasolotya athile olu Iwazi aza kujikwa
kwincwadi echaza amagama. Zininzi iimeko zolwazi olungelulo Iweelwimi Umzekelo
wokwakhiwa kokubhaliweyo, imizekelo yile :
a. Isalathiso - lo mkhuba ndiwuthiyile
b. Inkumbulo
c. linjongo nezinye
Onke amalungu ale seti anegalelo kumasolotya okubhaliweyo. Inyaniso yokuba
imbonakalo yawo yimbonakalo yolwimi ayenzi ngcinga epheleleyo yolwimi. Ingxoxo
efanayo inokwenzia kuluvo, imvakalelo nakwinjongo. Imvelaphi yolwazi nenkubulo
nemeko ziiseti zokulungiselela isiqulatho nemeko.
3.5.13 Umzekelo wesicatshulwa esiqulathe konke
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwescatshulwa iza kufana ukuchaza ukuba yintoni equlathe

kumasolotya emveliso yeelwimi yomzekelo wenkqubo yokubhala (Umzekelo De -
Beaugrand- 1994, Martin1992)umzekelo Hayes wenkqubo yokubhala awuniki inkcukatcha
ngento equkiweyo Iwesicatshulwa kodwa ke kusenikuzifumana iinkcukacha ezinjalo ukuba
ibinokuthi ichazwe ngqo ngemibuzo engophando ngolwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa. Nawuphina
umzekelo ngolwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa ubuza kufuna ukufezekiswa ngumzekelo ohamba
ngomngcelele wethiyori yokubhala. Umngcele wolwakhiwo uza kuchaza ukuba amalungu
awahlukeneyo emveliso yesicatshulwa adibana njani ekudalweni kwesicatshulwa. lo
mzekelo uchaziweyo apha akukho mfuneko yokuba uchaze ukuba ulwazi Iwesicatshulwa
ludibana ludaleke njani. Umcimbi ongundoqo ngowokuba kudityaniswa ntoni injongo
88
iyintoni. Inkcazo yesicatshulwa esiqondayo ngu Gornham (1985 no Oakhill ,no Gornham
1988) nendlela ezigumngcelele zika Bereiter no Scardamalia (1987) no Flower no Hayes
(1981a, 1981b) zinika inkcazo enomtsalane ethi idibane nangona yahlukile kumzekelo
wolwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa onikwe kwesi sahluko, Umzekelo:
89
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Umgangatho wenqaku lo
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Inguqulwele esixhoseni ngu N.W. Tshefu
90
Lamalungu asixhenxe amelweyo apha ngasentla asisiseko sokwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa

angala (ubumbo sivakalisi, intsingiselo, incwadi echaza amagama , unamathelwano,
unxibelelwano, iimpawu ezisebenzayo, amacebo angengawo awelwimi. lIungu ngaliye
limele isolotya elibalulekileyo lokwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba
isiseko sobume besicatshulwa lunxibelelwano.
3.6 INKCAZO YENKCUBEKO EKUBHALENI
Indlela yokuchaza iza kusetyenziswa ekubhaleni ukuze siqonge ubhalo. Le ndlela

ikhokelela kumhlaba wolwimi Iwasekuhlaleni inkcazo yolwimi nohlahlelo Iwentetho. (Pool
1991, Shriffin 1991). Kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kolwimi oluthethwayo nolwimi
olubhalwayo. Ulwimi olubhalwayo lubekho ngenxa yempembelelo yolwimi oluthethwayo.
Sifumanisa ukuba kwatanci sasinalo uncwadi qha Iwalungabhalwanga Iwaluthethwa.
Luzokuqalisa ubhalo kwakube kufike abafundisi abathi bona bafundisa abantu ukubhala
ngesandla nomatshini ukuze abantu bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala phofu belungiselela
bona.
Ngoku ke siza kugxininisa kulwimi olubhaliweyo. Oku siza kukwenza ngombuzo othi,
ngubani, obhalayo, ebhalela bani, embhalelela ntoni, kuba kutheni, ninim, phi, njani.
Ngoku ke siza kuzama inkcazo yobhalo. Kule nkcazo siza kuqala sijonge ababhali.
3.6.1 Iparamitha ngubani?
Apha ke sithi nabanina angaba ngumbhali nokuba uyaqala okanye ungumbhali onamava.
Nokuba umntu unamava kwintlobo eziphangeleleyo zokubhala okanye kuluhlu
olucutheneyo lokubhala. Umbhali usenokuba ngumfundi olindele ukuvavanywa
emfundweni okanye intatheli eyamkela ngokubhala. Into ebalulekileyo zimpawu zombhali
ngaphezu kokwamkeleka kwakhe. Umzekelo umntu omncinci ongenamava ekubhaleni,
kodwa kufuneke abhale ingxelo yolwimi Iwesibini, angabhala ngokwahlukileyo kunomntu
omkhulu onobuchule bokubhala onamava kumsebenzi wokubhala nasekubhaleni ulwimi
lokuqala. Umzekelo ngexesha endandingumfundi kwiDyinivesiti yase Fort Hare saye
samenywa ukuba siye kumbutho wababhali owawuququzelelwa lisebe Iwelwimi zakwantu.
Injongo yayikukuphucula umgangatho wokubhala kwaseie beqalile nokukhuthaza
ukubhala kwabangekaqali, njengoko incwadi zesiXhosa zinqongophele ezikolweni kuba
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abantu ababhali. Iholo yayizele imingembhambho ngababhali nabafundi bolwimi

IwesiXhosa.
Kwabo bantu ndingabalula uncedile u Sawuie abhale "Unyana womntu " Philip Mtywaku
obhale uNcumisa no Nqaba yakhe. Kwakukho nabahloli balapha eDyunivesithi bona
babefunda amaphepha awayebonisa ngokubhala iintlobo zeencwadi Umz: anabaili
amafutshane izibongo njalo njalo. Ukwazi urnbali kubalulekile kubafundi. Into ebalulekileyo
kukwazi ukuba uhloala phi. Ukuze sikwazi ukuzijonga incwadi zakhe ngokwendawo ahiala
koyo. Sithi sikwazi nokujonga namaga awasebenzisayo. Sijoge nabantu ababhalelayo.
Ukwazi nezingalemfundo yakhe. Sikwazi ukumjonga simdibanise nangexesha abhala
ngale ngalo ngokujonga ubungakanani bakhe.
3.6.2 Iparamitha yokubhala
Eli gama lithi bhala lichazwa njengenkqubo okanye isenzo. Xa ubhala ubhala kancinci
kunaxa uthetha. Ukufunda ukubhala kwenzeka ngenkcazo yesicatshulwa okanye
enkcazo yokwakha. Nokuba umbhali uwenza amazwi ngosiba, ngomashini
wokuchwetheza okanye inkqubo yokwenza igama, kubonakala kunqongophele
ukuchukunyiswa kwesakhiwo samazwi. Ukufunda ngemeko yokubhala kufuna ingcingane
yamazwi ombhali ubuqu, ingcingane yokwakhiwo kwamazwi. Zeziphi iindawo zolwimi,
zisebenza njani zonke? Yeyiphi imithombo yolwimi? Ezimpawu zolwimi zibonisa zime
phi injongo ezisebenzayo zokubhala? Izivakalisi zidibana njani ukwakha isicatshulwa
esikhulu. Thina siza kuyiqonda njani ingcinga yoku namathelana? Yeyiphi indawo
yokucinga ekhoyo kwisicatshulwa.
lIizwi lombhali ubuqu lilungu elibalulekileyo elizimeleyo kwimeko yokubhala xa iyonke

kungokuhlahlelwa kwamazwi ombhali abathiabaphandi babenakho ukubona
ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo zeelwimi amacebo aguqulelayo, uchazo Iwamagama
nenxaxheba esebenzayo lemisebenzi mayidlale kwimeko yamazwi ombhali. Ufunda
ngamazwi ombhali kuthyila ukusetyenziswa kwezithethe ezifana nentetho yokuvula,
izalathiso zangaphandle, amanqanaba kulandelelwano lolwazi nokucangciswa kolwazi
ngobuciko. Ufundo ngamazwi ombhali; uthyila ukusetyenziswa kwezithethe ezifana
nentetha yokuvula, izalathiso zangaphandle, amanqanaba kulandelelwano lolwazi
nokucangciswa kolwazi ngobuciko. Ufundo ngamazwi kwakhona luthyilwa indlela
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yenkgubo yokwakhiwa kololwazi namagama anikiweyo amatsha ayalela ucwangciso

Iwentetho esisihloko nokwakhiwo umhlolo. Ingcingane yokwakhiwo kwamazi ombhali
ngokuzimeleyo kwimeko yokubhala. Inika uphahla kwizixhobo ezintlobo zolwimi
ezifumaneka kumbhali nokhetho oludala ukuhamba kolwazi nengcinga yokunamathelana.
Amalungu eelwimi ekwakhiweni kwamazwi anceda ekuguquleni kwimeko yokubhala efana
nokuqwalaselwa kwabaphulaphuli injongo zombhali, imeko yokubhala noncwadi
oluyimfuneko emsebenzi.
Ekwakhiweni kwesicatshulwa kufuneka kubekho unxebelelwano Iwezivakalisi ukwandisa

isicatshulwa, into ke apha ebalulekileyo. Kwisicatshulwa kufuneka kubekho
unamathelwano. Umzekelo isicatshulwa senziwe ngamazwi, lamazwi adibana enza
isivakalisi. Isivakalisi nazo zidebene zenza umhlathi. Le mihlathi idibene yenza
isizatshulwa esikhulu. Imihlathi kufuneka inxibelelane ungathi kusekuqaleni ube usemva.
Kwakhona kubakho iziganego, esinye sizala esinye ukuze lihambe ibali ukuya kuvutho
ndaba liphethe lisiya ekupheleni. Zeziziganeko ezithi zenze ibali. Isicatshulwa lubhalo nje
oluzimeleyo sinenxaxheba esiyidlalayo umzekelo xa umbhali ebhala ibakho lento
imchukumisayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho into ayibonileyo ngokuthi abhale.
Kwakhona uyakwazi ukufundisa, ukulungisa isiphene njalo njalo. Kwincadi Buzani
kuBawo umbhali ubonisa ukungalungi kwesiko laudala ngokubonela kwababantwana
belixesha. Ubonisa kwakhona ukuba into enyanzelwayo ineziphumo ezibi. Xa si bhala
kwakhona sinentshayelelo umboniso ongaphandle, ucwangciso lobuciko nolwazi.
Umzekelo kwintsomi siqala ngokuthi " Kwathi ke kaloku ngantsomi" kwinoveli intshayelelo
sixelelwa ngexesha nendawo apho ibhali liqhubeka khona. Kumbongo imbhongi iqala
ngokuthi "Hoyina! Hoyina! Hoyina!" ngokwenza yonke lento itsala umdla ebantwini
bakwazi ukuthula bamamele.
Aphangaphandle eqweqweni kubakho umfanekiso obakhona ozivelela ngantlanyane into

ezakuqhubeka apha ebalini. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe bubumnyama, nelanga.
Ubumnyama sibudibanisa nokufa kanti ilanga silidibanisa nokukhanya xa kukho
ukukhanya klubakho ubom. Kwisicatshulwa ulwazi Iwakhiwa ngendlela apha ekuthiwa
ngumyalelo wokunikwa kolwazi olutsha, ulungelelwaniso lokuthetha ngesihloko,
ukwakhiwo komxholo kuyathyilwa. Okokuqala isicatshulwa sinesihloko. Esisihloko
mayibe yinto abayaziyo. Kufuneka kwakhona sibenomdla. Umzekelo ukuba ngaba
93
isihloko sithi, Buzani kuBawo. Uza kuba nomdla kwesisihloko uphethe uzibuza nemibuzo
enje: Yintoni le izakubuzwa kubawo? Xa bekutheni? Njalo njalo.
Kwakhona isicatshulwa kufuneka sibe nomxholo. Kwincadi ethi Buzani Kubawo umxholo
ungothando. Umxholo kufuneka usombulule ingxaki, ucace njalo. Xa ubhala kufuneka
ujonge ezi zinto: abantu obabhalelayo, injongo yombhali, imeko umbhali ebhala ekuyo,
namagama asetyenziswa ngumbhali. Umbhali usebenzisa abalinganiswa xa abhalayo.
Kubakho umlinganiswa ophambili, ochasayo naba xhasayo. Ngaba abenza ibali
liqhubekeke. Xa ebhala umbhali usebenzisa nezangotshe namagama awasebenzisayo
abalulekile.
3.6.3Iparamitha kayintoni
Ukuba yintoni ebhalwayo iza kuxoxwa kula magama isiqulatho, uncwadi, amagama
asetyenziswa ngabantu abasendaweni ethile. Inkcazo eyingcingane yokubhala kufuneka
iqwalasela into eyenzeka elizweni, ingcingane ngencwadi nokubalulwa kwamagama
asetyenziswa ngabantu abase ndaweni ethile. Sinokucinga ngesiqalutho njengemvelaphi
yolwazi. Umzekelo isicwangciso sengcingane. Ingcingane elungisiweyo icebisa ukuba
iiseti zolwazi olubalulekileyo olugcinwe njengamasuntswana adityanisiweyo afanele ukuba
afumane asetyenziswe ekuqondeni nasekuvuliseni ulwazi Iwesiqulatho. Ucwangciso
oluyingcingane lunika uphahla lolwazi Iwethu amagama afanelekileyo asetyenziswa
ngabantu abasendaweni ethile kwimeko ezahlukeneyo nolwazi Iwethu ngencwadi
njengendlela zokuqokelela intetho ukwenzela iinjongo ezibalulekiyo. Impembelelo
esisiseko sengcingane yokubhala ibonisa ukuba abafundi babhala ngaphezulu xa bebhala
ngolwazi Iwento abayaziyo nabayiqheliyelo. Freidlander 1990 for L.Z. Ulwazi lunika
isiqulatho nemithambo yesakhiwo sobhalo ekubhaleni. Umzekelo xa umntu efuna
ukubhala ngeminye imiba kufuneka ukuba abe uyayazi indalo kwaye uyayithanda.
Ubhalo lungachazwa njengetlobo zokuthetha olunempawu ezichongiweyo, injongo

ezichongoweyo nesakhiwo esipheleleyo (umzekelo isiqalo, isiqu nesiphelo). Ubhalo
lusebenza ekuthetheni nasekubhaleni ulwimi nokuba umba ophambili, wenjonngo zethu,
isisenzeko sobhalo kwintetho ebhaliweyo. Ngelixa kunokuba yimfuneko ukuxoxa ngobhalo
ngokubanzi intetho zobhalo ezifana nobhalo olubonisayo, olucengayo, nolubalisayo,
ubhalo luchazwa ziimeko ezimxinwa neempawu ezisekwe ezithe ngqo oku kulandelayo
94
kunika imizekelo yeentlobo zeentetho ezinokuthi zithathwenjengobhalo (Umz: Martin

1985, Rothery 1989, Swales11990)
Intsomi, isicelo sokunika, iingxelo zenkqubo, ukukhulula ibanjwa ngemali.isilabhasi

yovavanyo Iwamagama kunye nezicatshulwa ezivunyiweyo.
Ubhalo lungachazwa njengohlobo oluthile lokuthetha olunesiqalo, isiqu nesiphelo. Ubhalo

yombono esebenza kuzo zombini ukuthetha nokubhala. Ubhalo luchazwa zimeko
neempawu ezibhaliweyo. Umzekelo intomi inesiqalo isiqu nesiphelo. Umzekelo intsomi
iqala ngo kwathi kekaloku ngantsomi. Isiqu yile ndawo umbalisi abalisa kuyo ade
atshintshe namazwi ezenza izim. Ade acule xa kufuneka eculilelabe sele elandelwa
ngabantu ababaliselayo. Bemana bephendula apho kukho imfuneko. Xa iphela ithi Phela
phela ngantsomi.
Amagama asetyenziswa ngabantu abasendaweni awadibenanga kuqondo lobhalo

achazwa yintloko yobhalo, njengenqubo engaphakathi emntwini ( Halliday 1978, Halliday
and Hasan 1989, Martin1992). Amagama asetyenziswa ngabantu abasendaweni
ethileabonakala enempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekubhaleni. Ukubhala ngeholide
nokuhamba kuyohluka ekubhaleni noqoqosho, ngomthetho ngamayeza njalo njalo. Lo nto
ikhokelelaekubeni ababhali basebenzise imithombo eyahlukileyo yolwimi. Umzekelo
emthethweni (kwamantyi) kuza kuthethwa ngommangali nomangalelwa. Kwagqirha kuza
kuthethwa ngesimfomfozo, ekuphekeni kuza kuthethwa ngamaqebengwana njalo njalo.
3.6.4 Iparamitha kakubani
Abafundi babalulekile ekudaleni kwesicatshulwa nakukhuleni kwentsingiselo. Abantu

abathile abalindelwe kuba bafunde ukubhala banempembelelo enkulu kwintetho
ebhaliweyo yesicatshulwa. Kwimbono zomfundi okanye zabaphulaphuli kukho uninzi
Iwemeko ezinyanzela izigqibo zzababhali. Kuyakhetheka ukujonga ubuninzi
obungatshintshiyo kwimeko ethile kodwa bungafani kwezinye imeko. Zintlanu ezi meko
zingatshintshiyoezithi zithathhe inxaxheba enkulu kubhalo.
1. Ngabantu abaninzi abalindelwe ukuba bafunde amazwi ombhali. Isicatshulwa

senzelwe umntu omnye, iqelana labantu neqela elikhulu labantu okanye abafundi
95
abazakuphendulela ukwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa. Ukuguqulwa kwabafundi bade baziwe

okanye bangaziwa. Iwonga, ukubhala kuza kwahluka nokuba umfundi unewonga
eliphezulu, iwonga elilinganayo nabanye okanye iwonga elingaphantsi kombhali.
Ubukhulu becala kuxa abantu benolwazi Iwemveli Iwendawo enye 100 nto inempembelelo
ekubhaleni kuyo kutsho kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo. Ukubhalela abafundi abaziqhelileyo
iziganeko ezoqhubekayo kwimeko ethile kwinqkqubo yesizwe iza kumvumela umbhali
asebenzise ulwazi Iwakhe kwicala lomfundi.
Undaba mlonyenio wolwazi olubalulwayo olwahlulwa ngumbhali nomfundi

lunempembelelo ekubhaleni.
3.6.5Iparamitha kantoni
Injongo zokubhala kukumela inzame zokuthetha komfundi. Ngaphandle kwembalelwano

yomntu eyeyakkhe ezona ndlela ziqondwayo zokubhala zenzelwe abafundi kunababhali.
Umbhali inenjongo azibalulayo nokuhambisa ulwazi aluqulathileyo. Umzekelo siwubona
kwimihobe ye eleji xa kuthe kwaeleka umntu obelulutho elizweni. Sakuva kwindlela umbali
amchaza ngayo. Amagama azakuwasebenzisa ngafana nala, uwile umthi omkhulu, uye
kobawomkhulu okanye alathe abanye abasele bemanduieie nabo abanemisebenzi
ebalulekileyo njalo njalo. Intetho ebalulekileyo yezenzi ezisetyenziswayo isenokubonisa
injongo ezizimeleyo zonewadi. Iwonga lo mfundi ukheto Iwesikhahlelo, inani Iwezalathisi
ezisetyenziswayo nezinye zonke zibonisa injongo zombali ezahlukileyo kukhetho lo
mfuziselo wobuciko wokulungiselela, intlobo zokucenga ezibongozayo, nentlobo
zezalathisi ezicatshuliweyo zonke zibonisa iinjongo zababhali ngendlela ehlukileyo
zencwadi.
Injongo zokubhala kufuneka zaziwe ngokwamanqanaba amabini. Jikelele iinjongo

inxulumene nencwadi, injongo ziphembelela ulwakhiwo Iwamazwi ombali ubuqu,
ukuthetha ilungelo elililo kukungula incwadi.
Oku kukungatshintshi kwenjongo kubonisa imicimbi esebenzayo engaxhomekekanga

kwinwadi ezaziwayo ezibhaliweyo. Abantu bayabhala bengxengxeza, bemema, besazisa,
beneoma, besoyikisa, bekhuthaza, befuna, bechaza, besala njalo njalo. Injongo
96
ezingatshintshiyo kwimeko ezithile zahlukile kuluncwadi nakubafundi yiyo le nto umntu

akwaziyo ukubhala incwadi zibembini ezibhalela abafundi abanye kwakuie ncwadi inye
amazwi ombhali anika iinjongo ezahllukileyo azisa nemiyalezo eyahlukileyo.
Umfundi nombhali bazakuyiqonda bayitolike injongo yokubhala besuka kulwilmi

oluvumelekileyo kwimigaqo yolwimi Iwasekuhlaleni nakwimigaqo yengqondo.
1. Inyaniso ngokubanzi-imfuneko yokuba ubenokwazisa, ulungise, unxulumanise, ucacise

nolwaphulo olumisiweyo ngendlela.
2. Izenzo zentetho - impawu ezithe ngqo ekubhaleni apho umbhali abonisa impawu
zezenzo nezinga apho kuxoxwa khona.
3. Imvumelwano yokuhambisa iwonga, amandla, intiaio, injongo nokuziphatha.
4. ingqikelelo yenza iquke imilinganiselo yequmru: injongo, injongo zentetho njalo
njalo.
Zonke ezi zingentla ziqukwa kwinjongo yombhali nokubanakho komfundi ukuqonga
injongo yokubhala.
3.6.6 Iparamitha kutheni
Ngokuyinxenye nangoku apho obungatshintsiyo kwimeko buphembelela amazwi ombhali

buxhomekeka kwizinyanzeliso ezibini. Enye yinxalenye apho umbhali afuna umfundi
aqonde umyalezo ofihlakeleyo. Ngokuye ufihlakala umyalezo kokukhona umfundi aza
kuqonda injongo yamazwi ombhali. Xa umbhali abhala kwimeko ezinzima
angavumelekanga ukuba athethe ngolo hlobo. Umzekelo ngexesha uPolitiko
Iwalungekamkeleki eMzantsi Africa. Umbhali ebekwekwa xa athethayo athethe ngale nto
kanti yena akathethi ngalento nicinga ukuba yiyo. Oko kuya kuqondwa ngabantu abathile.
Imeko yesibini yimeko apho isiqulatho esinenkcukacha eninzi okanye esinzima sikhokela
ubuhlobo bomfundi. Imeko zisenikuthi gqi apho umbhali angafuni ukwazisa iseti yengxoxo,
.
ngokulula athuke abahlobo abazisiweyo abanokuba ngaba phulaphuli.
97
3.6.7Iparametha kanini no phi
Unini nophi babhekisele kwixesha nendawo apho ibali liqhubeka khona. Ababhali ke
balixela ixesha ngendlela ngendlela. Omnye uza kubiza unyaka omnye abize ixesha
lonyaka, omnye abize isiganeko njalo njalo. Ababhali babhali kwindawo ngendawo omnye
uyakwazi ukubhala eseofisini omnye uya kubhala ebusuku omnye ade aphume kwalapha
endlwini aye kuzifihla kwindawo ethile. 010 luyafumaneka kwizifondo zebali ngobomi
bomntu xa umbhali afumana udumo.
Umyalezo wesandla unomda 100 nto ke ibalulekile kumntu owufundayo. Kubalulekile

ukuba siyazi ukuba ileta yayibhalwe nini ukutolika isalathiso esilapho eleteni. Kukwanjalo
nakwisicatshulwa esibhaliweyo ukwenzela ukwazi ukuguqula ubango olubalulekileyo
oluteh Iwenziwa. Le nto inempembelelo nakwintlobontlobo zeleta.
3.6.8 Iparamitha ka njani
Intetho ebhaliweyo ingqunge inkqubo yentetho yokubhala. Nokuba umbhali uyenza

iontetho yakhe ngosiba okanye umatshini wokuchwetheza uncitshisiwe ekwakheni
isicatshulwa. Le mbono isenokuvela kwinyaniso ethi uphando oluncinci luyasebenza (
Bangert -Drowns 1993, Cochran -Smith 1991)
Imveliso ihleli kumbilini wengcinga yokubhala. Inika indlela yokukholosa ngamava

kophando apho uphando oluncomayo kwisicatshulwa esibhaliweyo sinika inzame
yokujonga ingcinga efana nabaphulaphuli, okuqulathiweyo nenjongo zombhali kwimbono
yokuqhuba.
Ikho imibuzo evelayo enxulumene nokuba intetho ebhaliweyo yenziwa njani na. Le mibuzo
yile.
1. Uphando olu, lusazisa luye kumaphi ngemiba ebalulekileyo?

2. Ingaba inkqubo yokubhala iyohluka ngokwenkcubeko?
3. Ingaba iinkqubo zokubhala zingaphezu kwesinye ?
4. zilulutho njani iindlela zenkqubo yokubhala ?
UFlower no Hayes bavule uphando ngenkqubo yokubhala banika nengcinga ezithe

zanempembelelo kwindlela ubhalo lophando oluqhutywa ngayo. U Bereiter no
98
Scardamalia baye baxoxa into yokuba ayikho ngaphezulu kwesinye inkqubo yokubhala.
Kwinkqubo yobhalo nje jikelele kuvele ubhalo Iwemfundo Swales (1990:63)
3.6.9 Ushwankathelo Iwenkcazo yenkcubeko ngobhalo
Inkcazo inika isiseko ngengcinga yokubhala eluncedo kwiziphumo ezivela kwiparamitha

yokubhala.
Kwisithuba senkcubeko yoluntu echazwe kwilizwe jikelele
Unyanzelo unyanzelo zinyanzelwe

Olwenziwa Inyanzelwe bubuchle
Zinjongo yinxaxheba belizwe kunye
Zababhali yemvumelwano nokuzimisela
(kutheni) eyenzeke kwimpucuko komfundi
yobhalo olukhayo
(yintoni)
Umbali Isicatshlwa Umfundi

Ngubani yintoni kubani
Nolwazi ngaphezu koko ukuba

olwenzekayo zinyanzelwe nakho
kwinqkubo ziintlobho ezine ukwenza
neqondo lolindelo zika Steiner nokuqwalasela
Iwaba phulaphili (ngayiphi injongo) iinjongo zombhali
(bhala) ngoba
Kaplan 1991
Mna ndiyiguqulela esiXhoseni
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3.7 UHLAHLELO LOBUCHULE BOKUBHALA ULWAZI NENKQUBO
Indlela yesibini yokuqokelela ulwazi iquka unkcazo engasentla nomzekelo weperamitha

ungohlahlelo lobuchule nokubhala neemeko ukuphuhlisa lohlahlelo lokubhala asiyonkcazo
yindlela ekwakhiwe phezu kwayo.
3.7.1 Imvelaphi yeziqalo zohlahlelo
Uhlahlelo lubonisa izizseko ezibini zentetho. Eyokuqala yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuthetha

ulwimi eyenziwe nguCalane no Swain (1980, Calane 1983, Harley et al 1990). Eyesibini
yinkcazo yophahla yokubhala uphuhliso lohlelo luqale ngentlobo zokubhala elubekho
kubabhali.
Olu hlelo lungezantsi lubonisa inzame yokwakha ubhalo nobuchule ulwazi neenkqubo
ezisetyenziswayo ngababhali.
3.7.2 Uhlelo Iwemfundo yobuchule bokubhala, iziseko zolwazi neenkqubo
II._lsakhelo semfundo ekubhaleni
a) Ofisi
b) Home
IIl.Imisebenzi yobhalo yemfundo
a) Ileta
b) Ubaliso
IV.lzicatshulwa zemfundo ezisetyenzisiweyo
1) Amabali amafutshane
2) Izibongo
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V. Intloko yobhalo Iwemfundo
1) Amabali ngobomi babantu

2) Ululhlu Iwencwadi zombhali
Vl.lnjongo zombhali ukubalelwa kunye nezimvo
a) Ukuchazwa ngokutsha komsebenzi_wombhalo

b) Umqweno wokuba kwaziwe
3.7.3 Ulwazi ngolwimi
1. Upelo
2.Ukufaka iziphumlisi
3.7.4 Ulwazi ngentetho
1.Ulwazi Iwentekelelo
2.Ulwazi lokuqonda isihloko esiphambili
3.7.5 Ulwazi ngolwimi Iwasekuhlaleni
1.Amandla omsebenzi wolwimi olubhaliweyo.

1a. ngxengxeza
b. ala
3.7.6 Ngaphezu koko ingcamango zaba phulaphuli
1.Ubukho babaphulaphuli
2. Uninzi kubafundi
3.7.7 Ulwazi ngelizwe
1.lnkcazo esehlo esisodwa

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3.7.8 Umsebenzi wobuchule wenkqubo yokubhala
1.Ukukhawuleza kwemveliso yomsebenzi

2.Ukuqwalaselwa ngokutsha kwemisebenzi yesiqhelo
3.7.9 Ubuchule benkqubo yokubhala
1.Ukusebenzisa amaeeba okufunda

2.Ukwenza uneedo
3.8 UMZEKELO WOKUBHALA
Umzekelo wokubanakho ukubhala ubona kuqala ukubhala kungumsebenzi wokuthetha.

Kwa lomsebenzi uyaeaeisa kubuehule, isiseko, neenkqubo njengoko zisetyenziswa
kwindlela yokubhala. Injongo kukueaeisa iziphumo zophando kwimimandla ezintlobo
ngentlobo yokubhala nokudibanisa ulwazi oluza kwenza ingeinga ngobume bokubhala.
3.8.1 Indlela yokunxibelelana ekubhaleni
Injongo yokubhala phantse kuzo zonke iimeko kukuthetha. Xa ubhalo uyathetha nomfundi
omnye okanye abafundi abaninzi ngenjongo zokwazisa Naxa ubhalela umntu omnye
uyakufumanisa ukuba uthetha nabanye abantu. Nokuba ubhalela umntu kuba usithi
ubhalela yena qha okanye yimbalelwana yangasese into ethethwayo inye ibhaliwe kwaye
izakufundwa yilento sithi ukubhala yakuhla kuyindlela yokuthetha. Xa sisuka kwinto
yokuba ukubhala sisenzo sokuthanda ukuthetha ingeingane ezisenokusetyenziswa
kukuthanda uthetha okanye ubuehule bokuthanda ukuthenda zinwika ieebo elubalulekileyo
lokuphuhlisa indlela yokubhala Flower (1994). Uphuhlise indlela yentlalo
ngokwasengqondweni ethi idabinise impembelelo engqondweni yombhali. Umartin 1992
uthi ezinye indlela zenqqikelelo zokuthetha esusela kwimbono esetyenziswayo kaHaliiday
ueebise umzekele wentetho edibanayo nokubhala.
Kwimbono esetyenziswayo zenzululwazi ngeelwimi, indlela eziphuhliswe nguBaehman

(1990). Canale and Swaine (1980) kunye no Hymes (1972) zinika isiseko ngendlela
yokubhala eehazwe apha. Uealane (1983) ueebisa ukuba ubuehule bokuthetha kufuneka
kuxoxwe ngolwimi (gramma), ngokwentetho yolwimi ngokwasekuhlaleni nangokuliwa
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kobuchule bokuphathwa umcimbi. Lamalungu mane okuthetha azakucebisa ubuchele

bolwimi emntwini ngezindlela
(a)Ngokwezandi zamazwi
(b)Ngokubunjwa kwamagama
(c)Ngokobumbo zivakalisi nangolwazi Iwesemantiki.
Uqonda ngolwimi ngokwasekuhlaleni nemithetho efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kolwimi
ulwazi ngeendlela zokulandelelisa intetho kulwazi nobuchule esithi sandise ngalo intetho.
UChapelle et al (1993, Grabe noChapelle 1995) bacebise indlela yokusetyenziswa
yokuthetha ulwimi nenjiongo zasemfundweni.
3.8.2 Umzekelo wobuchule bokuthetha osetyenziswe ekubhaleni
UChapelle nabanye (1993), uphuhlise ukusetyenziswa kwentetho kulwimi enzelwe

ukucebisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi ngokwasemfundweni kwimimandla emine yochule (
ukumamela, ukuthetha, ukufunda, nokubhala). Lo mzekelo ubalula ukusetyenziswa
kwentetho yolwimi njegeyenza imeko yokusebenziswa kolwimi nomelo Iwenkumbulo
esebenzayo yenkcazo ngomlomo yabasebenzisi yolwimi. Kulemeko kudityaniswe imeko
nemveliso yokwenza umsebenzi wolwimi. Imeko yona iquka abathathi nxaxheba,
isakhelo, umsebenzi isicatshulwa nentlonko.
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I u ulelwe esiXhoseni nuN. W. Tshefu.

IMEKO
NGAPHANDLE
INDAWO OKWENZEKAYO
-abathathi nxaxheba Imveliso yombhali

-isakhelo
-umsebenzi
-intloko
Á
NGAPHAKATH
I
Imveliso yenkqubo
Injongo yangaphakathi
yangaphakathi
yesakhelo
Ubuchule bokuthetha
ulwimi:
-
)
-Elwimi Inkumbulo yomlomo esebe
-ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni
-intetho
~
Inkqubo yomlomo
-Inkqubo yengqondo UH.hlu 1~t.qUbO
....
vnkurfiba I~a
I Ulwazi Iwelizwe ~
Indlela yokubhala njengentetho yokusetyenziswa kolwimi
104
3.8.3 Isiphelo
Ngokwenene ukubhala kubalulekile. Ukubaluleka kwako kuboniswa yinto yokuba

abantwana baqalwe besekwibanga R (Grade R). abaya bantwana bayabhala qha bona
bengaqondi ukuba yonke Ie nto bayenza ngokudlala (playway method). Kuqhubeke bade
baye kutsho kumabanga aphezulu. Zonke ezi nzame zenziwa ngabaphandi abatshintsha
tshintsha isilabhasi. Kukho nabaya abantwana bahlelekileyo bafana nezithulu. Abeva
kodwa bayakwazi ukubhala. Kwaye nabo kule nkqubo intsha ka RNCS imeko yabo
kufuneka isiwe iso. Sihlala nabo emakhaya. Kufuneka nabo bafunde kwizikolo ezifunda
abanye kungekuko kwizokolo ezizodwa ezifana noSt Thomas e Woodlands. Ubhalo
sifumanisa ukuba yidlela esinxulumana ngayo. Abantu abangakwaziyo ukuthetha nabo
basebenzisa ukubhala. Inkathazo kubo yeyokuba ukuba akukwazi ukuthetha nhezandla
sukuba saqala, kuba uyakuthi uthetha le kanti uthetha enye into. Ababhali bencwadi,
ababhali nje ukuba sifunde bayathetha nabafundi ngendlela ngendlela. Bayathetha
ngezibongo mhlawumbi umntu othile obalulekileyo uthe wasishiya, akuthulwa emveni
kokuba esishiyile, iimbongi zizakuvela macala onke zimbonge ngomlomo nangosiba zixela
imisebenzi yakhe. Bayithethe kamnandi bathi uwile umthi omkhulu. Kwezi ncwadi
abafundi bayafundiswa , bavuswa kwinto ebengayiboni njalo.
Kwakhona xa kubhalwa akubhalwa nje. Lukhona uhlobo olusetyenziswayo lokubhala.

Umzekelo isihloko sinjani. Sijonge isivakalisi osisebenzisileyo, zide okanye zifutshane.
Sijonge imihlathi iyanxibelelana na, sijonge nezangotshe ozisebenzisileyo. Nokuba ukhona
na umyalezo kulento uyibhalileyo.
Phambi kobhalo kuqala kubekho intetho kuqala. Loo nto siyibona ngaphakathi kwigumbi
lokufundela esikolweni. Utishala nabantwana bayathetha emveni kwentetho kubekho
ubhalo. Kwakhona ubhalo nentetho silubona kwinkundla zamatyala. Apho siba nomantyi,
umtshutshisi, nommangalelwa okanye ummangali. Umtshutshisi uyabuza kummangali
okanye ummangalelwa , aphendule obuzwayo ngomlomo, umantyi yena kwelakhe icala
uyabhala ezi zinto zithethwayo ukuze athi xa agwebayo agwebe ngokwempendulo.
Xa ndigqibezela ndigxininisa kakhulu kwintetho ethi ukubhala kubalulekile. Ukuba

besingenalo ngesingenayo le nto kuthiwa zincwadi. Ngesingazazi nezinto ezaziqhubeka
105
kudala ngoku sizazi ngenxa yobhalo kuba zaye zagcineka. Umzekelo yiBhayibhile
esinqwanqwadayo ebomini bethu.
106
ISAHLUKO 4
4.1 UHLAHLELO LWENKCAZO YEZENTLALO KUBHALO LWESIXHOSA

NJENGOHLOBO LOMBHALO
Intshayelelo
Kwesi sahluko kuza kuthi kuhlahlelwe amanqaku amahlanu eBona yesiXhosa, aqokelelwe
kwiiBona zale minyaka mibini ilandelayo owe-1999 kunye nowe -2000 kwinyanga
ezahlukeneyo. Amabali lawo ahamba ngolu hlobo: UDube wazakhela umzi ngemali
yokuthengisa iitapile, umzingisi akanashwa. uLucky ubulela kuThixo. Oomama besizwe
sethu, no ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka. Phambi kokuba
sihlahlele, u Grabe kunye no Kaplan (1996:202) bathi babachazele abafundi ngokubhala.
Lo mba wokubhala uthi uphicothwe ngokwenkcazo yenzululwazi ngeentlanga ngokubhala.
Imicimbi ezintlobontlobo ethi iphakanyiswe yile nkcazo yeenzululwazi ngeentlanga iza
kucingwa kude kube sekugqibeleni ngofundo nemithetho jikelele nemigaqo yohlalelo
lobuchule bokubhala neemeko zokubhala. Inkqubo eyinkcazo yokuthethwa kolwimi
idibanisa ulwazi, intiaio nomthetho ngokubhala ngengcinga yokubhala. U Witte (1992)
echatshulwa ngu Grabe no Kaplan (1986:203) uyakungqina oku. Injongo yokudityaniswa
kwemithetho yokubhala kukuba sikwazi ukubhala. Xa ubani ebhala uthi azame ukulandela
le mibuzo isisiseko sokubhala ethi, ngubani, obhalayo, ntoni, kubani kunye nongeziphi
iinjongo. limpendulo ezikwimigaqo yohlalelo kulo mbuzo zizo ezithi zenze isiseko
senkqaku lephephandaba I Bona kwesi sahluko.
4.2 IZAKHIWO ZEMIBA YOKUBHALA: IMIBA YOKUBHALA
Izakhiwo eziphambili ezizezona zenkcazelo ngokubhekiselele kwimiba yokubhala

idibanisa izixhobo zokubhala ekuziseni unxibelelwano phakathi kwezivakalisi kunye
nemihlathi ekubhaleni ngokwemigaqo yale miba, esona sazulu esitsolisayo sophando
sikwisenzo okanye inkqubo yokubhala, ethi idibanise zonke iimvumelwano, abathi
ababhali bavumelane ngazo xa bebhala. Zithi ke zidibanise uvimba wolwazi
ngokulandelelana, ubuciko bocwangciso bolwazi, intetho ethi ivalwe ngobuchule, izichazi -
magama, izichazi magama ezikhetiweyo kunye nezinye
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I. Uhlahlelo Iwenkgaku lokugala

Udube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile. Dube built his House on
potatoes.
Umba : wokubhala
Inkcazo yohlalelo Iwesihloko
Eli nkqaku linika umzekelo wamaxesha amaninzi apho isiqalo sesivakalisi sisebenza
njengesihloko sesivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha intetho yesihloko iphuhliswa libinzana
okanye ligatya elithi lichaze ngesihloko eso. Umhlaba wokuhlahlelwa kwenkcazo yesihloko
ubonakala kakuhle kwisihloko senqaku esithi " Udube wazakhela umzi ngemali
yokuthengisa iitapile"." Dube built his House on potatoes". Igatya elithi uDube
wazakhela umzi sisihloko sesivakalisi. Esi sivakalisi siphuhliswe leli gatya lilandelayo
ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile ( profit gained from selling potatoes). Lithi lisebenze
njengenkcazo yesihloko eso. Umsebenzi wale nkcazo kukucacisa ngakumbi imizamo
eyenziwe ngumfo ka Dube ukuze akwazi ukwakha indlu.
Kumhlathi wokuqala xa kanye umbhali aqala inkqaku lakhe usibonisa imbono

yokuhlahlelwa kwama gqabantshintshi esihloko ngolu hlobo, ukuthengisa iitapile
endaweni enye iminyaka engama-28 edlulileyo, amaxesha amaninzi ufumana inzuzo
ephantsi, kuncede uNkosinathi Dube ukuba azakhele indlu enamagumbi okulala
amahlanu, afundise nabantwana bakhe. (Selling potatoes on the same spot for the last
28 years, often at paltry profit margins, has enabled Nkosinathi Dube to built a five-
bedroomed house as well as educate his seven children). Isihloko sesi sivakalisi sithi,
ukuthengia iitapile endaweni enye,( selling potatoes on the same spot). Inkcazo yesi
sihloko yile, iminyaka engama -28 edlulileyo, amaxesha amaninzi, ufumana umvuzo
ophantsi, kuncede uNkosinathi Dube ukuba azakhele indlu enamagumbi okulala
amahlanu , afundise nabantwana bakhe,( for the last 28 years, often at paltry profit
margins, has enabled Nkosinathi Dube to built a five- bedroomed house as well as
educate his seven children). Le nkcazo isigqabazela ngomonde nokunyamezela kuka
Dube. Eyona nto umbhali asityhilele yona kukuba ekunyamezeleni kukho umvuzo.
Ukunyamezela kuvezwa ngeminyaka ethathwe nguDube ethengisa iitapile. Kwakhona
sivezelwa umonde ngenzuzo ephantsi ebeyifumana uDube. Kwintloko ethi, emva
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kweminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha indlu yakhe, yatsha yangumthuthu

xa kawkugquba udushe lezopolitiko ngo- 1992.(the eight years of blood, sweat and toil
that went into building his home went up in smoke when political violence in 1992 saw his
home completely razed to the ground). Yimbono ebonisa uchasaniso kwingcamango
yentloko yokuqala. emva kweminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha indlu
yakhe, yatsha yangumthuthu (the eight years of blood, sweat and toil that went into
building his home went up in smoke). Le ntetho ibhekisa kwintlungu eyafunyanwa ngumfo
ka Dube emva kokutsha komzi wakhe. Kwakwesisivakalisi, eli binzana lisebenza
njengentloko ngelixesha intetho echazayo ibonisa imo yonxunguphalo, xa kwakugquba
udushe lezopolitiko ngo 1992.( when political violence in 1992 saw his home completely
razed to the ground).
Okokugqibela umbhali usixelela ukuba, uDube uhlala elithemba lamawakawaka abantu

abafuna umsebenzi elizweni. ( Dube stands out as a beacon of hope for the thousands
of unemployed job- seekers in the country). Umbhali usebenzisa Ie ntetho ezama
ukugxiininisa into yokuba xa uziphuhlisa, akuphuhlisi wena kuphela kuloko uphuhlisa
nabanye, umzekelo ngulo wokuba ulutsha malungahlali emakhaya lube zindlobongela,
bafumana into yokwenza. Kwesi sivakalisi ibinzana elithi, uDube uhlala elithemba
lawakawaka abantu abafuna umsebenzi elizweni. ( Dube stands out as a beacon of
hope for the thousands of unemployed job- seekers in the country). Isihloko sesi sivakalisi
sigxininisa ngakumbi ekuthembekeni. Abantu abafuna umsebenzi elizweni yinkcazo
yesihloko '(unemployed job seekers in the country) yinkcazo yesihloko.
Ukughubela phambili kwesihloko ngamagama awakha isicatshulwa sethu
Kwisicatshulwa soloko kukho ibinza sibizo elisiloko likhankanywa. Eli binza sibizo
liphuhlisa imbono yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko. Ngalo ndlela umbhali ugxininisa umxholo
weli nqaku abhala ngalo. Kwisicatshulwa esithi,' Udube wazakhela umzi ngemali
yokuthengisa iitapile"." Dube built his House on potatoes". Umbhali apha usebenzisa
ibinza senzi elibhekisele ekuthengiseni iitapile ngendlela ezahlukileyo. Ngaphandle kweli
gama, ' ukuthengisa, seiling', umbhali uyaqhubekeka ukusebenzisa amagama athile
kwisicatshulwa athetha into enye nokuthengisa anje ngala, ' ukusebenza, eshishina,
nokuziphilisa.
Oku sikufumana kumhlathi wesi-9 apho sixelelwa ukuba,' nangona ishishini lakhe
lingekakhuli libelikhulu ,u Dube sele evule amathuba emisebenzi kule ndawo apho
109
imisebenzi inqabe kakhulu. (although his business has not yet boomed into a major
enterprise, Dube is already creating employment opportunities in an area where jobs are
extremely scarce). UDube akathanga akube ephumelele wajongana nendlu yakhe kuphela
uye wazihlupha nangabanye abantu ukuba nabo mababe kule ndawo akuyo. Ukuba
wonke umntu onakho ebenokulandelaeli khondo lika Dube bekungayi kubakho mntu
uhlelelekileyo elizweni. Kananjalo besingayi kuba nabo aba bantu kuthiwa zizaphula
mthetho elizweni. Le nto ibinokuthoba ubundlobongela kuba wonke umntu unento
yokwenza.
KwaXhosa kuthiwa isandla esiphayo sisikelelekile, ngokuvula kwakhe isandla u Dube

uThixo uya kumvuza. Oku sikubona kumhlathi weshumi elinesine apho saziswa ukuba,
uDube uhlala enenjongo ngekamva lakhe,uthi ishishini lakhe linyanzelekile ukuba
lande, ingakumbi ukuba uza kuba nenqwelo mafutha yakhe. (Dube nevertheless
remains optimistic about the future, stating that his business is bound to expand,
particulary if he is able to obtain his own transport). Ngoku akazukuthengisa ekuhlaleni
kuphela uzama indlela yokuzihambisa nakwezinye iindawo. Ngolohlobo uzama ukuxhasa
ilizwe lonke. Ekunqwneleni kwakhe inqwelo mafutha uzama ukufumana uncedo
kwamanye amazwe. Ezi anazo unanisa ngazo.
Kwakumhlathi wokugqibela uDube uyasixhobisa ngokuthi, 'nabanina angakwazi ukuza

neembono zokuphilisa ngendlela eyiyo, (anyone will then be able to come up with
nokucingisisa,(all
.-
creative ideas on how to earn a honest living). Utsho esithi 'into oyifunayo kukuzimela
you need is determination and serious thought). Ungumntu kufuneka
ube nenjongo ebomini ungatyi usakugqiba ulale. Kufuneka uvuke uzenzele. Oko ukwenza
ngokudibana nabantu nibone ukuba ningenza ntoni na ukuziphuhlisa.
IIwazi olunikiweyo nolutsha
Xa sifunda isicatshulwa sinolwazi esinalo kakade, kunye nolwazi esiluzuza ngokufunda

isicatshulwa. Xa sijonga isakhiwo senqaku, umbhalo osisihloko iyohluka kokuqulathwe
ngaphakathi. Umbhalo wesihloko ubhalwe ngonobumbha abakhulu ze isiqu sibhalwe
ngonobumba abancinci, kufakelwe onobumbha abakhulu apho bafuneka khona. Kodwa
zikhona ezinye izihloko ezithi zibhalwe ngamagama angqindilili njengesi, uDube
wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile, (Dube built his house on potatoes) olu
bhalo lulo oluthi lutsale umfundi kwinkqaku elo. Kunjalo nje ufumane ukuba esi sihloko
sinomdla sikushiya uzibuza imibuzo enje ngale,' wayezithengisa njani yena'?Luhlobo luni
110
Iwetapile olu? Emveni kwale mibuzo uye ube nomdla wokufunda inkqaku elo kuba ufuna
ukwazi ukuba wayezithengisa njani. Ngokufunda kwakho inqaku ufumana ulwazi olutsha,
udibanise kolu ubunalo engqondweni. Zonke iingxaki nezisombululo ezibhalwe
kwisicatshulwa zisichazela ngakumbi kulento umfundi ebesele eyazi. Abafundi abaninzi
bayathanda ukufunda amanqaku azisa ingxaki. Aba bafundi baye babe nomdla kwindlela
eza kuthi isonjululwe ngayo le ngxaki. Kwesi sicatshulwa, 'uDube wazakhela umzi
ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile, (Dube built his house on potatoes), ingxaki umfundi
uyifumana kwalapha kwisihloko, le yokungabi nandlu. Ngxaki leyo eyenzeka kuba
engafumani msebenzi, msebenzi lowo angawufumaniyo kuba engafundanga. Enye ingxaki
esithi sidibane nayo yile yokutshiswa kwendlu yakhe ngabantu bepolitiki, ukungafundiswa
kwabantwana ngabazali kuba bengasebenzi, bengenamali. Eyokugqibela yile
yokukhethwa kwemisebenzi ngabantu. Isisombululo yena athe wanaso kukulima
athengise iitapile ukuze akwazi ukuphila.
U Rhulumente ezi ngxaki sidibana nazo apha uxakeke zizo. Kule yokungafundi kwabantu
ngexesha abesakukhula ngalo uvule u ABET ( Adult basic education and training), apho
baqeqeshwa kubuchule bezandla. Kwicala lendawo yokuhlala uyabakhela abantu
abangaphangeliyo abanemivuzo ephantsi. Kwabo batshisa izindlu umthetho uthatha
indawo kuba 100 nto ayidibananga nomgaqo siseko wezopolitiko. Xa ubani enokuthi
ajonge esi sicatshulwa singentla, umbhali wesicatshulwa usebenza njengomhambisi
okanye umntu onika ulwazi aze yena umfundi kulo mba ajongwe njengomamkeli wolwazi.
Unxulumano lomxholo nembali
Kwisicatshulwa esithi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yetapile,( Dube built his house
on potatoes). Unxulumano lomxholo nembali luzekeliswa kuluhlu Iwezivakalisi. Kukho
ukudibana okuthile phakathi kwembono kunye nolunye lohlelo Iwenkcazo yesihloko,
kubalulekile ukuqaphela oko.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wonxulumano Iwembali uqongakala kwisihloko esithi, uDube

wazakhela umzi ngemali yetapile,( Dube built his house on potatoes). Igatya lokugqibela
elithi, ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile,( on potatoes), kwesi sihloko lisebenza
njengembhali yesi sivakalisi. Umfundi uza kuyiqwalasela into yokuba igatya elithi, uDube
wazakhela indlu, (Dube built his house) Lelona liyintloko okanye lingumxholo wesi
sivakalisi. Kwakhona eli gatya lisebenza njengentloko okanye umxholo weli nqaku xa
lilonke. Loo nto ithetha ukuba igatya elithi, ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile,(on potatoes),
111
yimbali, kukunaba kwesithethi, okanye kwinqaku ebeqale kulo umbhali (umxholo) elithi,
uDube wazakhela indlu (Dube built his house).
Kwimizekelo emininzi umxholo uthatha ingongoma eyintloko. Kwisivakalisi esithi, indlu

yamaphupha ka Dube, eyayixabisa R50,OOO ayisaqaqambanga kwaDlangezwa
njengangaphambili, (Dube's dream house worth 50,000 no longer stands majestically, as
it once did at Dlanngezwa), ibinzana elithi, indlu yamaphupha kaDube,( Dube's dream
house), ngumxholo okanye kulapho isuka khona intetho yombhali, ngelixa igatya elithi,
eyayixabisa R50,OOO ayisaqaqambanga kwaDlangezwa njengangaphambili, (Dube's
dream house worth 50,000 no longer stands majestically, as it once did at
Dlanngezwa),yimbali siyabaliselwa. Imbali iphuma kumxholo, okanye kwingongoma
eyintloko, iyichaza ngokuphandle into eyenzeka kwindlu ka Dube.
Okokugqibela imbhali ngomxholo ifumaneka kumhlathi wesibini kwisivakalisi esithi, emva

kweminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha indlu yakhe ,yatsha yangumthuthu,
xa kwakuduba udushekwezopolitiko ngo- 1992,( the eight years of blood, sweat and toil
that went into building his home went up in smoke when political violence in 1992 saw his
home completely razed to the ground). Imbali ibe iyile isichazela ukuba izokutsha xa
kutheni. Xa kwakugquba udushe Iwezopolitiko ngo 1992.( when political violence in
1992). Xa siyichaza imbali singathi inika ingcaciso ngomxholo.
Unxulumano olugwalasela iingcinga ezifunekayo
Abafundi kwisicatshulwa basenokufumana ulwazi olugxininisiweyo nolunye oluthathwa

njengolucingelayo nolwandulelayo. Kwizinto ezihlayo ezininzi, ababhali bazakusebenzisa
izimelabizo imvumelwano ezingathathicala nezicacise iimbono ngokwazo ezinxulumene
neengcinga ezifunekayo. Kumhlathi wesihlanu umbhalo uyasixelela ukuba, kodwa
ngekhe sikwazi ukumelana naloo nto. (but we were unable to afford it). 010 Iwazi
Iwenzelwe ukuqwalasela le ngxoxo okanye landulelwe yiloo nto umbhali ayithethayo
ngentombi yakhe kwalapha ekuqaleni kwisivakalisi. Okokuqala umbhali uxoxa nto yokuba,
uDube uthe eyona nto ingamandla nebalulekileyo kukubhatalela imfundo
yabantwana bakhe. .. wongeze ngelithi intombi yakhe ibifuna ukwenza izifundo
zobugqirha,(Dube said his most urgent priority now is to fund his children's education ...
he added that his daughter wanted to study medicine). Olu Iwazi luthathwa njengolwazi
olwandulela ingxoxo ezayo. Lo ngxoxo yile, kodwa ngekhe sikwazi ukumelana naloo
nto,(but we were unable to afford it). Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi wesibini usebenzise
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uhlobo lokukhankanya egxininisa,ukuwatshabalalisa amaphupha akhe( may have spelt

total ruin for ordinary mortals), negatya kodwa lalifanele (may have spelt). Ukucingela
nokuqwalasela ingxoxo yakhe ekukutshabalalisa amaphupha akhe. Ngamanye amazwi
kwesi sivakalisi sithi,ilishwa elinjalo lalifanele ukuwatshabalalisa amaphupha akhe,
kodwa akuzange kube njalo kuDube (such a tragedy may have spelt total ruin for
ordinary mortals, but not for Dube). Eli gatya, iIishwa elinjalo lalifanele (such a tragedy
may have spelt), landulela ukuwatshabalalisa amaphupha akhe( total ruin for ordinary
mortals). Ngokusenyanisweni wayefanele ukungabi namdla kukwakha indlu usebenza
nzima ize ivele iphele ngomzuzwana ibengathi khange ibekho.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezimelabizo
Ababhali bayakwazi ukusebenzisa izimelabizo kwimvumelwano ezizezabo nezingathathi

cala, ukucacisa imbono yonxulumano engqamene nengcinga ezifunekayo. Kumhlathi
wesine sifumana isivakalisi esithi, uDube uthe eyona nto ingamandla nebalulekileyo
kukubhatalela imfundo yabantwana bakhe (Dube said his most urgent priority now is to
fund his children's education). Ibinza elichazayo liqulethe isimelabizo eyona (his)
sandulelwe lungqamano Iwesicatshulwa esithi, uye wakwazi ukwakha indlu
enamagumbi okulala amabini exabisa iR20.000.(he has since managed to erect a two
bed roomed structure valued at R20.000). ibinzana elithi eyona nto ingamandla ( his
urgent priority), liphuhlise ukubaluleka kwemfundo yabantwana bakhe nangaphezulu
kwala ngxoxo yandulelayo iyilandlu ayakhileyo.
Kumhlathi wesithandathu sifumana isivakalisi apho umbhali achaza okaDuke ngolu

hlobo,iyaqondakala into yokuba uDube azimesele ukuba afundise abantwana bakhe
kuba yena akazange alifumane ithuba lokuya esikolweni, (Dube's emphasis on his
children's education is understandable, especially since He was never afforded the
opportunity of going to school). Apha umbhali uyagxininisa, kuba umbhali usebenzisa
uDube no yena,( Dube and He). Le ngxoxo ivela kumhlathi olandelayo ngolu hlobo.
Ndandinyanzelekile ukuba ndithengise iitapile ukuze ndiziphilise kuba njengoko
ndingafundanga ndandingenakufumana umsebenzi omhle. ( I was forced to sell potatoes
for a living because without an education I could not find a good job). Umbhali apha
ugxininisa ukuba uDube wayenyanzelekile ukuba athengise iitapile kuba ngolo hlobo
wayezama indlela yokuphila njengomntu owasibalekayo isikolo. Le ndawo yandulelwa
yingxoxo yokuba uDube uthengisa iitapile(to sell potatoes). Aba NDl bagxininisa ukuba
uDube makazizamele ukuze aphile ebomini.
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Ukwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa
Le mbono iza kuchazwa ngokuthi kujongwe izinto ezithi zibe negalelo kwindlela
ezibonakala ngayo izicatshulwa. Ezo zinto zezi: intetho, ukusetyenziswa kwento endaweni
yenye, ushiyo,izihlanganisi, uphindaphindo, uquko nokudityaniswa kwamagama.
Intetho
Kwisicatshulwa esithi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile( Dube

built his house on potatoes), intetho iboniswe kule mihlathi ilandelayo: 4,5,6,8,9, 12, 14,
15 no 18.
Kumhlathi wesine, kwibinzana elithi, eyona nto (most) lisebenza njengentetho. Le ntetho
ibhekisele kumxholo okanye isihloko sesicatshulwa esithi, uDube wazakhela indlu (Dube
built his House). Kumhlathi wesithathu siyaxelelwa ukuba uye wakwazi ukwakha indlu
enamagumbni amabini axabisa iR20.000( He has since managed to erect a Two bed
roomed house currently valued at R20.000. uphawu Iwentetho oluthi eyona nto ( most)
luhamba nesivakalisi esithi siphuhlise ukubaluleka kwemfundo yabantwana bakaDube.
Olu phawu Iwentetho Iwenza uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezi zivakalisi zibini. Eyona
nto ingamandla nebalulekileyo kukubhatalela imfundo yabantwana bakhe (Dube said
his most urgent priority now is to fund his children's education).abazakuthi ngayo bakwazi
ukufumana umsebenzi ophucukileyo.
Kumhlathi wesihlanu, uphawu Iwentetho luboniswe ngebinzana elithi, nalo nto ( to afford
it). Olu phawu Iwentetho lumele isivakalisi esingaphambili. Kwesi sivakalisi umbhali
usixelela ukuba, wongeza ngelithi intombi yakhe ibifuna ukwenza izifundo
zobugqirha (He added that his daughter wanted to study medicine). Umbhali usebenzise
ibinzana nalo nto (to afford it) obhekisele kwizifundo zobugqirha abangakwazi ukumelana
nazo.
Kumhlathi wesithandathu isimelabizo u yena (He) sibhekiselele kwisimelabizo u Dube

esikhankanyiweyo kwalapha ekuqalekeni kumhlathi wesithandathu. Oku sikubona kwesi
sivakalisi iyaqondakala into yokuba uDube azimesele ukuba afundise abantwana
bakhe kuba yena akazange alifumane ithuba lokuya esikolweni, (Dube's emphasis on
his children's education is understandable, especially since he was never afforded the
opportunity of going to school). Kwakhona umbhali unobuchule ekusebenziseni uphawu
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lokuthetha elingu kule (in) kwimihlathi emibini owesithoba noweshumi elinesine. Kule
mihlathi uphawu lokuthetha luneeda ekukhankanyweni kwegama elinye apha
kwisicatshulwa. Kule mihlathi yomibini u kule(in) ubhekisa kwindawo ahiala kuyo uDube
ebizwa ngokuba nguDlangezwa. Kumhlathi wesithoba sixelelwa ukuba uDube uvule
ishishini kule ndawo. Kumhlathi weshumi elinesine sixelelwa ukuba uqhuba ukhuphiswano
nabanye abarhwebi kule ndawo.
Kumhlathi wesibhozo umbhali usebenzise isimelabizo zoquko.ukonke no bonke (in all

and they all). Zozibini ezi zimelabizo zibhekiselele kwizinto ebezikhe zakhankanywa
ngaphambili ukunqanda uphindaphindo. Umzekelo u konke umele oku kulandelayo,
ukusebenza kwisilarha sikayise, ishishini lakhe, usebenza emasimini omwoba, ukuba
ngumfundisi kwieawa yaseZion, ukwakha indlu nokufundisa abantwana bakhe. Kanti ke
ubonke yena umele inkosikazi nabantwana abahlanu. Umbhali ukwenze konke oku
kungasentla ejonge umgaqo wokubhalwa kwesieatshulwa othi imihlathi mayibe
mifutshane. Ukuba uphinda phinda izinto, ebeza kutsho ngomhlathi omde.
Isichazi sothelekiso nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithile endaweni yelithile
Isiehazi sothelekiso nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithile endaweni yelithile ziyadibana

kakhulu. Zombini zisetyenziswa ngexesha elinye. Oku sikubona kumhlathi wesine
kumazwi athi,ababini kubo sele bepase imatriki (two of them have already passed
matrie). Ibinzana elithi ababini kubo (two of them) liyathelekisa abantwana bakaDube.
Olu thelekiso lueaea kwizigqibo zakhe athi azithathe zokuba abhatalele abantwana bakhe
abahlanu. Kwintetho yakhe uyasiehazela ukuba intombi ufuna ukuba ngumongikazi,
unyana wakhe opase imatriki umneedisa eshishinini. Le ntetho ethi bobabini kubo (two of
them) isebenza njengegama elimeie abantwana bakaDube abaehaze kumhlathi
wesibhozo.
Kumhlathi wokuqala kwakhona umbhali usebenzise intetho ethi, endaweni enye (at the
same spot) ukutyhila imbono yokuthelekisa neyokumela. Umbhali usebenzise endaweni
enye (at the same spot) ethelekisa lendawo nezinye iindawo. Umzekelo uthethile
ngendawo ezifana neMpangeni neNgoye. Usebenzise kwakhona u -enye (same) omele
uDlangezwa. Kwakhona umbhali usebenzise intetho ethi, yamahla ndinyuka no yatsha
yangumthuthu (of blood, sweat and toil and went up in smoke). Apha siehazelwa
ngemizamo kaDube esakha indlu, oku kuzama kuthelekiswa nokutshiswa kwendlu ka
Dube ibe luthuthu ngexesha lezopolitiko. Kwakhona olu thelekiso siluboniswa kumghlathi
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wesixhenxe apho umbhali asibonisa ukuba uDube wayethenga ethengisa ( buying

potatoes he seils). Umbhali usichazela ukuba uDube ebethenga iingxowa zetapile
ezikufutshane aze azithengise afumane inzuzo ye R2 kwingxowa nganye. Kwakhona
sifumana umelo Iwamagama kumhlathi wesibhozo. Olu melo silufumana kwintetho ethi,
kuko konke akwenzileyo ebomini (in all that he has accomplished in life). Apha ke
umbhali uyasixelela ukuba yonke lento ayenzileyo uyenze ngamandla awafumene
kuThixo. Kanjalo siyaxelelwa kumhlathi ongaphambili ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokuba
ngumfundisi wecawa yaseZion. Xa umbhali esebenzisa le ntetho ithi, kuko konke (in all
that) ushwankathela zonke izinto athe wanamandla okuzenza ezifana nokwakha indlu,
ukufundisa abantwana bakhe njalo njalo. Ubunzima adlule kubo uDube buyadibana
nobufundisi. Njengamntu oza komeleza iintliziyo zabantu ezityumkileyo kufuneka abe
ubuvile ubunzima.
Izihlanganisi
Umbhali usebenzise izihlanganisi ukuhlanganisa izivakalisi. Umbhali usebenzise

isihlanganisi u xa (when) kumhlathi wesibini. Oku sikubona kwesi sivakalisi silandelayo,
emva kweminyaka esibhozo yamahlandinyuka esakha indlu yakhe, yatsha
yangumthuthu xa kwakugquba udushe Iwezopolitiko ng01992. ( the eight years of
blood, sweat and toil that went into building his home went up in smoke when political
violence in 1992 saw his home completely razed to the ground). U xa kwesi sivakalisi
singentla usixelela ngexesha nonobangela wokutsha kwendlu kaDube. Isihlanganisi
ukodwa (but) sisetyenziswe kumhlathi wesibini nakumhlathi wesihlanu, umzekelo ngulo,
iiishwa elinjalo lalifanele ukuwatshabalalisa amaphupha akhe kodwa akuzange kube
njalo,kuDube. ( such a tragedy may have spelt total ruin for ordinary mortalsm but not for
Dube). wongeza ngelithi intombi yakhe ibifuna ukwenza izifundo zobugqirha (He
added that his daughter wanted to study medicine). U kodwa (but)kwezi zivakalisi zibini
ugxininisa into yokuba into ebifaneie ukwenzeka kwisivakalisi esingaphambili ayikwazanga
ukwenzeka.
Kumhlathi wesithandathu umbhali usebenzise u ukuba no kuba (since and because) oku
sikuva xa esithi : iyabonakala into yokuba uDube azimisele ukuba bafunde
abantwana bakhe, kuba yena akazange alifumane ithuba lokuya esikolweni (Dube's
emphasis on his children's education is understandable - especially he was never
afforded the opportunity of going to school). Ezi zihlanganisi zisibonisa uchasaniso
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olwenzeka emfundweni phakathi kwabantwana notata. Apha siqondiswa ngotata ofundisa

abantwana bakhe kuba yena engakhange akwazi ukufunda.
Kwakulomhlathi wesithandathu sifumana kwa ezi zihlanganisi, ukuba, ukuze, kuba

nenjongo,. "ndandinyanzelekile ukuba ndithengise iitapile ukuze ndiziphilise kuba
njengoko ndingafundanga ndandingenakufumana umsebenzi omhle, (I was forced
toselI potatoes for a living because without an education I could not find a good job). Ezi
zihlanganisi ziyagxininisa, ziyakhankanya, ziyaqondisa ngento eyayiqhubeka kananjalo
ukuba kwakutheni umbhali athengise iitapile.
Kwisiqwengane sesixhenxe kusetyenziswe izihlanganisi u de (until) no aze (which)

kukhankanywa kubalulwa umsebenzi kaDube. Oku kuboniswa zezi zivakalisi, uDube uye
wasebenza kwisilarha sikaYise esakhula de watshata xa wayenaminyaka engama -
21. ishishini lakhe aliqhubayo laqala ngokuthenga iingxowa zeetapile kwivenkile
enkulu ekufdutshane aze azithengise afumane inzuzo yeR2 kwingxowa nganye. (
until his marriage at the age of 21, Dube worked at his father's butchery. His current
business initiative sees him buying potatoes from a nearby wholesaler store which he sells
at a profit for R2 a bag).
U nangona (that) kumhlathi wesibhozo usichazela into eqhubekayo phakathi koDube

noThixo wakhe ngala mazwi, ukholelwa ekubeni uThixo wakhe umncede kuko konke
akwenzileyo ebomini nangona efumana imali encinci emsebenzini wakhe,(he
strongly believes that God has helped him in all that he has accomplished in life despite
his modest profession).
Izikhombisi
_Kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali uzisebenzisile izikhombisi ukufumana uqhagamshelwano

Iwesibizo okanye uqhagamshelwano Iwesivakalisi. Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo ziqulethwe
sesi sicatshulwa lo somashishini (the irrespressible businessman). Esi sikhombisi
sichaza uDube onegama elitsha elingusomashsihini ngenxa yokuthengisa kwakhe iitapile.
U kule ndawo (in an area) sisikhombisi esichaza indawo enguDlongezwa apho uDube
aqhubela khona ishishini lakhe leetapile. U lo nto ( its all in the mind ) uchaza uDube
ochazwa njengolithemba kubantu abaninzi kangangokuba eyiqhelile kuthiwa
seyisengqondweni. Ezi zikhombisi umbhali entethweni yakhe. Zigxininisa kumxholo
okanye kwintloko yesicatshulwa. Kwalapho kwisicatshulwa ikhona enye indlela
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yokugxininisa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izikhombisi ebizwa ngokuba luphinda phindo.

Oko sizakuchazelwa kakuhle phantsi kwesihloko esithi uphindaphindo.
Uphindaphindo
Umbhali usebenzisa uphinda-phindo ukuzama ukugxininisa umba othile okanye efuna

ukuphuhlisa injongo ethile. Kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usebenzisa iphinda-phindo
ukuphuhlisa ukuba umntu akathi ukuze abe nemali okanye aphangela, aqeshwe
ngumlungu. Umntu ngamnye imali ilapha ezandleni zakhe. Oku kuboniswa luphinda -
phindo olusetyenziswa ngumbhali kumagama athi ukuthengisa iitapile. Eli binzana
libonakala kane kwisicatshulwa kule mihlathi ilandelayo, 1,3, nowe 7. kumhlathi wo-1
umbhail usichazela imeko ka Dube ngolu hlobo ukuthengisa iitapile endaweni enye
(selling potatoes at the same sopt). Umbhali usixelela ukuba xa uqala ishishini uqala
ngemali ephantsi. Apha siyeva ukuba umbhali waqala nge R5 awayeyiphiwe ngumakhulu
wakhe, kanjalo akulindeli nzuzo ininzi, oku kungqinwa ngala mazwi, amaxesha amaninzi
ufumana inzuzo ephantsi. Emva kweminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha
indlu yakhe, (often at paltry profit margins., the eight years of blood and sweatand toil that
went into building his home). Apha umbhali usibonisa ukuba ubomi ngumzamo. Kule
malana incinci abeyifumana ukwazile ukwakha indlu, yonke 100 nto yenzeke ngokuthi 100
mali ayifumanayo ayilondoloze. UDube wasebenza kwisilarha sikayise esakhula de

watshata xa, wayeneminyaka eng ama 21 (at the age of 21). Apha siboniswa ukuba
ukufunda ayikukokufunda incwadi kuphela, apha sibona uDube efunda indlela efunda
indlela yokuziphilisa ngokushishina. Yiyo 100 nto athe akuba emdala wazivulela elakhe
ishishini lokuthengisa iitapile. Emva kweminyaka engama -28 eshishina (after 28 years
in business). UDube unika amacebo abantu abangasebenziyo basekuhlaleni ngakumbi
ulutsha. Ngendlela yokuphila bayeke ubundlobongela. Ubabonisa nento yokuba xa
ungasebenziyo nemali ayizi kubakho.
Omnye umzekelo wophinda phindo ubonakala kumhlathi woku -1.2. nowe3 apho umbhali
asixelela ngokuziphucula kuka Dube ngemali yetapile. Ukuba azakhele indlu
enamagumbi okulala amahlanu. (to build a five bed roomed house). Kumhlathi wesibini
sixellelwa ixabiso lendlu, indlu yamaphupha kaDube eyayixabisa i R50.000 ( Dube's
dream house, worth 50.000). kwakulo mhlathi mnye sixelelwa ngento eyenzeke kule ndlu
indlu yakhe yatsha yangumthuthu (his house went up in smoke). Apha ke umbhali
uzama ukusibonisa ukuba ungumntu iba khona imimoya ebhudlayo kodwa ukuba
uzimiseie yonke 100 nto iba ngamampunge. Oku kungatyhafi sikuva xa umbhali athi, uye
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wakwazi ukwakha indlu enexabiso enamagumbi okulala amabini exabisa iR20.000.

(he has since managed to erect a two bedroomed structure currently at R20.000). Eli
gama abantwana (children) nalo liyaphindaphindwa njengokuba livela kule mihlathi
ilandelayo owe 4 nowe 6 oku sikuva kwintetho yakhe,uDube uthe eyona nto ingamandla
nebalulekileyo kukubhatalela imfundo yabantwana bakhe, ( Dube said his most urgent
priority now is to fund his children's education). Iyaqondakala into yokuba uDube
uzimiseie ukuba abantwana bakhe (dube's emphasis on his childrens education is
understandable). UDube apha ugxininisa ekubeni njengokuba engafundanga nje uza
kufundisa abantwana bakhe. Siyazi ukuba xa uthe wafundisa abantwana ufundisa isizwe.
Kwakhona igama imatriki,(matric) liyavela kumhlathi wesi - 4 nowe5ngolu hlobo. Ababini

kubo sele bepase imatriki, (two of them have already completed matric). Unyana
wakhe uphumelele imatriki kulo nyaka uphelileyo. ( his only son, who matriculated last
year). Ubepase no ophumelele zizifanokuthi, umbhali apha usicebisa ukuba kwimizamo
yabafundi mabazamele ukuba wonke umntu abe nayo imatriki kuba isisitshixo sokuvula
zonke iingcango zemfundo.
Simbona umbhali kwakhona elusebenzisa kwakhona uphindaphindo kwigama elingu-

shishini (business) amaxesha amaninzi kule mihlathi ilandelayo owe 3.5.7 nowe .8ngolu
hlobo lo somashishini ( businessman) apha isibizo esithi ishishini simntwisiwe saba ngu
ngusomashishini (business). Umntu xa ethanda 100 nto yaye ezimisele kuyo
engatyhalwa kuyo ude abizwe ngayo. Uyancedisa kwishishini lakhe (his business stall).
Apha umbhali usebenzise isimnini , ubhala enjenje, uDube uthi ngemalana encinci
engange R20.00 ungakwazi ukuqala ishishini. ( Dube says that as little as R20 could
currently launch a small scale business initiative.
U shishini (business) apha usetyenziswe njengesibizo. Oku sikubona kulamagama

izifundo zoshishino (business cources) ukulondolozwa kwemali yoshishino ( the
meintanance of business financial records) u zoshishino no yoshishino zizimnini
ezakhiwe kwisibizo esiyintloko ishishini. Ngalo lonke elixesha umbhali uqaqambisa
ukubaluleka kokuba neshishini kubafundi. Kwakhona umbhali ubalula ukuba kuloo
msebenzi uwenzayo kufuneka uziphuhlise kuwo. Oku sikuva xa umbhali esichazela
ukuba uDube uye wafunda izifundo zoshishino ezaziqhutywa yiCentre for Business e-
Mpangeni.
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Kumhlathi wo-1,6,8 umbhali ulwenzile uphandaphindo kweli gama ukuthenga (buy)

elisebenzisa kuninzi Iwezigaba zentetho. Umzekelo ndizakuwubonisa kumhlathi we-7.
Ishishini lakhe aliiqhubayo laqala ngokuthenga iingxowa zeetapile kwivenkile
enkulu ekufutshane aze azithengise afumane inzuzo yeR2 kwingxowa nganye (his
current business initiative sees him buying potatoes from a nearby wholesale store which
he sells at a profit of R2 a-bag). Apha umbhali usebenzise uhlobo lolandelelwano echaza
izenzeko ezilandelelanayo ukuthenga uthengise (buying and selling). Apha ke umbhali
uthetha nabafundi ukuba xa ubona into khawuyijonge into yokuba akukho nto unokuyenza
ngayo. Olu phindaphindo lusetyenziswe kumhlathi wesithathu kula magama wokwakha
no ukwakha (reconstructing and erect). Apha umbhali ubonisa abafundi ukuba kuqala
uyazixelela ukuba into uyayifuna. Emveni kokuba uzixelele uyenze. Oku kuboniswa zezi
zivakalisi. Uye wakwazi ukwakha indlu (he has since managed to erect). Isihloko sithi
uDube wazakheka (Dube built) ntoleyo ethetha ukuba ungumakhi.
Ukushiywa kwamagama
Kwindlela ekucingwa ngayo ngabantu abathile, kwingxoxo ethile nakwisolotya elithile

ushiyo Iwamagama ngamaxesha athile luyasetyenziswa kwizicatshulwa ukubonisa
ukuqhubekeka kwesivakalisi. Umbhali kwesisicatshulwa ulubonakalisile ushiyo
Iwamagama ngokuthi asebenzise amanani endaweni yamazwi. Iminyaka engama-28
edlulileyo (the last 28 years). Kwakhona oku ukubonakalisile xa asixelela ngexabiso Ie
ndlu kaDube eyayixabisa I-R50 000 (worth R50 000). Iminyaka kwakhona ibonakaliswe
ngamanani ngo-1992 (in 1992) endaweni yokubhalwa ngamazwi.
Kwakhona umbhali usebenzise igama elisisifaniso unjenga (like). Oku sikuboniswa

kumhlathi wesibini ayisaqaqambanga kwaDlangezwa njengangaphambili (no longer
stands majestically, as it once did, at Dlangezwa). Apha umbhali indlu kaDube uyayifanisa
endaweni yokuba ayichaze. Xa eyifanisa kwenzeka ushiyo Iwamagama kunaxa ayichaza.
Kwakulo mhlathi wesibini umbhali usebenzisa u-elinjalo nokubenjalo (such and ordinary)
oku sikubona kwesi sivakalisi. IIishwa elinjalo lalifanele ukuwatshabalalisa
amaphupha akhe kodwa akuzange kubenjalo kuDube (such a tragedy may have spelt
total ruin for ordinary mortals, but not for Dube. Apha umbhali ushiyo Iwamagama
ulwenze ngokuthi ashwankathele. Kuba esonqena kwakhona ukuchaza iIishwa
elafunyanwa nguDube ngokutshiselwa indlu ngexesha lezopolitiko.
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Kumhlathi we-5 , 9 nowe-16 umbhali usebenzise la magama nalo nto, (afford it) nezinye
iindlela zokuphurnelela (are some of the vital ingredients for success) no yonke 100
nto (it's ali). Apha umbhali ushwankathela intetho yakhe kuba esonqena ukuphinda into
ebiseie ichaziwe.
Ukuvurnelana kwamagarna
La magama athi avumelane akhiwa ngokudityaniswa kwamagama amabini nangaphezulu.
La magama azizigaba zentetho ezahlukeneyo. Kumhlathi we-10 kusetyenziswe
urnuzi+okhanyayo. Igama kwaXhosa ulithiya kuba unenjongo. Apha uDube unenjongo
zokuba kubekho ukhanyo emzini wakhe, khanyo 010 silufanisa nemfundo. Ukhanyo 010
imitha yalo iza kukhanyisela ilali ngokubanzi. Ngokuka Dube olu khanyo ludibanisa
imfundo.
Kumhlathi we-14 kusetyenziswe isibizo inqwelornafutha (transport). Apha uDube

unenjongo zokuba ukuba ngaba anganenqwelo mafutha ishishini lakhe lingagqibelela.
Kumhlathi wesibhozo kusetyenziswe uvumelwano Iwamagama kwigama elithi
ngumakhulu (grandmother) elakhiwe ngokudibanisa
isibizo+isiphawuli=umama+makhulu=umakhulu. Kumhlathi we-14 kusetyenziswe
uphindaphindo kwigama larnawaka-waka (thousands). Nalo lakhiwe ngokuthi
kusetyenziswe izibizo ezibini amawaka -waka kuboniswa iqela lezinto.
Ukunarnathelana kwesicatshulwa
Umba wokunxulumana kwesicatshulwa uncedisa ekufanisweni kwesakhiwo sesicatshulwa
nasekumisweni kwezehlo ngamaxesha azo. Xa sixoxa ngonxibelwano kwisicatshulwa
esithi uDube wazakhela urnzi ngernali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built his house on
potatoes) sizakuphicotha ezimeko zilandelayo, iziseko zonxulumano ezingezizo ezeelwimi,
ingxoxo yomxholo, amalungu olwayamo nokulungelelanisa nokusetyenziswa
kweentekelelo.
Isiseko sonxulurnano esingesiso eseelwirni

Umfundi uyakwazi ukusilandela asifanise isakhiwo, nokumiswa kwezehlo zeziganeko
zesicatshulwa ngamaxesha azo ngenxa yolwazi Iwakhe Iwangaphambili. Kwakhona
umfundi wesifatshulwa uyakwazi ukusilandela kuba silandele amanqanaba
ekwavunyelwana ngawo kumanqaku ephepha ndaba. Elinye lalamanqaku kukucinga
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ngesihloko senqaku lomhleli. Kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usibhalile isihloko ngamagama

amakhulu acacileyouDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built
his house on potatoes). Esi sihloko sidwengula umxhelo kuba uthi wakusifunda ushiyeke
unemibuzo enjengale. Yenzeka phi lento? Umhlathi ngamye ucwangcisiwe mfutshane.
Kwenzelwe ukuba ufunde inqaku uligqibe kwangoku. Eli nqaku lakhiwe laba yimihlathi.
Umhlathi ngamnye unokuqulathileyo okunxibeleleneyo nomhlathi ongaphambili yonke Ie
mihlathi isakhela ibali ngesihloko esingentla.
Kwakhona sifumana ukuba elibali linesiqalo. Esi siqalo sidla ngokubizwa ngokuba
yingcabula zigcawu, eyaneka umcimbi lo singawo. Umzekelo apha kwesi sicatshulwa
siyaxelelelwa ngoDube ozakhele umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile. Siyaziswa
ngendawo apho ibali liqhubeka khona kukwaDlangezwa saziswe nexesha ukuba
ngunyaka ka 1994. Esi sicatshulwa sahlulwe sayimihlathi enxibeleleneyo. Umzekelo
kumhlathi wokuqala sixelwa ngoDube ozakhele indlu ngokuthengisa iitapile. Oku sikuva
kwesisivakalisi: ukuthengisa iitapile endaweni enye kwiminyaka engama 28
edlulileyo ... kuncede uNkosinathi Dube ukuba azakhele indlu enamagumbi okulala
amahlanu afundise nabantwana bakhe (selling potatoes at the same spot for the last 28
years... has enable Nkosinathi Dube to build a five bedroomed house as well as to
educate his seven children). Kumhlathi wesibini sixelelwa ngexabiso yendlu kaDube.
Umzekelo: indlu yamaphupha kaduba eyayixabisa iR50 000... yatsha yangumthuthu
xa kwakugquba udushe Iwezopolitiko ngo 1992 (Dube's dreamhouse worth R50 000 ...
went up in smokes when political violence in 1992).
Ukunggamana
Xa umbhali ethe waphumelela ukubhala isicatshulwa ngendlela apho isiganeko sizala
esinye, lonto yenza ukuba umfundi akwazi ukuchonga unxulumano kwisicatshulwa,
chongo 010 oluzakuthi ludibanise ulwazi Iwakhe Iwangaphambili. Esi sicatshulwa
sithatyathwe kwiphephandaba iBona. Le bona inceda ekubonakaliseni iindlela abantu
baseMzantsi Afrika abathi baphuhlisane ngayo nabanye. Udube simbona engumsebenzi
kwisilarta sikaYise. Koko kusebenza apho kuthe kanti uyafunda kuba simbone ngoku
naye eziqalela elakhe ishishini lokuthengisa iitapile. Kwakhona sifumanisa ukuba xa
uqala ishishini asiyomfuneko into yokuba ube nemali eninzi. Sifumanisa ukuba uDube
waliqala ngeR5awayeyiphiwe ngumakhulu wakhe. Xa siliphetha elibali sifumanisa ukuba
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nguye onika abanye umsebenzi. UDube uhlala elithemba lamawaka-waka labantu

abafuna umsebenzi elizweni.
Umfundi oqheleneyo nale ngxaki yokulima uza kulifunda eli nqaku ngomdlakazi omkhulu.
Angaphetha emsola uRulumente ngokusonga izandla malunga nabalimi kubalulekile
ukuba acinge ngesisombulo sale ngxaki. Lowo ke umfundi uthe wanomdla ngulo mba uza
kucinga ngeendlela angathi anike ngazo uncedo. Ikhona imibutho ekhoyo yokuncedisana
nabantu abanomdla ekulimeni, okokuqala yimibutho yabalimi apho kubakho nomlimi othile
obacebisayo ngento yonke, uyilo lokunkcenkceshela, namaqumrwana entsebenziswano.
Apho bancedakala khona nangezinto ezifana neembewu noRulumente kwelinye icala
azikhuphe izinto zokulima ezifana neetrekta.
Amalungu awoyamiswayo nalungelelaniswayo

Ukuhlahlelwa kwesicatshulwa kuquka imiba emibini uthelekiso nokuthetha kwakhona
nenkangeleko yolwayamano nolungelelaniso. Ingxoxo yothelekiso iza kuvandlekanywa
kancinci njengoko ingenana nenjongo yonamathelwano oluthelekiswayo oseluchaziwe
ngaphambili, ngaphantsi kwesihloko esithi ukunamathelana kwesicatshulwa. Umzekelo
odandalazileyo wothelekiso siwufumana kumhlathi wokuqala apho umbhali asichazela
ngenzame zikaDube ezama indlela yokuphila ngokuthengisa iitapile, iminyaka emininzi
ngale mali uNkosinathi Dube uzakhele indlu enamagumbi okulala amahlanu
(Nkosinathi Dube is to build a five bedroomed house) ngelixa kumhlathi wesibini kuchazwa
into ebuhlungu eyahlela indlu ka Dube yatsha yangumthu xa kwakugqubaudushe
lezopolitiko ngo-1992 (his home went up in smoke when political violence in
1992).Uthelekiso kwakhona silufumana kwimfundo phakathi kwabantwana notata, simva
xa athi, eyona nto ingamandla nebalulekileyo kukubhatalela imfundo yabantwana
bakhe (his most urgent priority now is to fund his children's education). Ngelixa kumhlathi
wesithandathu sixelelwa isizathu sokuba uDube abafundise abantwana bakhe sesi, yena
akazange alifumane ithuba lokuya esikolweni (he was never afforded the opportunity of
going to school). Umbhali ulisebenzisile olu namathelwana lombhali wamanqaku
kwisicatshulwa sonke esenzela ugxininiso iyantlukwano kumahlandinyuka obomi
bukaDube. Olu phawu luthi lube negalelo kukrozo, kumiso Iwezehlo ngamaxesha azo
kwisicatshulwa. Kwakhona uphikiswano siyalufumana kumhlathi we-I, siluva xa umbhali
asichazela ukuba, uDube wayesebenza kwisilarha sikayise (Dube worked at his father's
butchery). Kwisivakalisi esilandelayo kwakulomhlathi umbhali usixelela ukuba, Ishishini
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lakhe aliqhubayo (his current business). Uphikiswano apha lusekubeni simbone

engumqeshwa kwisilarha sikayise siphinde sidibane naye eqhuba ishishini elilelakhe.
Kwakwesi sivakalisi sinye umbhali uyasibonisa uphikiswano kwindlela awayeliqala ngayo
ishishini lakhe uDube, Ishishini lakhe aliqhubayo laqala ngokuthenga iingxowa
zeetapile kwivenkile enkulu ekufutshane aze azithengise afumane inzuzo yeR2
kwingxowa nganye (his current business initiative sees him buying potatoes from a
nearby wholesale store which he sells at a profit of R2 a bag). Umhlaba wesibini kumiso
nolungelelaniso yintetho entsha olu phawu luhambisana kanye nophawu lophinda-phindo
oseluchazwe kunamathelwano Iwesicatshulwa apha ngasentla. Ngokwezigqibo zentetho
entsha uqwalaselo luyanikwa kumagama athethiweyo kwakhona ngenye indiela,
kumabinzana. Kumagatya okanye kwimihlaba kwisicatshulwa esetyenziswa ngumbhali.
Le nto yenzeka ngokufunayo kuphinda-phindo. Umzekelo ngala magama alandelayo
njengoko ebonakalisiwe kuphinda-phindo; ukuthengisa iitapile (selling of potatoes),
ukuthengisa imveliso (selling of the agricultural production), noshishino (business
skills) athethwe ngenye indlela kwicatshulwa.
Unobangela wale ntetho intsha ngowokuba umbhali ufuna ukunika umfanekiso ocacileyo
wokuzimisela ukuziphuhlisa ngokwakhe kukaDube angaxhomekeki engqeshweni.
Uyazama kunika inkcukhaca ngokuwabeka kwakhona ngenye indlela amagama achaza
le meko, oku sikuva kwesi sivakalisi, uDube ongusomashishini ufumana ixesha
lokusebenza emasimi ommoba amncedisayo ekondleni usapho Iwakhe (the
industious Dube also finds the time to work in his sugar cane field). Ngokuthengisa ezi
zinto uphetha efumana negama elitsha likasomashishini. Diu gxininiso lungumceli mngeni
eluntwini ngokubanzi kuba kukho abantu abaxhwalekileyo abafuna inkxaso. Ukoleka kule
mizekelo ingentla yogxininiso kwisicatshulwa, umbhali ugxininisa intetho ukuthengisa
iitapile (sellin potatoes), elandela enye yeengongoma ukugxininisa kumxholo
wesicatshulwa othi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built
his house on potatoes). Eyona njongo ibalulekileyo yale ngxoxo yile yokuba ugxininiso
lusebenza ekuncedeni isicatshulwa sibe nomxholo omnye. Umbhali ngalo lonke ixesha
uzama ukuqokelela ingqondo zabafundi zingemki kumxholo athetha ngawo.
Ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso nggondweni

Umfanekiso ngqondweni othi unyanzelwe sisakhiwo sesicatshulwa unenxaxheba enkulu
oyidlalayo kwizinto ezisebenzayo ekudaleni umanyano. Umfanekiso ngqondweni
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uyafuneka ukudibanisa ulwazi olutsha nolwazi oluqulethwe yingqondo yomfundi.

Kwisicatshulwa esithi uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built
his house on potatoes), kukho imifanekiso ngqondweni ebonakalayo ethi ibe negalelo
kwindlela isicatshulwa esilandelelana ngayo. Kumhlathi wesibini umbhali uxoxa ngendlu
yamaphupha kaDube (Dube's dreamhouse). Kwakulo nhlathi mnye sixelelwa ukuba, le
ndlu ayisaqaqambanga kwaDlengezwa njengaphambili (Dube's dream house, no
longer stands majestically, as it once did, at Dlangezwa). Uphinda umbhali asixelele,
ngeminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka (sweat and toil) ekugqibeleni indlu yakhe
yatsha yangumthuthu (went up in smoke) ngexesha lezopolitiko.
Kumhlathi weshumi elinesibini umbhali ucebisa abantu ukuba bangaphili

ngobudlobongela (crime). Xa ndijonge le mifanekiso ngqondweni ingentla umbhali
uphumelele unxulumanisa izivakalisi zakhe ukwakha umhlathi, kwanemihlathi yakhe
ngokunjalo, ngelixa ahleliyo mgokunjalo kumxholo wesicatshulwa. Le mifanekiso
ngqondweni isetyenzisiweyo kwezi zivakalisi ziyimizekelo ngasentla, igxininisa kumxholo
wokuzakhela indlu ngokuthengisa iitapile. Le mifanekiso ngqondweni inika umfanekiso
othe gca wabantu abaziphuhlisayo nezinto abathi badibane nazo ukuba tyhafisa.
Isimo sobuciko kunamathelwano

Esona simo sichongiweyo kwesi sicatshulwa sisimo sokusonjululwa kwengxaki. Njengoko
umfundi ethe waqwalasela esi sicatshulwa sazisa ngengxaki yokuziphilisa, yokungabikho
komsebenzi oko sikwazi ngokuthi umbhali asebenzise la magama, ukuthengisa iitapile
(selling potatoes), ukusebenza emasimini ommoba amncedisayo ekondleni usapho
Iwakhe (to work in his sugar -cane field which provides a secondary source of income for
his family) nezinye. Umbhali unengcebiso zokusombulula Ie ngxaki kumhlathi
wokugqibela enjengale, into oyifunayo kukuzimisela nokucingisisa. Nabani na
angakwazi ukuza neembono zokuziphilisa ngendlela eyiyo (all you need is
determination and serious thought. Anyone will then be able to come up with creative
ideas on how to earn). Esi sisi sombululo esisiso okuyinyaniso kona umsebenzi awukho
kubantu abafundileyo nabangafundanga. URulumente uqeqesha abantu
kubuchwephesha. Abo bantu ke kufuneka baqokelelane babe ngamaqela baqeqesha
abantu kubachwephesa. Abo bantu ke kufuneka baqokelelane babe ngamaqela
baqeqehwe kuloo nto. Bakuba begqityiwe ukuqeqeshwa bayahamba baye kukwenza
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umsebenzi banikwe nemali yokuqala lo msebenzi. Izinto abathe bazenza bayazithengisa

ngaloo ndlela benza imali.
Kwesi sicatshulwa ubuciko obubonisa unobangela neziphumo (cause and effect)

buyafumaneka kule mizekelo ilandelayo, ukuthengisa iitapile (selling potatoes)
ngunobangela (nobangela), wakha indlu (built the house) kunye nobafunde abantwana
(children's education). Okwesibini, ukungafundi okubangela ukuba umntu angakwazi
ukufumana umsebenzi omhle. Isiphumo saloo nto kukuba abafundise abantwana bakhe.
UDube ukusebenzisa kwisilarha sikayise esakhula ngunobangela, isiphumo soko kukuba
athi akuba mdala aziqalele elakhe ishishini. Ukusebenza kumasimi ommoba
ngunobangela, iziphumo zoko kukuba athi akuba mdala aziqalele elakhe ishishini.
Ukusebenza kumasini ommoba ngonobangela, iziphumo zoko kukuba akwazi ukondla
usapho Iwakhe. Ukufunda izifundo zoshishino ezibini (ngunobangela). Isiphumo ibe
kukuba afunde iindlela zokuphumelela ezifana nokulondolozwa kwemali yoshishino,
indlela yokuxabisa izinto nokuthengisa imveliso, nokuvula amathuba afanelekileyo
(isiphumo).
Unxibelelwana Iwesi sakhiwo sesi sicatshulwa lulo olwenze umfundi akwazi ukuqonda
ukuba kubalulekile ukuba xa ungakwazi ukufumana umsebenzi, ukhangele indlela
enokuthi ikuncede ukwazi ukuziphuhlisa okanye ukuziphilisa.
Incwadi echaza amagama

Lo mhlaba wohlahlelo ngokunxulumene nekcukhaca zamagama umzekelo, izenzi, izibizo
namalungu okuqala kwisivakalisi ethi umbhali awasebenzise kwisicatshulwa ukwenzela
ukuba akwazi ukuphemelelisa ezo njongo zonxibelelwano.
Ukukhethwa kwamalungu okugala kwisivakalisi

Ukukhethwa kwelungu lokuqala kwisivakalisi kunegalelo kunxibelelwano phakathi
komfundi nombhali. Ngako nje ukuba umfundi afunde indawo yokuqala kwisivakalisi,
uvela umfundi athekelele into umbhali aza kuthetha ngayo kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo xa
umbhali aqala ngentloko ethi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile
(Dube built his house in potaoes) umbhali uyayicinga into yokuba eli binza lingasentla
sisihloko sesicatshulwa kwaye yonke into eza kuxoxwa izakuba ngokwakha umzi ngemali
yetapile. Umzekelo siliqala nje inqaku lethu sivula ngamazwi asixelela ngokuthengisa
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iitapile endaweni enye iminyaka engama-28. Loo nto iyodwa isixelela ukuba akhange ibe
yinto elula oku kuthengisa kukaDube, qha phantsi kobunyamezela ude waphumelela.
Kumhlathi wesibini sixelelwa, ngendlu yamaphupha ka Dube (Dube's dream house).

Kuyacaca ukuba ethengisa nje uDube unenjongo anazo, ezi zokuba uza kuzakhela indlu
yebhongo ngale mali ayifumanayo kule ntengiso yakhe yezi tapile. Kumhlathi olandelayo
isivakalisi siqala ngo lo somashishini (the irrepressible businessman). Kwakhona
usixelela ukuba eyona nto ingamandla yimfundo yabantwana bakhe (his most urgent
priority now is to fund his children's education). Lo mfo kucacile ukuba apha ebomini
unesicwangciso anaso esi sokuba emveni kokuba akhe indlu into elandelayo kukufundisa
abantwana bakhe.
Wongeza ngelithi (he added that), nalapha sisaboniswa ukuba uDube unebhongo
ngemfundo yabantwana bakhe qha zikhona iindawo abetheka kuzo njengomntu ophila
yimali yentengiso. Xa aqala isivakalisi sakhe ngo iyaqondakala (Dube's emphasis), apha
siboniswa into yokuba njengokuba yena Dube engafundanga nje uza kubafundisa
abantwana bakhe.
UDube wayesebenza kwisilarha kayise (Dube worked at his father's butchery) apha ke
ikhona imfundiso esiyinikwayo yokuba izinto zabazali bethu asizizo ezethu. Kuqala
kufuneka ufunde ukuze uphumelele ebomini wanduie ke ngoku ukucinga ngomsebenzi.
Apha sifumanisa ukuba wazilibazisa ngesilarha sikayise, sifumanisa ukuba kwa mali aqala
ngayo ukuthengisa ngayo iitapile akuthiwa wayiphiwa nguyise wayiphiwa ngumakhulu. Xa
sigqibezela kumhlathi we-8 uthi uThixo wamnceda kuko konke (God had helped him in
all that he has). Apha ke sifunda into yokuba akukho nanye onokuyenza ebomini
uphumelele ungakhange ubeke uThixo ngaphambili. Loo ntwana unayo amandla okuba
ube nayo uwaphiwe nguThixo.
Ukhetho Iwezenzi
Konke esikuthethayo (intetho) asizenzi ezingokwenza kuphela koko zizenzo. Umzekelo
sinezenzo zokuxela, zokutshata, zokulandilisela zokuthembisa nezinye. Yonke intetho
sizenzo esithile. Kuhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa isenzo sokuthembisa u-elithemba (a beacon
of hope) sisetyenziswe kumhlathi weshumi elinesine, apha umbhali usixelela ngenjongo
zikaDube zokusombulula ingxaki yokungabikho komsebenzi kumawaka-waka abantu.
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Kwesi sicatshulwa, umbhali kwakhona usebenzise isenzi sokulindelisa (predicting)

ukunyanzelekile (is bound)kumhlathi wshumi elinesine. Apha umbhali usixelela
ngeshishini likaDube ekunyanzeleke ukuba lande. Ngokwanda kwalo kulindeleke lukhulu
umzekelo ingqesho kubantu abaninzi. Batsho abantu balindele ngakumbi xa aza kuba
nayo nenqwelo mafutha. Umbhali usisebenzisile isenzi sokutshatisa (marrying) u-
watshata (until his marriage) kumhlathi wesixhenxe. Apha umbhali ubonisa umonde
nokunyamezela kuka Dube esebenza endaweni enye, efunda ukuqhuba ishishini, ndawo
leyo athe wohlukana nayo emva kokuba etshatile waziqalela elakhe. Ngolo hlobo wandisa
amathuba engqesho eluntwini.
Evula nje umbhali kwisicatshulwa sakhe usebenzise isenzi sokuxela (state) ukuthengisa
(selling) esixelela ngendlela uDube awaqalisa ngayo ishishini lakhe, nenzuzo ephantsi
awayeyifumana. Apha umbhali ubonisa ukuba aba bantu baqhuba amashishini asikokuba
umntu ufumana inzuzo eninzi. Uqokelela 100 nzuzwana incinci uyifumanayo ukuze ukwazi
ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zakho. Siyeva nangoku ukuba uDube uzakhele indlu wafundisa
nabantwana. Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi wesibini usebenzisa isenzi sokuxela yatsha
(went up in smoke). Apha usixelela ngokutsha kwendlu kaDube ngexesha lozopolitiko.
Apha ke umbhali usibonisa ukuba xa usenza into kufuneka uyilindele imimoya ebhudlayo.
Siyeva ukuba uDube ayimtyhafisanga nakanye 100 nto, waphinda wazakhela indlu. Kwesi
sicatshulwa sinaso kwakhona isenzi sokuxela (state) ndandinyanzelekile (forced)
kumhlathi wesithandathu apho umbhali asixelela ngoDube owathatha isigqibo
sokuthengisa iitapile kuba engafundanga ukuzeakwazi ukuphila. Udube unemfundiso
anayo kubafundi yokuba ukuba akufundanga esikokuphela kobom. Khangela into
onokuyenza ukuze ukwazi ukuphila.
Imo egondakalayo
Umbhali usebenzisa amanyathelo athile ukwakha iinjongo zentetho yakhe. Kwingxelo
yohlobo oluthile olufana nenqaku ekuxoxwa ngalo, amanyathelo amaninzi angamiselwa
ngokuthi kuphononongwe intetho yesi sicatshulwa. Inyathelo lokuqala elinokuthi
lichongwe kwesi sicatshulwa luphuhliso oluthi Iwenziwe kumntu wonke ukuze ekupheleni
kuphuhle uluntu lonke. Kwesi sicatshulwa umfundi waziswa ngenkxaso efunyenwe
nguDube kubazali, utata wakhe nomakhulu wakhe waza naye wayinika unyana wakhe. Le
nxaso ichazwa yile ntetho ilandelayo, wayesebenza kwisilarha sikayise esakhula de
watshata (until his marriage Dube worked at his father's butchery), ishishini lakhe
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waliqala nge R5 awayeyiphiwe ngumakhulu wakhe (having started with the only R5
given to him by his grandmother), uMuzokhanyayo ongunyana kaDube uyazincoma
izinto ezenziwe nguYise, ukuzinikela nenkxaso engagungqiyo (Muzokhanyayo,
Dube's son, admires his dad's achievements, sacrifices and unstinting support). Le tetho
ingasentla ibonisa indlela uDube ayifumene ngayo inkxaso kuyise, ngokuthi amqeqeshele
emsebenzini eseluia ngokumfaka kwisilarha sakhe wohlukana naye ngokutshata.
Kwelinye icala nomakhulu wakhe ngokuthi amnike imali yokuba aziqalele ishishini afunde
ukuzimela. UDube akuba eqeqeshiwe uxhasa owakhe unyana kwelinye icandelo
lokufunda ukuze akwazi ukufumana umsebenzi ophucukileyo. Indlela ebhalwe ngayo le
ntetho ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bakhuthale bazimisele kwinto abayenzayo.
Inyathelo lesibini elithe lachongwa kwesi sicatshulwa linxulumene nobukrelekrele

bukaDube ngokuthi afunde ngoshishino. Kunhlathi wesibhozo oku kuchazwe yile ntetho,
emva kokuba efunde izifundo zoshishino zazibimi ezaziqhutywa yiCentre for
Business Empangeni (having attended two business courses conducted by the
Centre for Business in Empangeni). Kule ngxelo umbhali ubonisa ukuba uDube ufuna
ukwazi nzulu ngoshishino, umzekelo akwazi ukulondoloza imali yoshishino,ukuxabisa
izinto, ukuthengisa imveliso esemgangathweni nendlela omawubaphathe ngayo
abathengi. Imbono yombhali apha kule ntetho yile yokuba xa uqhuba ishishini kufuneka
ukuba ukhe ufumane uqeqesho ngalo ukuze ukwazi ukuphumelela.
Kwinyathelo lesithathu sibona uDube eziphuhlisa. Oku kuvezwa yile ntetho, ukuthengisa
iitapile endaweni enye iminyaka engama-28 edlulileyo amaxesha amaninzi ufumana
inzuzo ephantsi; kuncede uNkosinathi Dube ukuba azakhele indlu enamagumbi
okulala amahlanu afundise nabantwana bakhe (selling potatoes at the same spot for
the last 28 years, often at paltry profit margins, has enable Nkosinathi Dube to build a five
bedroomed house as well as educate his seven children). Umbhali apha uyathetha
nabafundi ubaxelela ukuba akukuthi ukuze ube nemali ube uqeshiwe. Imali uyakwazi
ukuzenzela ngokwakho kunjalo nje wenze izinto ufane nomntu oqeshiweyo.
Kwakhona kweli nyathelo lesine kumhlathi wesibini umbhali ugxeka abantu

abatshabalalisa izinto zabantu abazizameleyo, oko kubonakaliswa yile ntetho. Indlu
yakhe yatsha yangumthuthu xa kwakugquba udushe lezopolitiko nogo 1992 (his
home went up in smoke when there was political violence in 1992). Apha umbhali uthetha
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nolutsha oluthi lutshabalalise izindlu zabantu abangathathi ntweni ngexesha lezopolitiko.

Uzama ukubonisa ukuba sisaqhuba ngoluhlobo isizwe esintsundu esisayi kuze sibheke
phambili.
Kweli inyathelo umbhali uncoma uDube ngokuthi kwinto yonke ayenzayo aqamele
ngoThixo. Oko kubonakaliswa ngamazwi akumhlathi wesibhozo afundeka ngolu hlobo,
ukholelwa ekubeni uThixo umncede kuko kuko konke akwenzileyo ebomini (he
strongly believes that God has helped him in all that he has accomplished in life). Apha
umbhali ubonisa ukuba akukho nanje into onokuyenza ungakhange uqamele ngoThixo,
nguye indiela. Kwakhona kweli inyathelo umbhali usibonise ukukhuthala kukaDube
nokungaxhomekeki emntwini azenzele nangokwakhe. Oku umbhali ukuveza ngala
mazwi akumhlathi wesixhenxe afundeka ngolu hlobo, ufumana ixesha lokusebenza
emasimini ommoba amncedisayo ekondleni usapho Iwakhe (Dube also finds the time
to work in his sugar-cane field which provides a secondary source of income for his
family). Apha umbali uxelela abafundi ukuba akukho nalinye ishishini onokuze uliqhube
ungekho wena mntu walo. Yiba ngumzekelo abantu mabasebenze kuba bebona wena,
ngolo hlobo uya kukuyibona into oyenzayo.
Inyathelo lokugqibela lelo likumhlathi weshumi elinesibini apho umbhali asibonisa uDube
ephuhlisa uluntu ngokubanzi. Oko sikuva kula mazwi, ukuba ibengekokuzinikela
nenkuthalo yakhe ngendingapasanga, ukuba bendingancedwa nguDube
bendingenakwazi ukuziphilisa, uDube uhlala elithemba lamawaka-waka abantu
abafuna, umsebenzi elizweni (without his inspiration and encouragement I would have
not matriculated if it was not for him I would have no means of eking out an existence.
Dube stands out as a beacon of hope for the thousand of unemployed job-seekers in the
country). Apha umbhali ubonisa abafundi ukuba ngomntu omnye ophumeleleyo ukuntu
luyakwazi ukuphumelela.
Umba wokuba ngaziphi iinjongo?

Eyona njongo kukubonisa iziganeko kunye nolwazi lombhali kwelinqaku. Ezi ziganeko
zifumaneka kwisihloko apho umbhali asichazela ukuba, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali
yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built his house on potatoes). Esi sokuba umntu akwazi
ukwakha umzi ngemali yeetapile. Umbhali unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nabafundi ngokuthi
aqeshe umntu wokuqala oko sikubona kumhlathi wesithathu xa uDube achazela abafundi
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ngoluhlobo, ndandinyazelekile ukuba ndithengise iitapile ukuze ndiziphilise kuba

njengoko ndingafundanga ndandingena kufumana umsebenzi omhle (I was forced to
sell potatoes for s living because without an education I could not find a good job). Kwesi
sivakalisi singentla uDube usichazela ngemeko yakhe. Umbhali usinika isiphumo sesimo
sesiganeko ukungenelela kwabanye abantu kuyaboniswa kwakhona ngumbhali kumhlathi
wesibini ngolu hlobo, Emva kweminyaka esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha indlu
yakhe, yatsha yangumthuthu xa kwakugquba udushe lezopolitiko ngo 1992 (the
eight years of blood, swaet and toil that went into building his home went up in smokes
when political violence in 1992 saw his home completely razed to the ground). Apha
kwesisivakalisi abantu bangenelela ngendlela ebuhlungu yokumtshabalalisa kwimizamo
yakhe. Umbhali izenzo zakhe zinika umdla, uyakwazi ukuthetha nabafundi abakhule ngale
ndlela yakhe ubanika ulwazi ekunye nombhali.mUmbhali uchazela kumhlathi we-7 ukuba
uDube ishishini lakhe waliqala nge R5awayeyiphiwe ngumakhulu wakhe weleka athi,
uDube ngokwakhe, ngemalana encinci engange R20 ungakwazi ukuqala ishishini (as
little as R20 one could currently launch a small scale business initiative). Umbhali uzama
ukubachazela ukuba kolu swelo Iwemisebenzi kubalulekile kona ukuba umntu ngamnye
makavuke azenzele).
Umba wokuba "kutheni"

Irejista nolwazi olusetyenziswa ngumbhali kweli nqku libonisa ukuba umbhali ulindele
abafundi abaxhamla ulwazi lolukhula olufana nolwakhe. Kumhlathi wesi-8- umbhali
wazisa abafundi ukuba kwenzeka ntono xa uqala iahiahini oko sikuva kulamazwi,
uyayibethelela into yokuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba nesakhono sokuqhuba
ishishini. Ukulondolozwa kwemali yoshishino, indlela yokuxabisa izinto,
ukuthengisa imveliso ezisemgangathweni nokuqinisekisa indlela abaphatha ngayo
abathengi nezinye iindlela zokuphumelela (he stresses that the most important thing
though is the acquisition of sound business skills. Dube adds: The maintanance of
business and finacial records, pricing the marketing of quality products and perfecting the
art of customer care are some of the vital ingredients for success. Umbhali usizobela into
eyenzakayo kwishishini ngaphakathi. Lento inika umfundi umfanekiso kunye nomfanekiso
ngqondweni othi uvelise isiganeko, ulwazi, iimpendulo, izenzo kunye nengqinqo yabantu
abathathe inxaxheba ebalini. Kodwa ke ngabafundi kuphela abazixabekisayo ngabo
banenkcubeko kunye nolwazi Iwentlalo yokukhula kunye nombhali abanentekelelo
ngenjongo zombhalikweli nqaku.
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Uhlahlelo lo mba "ngubani"

Apha kwelinqaku sifumanisa ukuba umbhali unamava okubhala. Umbhali uye
wasebenzisa isihloko esithi, uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile
(Dube built his house on potatoes). Esi sihloko siyothusa ukuba ubani angade akhe indlu
ngemali ayifumana ngokuthengisa iitapile. Ukuthengisa iitapile bekuthathwa
njengomsebenzi womama (onomarike) abathi bathengise ngenjongo zokuba bakwazi
ukutyisa nokuthengela abantwana iintwana-ntwana ezincinane. Umbhali uphande
aqhubekeke nentetho yakhe ngokuthi, Emva kokuba efunde izifundo zoshishino
zazibini...uDube wongeza athi ukulondolozwa kwemali yoshishino indlela
yokuxabisa izinto, ukuthengisa imveliso ezisemgamgathweni nokuqinisekise indlela
abaphathwa ngayo abathengi nezinye iindlela zokuphumelela (having attended two
business courses ... Dube adds: (The maintanance of business and financial records,
pricing, the marketing of quality products and perfecting the art of customer care are some
of the vital ingredients for success). Umbhali usibonisa ukuba uDube uye wanomdla
wokuqhubekeka ngeshishini lakhe ngokuthi afunde nzulu ngoshishino. Loo nto iza
kemenza akwazi ukuvelisa amathuba omsebenzi.
Ubuchule besixhobo esibhalwayo

Esi sixhobo sibhalwayo sesentlalo yaye umbhali uthe wayisebenzisa ukuze kumemelelwe
kukhathazwe izimvo zabafundi ngakumbi abo baxhaphazeka kule meko yokungafumani
misebenzi. Kumhlathi we-15 umbhali ucacisa athi: "Nabanina angakwazi ukuza
neembono zokuziphilisa ngendlela eyiyo" (Anyone will then be able to come up with
creative ideas on how to earn an honest living). Umbhali ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba
kwabo basweie umsebenzi mabangasongi izandla mabacinge indlela yokuphila.
Ubuchule besixhobo esibhaliweyo

Esi sixhobo sibhalwayo sesentlalo yaye umbhali uthe wayisebenzisa ukuze kumenywe
kukhuthazwe izimvo zabafundi ngakumbi abo baxhatshazwa yimeko yentswelo msebenzi.
Kumhlathi we-15 umbhali ukhuthaza athi: Nabananina angakwazi ukuza neembono
zokuziphilisa ngendlela eyiyo (anyone will then be able to come up with creative ideas
on how to earn an honest living). Umbhali uzama ukuthetha nabafundi abangapha ngeliyo
ukuba umntu makangasongi izandla kuloko makazame indlela yokuphila. Umbhali kule
rejista ubonakalisa izimvo ngokwemeko eziqhubekayo kwindawo ebantu abahlala kuzo.
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Uhlobo lobhalo
Ulwazi, irejista nomxholo weli nqaku ubonisa ukuba uqulethe amava angawakhe,
isiganeko, intiaio kunye nemvelaphi yenkcubeko. Umbhali uthi aqaphele iimbono
neziganeko kwiimeko ezithile. Kumhlathi wo-1 umbhali uyinika ngokwakhe inkcazelo
ngokwemeko aphila phantsi kwayo uDube aphinde abonise izimvo zabane abantu
abanenxaxheba nesi siganeko. Umbhali wazisa abafundi ngokwenzeka kuDube utsho
athi: ukuthengisa iitapile endaweni enye iminyako engama 28 edlulileyo, amaxesha
amaninzi ufumana inzuzo ephantsi, kuncede uNkosinathi Dube ukuba azakheele
indlu enamagumbi okulala amahlanu afundise nabantwana bakhe (selling potatoes at
the same spot for the last 28 years, often at paltry profit margins, has enabled Nkosinathi
Dube to build a five-bed roomed house as well as educate his seven children). Umbhali
wazisa abafundi ukuba ngemali yeetapile uyakwazi ukuzakhela indlu ufundise
nabantwana. Umbhali unika ulwazi lokuba uDube uvule amathuba emisebenzi, Umbhali
usazisa ngala mazwi: Nangona ishishini lakhe lingeka khuli libe likhulu, uDube sele
evule amathuba emisebenzi kule ndawo apho umsebenzi unqaba kakhulu (although
his business has not yet boomed into a major enterprise, Dube is already creating
employment opportunities in an area where jobs are extremely scarce. Apha umbhali
ugxininisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwakhe kolu Iwazi, kunye nabanye abantu. Umbhali ubonile
ngokwakhe ulingqina le meko yakwa Dube. Umbhali uzobela abafundi ukuba ubom
ngumzamo.
Umba wokuba iva kubani

Ulwazi, umxholo kenye nerejista zibonisa ukuba umbhali ulindele abafundi abanokuba
bakhule ngale ndlela akhule ngayo benolwazi olululo ucacisa athi: uDube ugxininise
ngelithi, "akufunekanga uxhomekeke emntwini ngempilo yakho nobom bakho"
(emphasises Dube "He must never be dependent on anyone for his success and
livehood"). Ukubonisa imeko kaDube umbhali usebenzise amabinzana namagatya.
Kwesi sifundo singentla umbhali ukhuthaze abafundi ukuba mabafunde ukuzimela.
Kwakhona umbhalikumhlathi we-11 uthetha enjenje: uDube unika amacebo abantu
abangasebenziyo asekuhlahleni, ingakubi ulutsha. "Yekaniukuziphilisa
ngobundlobongela. Maninzi amathuba ngaphandle. Ekufanele ukwenze kukuhlala
phantsi ukhethe awona mathuba angcona" (Dube offers sound advice to the
unemployed members of his community, espicially the youth. "Stay away from crime as a
means of survival. There are several opportunities out there. All you have to do is sit
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down and choose the best option available). Le netetho ingasentla yingcebiso kaDube
ecebisa abafundi abangaphangeliyo ukuba mabangapheli bezindlobongela, umntu
makacinge nangantonina anokuthi ayenze ukumkhupha kule meko yokungaphangeli
efana nokuzenzela imali. Ngoko ke eli nqaku lithi libe neempawu ngokoluhlu Iwesigama
kunye nerejista ethi ibonise ukuba umbhali ulindele abafundi abanenxaxheba efanayo
yenkcubeko yezantlalo, yembali kunye nemvelaphi eyintloko yolwazilalo.
Uhlahlelo Iwengaku lesibini : Umzingisi akanashwa ( The fruits of hard work)
1mbono yokwakhiwa kwesivakalisi

Isakhiwo esifundisayo
Uhlahlelo Iwenkcazo yesihloko
Amaxesha amaninzi isiqalo sesivakalisi sisebenza njengesihloko sesivakalisi. Intetho

yesihloko iphuhliswa libinzana okanye igatya elithi lichaze okanye lakhe inkcazo
ngesihloko eso. Inkcazo yesihloko ibonakala kakuhle kwisihloko senkqaku elithi,
Umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work). Igatya elithi umzingisi (hard work)
sisihloko sesivakalisi. Esi sihloko siphuhliswa leli gatya lilandelayo, akanashwa ( the fruits)
lithi lisebenze njengenkcazo yesihloko eso. Inkcazo yesihloko ibonakala kakuhle
kwisihloko senkqaku elithi Umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work). Le nkcazo
icacisa ngakumbi ngomzingisi ukuba kwimizamo athi ayenze uthixo uba secaleni kwakhe
ukuba makaphumelele. Ngoba ikhona le ntlungu sukuba enayo ukude abe uyakhuthazwa
kuthiwe kuye umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work). Kwisishwanakathelo sethu
ngabali eli sifumana isivakalisi esithi, uAnton Madlala ufudulwa ephethe abasebenzi
efektrini, iimeko zambangela wangumlimi (frombeing an industrial foreman the force of
circumstances drove Mandla towards agriculture). Isihloko sesivakalisi esithi, uAnton
Madlala ufudulwa ephethe abasebenzi efektrini, (frombeing an industrial foreman),
inkcazo yesi sihloko yile ithi, iimeko zambangela wangumlimi (circumstances drove
Mandla towards agriculture). Le nkaczo isichazela ngomntu obekwisihlalo esiphezulu
emsebenzini wokuphatha abantu enxiba iqhina, aze azibone enxiba I-ovaroli esenza
owona msebenzi wakhe waphantsi. Isivakalisi esithi, ngoku ngumlimi wokuqala
wamaqunube omnyama ( he has now became the kwaZulu -Natal's first commercial
strawberry farmer). Isihloko sesi sifundeka ngolu hlobo, ngoku ngumlimi wamaqunube (
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now he is the strawbwrry farmer), amagqabantshintshi ngesihloko ibe ngala wokuqala

ontsundu ( first black). Xa into ungowokuqala kuyo uyafumana. Bathi abanye bevela kuba
bebona apha kuwe ukuba uyafumana, ube wena waneie sowusenza nje.
Kumhlathi wokuqala kwisivakalisi esithi, iSiza esiyi 0.75 hectare sika Anton Mandla
sibiyelwe kakuhle ukuze iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane zingangeni khona (Anton
Mandla's 0.75 hectare stretch of land is securely fenced to ward off the marauding cattle
that graze on the surrounding open veld). Intloko yesivakalisi yile ithi iSiza esiyi 0.75
hectare sika Anton Mandla sibiyelwe kakuhle( Anton Mandla's 0.75 hectare stretch of
land is securely fenced). Inkcazo yesi sihloko yile ithi ukuze iinkomo ezikwidlelo
elikufutshane zingangeni khona (to ward off the marauding cattle that graze on the
surrounding open veld). Apha sichazelwa ukuba esi siza simelene nedlelo. Siyazi ukuba
edlelweni kukho imfuyi, entsimini kuyalinywa. Lo nto ithethe ukuba ukuze ingabhuqwa
yimfuyo into elinyiweyo entsimini kufuneka kubiywe kakuhle ukuze imfuyo ingakwazi
ukungena.
Isihloko siyaghubeka
Kwisihloko kusoloko kukho ibinza sibizo elisoloko likhankanywa kwisicatshulwa. Lilo

eliphuhlisa imbono yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko. Ngolo hlobo umbhali ugxininisa umxholo
weli nkqaku abhala ngalo. Kwisicatshulwa esithi umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard
work) umbhali usebenzisa ibinza senzi elibhekiselele kumntu ongumzingisi ngendlela
ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kweli gama lithi umzingisi, umbhali uyaqhubekeka
ukusebenzisa amagama athile kwisicatshulwa athetha into enye nokuzingisa anjengala:
ndandingazinto, ndakhawuleza, ndafunda, engaphethe nto esandleni, ngoncedo
namacebiso.. (I had known nothing, I learnt as much as I could, but with hardly any
financial resources, help and advice). Kumhlathi wesine uAnton Mandla usuxelela
ngemeko ezambangela ukuba abe ngumlimi ekubeni wayengazi nto ( I had known
nothing) ngokulima. Kwathi kuba wayengenawo omnye umsebenzi awufumanayo
exheshwa nayimeko yabantwana wanyanzeleka ukuba makakhawuleze ( I learnt as
much as I could) afunde ukulima. Kumhlathi wesithandathu sixelelwa ukuba
wayengaphethe nto esandleni ( with hardly any financial) 100 nto ke isixelela imeko
yakhe eyayilusizi yokuba wayengakazi ukuqala nto. Kwathi kuba, ukuba uyafuna ukwenza
into uthetha nabantu, abantu baza kuxelela indawoo apho unokuthi uboneke khona imali
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ukuze ukwazi ukuqala. Wakuba uqalile luza kuthi gqi uncedo namacebo kubantu
ngabantu. Kwakulo mhlathi wesithandathu siyeva ukuba u Anton Mandla ufumene
uncedo namacebo (help or advice) kumntu angamaziyo wakwazi ukuthenga iR20.000
yezityalo zamaqunube.
Ukuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko
Apha kugxininiswa kumalungu eelwimi athi asetyenziswe ngumbhali ekuxhaseni isihloko

esingundoqo kwisicatshulwa. Isihloko esiyintloko sesi sicatshulwa sithi Umzingisi
akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work). lintlobontlobo zezihlokwana kunye namagama
abhalwe ecaleni kwefoto ecacisa into eyenzekayo kwifoto leyooo ziyasetyenziswa
kwisicatshulwa ukuxhasa isihloko esiyintloko. Isihloko esiyintloko sichaza ngokuzingisa
okuthi kube nomvuzo omhle wokuba uphumelele kuloo nto ubuyenza. Oku kuzingisa
kuchazwa kwindawo ezahlukeneyo kwisicatshulwa. Okokuqala oku kuzingisa sikubona
kule ntloko ithi, uAnton Madlala ufudulwa ephethe abasebenzi efektrini, iimeko
zambangela wangumlimi ngoku ngumlimi wokuqala wamaqunube omnyama
(frombeing an industrial foreman the force of circumstances drove Mandla towards
agriculture he has now became the kwaZulu -Natal's first commercial strawberry farmer).
Apha umbhali usibonise imeko apho umntu ebekwindawo ephezulu emsebenzini ephethe
abantu. Kwathi kuba akuyazi into oya kuba yiyo ngomso, iimeko zambangela ukuba abe
ngumlimi. Ngokuzingisa uphethe engumlimi wokuqala ontsundu. Ukulima siyakwazi ukuba
asiyonto ilula, kunahla ndinyuka, umzekelo. Kukhe kwathiwa kulo nyaka kubaiele, komnye
kuthiwa kunethe kakhulu kwenzeka isihlava, kuphinde kuthiwe izityalo aibethwe yingqele
njalo njalo. Kwakhona oku sukubona oku kuzingisa kumhlathi wesithandathu, ulime
kwintsimi yomntakwabo, ngemali ayiboleke kubakhuluwa bakhe... (utilizing an
unused plot of land that belonged to his brothers, and with borrowed capital from his
brothers). Apha sixelelwa kwa intsimi Ie aqala kuyo ukulima asiyoyakhe, kwa imali aqale
ngayo ukulima uyibolekile. Lo nto iyodwa ifundisa ukuba, ukuba into uyafuna ukuyenza
uyaphumelela ekuyenzeni ngemali mboleko. Naye sifumanisa ukuba ngokuthi azingise
kwinto ayenzayo ufumene uncedo namacebo kumntu angamazi nokumazi (help and
advice from atotal stranger). Kumhlathi we-7 simbona kwakhona esiya kuthi gqolo
kwipolisi ye nshorensi wazuza imall mboleko kwa Zulu finance and investment
corporation ukuze aqhubeke nephulo lokulima (in an insurance policy and obtained
R20.000 loan from the kwaZulu Fnance and investment corporation KFC to fund his
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agricultural venture). Kwakhona oku kuzingisa kwakhe sikubona xa, ufumana uneedo
namaeebiso kwi Agrieulek no Eskom ( he is also indebted to Agrilek an advisor service
from farmers within Eskom for the aid that they rendered). Apho afumene izixhobo
zokusebenza. Ukuphumelela kwakhe ekubeni azingise sikubona xa ngoku enefama
eyeyakhe esetyenziswa yi Agrilek njengeyephulo elithile (Mndla present farm has
been adopted as a pilot project by Agrilek). Xa sele uphumelele, xa ubalisa imvelaphi
yakho iba ngathi yintsomi le uyibalisayo. Zonke ezi zivakalisi namnabinzana, zakha
isihloko esiyintloko sesi sicatshulwa apho umfundi aboniswa ukuba umzingisi akanashwa
kuba ngoku uAnton simbona eyindoda ephumeleleyo ngokulima amaqunube, phofu
uyichaza elubala into yokuba ebedibana nengxaki kuba bekungekho ukhuphiswano,
kubalimi ekudala beqhuba, kodwa yonke 100 nto khange imtyhafise uphethe ephumelela
ngenxa yobunjani bekhwaliti yamaqunube akhe.
Unikwa ulwazi olutsha
Xa ubani ejonga isicatshulwa ujonga ukuba loluphina olu Iwazi lunikiweyo, okanye
olwaziwayo ngumfundi, iloluphi olutsha okanye ulwazi olungekasetyenziswa. Xa sijonga
ulwakhiwo olubhaliweyo, Iweli nkqaku intloko siqendu ibhalwe ngokucacileyo 100 nto
inceda ekutsaleni abafundi ukuba bafunde esi sicatshulwa. Intloko siqendu imele ulwazi
oluthi lunikwe umfundi. Lulwazi olunikiweyo, Umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard
work) oluthi lutsalele umfundi kwesi sicatshulwa, lucela umngeni kubafundi ukuba bafunde
olu Iwazi lutsha oluthi lulungise olu Iwazi lunikiweyo kwisicatshulwa. Kwesi sigaba, le nto
kwingqondo yomfundi lulwazi olutsha, oluza kuhambha nolunikiweyo. Zonke iingxaki
nezisombululo ezibhalwe kwisicatshulwa zinika inkcazelo ngaphezulu kwalento umfundi
asele eyazi. Ngokwesiqhelo, abafundi abaninzi bayakuthanda ukufunda amanqaku athi
azise iingxaki. Into abathi abafundi babe nomdla kuyo zizisombululo zalo ngxaki. Kwesi
sicatshulwa ingxaki yokungaphangeli inikwa abafundi ngesihloko, nesisombululo esiyhi
sinikwe ngumbhali, esifana nento yokuba uRhulumente uyisombulula lengxaki ngokuthi
kubekho amaphulo athile (projects) apho umntu athi afumane uqeqesho kuqala emveni
koko banikwe izinto zokusebenza baye kuzisebenzela, bambi babolekwa imali bakwazi
ukuqala amashishini. Lolu Iwazi lutsha oluthi luzise isisombululo kulo ngxaki ikhoyo,
njengokuba iboniswe kulwazi olunikiweyo, oluthi, umzingisi akanashwa (the fruits of
hardwork).
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Kumhlathi wesithathu sidibane nengxaki yokuphulukana kukaMadlala nomsebenzi wakhe

kwinkampani awaye phangela kuyo. Oko sikuva kula mazwi, "Ngo 1985 uMadlala
waphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe kwikampani awayephangela kuyo. (In 1958
Madlala lost his job in the private sector following iundustrial action at his company).
Iyingxaki into yokugxotha komntu omdala onabantwana emsebenzini. Imfaka kakhulu
umzali kuba utata nomama bona baza kuyamkela abantwana bona abazinto bajonge
ubom baqhubeke ngokwesiqhelo umzekelo kubekho ukutya, banxibe, baqhubekeke
nangemfundo. Urulumente uyazama ukuyilwa le ngxaki kuba kukho imibutyho emele
abasebenzi umzekelo uSADTU kwiitishala. Le mibutho ivumelekile ilwela abaqwesha
bangagcothwa nje nanjanina. Nangoku ke Urulumente uthe akufumanisa ukuba iitishala
zininzi ziye zasasazwa (redeployed).
Etyokugqibela into ayenzayo ezitishaleni kukhupha imali ukuba iitishala mazifunde

ziziphuhlise (developed) ukukhawulelana nezinto ekufuneka zinazo ezifana nobuchule
(skills) ukuxambulisana ngiomvuzo kwambangela wazibona ehlukene nomqeshi
wakhe (a salary dispute saw him part ways with his employer). Nale ingxaki isaliwa,
kukuba umntu afundele le into acinga ukuba iza kumtyisa. Ezinyo izintyo azibhatali kuba
abantu abafundele zona abangqongaphalanga. Kufuneka ukhangele into ezakuqeshisa
okanye izakwenza uzivuieie elakho ishishini umzekelo abantu bombane (electricians),
nabayili (designers). Izinto apho uthi ugqibe nje ukufunda ungene emsebenzini. Xa ubani
ejonge elo hlahlelo lungasentla inkuxoxwa into yokuba umbhali wesicatshulwa usebenza
jengo mhlanguli, umboneleli, okanye umniki wolwazi, aze umfundi kule njongo abonwe
njengomamkeli wolwazi.
Unxulumano lomxholo nembhali

Kwisicatshulwa esithi umzingisi akanashwa (the fruits of hardwork) unxulumano
lomxholo nembhali luzekeliswa luluhlu Iwezivakalisi. Kubalulekile ukuqhaphela ukuba
kukho ukudibana okuthile phakatyhi kwembono kunye nohlahlelo Iwenkcazo yesihloko.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wonxulumano Iwembhali uqondakala kwisihloko esithi umzingisi
akanashwa (the fruits of hardwork). Igatya lokugqibela elithi akanashwa (the fruits) kwesi
sihloko lisebenza njengembali yesisivakalisi. Umfundi uzakuyiqwalasela into yokuba
igatya elithi hardwork lilelona nqaku liyintloko okanye linguxholo Iwesisivakalisi.
Kwakhona eligatya lisebenza njengentloko okanye umxholo welinqaku xa lilonke. Lo nto
ithetha lontio yokuba igatya elithi akanashwa (the fruits) (yimbhali) ukunaba kwesithethi,
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okanye kwinqaku ebeqale kulo umbhali (umxholo) elithi umzingisi. Kwimizekelo emininzi
umxholo uthatha ingoma eyintloko. Kwisivakalisi esithi siza esiyi 0,75 hectare sika Anto
Madlala sibiyelwe kakuhle ukuze iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane zingangeni
khona (Anton Madlala's 0.75 hectare stretch of land is securely fenced to ward off the
maraunding cattle that graze on the surrounding open veld). Ibinzana elithi siza esiyi 0.75
hectare ka Anto Madlala sibiyelwe kakuhle, (Anton Madlala's 0,75 hectare stretch of
land is securely fenced) ngumxholo okanye kulapho isuka khona intetho yombhali, ngelixa
igatya elithi, ukuze iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane zingangeni khona (to ward off
the maraunding cattle that graze on the surrounding open veld) yimbhali, oko kukuthi
siyabaliselwa. Imbali iphuma kumxholo, okanye kwingongoma eeyintloko, isichazela
ngokuzeleyo okanye isinika into eyenzeka kwisiza sikaMadlala ngoku kubiyelwa
kwangaka. Kwakhona kumhlathi wesithathu sixelelwa ukuba, ngo-1985 uMadlala
waphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe, (in 1985 Madlala I;ost his job) ngumxholo okanye
kulapho isuka khona intetho yombhali, ngelixa igatya elithi, kwinkampani
awayephangela kuyo (in the private sector following industrial action at his company).
Yimbhali oko kukuthi siyabuliselwa. Imbali iphuma kumxholo okanye kwingongoma
eyintloko, isichjazela indawo waphulukana kuyo uMadlala nomsebenzi wakhe.
Okokugqibela imbalui ngomxholo ifumaneka kumhlathi wesihlanu apho sixelelwa ukuba,
Emva kweminyaka eli-10 ekulo msebenzi, ukuxambulisana ngomvuzo kwambangela
wazibona ngomvuzo kwambangela wazibona ohlukene nomqeshi wakhe (after 10
years at his job, a salary dispute saw him part ways with his employer). Umxholo apha
kwesi sivakalisi ngulo uthi emva kweminyaka eli-10 ekulo msebenzi ukuxambulisana
ngomvuzo (after 10 years at his job, a salary dispute). Imbali iba yile isichazela ukuba
kwambangela wazibona ohlukene nomqeshi wakhe (saw him part ways with his
employer). Xa siyichaza imbali singathi inika ingcaciso ngomxholo.
Unxulumano oluqwalasela iingcinga ezifunekayo

Abafundi kwisicatshulwa basenokufumana ulwazi olugxininixiweyo nolunye oluthathwa
njengolucingelayo nolwandulelayo. Kwizinto ezehlayo ezininzi, abahlali bazakusebenzisa
izimelabizo, imvumelwano ezingathathi cala nezingokukokwazo ukucacisa imbono
enxulumene neengcinga ezifunekayo.
Kumhlathi wesine umbhali uyasixelela ukuba "Ndandingazi nto malunga nokulima xa

ndandifika apha. Kodwa ke ndakhawuleza ndafunda lukhulu ndaza ndafumanisa
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ukuba ndiyawuthanda lomsebenzi" ("I had known nothing about farming when I first got
in. However I learnt as much as I could and soon found myself enjoying it tremendously")
ukhumbula oko uMadlala. Olu Iwazi Iwenzelwe ukuqwalasela le ngxongxo okanye
Iwandulelwa yiloo nto umbhalki ayithethayo yokunyuselwa kwakhe, kwalapho ekuqaleni
kwisivakalisi. Apha ke umbhali usichazela ngokunyuselwa kwakhe kwifama yamaqunube
kaGareth Olivier waphatha abasebenzi abayi 150. Olu Iwazi luthathwe njengolwazi
olwandulela ingxoxoezayo. Loo ngxoxo yile, "ndandingazi nto malunga nokulima xa
ndafika apha. Kodwa ke ndakhawuleza ndafunda lukhulu ndaza ndafumanisa
ukuba ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi" (I had known nothing about farming when I first got
in. However I learnt as much as I could and soon found myself enjoying it tremendously").
Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi we-7 usebenzisa uhlobo lokukhanya ukuqalisa
kukaMadlala ukulima (Madlala's pioneering efforts). Ngamanye amazwi, kwesi
sivakalisi, ukuqalisa kukaMadlala ukulima amaqunube ngoku kumzisela imali
(Madlala's pioneering efforts at strawberry farming had now commenced in earnest),
igatya elithi ngoku kumzisela imali (now commenced in earnest) landulelwa ukuqalisa
kukaMadlala ukulima (Madlala's pioneering efforts). Kuyinyaniso kona ukuba ngoku
ufumana imali ngokulima. Okokugqibela kwesi sivakalisi sishicilelwe nomfanekiso sithi, u-
Anton Madlala uneqhayiya ngomgangatho wamaqunube akhe (Anton Madlala takes
pride in the high quality of his strawberries). Ibinzana elithi u-Anton Madlala uneqhayiya
(Anton Madlala takes pride). U-Anton Madlala umele aze abe neqhayiya xa ngoku
ungumntu ovelisa amaqunube akumngangatho ophezulu ekubeni sivlle ngasentkla ukuba
ngumlimi wamaqunube wokuqala ontsundu emveni kwemeko ezibuhluingu abe ekuzo.
II. Ubumbano Iwesicatshulwa

ezibonakala ngayo izicatshulwa. Ezo zinto zezi intetho, ukusetyenziswa kwento endaweni
yenye, ushiyo, izihlanganisi, uphindaphindo, uquka nokudityaniswa kwamagama.
Intetho
Kwisicatshulwa esithi umzingisi akanashwa (the fruits of hardwork) intetho iboniswa
kwimihlathi eliqela kweli nqaku ngendlela ngendlela. Kwisihloko esichaza ngo Anton
Madlala oko sikubona kwesi sivakalisi sithi Ngoku ngumlimi wamaqunube wokuqala
ontsundu (He has now become KwaZulu Natalal's first blaxk commercial strawberry
farmer). Apha umbhali wonqena ukuphionda athi ngoku u-Anton Madlala ngumlimi
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wamaqunube ontsundu. Kwakhona kumhlathi weshumi elinesine isivakalisi usiqala

ngoluhlobo ucacisa (he) ngobunjani bokushishino xa echaza imbangi ... amaqunube
(he also displays astute business acumen when he explains why he became involved in
strawberry farming) nalapho kubaluleke ukuphindaphinda isibizo esithi u-Anton Madlala.
Xa ndiyoshwankathela le ntetho itsho ndigathi usebenzise amanqaku athethwe nguAnton
Madlala ebaleke usoloko emkhankanya qho (personal pronoun). Kwakhona umbhali
usebenzisa izibizo ezingaphathekiyo (abstract nouns) ezizibizo zakhiwe kwizichazi
nakwizenzi. "Lamaqunube afunwa ngamandla kwiSupermarkert kwaneevenkile
ezithengisa iziqhamo," utshilo eneqhayiya ("These strawberries are now in great
demand at supermarket as well as leading fruit and vegetable outlets," he proudly
proclaims). Lo mfo simbona eneqhayiya kuba ebona ukuba lamaqunube akhe ayahamba.
Kaloku lento ebeyiqala engayazi nokuyazi. Kumhlathi wesi-8 kuthiwa, ukwafumene
uncedo namacebiso kwi Agrilek no-Eskom (he is also indebted to Agrilek, an advisory
service for farmers within Eskom, for the aid that they rendered). UMadlala phantsi
kokuba ebengenanto esandleni phantsi kokuba ebengenanto esandleni kuloko ezixelele
ukuba uyayifumana lento, sifumanisa ukuba yonke lento uyenze ngoncendo namacebo
awafumene ebantwini, ndingabalula abakhuluwa bakhe noMaureen Schoeman angamazi
nokumazi, imali mboleko njalo njalo.
Kumhlathi we -18 kuthiwa, impumelelo kaMadlala iye yabalasela ngenxa yosibekela

sokuba imozulu yaseMafakathini ingentle nengalungeli ukulima amaqunube
(Madlala's success becomes even more phenomenal in view of the fact that the climate in
Mafakathini, where his farm is located, is not ideal for strawberry farming) kwakhona
umbhali apha usebenzise eligama lithi impumelelo (success) kuba esonqena
uphindaphinda ngokuthi abize zonke ezazinto zenziwe nguMadlala zimphumelelise wada
waba kwelinqanaba akulo ngoku. Kule imihlathi ilandelayo simbona umbhali esebenzisa
izalathisi Ie (this), leya, (that), ezi (these), eziya (those), ezibhekiselele kumabinza sibizo,
kwayazalatha into ibikhe akhankanya, zibaleka ukuyiphanda.
Kumhlathi wokuqala sifumana isivakalisi esithi ungumlimi wamaqunube kwesi (as he

holds a loft a handful of the juicy red fruit that sprout) siza sihle. Ukwesi ubhekisa kwisiza
sika Anton ebesikhe sachazwa ukuba siyi 0.75 hectare sachazelwa ukuba siyibiyelwe
ngocingo ukuze inkomo zingangeni. Usabhekisa kuso kwakhona. Kwakhgona kumhlathi
wesibini usebenzise isivakalisi esibhalwe ngoluhlobo "Lamaqunube afunwa ngamandla
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kwiSupermarkert kwaneevenkile ezithengisa iziqhamo," ("These strawberries are now

in great demand at supermarket as well as leading fruit and vegetable outlets") utshilo
eneqhayiya. Esisikhombisi uia (these) sihamba nesibizo esiphindwayo esingumaqunube
(strawberries). Kwakhona kumhlathi wokugqibela usebenzise isivakalisi "Oku
kuzandibangela ndikwazi ukuhoya ezinye izilimi xa ixesha lamaqunube liphelile (It
will also enable me to concentrate on secondary crops during the strawberry off season),
utshilo. Uoku ubhekisa kwintetho ethi ... ukulima kwindawo enkulu kunokudala
amanye amathuba omsebenzi" ra larger plantation would generate more employment").
Kwakhona kumhlathi wesi-9 usebenzise isalathisi ulo (this). Oku sikufumana

Kwesisivakalisi silandelayo "sifuna abantu basebenzise lomzekelo kaMadlala bayeke
ukuba ngabasebenzi nje bamafama, kufuneka bazi ukuba nabo banokuqalisa ezabo
iifama zorhwebo" (we want black people to immulate Madlala's example and move away
from merely being farm labours. They must know that they can start their own commercial
farms). Lo mzekelo kuthethwa nagwo ukhankanyiwe ngaphambili ngilo wokuba ifama
kaMadlala ikwasetyenziswa yi Agrilek jengephulo elithile. U-Iomzekelo (this example)
umbhali wonqene ukuphindaphinda intetho enye. Kwisivakalisi eskumhlathi we-11
esifundeka ngoluhlobo, "Isivuno sam sokuqala sasincumisa" ("My first yield was
reasonably good") apha umbhali ungumntu owaziwayo yaye ujamelene nengxaki,
yokukhuphisa nabalimi ekudala belima. Yilento ke esikhombisa kwisivuno sakhe sokuqala
ukuba sasisihle. Umbhali ikwenze oku kusebenzisa ezizimelabizo nezizikhombisi njalo
njalo, kuba ihleli kumgaqo wokubhalwa kwinqaku, ifuna imihlathi ukuba ibe mifutshane
nenqaku elo lingabilide. Kufuneka umntu alifunde ngoku aligqibe kwangoku liphele
esonomdla.
Isichazi sothelekiso ngokusetvenziswa kwegama elithile endaweni yelithile

Isichazi solahlekiso nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithile ziyadibana kakhulu zombini
zisetyenziswa ngexesha elinye. Oku sikubona kumhlathi wokuqala kwisivakalisi
esifundeka ngolu hlobo ungumlimi wamaqunube kwesi siza sihle (a sense of pride
animates his countenance as he holds aloft a handful of the juicy red fruit that sprout from
the ground). Ibinzana elithi kwesi siza sihle liyathelekisa iziza zabalimi, kuba siyeva
ukuba uMadlala ebangalimi yedwa. Esi siza sichaza ngokubiyelwa kakuhle ukuze inkomo
ezikwidlelo elikufutshane zingangeni khona. Ukhona yena umele isiza eso. Kwakhona
kumhlathi weshumi elinanye umelo lusetyenziswe kunye nothelekiso. Sikuva oko kwesi
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sivakalisi isivuni sam sokuqala sasincumisa (my first yield was reasonably good.
Ngoku apha simbona uMadlala engumlimi owaziwayo nodumileyo ngokulima. Ngoku
uthelekisa isvuno sakhe sokuqala ukuba sasincumisa xa ethelekisa nesangoku.
Uyayichaza elubala into yokuba ngoku ujamelene neengxaki kuba ukhuphisana nabanye
abalimi. U-sam (my) umele isivuno sika Anton Madlala. Kwakhona kumhlathi
wesithandathu sinesivakalisi ewsithi, ulime kwintsimi yomntwakabo, ngemali ayiboleka
kubakhuluwa bakhe (utilizing an unused plot of land that belonged to his brother, and
with borrowed capital from his brother). Apha ke umbhali uyohlula. Wohlula phakathi
kokulima nemali. Ulime kwintsimi yomntwakabo. Imali yokulima uyifumene kubakhuluwa
bakhe. Umbhali abe nobakhe (his) omele u-Anton Madlala.
Kumhlathi wesithandathu kwakhona sifumana isivakalisi esithi, enamava okulima kodwa

engaphethe nto esandleni okanye ukhetho olumfaneleyo kuthe... ekulimeni (rich with
farming experience but witrh hardly anyfinancial resources or suitable options ... into
farming himself). Apha sithelekisa uAnton enamava (experience) okulima kodwa
enamava enjalo akakwazi kuwasebenzisa kuba akanayo imali, mali leyo emelwe ngu nto
(any), aza kuthi ngayo athenge izinto zokuqala. Kwakhona uthelekiso silifumana
kumhlathi wesibhozo kumazwi athetha nguAnton athi "Bandinika impopo esebenza
ngombane endaweni yaleyo yam esebenza ngepetrol" ("they replaced the petrol pump
that I used for irrigation purposes with an eetric one"). Apha sithelekisa iintlobo ezimbini
zeempompo eyombane efunyenwe nguMadlala kwa Agrilek noEskom neyakhe esebenza
ngepetrol. U-yaleyo (with an) umele impompo kaMadlala.
Kumhlathi wethoba sithetha ngabalimi abantsundu ekuthiwa mabayeke ukulimela

abamhlophe mabalimele bona bathengise ngesivuno abasifumeneyo njengokuba besenza
abamhlophe. Sesivile kwimihlathi engaphambili ukuba uncedo luyafumaneka ko-Eskom
nakwezinye iindawo lokuba umntu aqale. Oko sikuva kwesisivakalisi, "sikhuthaza
abalimi abantsundu ukuba bayeke ukusebenza kumafama baqalise ukulima
kwiifama zabo barhwebe" ("we are therefore encouraging black farmers to move from
subsistence farming to commercial farming") u-zabo umele abalimi. Umbhali kumhlathi
we-19 usicaphulela uMadlala ecebisa ese njenje: ukwabethelele nokuba abafuna ukuba
ngabalimi kuqala kufuneka babe nolwazi bafumane namacebiso amah Ie ingakumbi
kwabo banamava phambi kokuba batheieie kwezolimo nkqu nokuba oku kufuna
imali (he consequently stressing that would be farmers should firstly acquire knowledge
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and sound advice, particularly from those who are expirienced, before embarking upon
farming-even if this costs money). Apha ke umbhali ubonisa ukuba abalimi bandidi mbini,
abanamava nabangenamava u-kwabo (those) ubhekisa kubalimi abanamava.
Izihlanganisi
Isihlanganisi ligama elinokuthi litshayelele isivakalisi, lidibanisa isivakalisi okanye
libesekupheleni kwesivakalisi. Kwakumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usebenzise isihlanganisi
ukuza (that). Oko sikubona kwisivakalisi sokuqala esithi siza esiyi 0.75 hectare zika
Anton Madlala sibiyelwe kakuhle ukuze iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane
zingangeni khona (Anton Mandla's 0.75 hectare stretch of land is securely fenced to
ward off the marauding cattle that graze on the surrounding open veld). Esi sihlanganisi
ukuze sidibanise izivakalisi ezibini sikhankanya unobangela wokubiyelwa kakuhle kwesiza
sikaMadlala ukuba kwenzelwa iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane zingangeni. Kwakhona
kumhlathi wesine umbhali usebenzisa isihlanganisi u-xa. Umbhali usichazela ukuba:
"ndandingazi nto malunga nokulima xa ndandifika apha" ("I had known nothing about
farming when I first got in"). Apha umbhali umsebenzise uxa (when) kuba ebalula imeko
yakhe ubunjani bayo xa wayefika apha. Kwakulo mhlathi mnye usebenzise isihlanganisi
ukodwa (however) u-kodwa (however) umsebenzise ekuqaleni kwesivakalisi. Oko
kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi, "kodwa ke ndakhawuleza ndafunda lukhulu ndaza
ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi" ("However, I learned as much as I
could and soon found myself enjoying it tremendously") ukhumbula oko uMadlala.
Ukodwa (however) udibanisa esi sivakalisi nesesandulele. Apha udibanisa okwa kungazi
nto kwakhe ngokulima beseie kuxelwe kwisivakalisi esingaphambili, nokukhawuleza
kwakhe ukufunda, oku kukwesisivakalisi siqala ngo kodwa (however). Kwakhona umbhali
kwakwesi sivakalisi singentla usebenzise isihlanganisi ukuba (when) osichazela ukuba
uyayivuma le meko akuyo kuba uthi umbhali ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawuthanda
lomsebenzi (and soon found myself enjoying it tremendously). Into xa uzimiseie kuyo
nokuba ubungayazi uphetha uyithanda. Kwimbono elandelayo yengxoxo, umbhali
akadibanisi nje amalungu eelwimi, endaweni yoko walatha kuwo okanye awachaze
ngezikhombisi.
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Izikhombisi
Kwesi sicatshulwa zisetyenziswe iindidi ezintathu zezikhombisi ukufumana
uqhagamshelwano Iwesibizo okanye Iwesivakalisi. Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo zifumaneka
kwesi sicatshulwa kunye nezibizo ezizichazayo, la maqunube (these berries), lo
msebenzi (this work), lo mlimi (this farmer) nale fama (and this farm), aba nobumba
(these alphabets), 010 dumo (that fame), bekuie dyokhwe (in this work), ekulo msebenzi
(in this work), kwesi siza (in this site). Isikhombisi ulo (this) sivela kaninzi kwisicatshulwa.
Ezi zikhombisi zifumaneka kwimihlathi eyahlukeneyo apha kwisicatshulwa zalatho izibizo
umbhali agxininisa kuzo intetho yakhe. Singatsho sigxininisa umxholo wesicatshulwa
umzekelo woko zezi zikhombisi zilandelayo la maqunube (these berries) ), lo msebenzi
(this work), lo mlimi (this farmer). Ezi zikhombisi zalatha into ekufuphi kumntu othethayo.
Umzekelo apha umbhali uthetha ngaye lo mlimi (this farmer) gama elo alifumene ngenxa
yomsebenzi wakhe lo msebenzi (this work), oku ku lo msebenzi siyohluka umsebenzi
othandwa nguMdlala ukuba ngulo wokulima amaqunube, kunalo wokuphatha abasebenzi
efektri. Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo ekulo no bekuie (in this) kule dyokhwe zalatha izinto
athi umntu adibane nazo kwiomisebenzi yale mihla. Oko kucaciswa kakuhle sesi
sivakalisi. Emva kweminyaka eli 10 kulo msebenzi ukuxambulisana ngomvuzo
kwambangela wazibona ohlukene nomqeshi wakhe (after 10 years at his job, a salary
dispute saw him part ways with his employer). Umbhali apha usibonisa ukuba
ngaphambili ibiyinto elula ukohlukana komntu nomsebenzi. Ubungakwazi ukuthi,
akukholwa yinto eyenziwa ngumqeshi kuwe nithethathethane. Bekuqala yena kugqibele
kwayena ukuba ukhe wawuvula umlomo uphelelwe sisonka. Isikhombisi ubekule
dyokhwe (in this work) yena ubonakalisa ukuba xa uqala into yisuse engqondweni yakho
into yokuba yenziwa nguwe wedwa, bakhona abanye abayicinga bayenza kwangaphambi
kwakho le nto uyenzayo qha uza kubabona xa sele ukuyo. Oko kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi,
kodwa kwezentengiso ndiye ndajamelana neengxaki kube lukhulu uphikiswano
oluqhubeka nabalimi ekudala bekuie dyokhwe (but I experienced problems in
marketing my produce in the face of the stiff competition from the more established
farmers). Izikhombisi uapha (here), lo (this), oko (that) esizifumana kumhlathi wesine
zisetyenziswe zodwa endaweni yesibizo siyintloko. Umzekelo ngulo "ndandingazi nto
malunga nokulima xa ndandifika apha. Kodwa ke ndakhawuleza ndafunda
ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi", ukhumbula oko uMadlala ("I had
known nothing about farming when I first got in. However, I learnt as much as I could and
soon found myselfenjoying it tremoundously", recalls Madlala). Lo apha athetha ngaye
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umbhali yifama ka Gareth Olivier. lo m,sebenzi athetha ngawo ngullo wamaqunube. U

oko kokwakunyuselwa kwakhe abe ngumphathi wabasebenzi. Kumhlathi we 16
kusetyenziswe izikhombisi u nale no nala ezogxininisa imeko yokungafumani nto
eshishinini. U nale yena ugxininisa impumelelo yakhe ekubeni azibandakanye nefama
eyenza ingeniso. Oku kuboniswa kwezi zivakalisi, ukwamenywe lelinye ishishini elilime
amaqunube oloweminyaka eli -13 leminyaka, nalo ebelingazuzi mpumelelo
encumisayo (his immense success resulted in Madlala being invited to share his skills
with a black owned consortium that owned a neighbouring strawberry farm for the last 12
years without generating much success). Ukususela ekuzibanda kanyeni nale fama uye
esenza ingeniso, esaziwa kuyo yonke iKZN Midlands. Ezi zivakalisi zigxininisa kwinto
yokuba xa ungusomashishini zabandakanye nabanye oosomashishini abashishina ngale
mveliso yakho. Ngokwenjenjalo niyaphuhlisana, nixhobisane kananjalo ngemanikwenze
nangemaningankwenzi. Kuloku simana sisiva konomathotholo nakumaphephandaba
ngombutho wabalimi. Umbhali uza kuqwalisela ukuba ayizozikhombisi qha ezithi
zisetyenziswe ngumbhali ekugxininiseni izinto ezithile kwisicatshulwa kuloko
nophindaphindo olu kuza kuxoxwa ngalo apha ngezantsi.
Uphindaphindo
Apha kwisicatshulwa umbhali ulusebenzisile uphinda-phindo ukubonisa umvuzo womntu
othe wazingisa entweni. Okop kuboniswa ngamagama neentetho athe umbhali
wazisebenzisa kwisicatshuilwa. Eli binzana ukulima amaqunube (strawberry farming)
umbhali uzingisile ukulisebenzisa ngokwenza oko ukhumbuza abafundi ngesihloko okanye
ngumxholo wesicatshulwa. lo mxholo uyavela kwisihloko esiyintloko esikwiphepha lama-
46 nama-47 nakuie mihlathi1,7,14,15,16 nephepha le -18. Oku kusetyenziswa qho kwesi
sihloko kunceda umbhali agcine isicatshulwa sakhe sinimxholo omnye, le nto ke yenza
ukuba umfundi akwazi ukulandela inkcukhaca ngentloko yesicatshulwa eso. Umbhali
kwakhona uphindaphindile ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi ngoncedo namacebo (help and
advice) ukuxhasa esi sihloko siyintloko. Olu ncedo nala maceba ngawo ancede uMadlala
ukuba abe uyaphumelela ekubeni ngumlimi wamaqunube. Umbhali ulisebenzisile eli
binzana kule mihlathi owesi-6 nowesi-8. Kumhlathi wesi-6 umbhali umcaphule ngqo
uMadlala xa echaza uhlobo loncedo namacebiso awafumene kwi-Agrilek noEskom
ukwenzela ukuba azokwazi ukuphumelela kule mbono yakhe yobulimi. Kwakhona igama
eliphinda-phindiwe kaninzi kwesi sicatshulwa lelithi ifama (farm). Kumhlathi we-9
lisetyenziswe kaninzi kugxininiswa ukubaluleka kwefama eyeyakho nengeniso eyenziwa
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yifama kuba isizwe sixhomekeke kwiifama ngokutya nokunjanina. Kumhlathi wesithoba

uthi... ifama kaMadlala ikwasetyenziswa yiAgrilek njengeyephulo elithile. Sifuna
abantu basebenzise lo mzekelo kaMadlala bayeke ukuba ngabasebenzi nje
bamafama ... banokuqalisa ezabo iifama zorwebo. (... Madlala's present farm has been
adopted as a pilot project by Agrilek. "We want black people to emulate Madlala's
example and move away from merely being farm labourers ... they can start their own
commercial farms). Kwakhona ke eli gama lith ifama (farm) lisetyenziswe kule mihlathi
we-10,16 nowama-21. Oku kuba ngumfama kuneziphumo ezincumisayo oko sikuva
kumhlthi we-11 nowe-16. Oko kungqinwa lucaphulo ngqo oluthi "Isivuno sam sokuqala
sasincumisa" ("my first yield was reasonably good). Olu ncumo Iwenziwe yinzuzo
umntu athi ayiofumane ekubeni ngumfama. Eli gama livela kule mihlathi ilandelayo owe-
15,16 nowe-17. Sikuva oko kwesi sivakalisi, ukususela ekuzibanda kanyeni nale fama
uye ezenza ingeniso ezaziwe kuyo yonke iKZN Midlands (... since striking up this
partnership, this farm is also throughout the KZN Midlands). Ingeniso yile imenze ukuba
okaMadlala aphumelele ebomini. Le mpumelelo ivezwa kulemihlathi owe-
10,11,13,16,17,18 nowa ma-21. Le mpumelelo siyibona ekubeni nguye ngoku odala
imisebenzi. Umbhali oku ukuveza ngesisivakalisi: Nakuba sele edala amathuba
emisebenzi engama-25 ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe uMadlala uthi ukulima
kwindawo enkulu kunokudala amanye amathuba omsebenzi ( Even though he has
created 25 job opportunities through his success, Madlala believes that a larger plantation
would generate more employment). Xa ndigqibelisa, ndiqgibelisa ngelithi zonke ezi zinto
zikhankanywe apha ngasentla zenzeke ngenxa yokusebenza nzima kuka Madlala. Oko
umbhali ukuchaza gca ngokwakhe kumhlathi we-11 ngoluhlobo "nabanina ofuna
Ukuvuna impumelelo kufuneka atyale ukuze aze asebenze nzima. ( Anyone who
wants to reap must saw the seeds for this through sheer hard work). Oku kusebenza
kuvele kaninzi kwesi sicatshulwa kule mihlathi owe - 4,5,9,11 nama 21.
Ukushiywa kwamagama.
Kwindlela ekucingwa ngayo ngabantu abathile, kwingxoxo ethile nakwi solotya eliyhile.
Ushiyo Iwamagama ngamaxesha athile luyasetyenziswa kwisicatshulwa ukubonisa
ukuqhubekeka kwesivakalisi.
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Umbhali kwesi sicatshulwa ulubonakalisile ushiyo Iwamagama asebenzise amanani

endaweni yamazwi, oko sikubona kule mihlathi ilandelayo, owe 1,3,4,5,6,7,16
nomhlathi wama 21. ngale ndlela uhambisana nomthetho wokubhalwa kwenqaku othi
imihlathi yenqaku mayingabi mide. Umzekelo xa ethetha ngeminyaka uthe ngo 1985,
1996 endaweni yokuthi ngomnyaka wewaka elinamakhulu asithoba namashumi
asibhozo namashumi asibhozo anesihlanu. Kwakhona kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -46
nama 47 umbhali usebenzise olu phawu.
~ Diu mele kulo mfanekiso, osibonisa ukuba u Anton Mandla uneqhayiya
ngomgangatho wamaqunube akhe.
Kumhlathi wesi - 13 sifumanisa ukuba unesiza asibiza ngokuba yi ALHEBROS. Apha

sifumanisa ukuba usebenzise oonobumba bamagama abantakwabo, u LEORNARD no
HENRY ukuzama inqaku lingabi lide. Xa ndigqibezela phaya kumhlathi we- 16 umbhali
uthetha ngokuba u Anton uyaziwa kuyo yonke iKZN Mildrands. Nalapha sifumanise
ukuba usebenzise ushiyo, washwankathela endaweni yokuthi iKwazulu Natal Midlands.
kumhlathi wokugqibela usebenzise la magama ndikwazisa ukuhoyo ezinye izimilo, (
enable me to concentrate on secondary crops). Usebenzise u ezinye kuba esonqena
ukuzidwelisa ngamagama azo kuba esonga ixesha.
Ukuvumelana kwamagama
Kumhlathi wesithathu sifumana igama elithi kwifama yamaqunube ( strawberry farm ),

lakhiwe ngolu hlobo kudityaniswe isibizo+ isibizo - isibizo esimbaxa esingu ifama+
amaqunube =ifama yamaqunube. lifama zizintlobo ngentlobo kuxhomekeka ukuba umntu
lowo ufuna ukufamisha ngantonina, umzekelo lukho eyegusha, bhokwe, njalo njalo.
Umbhali usixelela ukuba uMandla ukhethe ukuba abe ngumlimi wamaqunube. Kuba
ebeqeshwe kwifama yamaqunube uphethe ewuthanda lo msebenzi wazivulela elakhe
ishishini lamaqunube esifumanisa ukuba lambeka endaweni waphetha naye enabakhe
abasebenzi.
Kwakhona kwakulo msebenzi mnye sifumana igama elithi umphathi wabasebenzi (farm
supervisor). Lakhiwe ngokuthi kudityaniswe isibizo + isibizo - isibizo umphathi+
abasebenzi = umphathi wabasebenzi. Apha umbhali usibonisa u Mandla ekwinqanaba
eliphezulu lokuphatha abasebenzi. Kwathi kuba eyona nto immandla emsebenzini
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ngumvuzo, ngulo athe waxabana ngawo nomphathi wakhe. Qha kuthe kanti emgxotha nje
sefunde konke, waya kuziqalela eyakhe waqesha nabantu bokumncedisa.
Kumhlathi wokuqala kwisihloko sifumana igama elithi ngumlimi wamaqunube eli gama
lithi umlimi alihambi lodwa likhatshwa lelinye. Intetho uyiyeke esithubeni xa usithi umntu
ngumlimi. Sifuna ukwazi ukuba ngowa ntoni. Umbhali usixelela ukuba uMandla
wayengumlimi wamaqunube. Kulapho wazuza udumo ngenxa yekhwaliti yamaqunube
akhe.
Ukunamathelana kwesicatshulwa
Umba wokunxulumana kwesicatshulwa uncedisa ekufinisweni kwesakhiwo sesicatshulwa

nasekumisweni kwezehlo ngamaxesha azo. Xa sixoxa ngonxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa
esithi umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work) siza kuphicotha ezi meko
zilandelayo, iziseko zonxulumano ezingezizo ezelwimi, intetho yomxholo, amalungu
olwayamo nokulungelelanisa nokusetyenziswa kweentekelelo.
Isiseko sonxulumano esingesiso seelwimi
Ngeenxa yemvumelwano ezaziwayo zokubhala umfundi azaziyo, kulo mba uthi abenakho
ukuqonda akwazi nokuchonga isakhiwo sesicatshulwa nendlela ezithi iziganeko
zilandelelane ngayo. Umfundi wesi sicatshulwa uthi akwazi ukuyilandela into ebhaliweyo
kuso, ukwenza oko kuba isicatshulwa singaphambukanga kwiimvumewano ezathi
zabekwa zokubhalwa kwenqaku lephephandaba. Enye yezi mvumelwano zokwakhiwa
kwesicatshulwa kukuba isihloko sibhalwe sigqame ngonobumba abakhulu sixhaswe
zintlobo ezine. Umfundi uthi abenakho ukwazi okuqulethwe sisicatshulwa ngenxa
yesihloko nezi zihlokwana zihamba nomfanekiso. Ngolo hlobo angakwazi ukuqikelela into
eza kukwenzeka apha kwisicatshulwa ngenxa yesihloko nezi zihlokwana zihamba
nemifanekiso.
Ubani usenokubona kwelinye icala isakhiwo esihle nesicatshulwa esineziganeko apho

esinye sizala esinye ngaphantsi kwesi sihloko ize ecaleni ibe zizihlokwana ezicacisa
ngemifanekiso oko kuboniswa ngetolo ( ). Esi sihloko sakhiwe ngemihlathi, ize umhlathi
ngamnye ube nomba wawo owahlukileyo phofu unxulumene nalo bekuxoxwa ngawo
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ngasentla. Nakuba imiba yemihlathi yahlukene yonke Ie mihlathi inegalelo ngokuthi inike
intsingiselo yesieatshlwa. Lo mhlathi uthi ube nesiganeko apho esinye sizala esinye
uobnakala ngolu hlobo: kumhlathi wokuqala siehazelwa ngesiza sika Anton Mandla
engumlimi wamaqunube kuso. Kumhlathi wesi -2 ngokufunwa kwezi zilimo zakhe
zibhatalayo zingamaqunube. Umhlathi wesi 3,4,nesi 5 sixelelwa ngokudibana kwakhe
nefama yamaqunube engazi nto ngokulima, kodwa wakuthanda, kwanokugxothwa kwakhe
kuba athe waxambulisana nomphathi wakhe ngomvuzo ngokwezinto zale mihla zokuba
ungathi ewe kuyo yonke into nokuba akuyithandi.
Kumhlathi we -6,7,,8,9 nowe 10 sifumanisa ukubangoku amava awafumene apho

. agxothwe khona, uwasebenzisile ngokuthi azivulele elakhe ishishini lamaqunube.
Ufumana uneedo ebantwini ngezinto zokusebenza kweli shishini. Kangangokuba eqhubela
phambili ngoku uyisebenzisa njengephulo kwaye imngenisela imali, le ebeyifuna ukuze
agxothwe.
Kumhlathi we -11,12,13 nowe 15 ululutho kwabanye abantu ngokuthi abaeebise kwindlela

yokuphumelela nento yokuba isivuno asizikusoloko sisihle nokuba kubalulekile ukukhonza
uluntu. Ueebisa kananjalo ukuba, umntu akajongi nto inye ukwenzela ukuba xa ingalungi
enye ube ushishina ngelungileyo.
Kumhlathi we -16,17 nowe 18 udibana nomakhekhetha kolu shishino abathi

baphefumlelane, bakhuphisane kanjalo, ufumana nendlela yokukhusela izityalo
kwimozulu. Kumhlathi we 19, 20,21 nowama 22 uzimiseie ukutyebisa ulwazi Iwakhe
ngakumbi ngolimo, olu Iwazi wabelana ngalo nabanye ngokuthi abaneede, udala
imisebenzi kananjalo.
Kumhlathi wesi- 3 nowesi-4 simbona umbhali ephumelela ekudaleni unxibelelano lokuthi

isiganeko sizale esinye kwimihlathi yakhe. Kumhlathi we-4 uqala ngo kungekudala (soon)
omele imbono edibanayo nekwingxoxo ibinikwe kumhlathi wesithathu. Kumhlathi
wesithathu simbona u Mandla ephelelwa ngumsebenzi kwangeli xesha linye abe efuna
omnye kwifama yamaqunube. Kumhlathi wesi-4 umbhali usibonisa uMandla ephelelwa
ngumsebenzi kwangeli xesha linye abe efumana omnye kwifama yamaqunube, kumhalthi
wesi-4 umbhali usibonisa uMandla enyuselwa ngoko nangoko engumphathi wabasebenzi
abali 150. Ie ntetho iphumelele ekugeineni unxulumano phakathi kwemihlathi yakhe,
150
eyenye yamalungu angondoqo kwisiseko sonxulumano esingesiso eseelwimi

kwisicatshulwa.
Ukunggamana
Le mbono inegalelo elikhulu ekwakheni ukuzalana kwisicatshulwa. Xa umbhali ethe

waphumelela ekubhaleni isicatshulwa ngendlela yokuba iziganeko zilandelelane esinye
sizale esinye. Loo nto yenza ukuba umbhai akwazi ukubona uqhagamshelwano
kwisicatshulwa, qhagamshelwano 010 luza kuthi ludibanise nolwazi Iwakhe oludlulileyo.
Njengesicatshulwa esithi umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work) esi sicatshulwa
sicatshulwe kulindixesha wase Mzantsi Africa, iBona, saye sinceda ekuboniseni iinzima
abantu badibane nazo emisebenzini.
Omnye usenokuyimela into yokuba abafundi besi sicatshulwa, bakhe badibana nengxaki
ezinje kwixesha elidlulileyo njengokuba behlala kwimeko ezinjalo. Ukoleka kule nto, yintoni
ebangela iqela leBona liphande ngokugxothwa kwabantu emisebenzini? Yinto yokuba
bayabona ukuba yenye yeengxaki ezibalulekileyo athi uRhulumente adibane nazo,
ngakumbi kweli cala lamashishini (ifektri). Wonke ubani uyayazi ukuba ikamva lomntu
ophangela efektri limfiliba. Oku siboniswa kulo mhlathi wesi -3 ngala mazwi ngo 1985
uMandla waphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe kwinkampani awayephangela kuyo.
Ephelelwe lithemba uYise wabantwana abane ( in 1985 Mandla lost his job in the
private sector following industrial action at his company, driven by desperation the father of
four). Wonke umntu ezidolophini nase maphandleni ngakumbi ezifama uyazi
ngokugxothwa emsebenzini efundile enhafundanga, ukuba akanawo umbutho
wokumthethelela. Noko xa unombutho asiyonto ilula ukugxothwa emsebenzini. Yiyo lo nto
xa umntu ephangela kuzanywa ukuba abe nombutho wakhe, ukwenzela ukuba ajonge
indlela agxothwe ngayo. Umfundi oyaziyo lengxaki uza kusifunda esi sicatshulwa ngodla
nenkxalabo. Leli xhala lomfundi elithi limnyanzele ukuba amgxeke uRulumente
ngokungenzi nto ngabantu abaswele umsenbenzi. Kwa lo mfundi uzakuthi acinge
ngesisombululo sale ngxaki. Le nkxalabo yomfundi, nomnqweno wokunceda aba Bantu
bangaphangeliyo ngokubhekiselele kule ngxaki iyakhuthazwa kumhlathi we- 9 apho
unTlantla Dlamini wakwa Afilek simcaphula esithi "sifuna abantu basebenzise lo
mzekelo ka Mandla bayeke ukuba ngabasebenzi nje bamafama, koko kufuneka bazi
ukuba nabo banokuqalisa ezabo iifama zorhwebo"( we want black people to emulate
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Madlala's example and move away from merely being farm labourers. They must know
that they can start their own commercial farms,) abasebenza naye u Julius Zondi waleka
ngelithi ulimo lubalulekile kuba isizwe sixhomekeke kulo ukuze siphile" ( farming is
very important because the entire nation depends on the ground for their substance).
Emveni kokuba ufunde eli cebiso umfundi onenekathalo noxhalabileyo uza kucinga
ngeendlela zokunceda abantu abangenamsebenzi. URhulumente wethu zininzi izinto
azivezileyo ezenziwayo ukukhawulelana nabo bangaphangeliyo necawa ngokunjalo. Apho
kuqala kukhutshwe isixa mali esithile sokuba abantu baziphuhlise( Develop). Le mali ke
bakhona abantu abathi bajonge indlela eza kusetyenziswa ngayo. Umezkelo wolu
ngowokuba uvule I Projekti yokuthunga. Apho ke kuqala kufunwe abantu abakwaziyo
ukuthunga abaqeqeshwe kwezi zikolo Umzekelo Border Technikon. East London
Technical bona baza kuqeqesha abantu ekuthungeni baze nabo baqeqeshe abanye
ekugqibeleni wonke umntu uyakwazi ukuzenzela imali. Umzekelo basenokukhethana babe
ngabantu abalishumi bathungele izibhedlele ezithile amashiti, iimpahla zokulala zomama
notata njalo njalo. Xa besebenza ngolo hlobo nakwimizi mveliso yelaphu bayaphulelwa xa
bengabantu be projekti.
Amalungu awoyanyiswayo nalungelelaniswayo
Ngokwembono yolwayamano nolungelelaniso uhlalelo Iwesicatshulwa luquka uthelekios

nentetho entsha. Lo mba uthelekiso andizukungena nzulu kuba ubukhe wachaphazeleka
kwisihloko esingaphambili kwimbono ye Comparative cohesion phantsi kwe Text
Cohension ukwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa.
Umbhali usebenzusa u ezinye ( the others ) ukubonisa uthelekiso kwisicatshulwa.

Kumhlathi wokugqibela usebenzisa le ngcaciso ukutyila nokuthelekisa ubuncinane befama
anayo nokuthelekisa indlela angathi alime ngayo xa enokuba nefama enkulu, angajongi
nto enye, atshintshatshintshe ukulima ngamaxesha onyaka. Oku kubonakaliswa yile
miqolo: ... uthe angavuya xa enokufumana ifama enkulu kakhulu. Oku kuza
kundibangela ndikwazi ukuhoya ezinye izilimo xa ixesha lamaqunube liphelile ( he
states that he would like to obtain larger farm). Kumhlathi we 14 ebede wakhankanya
umbona neetapile.
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Kumhlathi wesi-6 umbhali usebenzise u okanye. Apha uthelekiso silubona xa umbhali

asivezela oka Madlala enamava okulima enjalo kodwa akananto esandleni engenalo
okanye ukhetho olumfaneleyo. Kumhlathi wesi7 umbhali usebenzise eli gama lithi
ngaphandle (a point) esityhilela ngendawo ezahlukeneyo uMadlala afumane kuzo
uncedo, abantakwabo ne polisi yenshorensi, oku sikubona kwesi sivakalisi, ngaphandle
koncedo alufumene kubantakwabo uMadlala wasebenzisa I polisi ye Nshorensi (
apart from the assistance obtained from his brothers Madlala also cashed in an
Insurance). Olu thelekiso lukwinto yokuba kubantakwabo akazi kuyibuyisa kwipolisi
yenshorensi, le mali uza kuyibuyisa. Xa ndigqibelisa kumhlathi wesibhozo utehlekiso
luboniswa ngu endaweni oko sikubona kwesi sivakalisi, bandinika impompo esebenza
ngombane endaweni yaleyo yam esebenzisa ipetrol ( they replace the open pump I
used with an eletric one). Apha sithetha ngentlobo zempompo ezimbini esebenza
ngepetrol nesebenza ngombane, ngokuqinisekileyo eyombane iyakhawuleza ukusebenza
kuneyepetrol.
lIungu lesibini lolwayamano nolungelelwano yintetho entsha. Kukho unxibelelwano

phakathi kolu phawu nophindaphindo oluxoxwe kumba we coherence apha ngaphambili.
Ngokwezigqibo zentetho entsha uqwalaselo luyanikwa kumagama athi athathwe
kwakhona ngenye indiela, kumabinzana, kumagatya okanye kumalungu alapha
kwisicatshulwa nento yokuba kutheni umbhali ewasebenzisa. Uku sikufumana ngembono
yophindaphindo kananjalo. La magama alandelayo, njengoko ebekhe akhankanywa
kuphindaphindo, aphinde athathwe ngenye indlela kwesi sicatshuwa Umzingiis
akanashwa. La magama ngala ngumlimi wamaqunube ngoncedo namacebiso,
ndajamelana nengxaki, udumo, nengeniso. ( strawberry farmer, help and advice, highly
respected, a profit). Unobangela wokuthetha ngokutsha yinto yokuba umbhali ufuna
ukunika umfanekiso ocacileyo wenzame ezenziwa nguMadlala ukuze aphumelele.
Umxholo othi ngumlimi wamaqunube uyaguquguqulwa ukuthetha ukukhumbuza
abafundi ukuba isicatshulwa singantonina. Umbhali uyasixelela kwakhina nengcaciso
ezifana nemali mboleko. Apha umbhali usibonisa uMadlala equlunqa ikamva lakhe,
njengoko sisahluka ngemidla, ngolwazi, ngeziqu, nangemeko esihlala kuzo. Apha ke
simbona uMadlala esebenzisa amathuba akhoyo kuba kaloku xa ungenayo imali
ukhangela iindawo ezinokuthi zikuncede ngemali mboleko. ( insurance policy)
La manyathelo athatyathwe ngokaMadlala siwafanisa nomntu lo unyuka amanqwanqwa
ade aye kutsho phezulu. Inyathelo olokuqala ibe kukufuna amancedo (help), akuba
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eyazile into aza kuyenza. Oko sikuva kula ntetho ithi, ngoncedo namacebo ( help and
advice) kula macebiso ude wacetyiswa nangemali mboleko (insurance policy)
awayifumana kwaZulu finance and Investment Corporation.uncedo sivile ukuba ulufumene
kubantakwabo akanela waya kuboleka. Le ntetho intsha isixelela ukuba uMadlala
eluhambeni ujamelene nengxaki(experienced problems),ngxaki ezoesixelelwa ukuba
wadibana nabalimi ekudala bekuie dyokhwe waza wafumana ukhuphiswano. Kule ntetho
intsha sixelelwa ukuba uMadlala uye wafumana udumo. Udumo siyalwazi ukuba luza
ngokusebenza nzima.. oku sikuva kumhlathi weshumi apho kuthiwa ebengalawulwa
lixesha usebenza kude kube ngorhatya kuquka nange cawa,. ( he is never governed
by time and often works long hours including Sundays). Okokugqibela ke Ie ntetho intsha
isixelela nge ngeniso (becoming profitable) ebithi ifunyanwe ngulo mfo. Kaloku
ekusebenzeni kukho umvuzo, le ngeniso uyifumene kuba ebekhuphisana nabalimi asele
bezinzile. Le ngcaciso yale ntetho ngokutsha ingumceli mngeni kubafundi ngakumbi abase
Mzantsi Afrika ukuba umntu acinge ngento anokuthi umntu ayenze ekuhlaleni,
ukuhlangabezana neemeko zokuswela umsebenzi. Kuba sifumanisa ukuba lo ka Madlala
ezizamela iindlela zokuphila kanti akazameli yena yedwa kuba xa ufuna ukwenza into uza
kufuna abantu bokukuncedisa, ngalo ndlela udala amathuba emisebenzinakwabanye
abantu. Enye imbono yentetho entsha yile yokuba inceda isicatshulwa sihlale kumxholo
omnye, njengokuba ababhali abaninzi bayisebenzisa njengecebo lokudibanisa iziqendu
ezahlukileyo zezecatshulwa zabo. Elinye igama elimana ukukhankanywa yimpumelelo
(Success). Umntu othi aphumelele ngumntu obe nenjongo ayiphumeze ngokuthi aqale
into. Umbhali usixelela ukuba uMadlala uphelelwe ngumsebenzi engutata wabantwana
abane. Ngokuqinisekileyo injongo yakhe ibikukuba nemali ukuze akwazi ukukhulisa
abantwana bakhe. Le njongo yakhe uyenze ngokusebenzisa ulwazi alufumene
kumsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili. Ube eqeshwe kwifama yamaqunube naye washishina
ngamaqunube.
Ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntekelelo
Umfanekiso ngqondweni othi unyanzelwe sisakhiwo sesicatshulwa unenxaxheba enkulu

oyidlalayo kwizinto ezisebenzayo ekudaleni umanyano. Umfanekiso ngqondweni
uyafuneka ukudibanisa ilwazi olutsha nolwazi oluqulethwe yingqondo yomfundi.
Kwisicatshulwa umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work) kwa isihloko esi
umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work) sisinika umfanekiso ngqondweni womntu
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ongenanto ngenxa yemeko ezithile aze athi ngokwenza imizamo aphethe ephumelela
ebomini. Umzekelo, kuqala umbhali usivezela uMadlala engutata wabantwana abane
ephelelwe ngu,sebenzi. Okwesibini simbona egasonganga zandla ezama indlela yokulima
athengise. Ekugqibeleni waziwa kulo lonke elakwa Zulu Natal ngokuthengisa. Naye ngoku
uqeshe abantu bokumncedisa.
Kumhlathi wokuqala kuthiwa ungurnlirni warnaqunube ( strawberry farmer) kwisiza esiyo

0.75 hectare. Kumhlathi wesithathu simbona ephelelwe lithemba uyise wabantwana abane
kuba ephulukene nomsebenzi ngenxa yokuxambulisana ngomvuso nomqeshi wakhe kuba
engumtu ongenanto kumhlathi we-6 simbona efumana uneedo narnaeebiso (help and
advice) kumntu angamaziyo u Maureen Schoeman nakwi Agrilek no Eskom. Kumhlathi we
-10 kuba ejonge impumelelo kuthiwa akalwulwa lixesha usebenza de kube ngorhatya
kuquka neecawe. Kumhlathi we 11 umbhali usixelela ukuba uMadlalangokwentengiso
wajamelana nengxaki, ngenxa yokuba lukhulu kokhuphiswano oluqhubekayo nabalimi
ekudala bekuie dyohwe. Kumhlathi we- 16 simbona emenywa lelinye ishishini elilime
amaqunube 100 nto imenzele ingeniso, waziwa nayiyo yonke I Midlands. kumhlathi wama
-21 simbona edala amathuba emisebenzi engama- 25 ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe. Xa
sijonga le mifanekiso ngqondweni ingasentla, umbhali uphumelele ukunxulumanisa
imihlathi yakhe kakuhle ngelixesha agcine umxholo wesicatshulwa ukuqala ekuqaleni
ukuya kutsho ekugqibeleni. Le mifanekiso ntekelelo isetyenziswe njengemizekelo kwezi
zivakalisi zingentla igxininisa umxholo wokuba urnzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard
work). Le mifanekiso ntekelelo kwakhona inika umfundi umfanekiso ocacileyo wobomi
bomntu ozimiseleyo ebomini.
Isirno sobueiko kunarnathelwano
Esona simo sichongiweyo kwesi sicatshulwa sisimo sokusinjululwa kwengxaki. Njengoko

umfundi waqwalasela esi sicatshulwa sazisa ngengxaki yokuba urnzingisi akanashwa (
the fruits of hard work) ngokuthi asebenzise amagama afana nala, ukuphulukana,
ukuxarnbulisana ngornvuzo, ikulirna ( lost, salary dispute, plantation) namanye.
Kwelinye icala umbhali ucebisa ngezisombululo zale ngxaki kumhlathi wesi- 9,
ngengcebiso ezivela kuNtiantla Dlamini wakwa Afilek "sifuna abantu basebenzise lo
rnzekelo ka Madlala bayeke ukuba ngabasebenzi nje barnafarna, koko kufuneka bazi
ukuba nabo banokuqalisa ezabo iifarna zorhwebo"( we want black people to emulate
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Madlala's example and move away from merely being farm labourers. They must know
that they can start their own commercial farming). Ngako nje ukuba beze ngaphambili abo
banokwenza oko uRhulumente uya kukwazi ukubabonelela ngendlela ezithile, Umzekelo
ukukhutshwa kwe trekta njalo njalo. Kwesi sicatshulwa ubuciko obubonisa unobangela
neziphumo buyafumaneka kule mizekelo ilandelayo. Oku kufumaneka xa omnye ethe
wahlahlela unobangela nezizathu zokuba kuthiwe uMzingisi Akanashwa. Kumhlathi wesi-5
ukuxambulisana ngomvuzo (salary dispute) [nobangela] wazibona ehlukene
nomsebenzi [isiphumo].
Kumhlathi we-10 umbhali usixelela ukuba ukuzimisela kuka Madlala ekuzenzeleni

izinto(his own dediation, commitment and hands on approaching to do things)
[unobangela]; impumelelo yefama yakhe(Mandlala's instant success as a strawberry
farmer) [isiphumo]' kumhlathi we 11 umbhali usixelela ukuba ubunjani bekhwaliti
yamaqunube ka Madlala (because of the quality of Madlala's strawberry) [ unobangela];
impumelelo isiphumo. Kumhlathi we-18 ngokuba nefama yakhe (the former farm worker)
[unobangela]; impumelelo isiphumo. Okokugqibela nabanina angatsho ukuthi ukuzingisa
nomonde(nobangela) kukhokelela kwimpumelelo [isiphumo]. Unxibelelwano kwesi
sakhiwo sesicatshulwa lulo olwenza ukuba umfundi akwazi ukuqonda kubalulekile ukuthi
abantu abaphangela kumafama mabayeke ukuziqoba ngomsebenzi wama fama
mabayeke ukuziqoba ngomsebenzi wafama bengafumani mali ibhekephi bazilibazise
ngalo mxhesho mabazimele awabo amasimi.
Incwadi echaza amagama
Lo mba wokuhlahlelwa kwesicatshulwa unxulumene nokhetho Iwenkcukhacha ezinento

yokwenza namagama, umzekelo: isenzi,izibizo namalungu okuqala kwizivakalisi
athiumbhali awasebenzise kwisicatshulwa ukwenzela ukuba akwazi ukuphume lelisa ezi
njongo zonxibelelwano.
Ukukhethwa kwelungu lokuqala kwisivakalisi kunegalelo kunxibelelwano phakathi

komfundi nombhali. Ngako nje ukuba unfundi afunde indawo yokuqala kwisivakalisi, uvela
umfundi athekelele into umbhali aza kuthetha ngayo kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo xa umbhali
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waqala ngentloko ethi umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work) umbhali uyayicinga
into yokuba eli binzana lingasentla sisihloko sesicatshulwa kwaye yonke into eza kuxoxwa
iza kuba nokuzingisa phakathi. Umzekelo, siliqala nje inqaku lethu sivula ngamazwi
asixelela ngesiza esiyi 0.75 hectare sika Anton Madlala 100 nto isielela nje singekaqali
ukufunda ukuba apha kuza lulinywa. Kumhlathi wesi-3 uqala ngolu hlobo, ngo 1985 apha
silindele ibali elisibaliselwa ngoka Madlala. Umhlathi wesihlanu uqala ngo emva
kweminyaka (after 10 years) apha silindele intetho esonokuba mnandi okanye ibe mbi.
Kumhlathi we- 6 uqala ngo enamava okulima ( rich with farming experience), apha
silindele ukuba yonke into eza kuthethwa unxulumene nokulima. Kumhlathi we-7 uqala
ngolu hlobo ukuqalisa kuka Madlala ukulima (Madlala's pioneering efforts) apha ke
silimdele indaba ezimnandi kwanezimbi.
Kumhlathi wesi8,1 0,16. ukwafumene noncedo, ngaphandle koncedo alufumanayo,

ukwamenywe lelinye ishishini, lo mlimi ukwazimisele, malunga nengomso lakhe.(he
is also indebted, despite the assistence and guidance, being invited, the ingenious farmer,
contemplating his future). Apha kwezi ziqalo zezivakalisi sijonge ukuba yonke into ihamba
kakuhle, koka Masiala. Kumhlathi we- 17 nowe-18 basixelela ngempumelelo. Lo mlimi
uphumeleleyo, impumelelo ka Madlala ngelixa umhlathi we -19usixelela ngokufunda nzulu
kuka Madlala ezolimo, lo mlimi ukwazimisele ukufunda ngezolimo (the ingenious
farmer also has valuable hints for budding agriculturalists). Yonke Ie ngxelo ingasentla
isixelela xa umntu ethe wazingisa akabi nalishwa ngamanye amazwi uThixo
uyamphumelelisa kwimizamo yakhe abe nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Kuba ke siyambona
uMadlala uyaphumelela emva kwemizamo yakhe. Ukusetyenziswa kwentetho yamalungu
okuqala kwisivakalisi yenye yezona mvumelwano zamkelekileyo ekwakhiweni
kwesicatshulwa. Le mbono ithi ibe negalelo elikhulu ekulandelweni kwesicatshulwa
ngabafundi.
Ukhetho Iwesenzi
Kwisicatshulwa esiphantsi kohlahlelo isenzi esixelayo akanashwa (hard work)

sisetyenziswe kwisihloko ukukhuthaza umntu ukuba anyamezele kulo meko azibona
ekuyo. Ungumlimi kwakhona isenzi esixelayo, esi senzi sixela lento abezingise kuyo
uMadlala, ukuba kukulima. Esi senzi silandelwa libinzana elincomayo wamaqunube
kwesi siza sihle ( at the delicate green plants in his lush field). Kwesi sicatshulwa
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kwakhona umbhali usebenzise uthotho Iwezenzi ezikuhlobo lokukhankaya ukubonisa

iinjongo zakhe kwisicatshulwa. Ezi zenzi zilandelayo yile mizekelo yezenzi ezikuhlobo
lokubhala : ukuxambulisana (dispute). Kumhlathi wesi-5 kubonisa ukunganeliseki kuka
Madlala yimali ayinikwa ngulo mlungu kwiminyaka eli -10 emphangelela, kumhlathi wesi-
9 usebenzise ukusebenza, ukulima ( move from, farming) ebongoza abamnyama ukuba
mabazame ukuziphuhlisa bona ngokuthi bazilimele bona bathengise, kuba ngabo
abanobuchule bokulima bayeke ukulimela abamhlophe. Ukongeza kule nto ithethwa
ngumbhali iifama ziyabakhoboza, azibabhatali, bakuphelelwa nagmandla ziyabagxotha, xa
bephuma efama kuxuthwa nalo mfuyo umntu ebenayo, uphuma eze, abantwana babo
abakwazi ukufunda kufuneka basebenzeie 100 mfama basebancinci. Kumhlathi we-11
umbhali usebenzise ukuvuna, ukuphumelela, ukulondoloza (reap, succed,
maintaining.). kwaXhosa kuthiwa umntu uvuna apho ebelime khona, nalo kaMadlala
uyasixelela ukuba umntu ofuna ukuphumelela makatyale, akuba etyalile asebenze nzima.
Siyeva ukuba ebengasebenzi ngexesha, kwaye ebengenaMgqibelo naCawa. Wakuba
utyalile kufuneka izityalo zakho uzilondoloze, akulondolozi zityalo kuphela ulondoloza
nodumo, udumo kuba usaziwa ngomsebenzi omhle, umzekelo amaqunube akhe
ayikhwaliti. Kumhlathi wama- 20 usebenzise: ukulungele ukucebisa( willing to serve).
Injongo zombhali zibonakliswa kwezi zenzi zibini. UMadlala ucebisa ukuba nabanina ofuna
ukuphumelela kufuneka asebenze nzima emva koko uza kuncuma. UMadlala siyeva
ukuba wayeziqeshile kodwa kekuyo yonke 100 nto wayengalawulwa lixesha
engenaMgqibelo naCawa. Ukuhoya (concerntrate) usetyenziswe kumhlathi wokugqibela.
Kumhlathi wesi- 4 umbhali usebenzise uhlobo lolandelelwano ndandingazi nto malunga
nokulima mhla ndandifika apha. Kodwa ndakhawuleza ndafunda lukhulu ndaza
ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi ( I had known nothing about farming
when I first got in, I learnt as much as I could and soon found myself enjoying it
tremendously). Apha umbhali usibalisela ukuba uMadlala njengokuba sele engumlimi
wamaqunube owaziwayo nje ngumsebenzi owayengawazi koko wakhawuleza
ukuwufunda. Umbhali apha ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba nabanina ke ozama indlela
yokuziphilisa uza kuqala akhangele into enokuthi ayenze. Wawube uyibonile bakgona
abantu abazakuqeqesha kuloo nto ude uyazi wanduie ukuya kuzimela. Kulapho
ekuzimeleni apho uza kuthi ufumane udumo nengeniso ngenxa yokusebenza kwakho.
Umzekelo ngela xesha umncinci zikhona izikolo zobuchule (skills) ezifana namaFort Cox,
Zwelethemba technical school, East London Technical School, PE Technikon njalo njalo.
Kanti ngelixesha umdala zikhona iprojekti ezifana ne Fonzana Citrus Farm project (GCFP)
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kwingingqi yase Bhofolo (fort Beaufort), Lingelihle Poultry Communal Project

eKaradokhwe (Cradock), ne Sinoxolo Community Garden and Nursery (SCGN) eMtata
(Umtata) apho abantu bafundisana khona bephakamisana kananjalo.
Intshukumo ezakhiwe ngemo egondakalayo
Umbhali usebenzise amanyathelo athile ukwakha injongo zentetho yakhe. Kwingxelo

yohlobo oluthile olufana nenkqaku ekuxoxwa ngalo, amanyathelo amaninzi angamiselwa
ngokuthi kuphononongwe intetho yesi sicatshulwa. Inyathelo lokuqala elinokuthi lichongwe
kwesi sicatshulwa yimdlela ekulondolozwa ngayo indawo zokulima nezilimo. Kwesi
sicatshlwa umfundi uyaxelelwa ngendlela eyenziwa ngayo indawo oza kulima kuyo
nendlela eziphathwa ngayo izityalo. Le ntetho ichazwa ngala magama, sibiyelwe
kakuhle ukuze iinkomo zingangeni, impompo, ukusithiya, kufakela izinto ezikhusela
izilimo kwiqabaka, imozulu, ukugadwa kwamagqabi nomhlaba, ukusebenzisa
ikhemikhali ukugxotha izinambuzane nezifo zezilimo. ( security fenced to ward off the
marauding, pump, installing mini tunnels in order to protect my crops against the crops,
regular leaf and soil analyses, as well as chemical treatment to guard against pests and
crop deseases). Le ntetho ingentla ibonisa imigudu eyenziwa ngumlimi. Indlela
esetyenziswe ngayo le ntetho kwisicatshulwa inceda umfundi abe nomfanekiso
ngqondweni wala macingo abiyele ifama nezimpompo ezinkcenkceshela ezityalo ezimana
zijikajika kwanemifuno neziqhamo ekufuneka sizihlsmbe phambi kokuba sizitye kuba
sihlamba eza khemikhali zigxotha izinambuzane nezifo zezilirno.
Intshukumo yesibini anokuthi ayibone umfundi kwisicatshulwa inxulumene nobom

obuphilwa ngabasebenzi abaphangela kwimizi mveliso. Kumhlathi wesi-5 umbhali
usixelela ukuba ukuxabulisana ngomvuzo kwambangela wazibona ohlukene
nomsebenzi wakhe.(a salary despute saw him part ways with his employer). Kumhlathi
wesi 3 sichazelwa uMadlala waphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe kwinkampani
awayephangela kuyo. Umbhali usixelela ukuba okaMadlala wafumana amava okulima
kodwa akabi nanto esandleni. Umbhali apha uzama ukuvusa abafundi ukuba
mabawasebenzise amathuba avezwa ngu Rhulumente awokuba aqeqeshe abantu
kwimisebenzi ethile, asafuna 010 hlobo Iwabantu (buchuIe bombane, injineli njalo njalo).
Intshukumo yesithathu enokuthi iboniswe apha yimigudu eyenziwa ngumntu ofuna
ukuziqalela ishishini. Le migudu iboniswa zezi ntetho zilandelayo. Kumhlathi we-6
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sixelelwa ukuba ulirnengernali ayiboleke kubakhuluwa bakhe, ngoncedo narnacebiso

kurnntu angarnaziyo wafurnana I 20.000 yezityalo zarnaqunube, ( utilizing an unsed
plot of land that belonged to his brothers with help and advice from a stranger saw him
aquire an additional 20.000 strawberry plant) wazuza imali mboleko eyiR20.000 kwaZulu
Finance and Investment Corporation, ekwafumene uncedo namacebiso kwi Agrilek
noEskom. Ezi ntetho zingasentla zibonisa ukuba, ukuba into uyayifuna ngenene
nangenyaniso kuiuia ukuyifumana. Okokuqala sixelelwa ukuba eli shishini uliqale
ngokulima kwintsimi yomntakwabo. Kwamali leyo yokuqala uyifumene kubakhuluwa
bakhe. Akaphelelanga apho uhambe enkqonkqoza kule minyango efuna indawo
ezinokumnceda ngemali yokuqhuba ishishini.
Intshukumo yesine kukuhlaba ikhwelo kubantu abamnyama abaphangela kwifama

zabamhlophe. Oko sikufumana kumhlathi we-9 kumazwi ka Ntlantla Dlamini "sifuna
abantu basebenzise lo rnzekelo ka Madlala bayeke ukuba ngabasebenzi nje
barnafarna, koko kufuneka bazi ukuba nabo banokuqalisa ezabo iifarna zorhwebo"(
we want black people to emulate Madlala's example and move away from merely being
farm labourers. They must know that they can start their own commercial farming) ulirno
lubalulekile kuba isizwe sixhornekeke kulo ukuze siphile" ( farming is very important
because the entire nation depends on the ground for their substance). Oku kungqinwa
yindlela amaxabiso okutya anyuke ngayo ngakumbi nangakumbi koku kubulawa
nokugxothwa kwamafama amhlophe 100 nto uthetha ukuba imveliso nemfuyo ziye
zosohla. Xa ndigqibelisa abantu abahlala namafama amhlophe bangamafama apheleleyo,
akukho nto bangayaziyo mgokulima nemfuyo. Kodwa ke kuyo yonke lonto xa bephuma
efama baphuma ngezandla, nabantwana babo bengafundanga, bengenayo nendawo
emveni kweminyaka belapho.
Intshukumo yesihlanu ubomi buka somashishini. Kumhlathi wi-10 sixelelwa

ngempumelelo. Le mpumelelo ibangelwa kukuzimisela ekuzenzeleni nokungalawulwa
lixesha. Enye into bubunjani bekhwaliti yezilimo zakho. Nabantu abakuxumayo kufuneka
ubanelise.
Intshukumo -6 umema abo bafuna ukuba ngabalimi, ubanika ingcebiso, ulwazi nokufuna
amacebiso kwabanamava
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Umba wokuba ngaziphi injongo
Eyona njingo yeli nqaku kukubinisa iziganeko kunye nolwazi lombhali. Umbhali xa esenza
oku usebenzisa umntu wokuqala njengonika izimvo ukwenza unxibelelwano ngqo
nabafundi. Umbhali oku usibonisa kumhlathi wesine kwintetho kaMadlala ethi:
ndandingazi nto malunga nokulima mhla ndandifika apha. Kodwa ndakhawuleza
ndafunda lukhulu ndaza ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi ( I had
known nothing about farming when I first got in, I learnt as much as I could and soon found
myself enjoying it tremendously). Umbhali kwakhona usebenzisa amava ukwenza izinto.
Oku sikuva kwesi sivakalisi: enamava okulima kodwa engenanto esandleni wabona
ukuba makangene ekulimeni. (rich with farming experience but with hardly any financial
resources... Madlala decided to take the plunge into farming himself). Kwakhona
sifumanisa ukuba umbhali uthi anike isiphumo sesiganeko eso. Esi siphumo sisifumana
kwaphaya kwintloko xa sixelelwa ukuba: Ngoku ngumlimi wamaqunube wokuqala
ontsundu (he has now become kwaZulu Natal's first black commercial strawberry farmer).
Ukungenelela kwabantu kwenzeke amathuba amaninzi ngolu hlobo;
ngoncedo namacebiso kumntu angamaziyo wafumana I 20.000 yezityalo
zamaqunube,( help and advice from a stranger saw him aquire an additional 20.000
strawberry plant).abafundi bayaziswa ngumbhali into eyenzekileyo ukuze abe nokukwazi
ukuqalisa ukuba ngumlimi. Umdla umbhali uthi awunike ngokusebenzisa izenzo ngendlela
ethile uyakwazi ukuthetha nabafundi abakhule ngolu hlobo Iwakhe, le nto siyiva kwintetho
ka Madlala ethi: ukwabethelele nokuba abafuna ukuba ngabalimi kuqala kufuneka
babe nolwazi bafumane namacebiso amahle ingakumbi kwabo banamava phambi
kokuba bathathele kwezolimo,nkqu nokuba oku kufuna imali, (he consequently
stresses that would- be farmers should first aquire knowledge and sound advice,
particularly from those who are experienced, before embarking upon farming even if this
cost money). Umbhali apha ukuthaza abo bangaphangeliyo bangenza ntonina ubaxelela
nento yokuba bangalufumana noncedo kwicala le mali. UMadlala simbona enomdla
wokugqithisela ulwazi analo ebantwini, simva xa esithi umbhali: ... uMadlala ukulungele
ukucebisa nabanina ofuna ubuchule namava akhe (Madlala is willing to serve as a
consultant to anyone who requires his skills and experience). Apha umbhali simbona
emema abantu ukuba babe nobuchule bokulima. Ukuze bakwazi ukondla iintsapho zabo.
Abapheleli ekondleni iintsapho zabo bathi nabo bafundise ababo ngokwenza oko sifumana
isizwe esichubekileyo.
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Umba wokuba kutheni
Umbhali usebezisa ulwazi nerejista kweli nkqaku. Ezi zinto zibonisa okulindelwe
ngumbhali okungabafundi abanolwazi lokukhu;a olufana nolwakhe. Umbhali wazisa
abafundi ukuba yintoni elindelekileyo kumntu ofuna ukuba ngumlimi. Le mfihlelo uvezwa
kwintetho ka Madlala ethi: ukwabethelele nokuba abafuna ukuba ligabalimi kuqala
kufuneka babe nolwazi bafumane namacebiso amahle ingakumbi kwabo banamava
phambi kokuba bathathele kwezolimo,nkqu nokuba oku kufuna imali, (he
consequently stresses that would- be farmers should first aquire knowledge and sound
advice, particularly from those who are experienced, before embarking upon farming even
if this cost money). Umbhali apha ubonisa ukuba kutheni Ie nto umntu afunde, impendulo
iyeyokuba yonke into ifuna ukuba ube nolwazi. Naxa ufuna amacebiso uhamba
unkqonkqoza kwiminyango ngeminyango apho abanye uza kufika abanye bethetha intetho
engeyiyo eyakho, bethetha ulwimi Iwaesmzini.
Kwakwelinqaku sifumanisa ukuba ifama ka Madlala ilulutho ekuhlaleni oko sikuva

kumbhali xa athi: malunga nonyaka ngoku ifama ka Madlala ikwasetyenziswa yi
Agrilek njengephulo elithile (fo over a year Madlala's present farm has been adopted as
a pilot project by Agrilek). Ifama ka Madlala ayincedi Madlala kuphela kuloko inceda
nabanye abantu kuba isetyenziswa ngabantu bokuhlala njengephulo elithile. Kwakhona
umbhali uyakuxhasa uyakuxhasa ukulima ngendlela ethile, intetho etshoyo iqulathwe
ngala mazwi: "sifuna abantu basebenzise lo mzekelo ka Madlala bayeke ukuba
ngabasebenzi nje bamafama, koko kufuneka bazi ukuba nabo banokuqalisa ezabo
iifama zorhwebo"( we want black people to emulate Madlala's example and move away
from merely being farm labourers. They must know that they can start their own
commercial farming) ulimo lubalulekile kuba isizwe sixhomekeke kulo ukuze siphile" (
farming is very important because the entire nation depends on the ground for their
substance). Intetho yombhali ixhasa ukuba makubuyelwe endulo kulinywe. Egxeka nabo
balimela amafama ukuba mababe nezabo iifama balime besebenzisa ulwazi abalufumene
kumafama. Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi umbhali usinika umfanekiso ocacileyo wento
eyenzeka ekulimeni kweli nqaku.
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Uhlahlelo lomba "ngubani"
Kumxholo weli nqaku simbona umbahli onolwazi namava. Oku sikubona kwa kwintloko
yakhe athe wayisebenzisa ethi umzingisi akanashwa ( the fruits of hard work). Njengoko
sisazi ukuba ngokoyilo Iwengcinga yombhali kunye nolwazi loomfundi. Le ntetho
ayinakuze ithethwe ngabantwana, ithethwa ngumntu omdala ekhuthaza abantwana. Lo
nto siyia kule ntetho ephelelwe lithemba ubawo wabantwana abane wamkela
umsebenzi njengomphathi wabasebenzi kwifama yamaqunube ka Gareth Olivier.
(driven by desperation, the farther of four accepted a job as a farm supervisor on the
strawberry plantation of Midlands farmer, Gareth Olivier). Apha ke umbhali uyasichazela
uMdlala ukuba ngutata wabantwana abane. Ukubonisa ubudala bakha umbhali uqhuba
enjenje ngoMadlala: impumelelo yefama yakhe yamaqunube ibangelwa kukuzimisela
kwakhe ekuzenzeleni izinto. Akalawulwa lixesha usebenza kude kube ngorhatya,
kuquke nangeeCawa.( Madlala'a instant success as a strawberry farmer is largely
attributable to his own dedication, commitment and hands on approach to doing things. He
is never governed by time and often works long hours, including Sundays). Umbhali
unobuchule ekuphembeleleni ilutsha olungaphangeliyo ukuba luzenzele izinto, apho
lungazi kulawulwa mntu. Umntu uza kusebenza ngohlobo athanda ngalo.

Umbhali esebenzisa isixhoba esibhalwayo sentlalo ukukhuthaza nokumema izimvo
zabafundi ngakumbi abachaphazeleka kwimeko yokungafumani nsebenzi. Kumhlathi
wokugqibela umbhali uthetha enjenje, Malunga nengomsolakhe nelibukela lithembisa,
uthe angavuya xa enokufumana ifana enkulu. Nakuba sele edala amathuba
emisebenzi engama-25 ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe uMadlala uthi ukulima
kwindawo enkulu kunokudala amanye amathuba omsebenzi (contemplating his future,
which definitely looks rosier that the strawberries that he cultivates, he states that he would
like to obtain a larger farm. Even though he has already created 25 job opportunities
through his success, Madlala believes that a larger plantation would generate more
employment). Umbhali uzama ukusibonisa iinjongo zikaMadlala malunga nokulima.
Nangoma kwakunzima kuye kuqala ngoku selede wawuthanda lo msebenzi kunye
neemeko abathi bahlangane nazo njengesiganeko ebomini bakhe.Ngokunjalo ke umbhali
kule rejista uthi abonakalise izimvo ngokwemeko eziqhubekayo ekulimeni. Umbhali
nabanye abantu abathi bathathe inxaxheba kule meko bayazibandakanye kwesi siganeko.
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III. Uhlobo Iwembalo

Umxholo, irejista nolwazi zibonisa zokuba uqulethe amava akhe, isiganeko intiaio kunye
nemvelaphi yenkcubeko. Ngokwembono zakhe kunye neemeko umbhali uthi aqaphele
iziganeko. Imihlathi yeli nqaku iqulethe uMadlala nokulima kwakhe amaqunube umbhali
uveza noncedo olwenziwe ngabanye abantu ukukhawulelana naye. Umbhali uthi azise
ekulimeni umbhali uyabachazela abafundi, uthi impumelelo yefama yakhe yanaqunube
ibangelwa kukuzimisela kwakhe ekuzenzeleni izinto. Akalawulwa lixesha usebenza
de kube ngorhatya kuquka nangeecawa. "Nabanina of una ukuvuna impumelelo
kufuneka atyale aze asebenze nzima" (success as a strawberry farmer is largely
attributable to his own dedication, commitment and hands-on approach to doing things.
He is never governed by time and often works long hours, including on Sundays. "Anyone
who wants to reap success must saw the seeds for this through sheer hard work").
Umbhali uthi achazele abafundi ngolimo, oko sikuva kwintetho kaJulius Zondi wakwa
Afrilek xa esithi, "Ulimo lubalulekile kuba isizwe siphela sixhomekeke kulo ukuze
ziphile. Sikhuthaza abalimi abantsundu ukuba bayeke bayeke ukusebenza
kumafama baqalise ukulima kwiifama zabo barhwebe" (Farming is very important
because their entire nation depends on the ground for their sustenance. We therefore
encouraging black farmers to move from subsistence farming to commercial farming").
Umbhali kwisicatshulwa sokuqala uchazela abafundi ukuba ukulima kuyambeka endaweni
umntu 100 nto ke ihamba nokuzimisela komntu siyeva ukuba uMadlala uyeka ngokuse
engaboni kwaye akanaCawa. Kwisicatshulwa esilandelayo sichazelwa ngokuba ukulima
kubalulekile. Zonke izinto esizityayo eziphuma emhlabeni zilinywe ngabantu. Bazisa
ezivenkileni nasezimarikeni zikwazi ukuthengwa ngabantu bathengise. Uhlahlelo
oluxhomekeke ekubeni umbhali ubhala ntoni, lubonisa ukuba umbhali uyaqikelela ukuba
abafundi banolwazi Iwemvelaphi olufanayo nolwakhe. Umbhali wathi wanika abafundi
umfanekiso ocacileyo wokuba kwenzeka ntoni xa ulima.
Umba wokuthi iva kubani

Irejista, umxholo nolwazi zibonisa ukuba umbhali lindele abafundi abakhule ngendlela
enye neyakhe banolwazi olululo kananjalo, uthetha athi, ucacisa ngobunjani
bokushishina xa echaza imbongi yokuba ndakanyeka ekulimeni amaqunube.
"Nabanina unokulima umbona okanye iitapile. Ukhuphiswano ekuthengiseni ezo
mveliso alulula." (He also displays astute business acumen when he explains why he
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became involved in strawberry farming. Anyone can engage in maize or potatoe farming.
The competition in marketing such a product therefore becomes extremely intense).
Umbhali usebenzisa amagatya namabinzana ngazo zonke ezondlela ubonisa ukuba
ekuzinyuseni akukho mashwa. Umbhali usebenzise intetho yokulima ukunxibelelana
nabafundi ukuba abantu abaninzi bayalima banefama, ayikho enye indlela abanokwenza
ngayo ngokwemeko yenkcubeko kunye nemvelaphi yezentlalo, umsebenzi awukho 100 nto
ibangele ukuba bangabi namkhethe bazimisele ekulimeni. Kwintetho engaphambili
umbhali usebenzise intetho ephikisayo mve xa athi : kungekudala unyuselwe waphatha
abasebenzi abayi 150. "ndandingazinto malunga nokulima xa ndafika apha. Kodwa
ke ndakhawuleza ndafunda lukhulu ndafumanisa ukuba ndiyawithanda lo msebenzi.
(he was soon promoted to farm manager, a position that required him to handle a 150
strong labour force. I had known nothing about farming when I first got in. However I learnt
as much as I could and soon found myself enjoying it). Umbhali apha ubonisana nabafundi
ngokuba akukho nto inzima ekulimeni, kuyafana nawo nawuphina umsebenzi xa sele
uwuqhelile. Le ntetho ke umbhali ukhuthaza abantu abathi bagxothwe kwindawo
ababephangela kuzo kamnandi, ukuba phantsi kwentswelo msebenzi mabazame
ukuziqesha. Eli nqaku ngumceli mngeni kwabo bangaphangeliyo ukuba mabalime,
uRhulumente kwelinye icala uyazikhupha iifama ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngoko ke eli nqaku
lithi libe nempawu ngokoluhlu Iwesigama kunye nerejista ethi ibonise ukuba umbhali
ulindele abafundi abanenxaxheba efunayo yenkcubeko yezentlalo, yembali kunye
nemvelaphi eyintloko yolwazi.
IV. UHLAHLELO LWENQAKU-3

ULUCKY UBULELA KUTHIXO
Intshayelelo
Imbono yokwakhiwa kwesivakalisi
VI. Ulwakhiwo Iwenkcazo yesihloko
Eli nqaku linika umzekelo wamaxesha amaninzi apho intetho esisiqalo sesivakalisi
sisebenza njengesihloko sesivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha le ntetho isisihloko ifezekiswa
libinzana okanye ligatya elithi licacise okanye lenze inkcazo ngesihloko eso. Kwiphepha
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lama-50 phezulu sifumana umzekelo wenkcazo ngesihloko. Kule ntloko: ufumene

ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude, uLuck-Boy Mtshali kwaye
ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela icawa yakhe (new happiness has dawned for Tv. Star
Luck-Boy Mtshali and he expresses it by working for his church). Isihloko sesisivakalisi
sithi, ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude, uLuck-Boy
Mtshali (new happiness has dawned for T.v. Star Luck-Boy Mtshali), igatya elincomayo
lisebenza njengenkcazo lichaza indlela alubonakalisa ngayo olu lonwabo lutsha.
Ukusebenzela kukaLucky icawa yakhe kucacisa amagama asetyenziswa ngumbhali
ulonwabo olutsha (new happiness). Umbhali umchaza uLucky njengofumene ulonwabo
olutsha kuba kuqala ebozonwabisa ngokuba ngumdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude.
Ebonga uThixo-"ndiziva ndizalwe ngokutsha", utsho umdlali wemidlalo
kamabonakude ethi Gatelopele, Khululeka nothi Shaka Zulu (Praising the Lord-"! feel
born again, says the star T.v. programmes such as Gatelopele, Khululeka and Shaka
Zulu). Le imbomo icacisa ngakumbi esa sihloko sokuqala, apho besixelelwa ngezenzo,
ngoku usixelela imbilini yakhe. Kwesi sivakalisi ibinza elithi Ebonga uThixo (praising the
Lord) libonisa indlela uLucky avuya ngayo bubom bakhe olutsha. Kwesi sivakalisi, ibinza
lisebenza njengesihloko ngelixa uncomo ndiziva ndizalwe ngokutsha (I feel born again)
lusebenza njengenkcazo. Ngokusetyenziswa kwalentetho, umbhali ugxininisa kwindlela
onwabe ngayo uLucky kulo msebenzi wakhe mtsha.
Kwisicatshulwa kusoloko kukho ibinza sibizo elisoloko likhankanywa. Eli binza sibizo
liphuhlisa imbono yokuqhubeka kwesihloko. Ngalo ndlela umbhali ugxininisa umxholo weli
nqaku abhale ngalo. Kwisicatshulwa esithi uLucky ubulela uThixo (Lucky thanks God) Ie
mbono yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko iyavela kule mihlathi ilandelayo 1,3,5,10,11,12,13 no
14 nakwisihloko esiyintloko nakwintloko ekwiphepha lama-51 apho eli gatya livela khona:
umdlali wemidlalo (acting career). Umfundi uyakwazi ukubona into yokuba umbhali
ulisebenzise kakhulu eli gatya kwisicatshulwa ukumgcina umfundi enomdla ngumxholo
welinqaku. Kwimizekelo ethile, umbhali uyakwazi ukusebenzisa amagama athile
kwisicatshulwa atha into enye no umdlali we wemidlalo (acting career). Oku kutyhilwe
ngokuthi umbhali asebenzise ibinza elithi kwimidlalo kamabonakude (Lv.). Kweli binza,
umbhali usebenzisa eligama Kamabonakudeff.V) ebhikiselele kwinto yokuba ungumdlali
ongadlali nje kuphela ekuhlaleni kuloko udlala nakwindawo ezikude. Lo mbhali apha
usebenzise ubuchule bakhe bokubonisa ukuba la magama ayadibana, uqala udlale
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ekhaya imidlalwana nje emincinci ukusuka apho uphethe udlalela isikolo ukusaka
esikolweni sibone umntu sele edlala koo Mabonakude (TV.).
VII. Uhlahlelo lolwakhiwo lesihloko

esingundonqo kwisicatshulwa. Isihloko esiyintloko sesi sicatshulwa sithi, uLucky ubulela
uThixo (Lucky thanks God). lintlobo-ntlobo zezihlokwana kunye namagama abhalwe
ecaleni kwefoto ecacisa into eyenzekayo kwifoto leyo, ziyasetyenziswa kwisicatshulwa
ukuxhasa isihloko esiyintloko. Isihloko esiyintloko sichaza ngombulelo kaLucky kuThixo.
Lo mbulelo uboniswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwisicatshulwa. Intloko esisihloko
ekwiphepha lama 50 umbhali uchaza indlela abulela ngayo uLucky kuThixo uthi
usebenzela icawa yakhe. Kwakhona kwiphepha lama 51. Usivezela umbhali uLucky
ebonga uThizo uthi, "Ndiziva ndizalwe ngokutsha, oku sikubona kwizenzo zakhe kuba
ligosa leCawa. Kangangendlela ambulela ngayo uThixo ngemisebenzi umbhali kwintloko
ekuphepha lama -51 uthi u sisipho sika Thixo(He is a gift from God). Oku kuba sisipho
kubonakala kwimisebenzi ayenzayo eCaweni kuthiwa uqoqa izitulo ezibomvu
ezisakakileyo (tidies up the scattered red chairs) kwakhona ulungisa itafile
ezisetyenziswa njenge pulpiti (tidies up the scattered red chairs prepares the table used
as the altar). Onke lamabinzana nezivakalisi akha isihloko esiyintloko sesicatshulwa,
anika umfundi umfanekiso ocacileyo wombulelo ka Lucky ku Thixo.
Isicatshulwa sombhali siyondelelene ngokwaneleyo njengoko sityhila le mbono yokubulela

kuThixo kuninzi Iwemihlathi yesi sicatshulwa. Oku kubulela sikubona kwimisebenzi
nezenzo zika Lucky. Kumhlathi wokuqala simbona uLucky embulela uThixo ngesenzo
sokuthi ahambe icawa. Oko sikubona kwesi sivakalisi, KungeCawa kwaye abekho
abantwana ... eSoweto. Kodwa kwelinye lamagumbi uya kufumana umntu omcinane
indoda encinane edume kwimidlalo kamabonakude u Luck-Boy Mtshali (It's Sunday
and the children ... Soweto are absent. But in one of the classes you will find a small
person the little man on the screen, Lucky-Boy Mtshali) kumhlathi wesibini umbulelo
wakhe uwubonakalisa ngokuthi athathe inxaxheba ekulungiseni igumbu lesikolo lilungele
ukuba kunqulwe kulo. "Kodwa ngoku iipisi zeetshokwe ezishiywe ziitishala ngolwesihlanu
zisetyenziswe ukubhala umyalezo omtsha ebhodini! Wamkelekile eSt. Luke's Apostolic
Church" ("But now the pieces of chalk left by the teachers on Friday have been used to
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write a new message on the board! Welcome to St. Luke's Apostolic Church"). Kumhlathi
wesithathu uLucky ubulela uThixo ngokuthi amdibanise nabantu abamxelela ngoThixo.
Batsho batshintsha ubom bakhe. Oku kuchazwa sesi sivakalisi, emva kokuba
UZaccariah noMartha bamkhokelela endleleni kaThixo ngo 1983, uLucky zange
alibazise ukwamkela uYesu (after Zaccariah and Martha lead him into the way of God in
1983, Lucky didn't hesitate to accept Jesus) ubom butshintshile bangcono yaye kungoku
nje usoloko ezele ulonwabo nothando(he's always feeled with joy and love). Kumhlathi
wesine umbulela ngokuthi atshintshe isimo. Oko kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi ndisoloko
ndifikelela nakubanina kwaye ndiyabamkela abo bandincokolisayo (I am open to
everybody and welcome those who share jokes with me). Uthanda ukuba abantu
mabasoloko bonwabile lonto imenza onwabe. Qho xa ndibona abantu bonwabile, oko
kundeza ndonwabe (whenever I see people happy, it makes me happy). Kumhlathi wesi
-8 lombulelo uwubonakalisa ngokumdumisa, ngexesha lenkonzo ilizwi lakhe
liphakamele phezulu njengoko edumisa uYesu (During the service his voice is raised
high as he sings praises to Jesus). Kumhlathi we 10 ubulela ubom obutsha abufumene
ecaweni "oko ndajoyina icawa ndiziva ingathi ndizalwe ngomkutsha" ("since I joined
the church I feel like I'm born again"). Kumhlathi we 16 ubulela uThixo ngokumsusa
kwintlalo ebeyihleli yokuphila ngotywala, emva kokuhlangulwa kwiintlungu neengxaki
zokusela, uLucky ngoku uyindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo engaphoswayo yinkonzo
kwaye uyoneliseka luthando alufumana kusapho nezihlobo zakhe (rescued from grief
and from the effects of his drinking problem, Lucky is now a dedicated family man who
doesn't miss his regular church service and is content with love he gets from his family and
friends). Oku kusetyenziswa kwenkcazo ethi ixhase isihloko esiyintloko, oko kubonisa
ukuhlahlelwa kwesakhiwo sesihloko.
Ukunikwa kolwazi Olutsha

Xa ubani ejonga isicatshulwa, ujonga ukuba loluphi ulwazi athi alunikwe
sisicatshulwa eso okanye loluphi ulwazi umfundi analo kakade iloluphi ulwazi
olutsha aqalayo ulufumana. Ukuba ngaba sijonga isakhiwo senqaku, isihloko
sahlukile sona sibhalwe ngamagama angqindilili kunamanye la akwi nqaku elo,
lamagama ngawo athi atsale umfundi ukuba afunde isicatshulwa eso. Lolu Iwazi
lunikiweyol Ulucky ubulela kuThixo (Lucky thanks God) Iolulwazi olu luthi lunike
umdla kumfundi ukuba makafunde esi sicatshulwa. Zonke ingxaki nesisombululo
ezibhalwe kwisicatshulwa zinika inkcazo ngakumbi ngento umfundi ayaziyo kakade.
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Abafundi abaninzi bayakuthanda ukufunda amanqaku azisa ingxaki. Into abafundi

abanomdla kuyo sisisombululo sale ngxaki. Kwesisicatshulwa ingxaki ingabantu
abancinane abadumileyo (celebrity) abafana no Lucky-Boy Mtshali kuba siyeva
ukuba ungumdlali wemidlalo kamabonakade, abathi balibale ngoThixo.
Isisombululo sesokuba umntu azidabanise nabantu abazakumkhokela endleleni
kaThixo. Kwisihloko sethu sibona uLucky ebulela kuThixo. Olu Iwazi lutsha lunika
isisombululo kwingxaki ekhoyo. Umbhali wesicatshulwa usebenza njengomhambisi
; ngomniki wolwazi;umfundi yena asebenze njengomamkeli wolwazi, ngokolu
hlahlelo lungentla. Xa ndishwankathela ndingathi kuyinyaniso ukuba xa ubhala
inqaku abahleli bajonga ikopi eyona yakhe yantsha, eqaqambileyo neyona yakhe
yakhe yanika umdla.Ubani kufuneka ayiqonde into yokuba into yayikhe yenzeka
ngaphambili. Ayikho into esisihloko esitsha. Into oyenzayo kukujonga izimvo
ezinomdla kwisihloko sakho ezizakuthi ngoku iyinto endala eyaziwayo zenze ngathi
yinto entsha. Umzekelo kwesi sihloko sithi uLucky ubulela uThixo (Lucky thanks
god) sonke siyabulela kuThixo ngezinto esithi sizicele aze yena asenzele zona.
Apha kwesi sihloko sinomdla kukwazi ukuba yena uLucky ubulela njani. Ukuze olu
hlobo abalule ngalo singabanye abalulelayo siluthathe silusebenzise,
abangabuleliyo siluthathe silusebenzise, abangabuleliyo bayazi into yokuba uThixo
uyabulelwa. Abo basekude noThixo bayazi ionto yokuba mabasondele kuThixo.
Unxulumano lomxholo nembali

Kwisicatshulwa kuzekeliswa ngoluhlu Iwezivakalisi ezinonxulumano lomxholo nembhali.
Aza kuthi akuqwalasela umfundi kukuba lemeko iyakudibana nohlahlelo Iwenkcazo
ngesihloko. Umzekelo womxholo nembhali ufumaneka kwintloko engundoqo efundeka
ngoluhlobo ufumene ulonwabo lutsha umdlali wemidlalo kumabonakude uLucky-
Boy Mtshali kwaye ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela iCawa yakhe. (new happiness has
dawned for TV star Lucky-Boy Mtshali and he expresses it by working for his church). Le
nto isuse ukuba sithethe yile, ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo
kamabonakude, uLuck-Boy Mtshali (new happiness has dawned for TV star Lucky-Boy
Mtshali). Ngamanye amazwi igatya: kwaye ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela uThixo
(and he expresses it by working for God) yindlela esithi sisuke ngayo kwisiqalo sombhalo
esingu ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude, uLuck-Boy
Mtshali (new happiness has dawned for TV star Lucky-Boy Mtshali) okubalulekileyo
ukuba sikwazi kukuba umxholo ngamanye amaxesha uthatha indawo yentloko.
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Umkzekelo kubonakala ingathi yiklasi yakwa Grade A enemifanekiso yeentyatyambo

nezilwanyana egqume amadonga nezitulo ezincinane ezibomvu ezithe saa
emgangathweni omenyezelayo (its probably a Grade A class with pictures of flowers and
animals covering the walls and small red chairs scattered all over the shining floor).
Umxholo okanye isizekabani, imvelaphi yi klasi yakwa grade A imbali kokwenzekayo
okungaqhelekanga phaya kuyo okukoku; kukuthi saa kweentyantyambo nezilwanyana
nezitulo emgangathweni. Kwakhona kwintloko ekwiphepha lama-SOsinikwe esi sivakalisi
ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude ucky-Boy Mtshali
kwaye ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela iCawa yakhe. (new happiness has dawned for
TV star Lucky-Boy Mtshali and he expresses it by working for his church). Imbono
kaLucky iyabonakaliswa apha, apha uThixo umbulela ngemisebenzi. Le misebenzi
kokwakulungisa igumbi lesikolo phambi kokuba kungene icawa lilungele ukuba libe
yendawo yokukhonzela. Kwesi sivakalisi sikhankanyiweyo ngasentla ibinzana elithi
ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlali kumabonakude uLucky-Boy Mtshali
(new happiness has dawned for TV star Lucky-Boy Mtshali) lisebenza nje ngomxholo ize
lentetho ixhomekeke kulomxholo kwaye ukubonakalisa ngokusebenzela iCawa yakhe.
(and he expresses it by working for his church) isebenze nje ngembali.
Kwesi sicatshulwa umfundi uyakuqwalasela ukuba lukhona olu Iwazi ludandalaziswayo

lungqamaniswayo nolo luthi lufaneleke kulondawo ikhankanywe ngaphambili okanye
ichaphazelekayo. Kulo mzekelo ulandelayo, kuthatyathwe kwisicatshulwa, umbhali
usebenzisa isimelabizo ukuze simeie 100 ndawo sele ikhankanyiwe ngaphambili.
Kumhlathi we11 umbhali ukhomba abantu ekuthethwa ngabo emva kokubona amandla
abo okusebenza phambi kweeKhamera (having realized their natural ability to perform
in front of the camera). Ezi ndaba zisebenza ekungqamaniseni ingxoxo yombhali,
zikhokelwa kwathe umbhali wakuthetha ngaba bantu kwizivakalisi ezingaphambili. Kuqala
umbhali ebesixelele ukuba emva kwefilm yakhe ethi Inyaka-nyaka uLucky wathi nca
kwisithathu esingasekhoyo-uNdaba Mhlongo, uBingo Mbojeni Nosimon Sabel a
(after his film Inyaka-nyaka Luck hooked up with the late trio- Ndaba Mhlongo, Bingo
Mbojeni and Simon Sabela). Oku kusebenza njengendaba ezandulela ingxoxo
elandelayo. Le ngxoxo ithi, emva kokubona amandla abo okusebenza phambi
kwekhamera (having realized their natural ability to perform in front of the camera)
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kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi wesi-4 usebenzise isikhombisi esalatha apho u -oko negatya
kundenza ndonwabe ethetha okungqamene nengxoxo yakhe ethi ndisoloko
ndifikeleleka nakubanina kwaye ndiyabamkela abo bandincokolisayo (I am open to
everybody and welcome those who share jokes with me). Le ntetho yintetho
eyandulelayo. Oko kundenza ndonwabe xa ndiqgibelisa. Kumhlathi we -5 umbhali
usebenzise isimelabizo soqobo u yena esigxininisayo kwesi sivakalisi vena no Martha
banabantwana abathathu, amantombazana amabini nenkwenkwe. Esi sivakalisi
sandulelwa yingxelo ethi uLucky uyaluthatha uxanduva lokuba ngutata.
Ubumbano Iwesicatshulwa
Umfundi uya kukhumbula ukuba le mbono iza kuxoxwa ngokuthi kujongwe izinto ezenza
esi sicatshulwa silandelelana kakuhle esinye isiganeko sizale esinye. Ezo zinto ke zezi:
intetho, ukusetyenziswa kwento endaweni yenye, ushiyo, isihlanganisi, uphinda-phindo,
uquko nokudityaniswa kwamagama.
Intetho
Kwisicatshulwa esithi uLucky uyabulela kuThixo (Lucky thanks God) intetho emeleyo
uyabonakaliswa kule mihlathi ilandelayo 7,10,12 nowe-13. Kumhlathi we-6, ibinza elithi
ngoku zonke isebenza njengentetho emeleyo. Ingqinelana nesivakalisi ebesikhe
sakhankanywa ngaphambili, esithi, emva kokuba Uzaccariah noMartha bamkhokelela
endleleni kaThixo ngo 1983, uLucky zange alibazise ukwamkela uYesu enama-21
eyitshatile(after Zaccariah and Martha lead him into the way of God in 1983, Lucky didn't
hesitate to accept Jesus). Isalathiso esithi ngoku zonke uyasetyenziswe esalatha kwinto
eyenzekileyo ngaphambili iphinde ibonise into eqhubekayo kule ngxoxo ndisoloko
ndifikeleleka nakubani na kwaye ndiyabankela abo bandincokolisayo (I am open to
everybody and welcome those who share jokes with me). Kumhlathi wesi-7 umbhali
uyaqhubekeka ukusixelela ngale nguquko ka Lucky. Ngoku usixelela ukuba emva koko
(next) xa ebhekiselele kwizinto abe zenza ngaphabili ezizezi ufika enxibe ibhatyi
emhlophe aze akhawuleze aye ekhotejini esikolweni aye kulanda izitshixo zeklasi
esetyenziswa libandla, uqoqa izitulo ezibomvu ezisasazekileyo (Lucky dresses in his
white coat and hurries to the school cottage to fetch the keys to the class which the
congregation uses, Lucky tidies up the scattered red chairs). Kuba umbhali engafuni
ukuphindaphinda izinto abesele ezikhankanyile ezenziwe nguLucky, ugqibe ekubeni
asebenzise ibinza emva koko (next) ukubhekisa kuzo zonke ezi zinto zikhankanyiweyo
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ngasentla. Kumhlathi we-18 umbhali usebenzise ibinza elithi yonke into ebhekiselele
kwindlela izinto ezimhambela ngazo kakuhle. Kumhlathi we-9 umbhali usixelela ukuba
uLucky-Boy uchitha ixesha lakhe eRockville Soweto, apho aqhuba ishishini lokukhanda
imoto noDavid Mqha. Kumhlathi we-10 siyeva ukuba uvele kwifilm zikamabonakude
ezimbini. Kwakhona uzimiseie eCaweni yile nto asebenzise eli binza lithi yonke into kuba
eshwankathela ukuba izinto zimhambela ngendlela. Kumhlathi wesi-4 umbhali usebenzise
isikhombisi abo (those) no-oko(that) ebhekisa kwintetho ebikhe yathethwa ethi ndisoloko
ndifikeleleka nakubani na kwaye ndiyabankela abo bandincokolisayo. Qho xa
ndibona abantu bonwabile oko kundenza ndonwabe (I am open to everybody and
welcome those who share jokes with me. Whenever I see people happy it makes me
happy). Xa sijonge indlela la mabinzana amele intetho asetyenziswe ngayo singathi
zezinye zendlela ezithi zisetyenziswe ngababhali. Xa ubhala inqaku kufuneka
ungatyhuntyhi ube mfutshane kodwa wona umyalezo uwuhambise ngokupheleleyo oko
kwenzeka ngokuthi umbhali asebenzise izimbo zokubhala ulwimi.
Isichazi sothelekiso
Uthelekiso olunamatheleneyo nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithile endaweni yelithile
ziyadibana. Kumhlathi wokuqala siyalufamana uthelikiso apho umbhali athi kwelinye
lamagumbi uya kufumana umntu omncinane. Indoda encinane edume kwimidlalo
kamabonakude (but in of the classes you will find a small person, the little man of the
screen). Ibinzana elithi kwelinye (in one) limele uthelekiso phakathi kweengxelo ezimbini,
eyokuqala ithi kungeCawa kwaye abekho abantwana abasoloko bezalise isikolo sase
zone 6 eMeadowlands, eSoweto (it's Sunday and the children who usually crowd into a
school in zone-6, Meadowlands, Soweto. Eyesibini ithi kwelinye lamagumbi uya kufumana
umntu omncinane, ndoda encinane edume kwimidlalo kamabonakude (but in of the
classes you will find a small person, the little man of the screen). Apha kwezi ngxelo
zingasentla kuthelekiswa ukungabikho kwabantwana esikolweni kumagumbi okufundela
kuba iyiCawa. Kungekho bantwana esikolweni kumagumbi okufundela kuba iyiCawa.
Kungekho bantwana kunjalo sifumanisa ukuba kwelinye igumbi ukhona umntu oyindoda
ongumdlali kamabonakude. Kumhlathi we-4 sifumana ibinza elithi, ndiyabamkela abo (I
welcome those). Okokuqala ndingathi uthelekiso nomelo zisetyenziswe zombini. Apha
sibona u - abo eligama elimeie abantu. Siphinde apha sifumane uthelekiso kwintloko
ezimbini zabantu abamkele uYesu babenokukhokelela Ulucky ebomini obungalunganga.
Lo abo bandincokolisayo (those who share jokes) ubhekisa kwabo bamkele uYesu. Abo
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bangakelanga uYesu akukho nto imdibanisa nabo. Kumhlathi wesi-8 kwakhona umbhali
usebenzisa ibinzana elithi amanye amaramente ebonisa uthekiso. Apha ke uthelekiswa
amarhamente afika ngexesha enkonzweni nangafiki ngexesha enkonzweni. La afuma
ixesha lokuwaxhamla ngala afika ngexesha esalungisa igumbi lokukhonzela. La
angakwaziyo ukuwaxhamla ngala afika sekungene inkonzo. Kumhlathi we -12 umbhali
usebenzise umelo umzekelo kwenye indawo (elsewhere) omele icawa. Umbhali
usichazela ukuba emva kokushiywa kwakhe zizihlobo zakhe ezithathu zamenza wacinga
indlela yokuziphilisa kwenye indawo (elsewhere). Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi uhlobo
olusetyenziswe ngayo uphawu Iwentetho lubonakala njengamanye amacebo ombhali athi
abe negalelo ekunciphiseni ubude bokubhaliweyo. Ngolo hlobo ukhawulelana neemfuno
zikalindixesha (magazine). Xa ubani eshicilele iindaba enye yezinto ekufuneka ezenzile
kukunciphisa intetho yakhe ngokuthi asebenzise izangotshe zolwimi.
Izihlanganisi
Njenga kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwegama endaweni yelithile, umbhali usebenzisa
isihlangansi kwintloko ekwi phepha lama-SO. Esi sihlanganisi singu kwaye (and)
sisicacisela ngomsebenzi kaLucky emveni kolonwabo athe walufumana. Zininzi
izihlanganisi ezisetyenzisiweyo apha kwisicatshulwa. Ezi zihlanganisi zibandakanya ezi
zikule mihlathi ilandelayo. Kumhlathi woku-1 sifumana isihlanganisi u kodwa (but)
osekuqaleni kwisivakalisi egxininisa ngendlela abeyiphatha ngayo imali. Oko sikubona
kwesi sivakalisi, kodwa bendingayifekethi imali kuba umfazi wam ubengqongqo (I
wasn't extravagant because of my strict wife). Kumhlathi wesi-8 nowe-13 umbhali
usebenzise isihlanganisi u njengoko (as) esichazela unobangela. Oko sikubona kwesi
sivakalisi ngexesha lenkonzo ilizwi lakhe liphakamela phezulu njengoko edumisa
uYesu (during the services his voice is ready high as he sings his praises). Kwakhona
kumhlathi we-9 umbhali usebenzise u oko esixelela ngexesha. Oko wayeka ezolonwabo.
Kumhlathi wesi 14 kwakhona umbhali usebenzise uxa ukusibonisa ixesha xa sisobabini
kubangathi ndidlala kwimidlalo kamabonakude. (when we're together it appears as if
I'm also acting). Kumhlathi we-16 usebenzise u okanye osebenze ekuchazeni izinto
ezingenziwayo nguLucky. Oko kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi akanaxesha latywala okanye
mabhinqa utata wabantwana abathathu.(no more cold beers and "cheriess" for the
father of three).
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Izikhombisi
Umbhali kwesi sicatshulwa uzisebenzisile izikhombisi ukwakha isivakalisi kwisicatshulwa.
Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo ziyafumaneka kwisicatshulwa ndiyabamkela abo, oko
kundenza, kalucky lowo, akakuboni oku, kulo nyaka no eli shishini(welcome those, it
makes me, this has been Lucky's, view this, this year and this business) Ezi zikhombisi
zisetyenziswe ngendlela ngendlela kwisicatshulwa.
Undiyabamkela abo, no akakuboni oku( welcome those, view this) zizikhombisi
ezisetyenziswe zodwa endaweni yezibizo eziyinjongosenzi. Isikhombisi esithi kaLucky
lowo silandela isibizo esikhaphana naso ukuze ezi zilandelayo u kulo nyaka no eli shishini
zandulele izibizo ezikhaphana nazo. Zonke ezi zikhombisi zalatha izibizo umbhali
anenjongo zokugxininisa kuzo entethweni.
Uphindaphindo
Kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usebenzisa uphindaphindo ukugxininisa iindlela uLucky
awayengumdlali ngayo. Oku kuyaboniswa kuxhaswa ngamagama nentetho umbhali athe
wayisebenzisa kwesi sicatshulwa ethi umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude (for T.v. star).
Le ntetho isixelela ukuba waqala ngo 1976 ukudlala kumabonakude. Umhlathi we-10
usixelela ukuba wadlala ku Gatelopele. Oku kukhankanywa qho kukaLucky njengo mdlali
wemidlalo kamabonakude (for T.V. star), kunceda ukuba sisilandele kakuhle
isicatshulwa. Umbhali kwakhona usebenzisa intetho ethi ulonwabo olutsha (new
happiness) kwintloko ekwi phepha lama -5 apho athetha ngo lonwabo olutsha (new
happiness) nakumhlathi we-10, aze kumhlathi we 10 athethe ngobom obutsha (new life)
magama lawo athetha into enye yokujika kukaLucky. Kubom abebuphila bokuba
ngumdlali kumabonakude. Oku kuchazwa kakuhle luphinda-phindo olufumaneka
kumhlathi we-3 apho kuthiwa ubom ubutshintshile bangcono (life has changed for the
better). Kumhlathi we 12 ndizalwe ngokutsha , kumhlathi we12 ndashiya
wezolonwabo kumhlathi we -16 akasenaxesha latywala okanye mabhinqa (I feel like
I'm born again he dropped out of showbiz no more cold beers and cherries). La magama
onke angesentla athetha into enye ukujika kuka Lucky kubom abebuphila ihambelana
ngqo nesihloko esithi uLucky ubulela kuThixo. Kumhlathi we-11 kuthethwe ngesithathu
esingasekhoyo (the late trio), kumhlathi we 12 kuthethwa ngokusweleka kwabadlali
abe dlala nabo (after the death of his co-stars devastated him). La magama omabini
azizithetha ntonye, athetha ukufa (death), oku kufa kwezi zihlobo zakhe kuko
okwambangela ukuba abe yilento ayiyo ngoku. Le nguqu kaLucky siyiva kuphinda-
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phindo olusetyenziswe kulemihlathi ilandelayo 4,8,14 no 15 apho kuthethwa ngo lonwabo,

nothando ngomcumo, qhayiya (happiness and love, smile and proud). Onke lamagama
athetha uvuyo. Vuyo 010 esilubonayo ekubeni uLucky etshintshe isimo, Ukuqala
emntwaneni ukuya komdala kumhlathi we-15 umbhali usixelela ngabantwana bakaMartha
noLucky ubabiza ngamagama. Kwalapha kulo mhlathi xa ephinda ethetha ngabo
usebenzisa ubonke (all) osisiquko ukonga ixesha, kumhlathi wesi 3 umbhali usazisa
ngoMartha oyinkosikazi (wife) kaLucky owakhuthaza utshintsho ebomini bakhe
wamkhokelela kuThixo. Kumhlathi we-4 uLucky ngokwakhe uthi xa ethetha ngenkosikazi
yakhe athethe ngomfazi (wife) embabaza ukuba ngqongqo (attitude) kwakhe. Simbone
umbhali kwakhona emsebenzisa u ngqongqo (attitude) xa echaza isimo somfazi kaLucky,
kuba egxininisa ukuba wayenjalo kwaye bobu bungqongqo obenza watshintsha uLucky.
Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi kumhlathi woku-1 umbhali usixelela ukuba eli gumbi (class) liyi
klasi (class) yaku Grade A. Xa egqibezela umbhali umhlathi wesibini usixelela ukuba eli
gumbi liyinkonzo vase St. Luke's Apostolic Church.
Ushiyo
Ngamanye amaxesha ababhali kwizicatshulwa xa besebenzisa ulwimi bathi bashiye
amagama ukubonakalisa ukuba 100 ntetho ngxoxo isaqhuba. Kwintloko ekwiphepha lama
- 50 umbhali usebenzise umqondiso (-) ukubonakalisa ukuba kukho amagama
awashiyekileyo kwinkcazo nakuludwe umzekelo ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali
wemidlalo kamabonakude, uLucky-Boy Mtshali kwaye ulubonakalisa
ngokusebenzela iCawa yakhe (new happiness has dawned for T.v. Star Luck-Boy
Mtshali and he expresses it by working for his church). Kula mqondiso ufanele ukuba uthe
olu lonwabo lutsha ukonga ixesha ufake umqondiso (-). Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi
wesine usebenzise isimelabizo u abo endaweni yokuba asebenzise amagama
ukuhambisana nomgaqo wokubhalwa kwephephandaba. Umzekelo ndisoloko
ndifikelela nakubanina kwaye ndiyabamkela abo bandincokolisayo (I am open to
everybody and welcome those who share jokes with me). Kumhlathi we 9 usebenzise
isikhombisi u apho (where) endaweni yokuthi eRockville , eSoweto (in Rockville Soweto).
Umzekelo phakathi evekini uLuckyBoy uchitha ixesha lakhe eRockville eSoweto
apho ... noDavid Mqha (during the week Lucky-Boy spends his time in Rockville, Soweto,
where ... with David Mqha). Kumhlathi we-15 umbhali usebenzise isimelabizo soquko
ubonke (ali). Umzekelo, bonke abantwana bakhe baneqhayiya ngaye (all his children
are proud of him). Kwakulo mhlathi ungasentla umbhali uchazile ukuba banabantwana
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abathathu wababiza ngamagama neminyaka yabo. Kuba ebabizile kuqala ngoku

usebenzisa u bonke (all) ukonga ixesha kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi we-12 usebenzise
igama elithi ezinjengezi no nezinye ( such as and handful more). Umzekelo ngexesha
lomsebenzi wakhe uLucky wenza ifilm neenkqubo zikamabonakude ezinjengethi,
Ikhaya Labantwana ..nezinye ezininzi (during his career Lucky made T.v. films and
children's programmes). Ikhaya Labantwana and a handful more). Umbhali ke apha kule
mihlathi uhambelana nemigaqo fyokubhalwa kwephephandaba, wonqena ukuzibiza zonke
ngamagama wakhetha ukusebenzisa u ezinjengezi no neezinye (such as and handful).
Ezi mpawu zilapha ngasentla umbhali uzisebenzise zaba ninzi kuloko ndezekelise ngazo
zaba mbalwa.
Ubumbano Iwesicatshulwa
Ukunxulumana kwesicathsulwa kunika igalelo kuchongo Iwesakhiwo sesicatshulwa
nendlela esithi silandelelane ngayo. Xa sixoxa ngonxulumano kwisicatshulwa esithi u
Lucky yabulela kuThixo siza kuthi siphicothe ezi meko zilandelayo isiseko somxulumano
esingesiso eseelwimi, umxholo wentetho, ulwayamo nolungelelwano Iwamalungu
nokusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntekelelo.
Unxulumano olungelulo olweelwimi

Umfundi kulo mba ungasentla, ngokwazi kwakhe izangotshe ezithi zisetyenziswa xa
kubhalwa, uthi abenakho ukuqonda isakhiwo sesicatshulwa nendlela iziganeko ezithi
zilandelelane ngayo. Ngolo hlobo umfundi wesicatshulwa uthi akwazi ukulandela
okubhaliweyo kwisicatshulwa eso singaphambukanga kwimigaqo ebekiweyo yokubhalwa
kwamanqaku kalindixesha, umzekelo eli nqaku linesihloko esidlwengula umxhelo ngenxa
yohlobo esibhalwe ngalo. Isihloko sibhalwe ngamagama amakhulu. uLucky ubulela
uThixo ( Lucky thanks God). Uthi wakusifunda uphethe uzibuza imibuzo efana nale.
Ubulela njani? Ebulela ntoni? Esi sihloko sixhaswa ziintloko ezimbini kwiphhepha lama -
50 nakwiphepha lama -51.
Kwakhona unxulumano siyalubona kwesi sicatshulwa. Umbhali uyisebenzisile

imiba(angle) ethi iqinise ibali ilenze kananjalo libe nomdla kubafundi. Le miba ilenza
linxibelelane okanye libe lidibane. Umzekelo umbhali apha uyasixelela ukuba ngubani
uLucky, kwakwisihlokwana esikwiphepha lama -50, usichazela ukuba ngu Lucky Boy
Mtshali ongumdlali kumabonakude. Umba olandelayo zizinto azenzelwe nguThixo. Apha
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umbhali usichazela ukuba uZaccariah noMartha bamkhokelela kwindlela eya kuThixo ngo
1983, ngolo hlobo babe ubomi bakhe buyatshintsha. Okokugqibela ndingathi ngumba
wokuba yena uLucky umbulela njani uthixo. Lo mba uvezwe kwasentloko apho uLucky
achazwa njengomntu osebenzela iCawa yakhe.
Kwakhona unxulumano siyalubona kwesi sicatshulwa. Sibona umbhali elobe abantu

(hook)ngokuthi athathe umntu owaziwayo odumileyo ngokudlala kumabonakude uLucky
Mtshali amenze isihloko sesi sicatshulwa ukuze ibali libe lithetha ngezinto zeli xesha,
lisemxholweni kwaye linomdla.
Kwakhona ubani angathi yena ubona isicatshulwa esakhiwe ngendlela eyiyo

nesineziganeko ezilandelelanayo ngokuthi esinye isiganeko sizale esinye. Esi sicatshulwa
sakhiwe saba yimihlathi, ingulowo umhlathi unomba owuqulathileyo kodwa onxulumene
nento ibithethwa kogaphambili. Yonke Ie mihlathi inegalelo ekwakheni intsingiselo
yesicatshulwa. Umzekelo wonxibelelwano Iwemihlathi ndingawubonisa ngolu hlobo.
Kumhlathi woku-1 saziswa ngosuku Iweveki ukuba kungeCawa. Kuba kungeCawa akukho
bantwana esikolweni saseZone-6 eMeadolands. Kwelinye lamagumbi saziswa ukuba
kukho uLucky boy Mtshali. Kumhlathi we-2 sixelelwa ngokuba le Klasi akuyo u uLucky boy
Mshali yaye ibhalwe wamkelekile eSt Luke's Apostolic Church. Kumhlathi we 3-16
sixelelwa ngendlela awangena ngayo eCaweni nangokutshintsha kuka Lucky emveni
komtshato.
Kumhlathi we 5 ukuya kumhlathi we -10 umbhali usichazela ngesimo sika Lucky.

Kumhlathi we 11 nowe 12 sichazelwa ngoLucky ngokunxulumene nomabonakude.
Kumhlathi we 13 ukuya kuma kowe 16 umbhali usichazela ngoLucky njengotata wekhaya.
Ukunggamana
Xa umbhali ethe waphumelela ukulandelelanisa kakuhle isicatshulwa sakhe xa ebhala,xa

ndithetha ngolandelelaniso kukuba isiganeko sizale esinye 100 nto yenza umbhali akwazi
ukubona ukuba isicatshulwa siyanxibelelana nto leyo ibangela ukuba akwazi isicatshulwa
ukusidibanisa namava akhe angaphambili. Esi sicatshulwa sithatyathwe kwiphepha ndaba
laseMzantsi afrika iBona. Esi sicatshulwa sibonisa ukuba isimo somntu siyakwazi
ukutshintsha apha eMzantsi Afrika. Abanye abafundi isenokwenzeka ukuba bakhe
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badibane nale meko ikhankanywe kwesi sicatshulwa okanye bakuyo le nzima. Kwelinye
icala, kwabanye abafundi le meko yimeko nje eyohlukileyo njengoko ubom buyinto
emnandi xa uthe wazimisela ukuba ngumntwana kaThixo. Le nguquko ibonakaliswa
kwintloko yesi sicatshulwa ethi ufumene ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo
kamabonakude uLucky Boy Mtshali - kwaye ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela iCawa.
(new happiness has downed for TV star Lucky Boy Mtshali and he expressed it by working
for his church). Umfundi oqheleneyo nale ndlela yokuziphatha ikhankanywe
kwisicatshulwa uya kusifunda esi sicatshulwa ngomdla nomonde. Umfundi 01010 hlobo
usenokuthi agxeke emveni kokuba efunde esi sicatshulwa. Umzekelo wolo gxeko
yimibuzo ecikozayo efana nalo, ingaba abantu banyamezele ntoni etywaleni. Ingaba olu
shishino lotywala lungaka kwintlalo esiyiphilayo, asingonobangela wokuba abantu
bazibulale. Akunakubuyelwa na kundalashe apho umntwana ebengakwazi ukungena
enkantini.
Amalungu awoyanyiswayo nalungelelaniswayo
Ukuhlahlelwa kwesicatshulwa kubandakanya uthelekiso nokuthetha ngokutsha kule

mbono yothelekiso kuba besikhe sayichaphazela ngaphambili. Umbhali usebenzise
isihlanganisi ukodwa obonisa ukuba lukhona uthelekiso kwesi sicatshulwa. Oku sikubona
kumhlathi woku -1 xa athi kungecawa kwaye abekho abantwana abasoloko bezalise
isikolo sase Zone-6 emeadowlands kodwa kwelinye lamagumbi uya kufumana
umntu omncinane indonda encinane edume kwimidlalo ( its Sunday and the children
who usually crowd into a school in Zone 6 Meadowlands .. but in one of the classes you
will find a small person - the little man of the screen). Apha umbhali uyasicacisela ukuba
kungeCawa esikolweni. NgeCawa esikolweni silindele ukuba akukhomntu. La kodwa (but)
nguye osinika uthelekiso kuba uthi kodwa(but) kwelinye lamagumbi kukho umntu.
Kwakhona kumhlathi wesi-2 sifumana uthelekiso siluphathelwe ngu kodwa(but) kwe klasi
necawa (classroom and church). Umbhali usixelela ukuba;kubonakala ukuba ngathi
yiklasi yakwa Grade A kodwa ngoku iipisi zetshokhwe ezishiywe ziitishala
golwesihlanu zisetyenziswe ukubhala umbhalo omtsha ebhodini "Wamkelekile e St
Luke Apostolic Church". (its probably a Grade- A class .. but now the pieces of chalk left
by the teachers on Friday have been used to write a new message on the Board "St Luke
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Apostolic Church". Zombini ezi ndawo kuthethwa ngazo elinye Ielemfundo elinye
lelokukhonza.
Kwakhona uthelekiso siyalubona kumhlathi we-4 nowe-5. kumhlathi we-4 usixelela ukuba
wayesela uLucky ngokwakhe, kumhlathi we wesi-5 simbona eligosa leCawa. Oku sithetha
ngako sikuva kuchaphulo ngqo olwenziwa ngumbhali; ndandisela gqitha kwaye
ndingayithatheli ngqalelo iCawa. (I used to drimk a lot and had no serious thought
abaout the church). Kumhlathi we-5 simva xa umbhali athi; ngoku zonke iintsasa
zangecawa njengegosa leCawa uLucky unxiba ibhatyi emhlophe.. esetyenziswa
libandla.(now every Sunday acting as a church warden he dresses in his white coat.
Which the congragation uses). Umbhali wesi sicatshulwa akabhali kuba ethelekisa
ngaphezu kokuba esityhilela imeko ka Lucky. Izivakalisi zombhali zinegalelo ekuqhubeleni
phambili ulandelelwano okanye iziganeko kwisicatshulwa.
Intetho ngokutsha ngumba wesibini kulwayamiso nonxulumaniso. Olu phawu lunxulumene

kakhulu nophindaphindo esekhe nalo lachatshazelwa ngaphambili. Xa sithetha
ngentetho ngokutsha sibhekisa kumagama aphinde akhankanywa kakhona ayohluka
amabinzana kunye namagatya kwisicatshulwa nonobangela wokuba umbhali aphinde
awasebenzise. Oku siyakyfumana kuphindaphindo. Le ntetho intsha siyibona kakuhle
kwisicatshulwa kula magama alandelayo xa kuthethwa ngoLucky. Kwintloko ekwiphepha
lama -50 kuthiwa ngumdlali wemidlalo (a TV star). Kumhlathi wesi -3 kuthiwa ngumdlali
wamabali . kumhlathi we- 5 kuthiwa Ngumdlali onesiphiwo (talented actor). Onke la
magama abhekisa ku Lucky kuloko umbhali uwasebenzisa kuba ezama ukuqaqambisa
into ethile ngo Lucky. Okunye xa umntu ethandwa ubizwa ngamagama amaninzi. Oku
sikubona kweli cala lomdlalo. Kweli cala langasecaweni xa kuthethwa ngo Lucky
kuthethwa ngomntu omncinane, indoda encinane no ndoda emfutshane ( small
person, the little man and short man). Oku sikuva kumhlathi woku -1 nowe -7. oku
kukhankanywa kuka Lucky kucelwa umngeni kubafundi abasazilibazisa ngotywala ukuba
kumnandi enkonzweni. Kwaye akubuzwa nto ngento ubuyenza kuvuyelwa ukuba ubuyile.
Kwakhona le ntetho intsha igcina isicatshulwa sisemxholweni.
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Ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntelekelelo
Umfanekiso ngqondweni othi ube ngomnye wezigaba zentetho ezithi zisetyenziswe xa

kusakhiwa isicatshulwa unenxaxheba othi uyithathe njengonamathelwano oluthi Iwakheke
kwindlela okubhalwayo okuthi kwakheke ngayo. Umfanekiso ngqondweni udibanisa ulwazi
olutsha nolwazi obunalo. Kwisicatshulwa esithi uLucky ubulela uThixo ( Lucky thanks
God) ukhona umfanekiso ngqondweni obonakalayo othi ubenegalelo kwindlela esithi
sicatshulwa silandelelane ngayo. Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usixelela ukuba
kungeCawa esikolweni kukho abantwana. Kodwa kwelinye lamagumbi uya kufumana
umntu omncinane - indoda encinane edume kwimdlalo kamabonakude uLucky -
Boy Mtshali. (but in one of the classes you will find a small person - the little man of the
screen, Lucky -Boy Mtshali). Kumhlathi we - 5 umfundisi wase St Luke's Apostolic Church
usichazela ukuba jengomdlali akasaxhaphakanga kwiFilm (he is no longer a regular in
the Film industry). Kumhlathi we-6 umbhali usixelela ngento entsha eyenziwa ngu Lucky.
Ngoku zonke iintsasa zangeCawa njengegosa leCawa ufika enxibe ibhatyi
emhlophe ... esikolweni uya kulanda izitshixo zeklasi esetyenziswa libandla,(now
every Sunday morning acting as a church warden Lucky dresses in his white coat. ..
school cottage to fetch the keys to the class which the congregation uses). Kumhlathi we
-8 umbhali usibonisa ukuzimisela kuka Lucky ngexesha lenkonzo ilizwi lakhe
liphakamela phezulu njengoko edumisa uThixo ( during the service his voice is raised
high as he sings praises to Jesus). Kumhlathi we -10 umbhali usicaphulela u Lucky
ngesigqibo asithathileyo oko ndajoyina iCawa ndiziva ingathi ndizalwe
ngikutsha,(since I joined the Church I feel like I am born again). Xa nidgqibezela
kumhlathi we-12 usinika unobangela wokuba ahambe inkonzo uthi bekungathethi
ukulahlekelwa kwezihlobo zam kuphela, koko kwandenza ndashiya kwezolonwabo (
I didn't only mean the loss of loved ones but also resulted in my leaving showbiz). Xa
ndijonge le mifanekiso ngqondweni umbahli uphumelele ekudibaniseni imihlathi yakhe
kakuhle nasekugcineni umxholo. Le mifanekiso ngqondweni igxininisa umxholo wokuba
uLucky ubulela kuThixo ( Lucky thanks God). Le mifanekiso ngqondweni isinika
umfanekiso ocacileyo wokuba umntu umbulela njani na uThixo.
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Imizekelo yobuciko kunamathelwano
Kwisicatshulwa kubakho imizekelo yobuciko athi umfundi ayichonge, eyile ingxaki

nokusonjululwa kwayo unobangela nesiphumo, ingxoxo nomzekelo kunye nothelekiso
nochasaniso. Umzekelo wengxaki nesisombululo ubonakaliswe kwisicatshulwa esithi
uLucky ubulela uthixo. Utywala, abahlobo ababenokumkhokelela ebomini
ubungalunganga; nokungayithatheli ngqalelo iCawa, (liquor, friends who might lead
him astray never had serious thought about the church) zonke ezi ngxaki umbhali uziveieie
kumhlathi we-4. isisombululo sezi ngxaki sisifumana kumhlathi wokugqibela kumazwi athi;
emva kokuhlangulwa kwiintlungu neengxaki zokusela, uLucky ngoku yindoda
yosapho ezinikeleyo engaphoswayo yinkonzo kwaye uyoneliseka luthando
alufumana kusapho nezihlobo zakhe ( rescued fro grief and the effects of his drinking
problem, he is now a dedicated family man who doesn't miss his regular church service
and is content with what he gets from family and friends). Umzekelo wochasaniso nawo
uyafumaneka kweis sicatshulwa umzekelo kumhlathi wo-1 apho umbhali asixelela ukuba
kungecawa kwaye abekho abantwana abasoloko bezalise isikolo sase Zone-6
emeadowlands kodwa kwelinye lamagumbi uya kufumana umntu omncinane
indonda encinane edume kwimidlalo kamabonakude ( its Sunday and the children who
usually crowd into a school in Zone 6 Meadowlands .. but in one of the classes you will
find a small person - the little man of the screen). Uchasaniso apha lusebantwaneni
nasemadodeni. Abantwana bazalisa isikolo - le ndoda isebenzise igumbi. Kumhlathi we-5
umbhali usixelela ukuba; liIishwa nje lokuba akasaxhaphakanga kwiFilm ungumdlali
onesiphiwo kwaye ndingathanda ukumbona kumabonakude kwixesha elizayo. (it's a
pity he is no longer a regular in the film industry - he is such a talented actor and I'd love
to see him on television in the future). Apha uchasaniso luku akaxhaphakanga
nokuthanda. Kumhlathi we -7 umbhali usixelela ukuba ulungisa itafile esetyenziswa
njenge Pulpit ( preparing a table used as an altar). Apha ke sichasanisa I tafile ne pulpit.
Itafile iyasetyenziswa ngumntu wonke ekutyeni. Ipulpit isetyenziswa eCaweni ngumfundisi
kuphela ekushumayeleni.
Unobangela neziphumo nazo umbhali uyazibonisa kwesi sicatshulwa siqulethe umzekelo

wobuciko. Le nto yenzeka xa ubani athe wahlahlela izizathu nonobangela wokuba uLucky
abe ngumntu wecawa. Oko wadibana noZaccariah Makwerela(once his meeting with
Zaccariah Makwerela) nangenkuthazo yenkosikazi yakhe.. [unobangela] ubomi
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butshuntshile bangcono kumdlali wamabali kamabonakude [isiphumo].(life has

changed for the better for the star of T v drama). Kumhlathi wesi-4 uLucky usixelela
ngesimo sakhe; ndandisela gqitha ( I used to drink a lot) [unobangela], kwaye
ndingayithatheli ngqalelo icawa (and never had serious thought about the church)
[isiphumo]. ULucky ngoku usixelela ngotshintsho athe wanalo; oko ndajoyina iCawa
(unobangela) ndiziva ingathi ndizalwe ngikutsha, (isiphumo), (since I joined the
Church I feel like I am born again). Kumhlathi we -12 uLucky uqhubekeka enjenje
uukusweleka kwesi sithathu (unobangela), kwandishiya ndingakwazi ukushukuma
[isiphumo]. (the death of the members of the trio left me motionless).
Ukuchazwa kwamagama abonisa injongo zokuthetha
Uhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa lunxulumene nokuchogwa kwamagama anje ngezenzi, izibizo

namalungu okuqala kwisivakalisi athi umbhali azisebenzise kwisicatshulwa ukuze awenze
umsebenzi wawo kucaca ukuba bekungekho gama limbi belinokusetyenziswa.
Ukuchongwa kwamagama okugala kwisivakalisi
Ukuchongwa kwamagama okuqala kwisivakalisi kunegalelo kunxibelelwano oluthi lubekho

phakathi komfundi nombhali. Ngako nje ukuba umfundi afunde amagama okuqala
kwisivakalisi kwenzeka umfanekiso ntelekelelo engqondweni yomfundi ngento aza
kuthetha ngayo umbhali kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo xa umbhali esinika isihloko esithi
uLucky ubulela uThixo ( Lucky thanks God) umfundi kwangoko ucinga ukuba yonke into
eza kuthethwa apha ingokubulela kuThixo. Ushiyeke ngoku unombuzo othi, uza kubulela
njani? Kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -50 umbhali uyiqala ngolu hlobo, ufumene ulonwabo
olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude ... kwaye ulubonakalisa ngokusebenzela
iCawa yakhe (new happiness has dawned for TV star ... he expresses it by working for his
church). Apha ke umbhali sesinike yonke into eza kukwenzeka ebalini okushiyekileyo
ezongqondweni yinto yokuba uyisebenzela njani? Kumhlathi woku-1 umbhali usiqala
isivakalisi ngamazwi athi; kungeCawa kwaye abekho abantwana abasoloko bezalise
isikolo ( its Sunday and the children who usually crowd into a school). Kumhlathi we -5
umbhali uqala ngolu hlobo; umfundisi wase St luke Apostolic church. Ngoku zonke
intsasa zangeCawa njengegosa leCawa. ( the priest of St luke apostolic church, now
every Sunday morning acting as a church warden). Ndigqibezele umbhali uthi kumhlathi
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we-8 kwimizuzwana embalwa uLucky uxhawula amanye amarhamente, ( when

everyone arrives, Lucky shakes their hands). lonke ezi ziqalo zezi zivakalisi zisiqondisa
ukuba uLucky ngenene uyabulela kuThixo ngokuthi enze imisebenzi ehambisana
nenkonzo. Umzekelo kumhalthi wokuqala siyeva ukuba ngeCawa usenkonzweni
kumhlathi wesi-5 sifumanisa ukuba akahambi nje uyaziwa ngumfundisi yaye uligosa.
Kumhlathi we-3 umbhali usiqala isivakalisi ngo Oko wadibana noZaccariah Makwerela ..
nangenkuthazo yenkosikazi yakhe. (once his meeting with laccariah Makwerela).
Kumhlathi we -16 emva kokuhlangulwa kwintlungu nengxaki (rescued from drinking
and problems) ezi zivakalisi zisibonisa ukuba uLucky umele ukuze abuleleuThixo kuba
nguye omdibanise nabantu abamkhuphe kwimeko abekuyo. Xa ndigqibezela intlokwana
ekwiphepha lama -51 xa emncoma ngemisebenzi yakhe uthi uLucky sisipho esivela
kuThixo ( he is a gift from God). Umbhali uyibhala Ie ntetho ingentla ezama ukucacisa
isihloko sesicatshulwa. Umbhali uyibhala le ntetho ingasentla ebonisa ukuba umntu
umbulela njani na uThixo. Indlela umbhali athi aziqale ngayo izivakalisi zakhe, ithi ibe
negalelo kwimvumelwano zokwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa nakwindlela athi umfundi asiqonde
ngayo isicatshulwa.
Ukhetho Iwesenzi
Konke esikuthethayo intetho asizenzi ezingokwenza kuphela koko zizenzo. Umzekelo

sinesenzo sokungxemgxeza, nesenzo sokuxela. Yonke intetho sisenzo esithile okanye
yindlela ethile yokuthetha enxulumene neenjongo zesithethi xa sithetha nefuthe Iwentetho
leyo, kumhpulaphuli. Ngamafutshane yonke intetho, esiyenzayo sisenzo sokuthetha sibe
njalo siyathembisa ,siyaxela siyangxengxeza, siyasongela, siyalindelisa, siyoyikisa njalo
njalo. Isenzo ngasinye silawulwa zimeko ezithile ezithethwa phantsi kwazo ekufuneka
zikholiswe ukuze isenzo sibe yinyani okanye sibe siso.
Kwesi sicatshulwa; uLucky ubulela uThixo ( Lucky thanks God) isenzo sokunika
sisetyenzisiwe kumhlathi wesi-2 u- eshiywe ukubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwesikolo
necawa. lombini ngamaziko. Isikolo liziko lezemfundo kuso kufundiswa ukubhala. Icawa
liziko ekukhonzelwa kulo kuyo kufundiswa ukholo olu siva ukuba lukhethwe ngu Lucky
kwesi sicatshulwa. Oku kuqinisekiswa kumhlathi we 12 kumazwi athi ukusweleka kwesi
sithathu kwandishiya ndingakwazi ukushukuma (the death of the members of the trio
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left me motionless). Kumhlathi we -3 isenzo sokutshatisa sisetyenzisiwe ubetshatile

apha umbhali ubhengeza ukutshuntsha kuka Lucky kwisimo abekuso oko kwenziwa
yinkuthazo yenkosikazi yakhe aneminyaka etshate nayo no Zaccariah Makwerela.
Kwakhona kumhlathi we-13 isenzo sokutshatisa okanye sokwendisa usatshata. Apha
umbhali usibonisa ukuba uLucky ukutshata kwakhe kumenze wanesidima. Oko sikuva
kwesi sivakalisi; oko satshata akukho mntu umthukayo. (since we've been together no
one dares to insult him).
Isenzo sokuthiya usibizwa (known) usetyenziswe kumhlathi wesi -6. apha ukuthiya
kusetyenziswe ekuthiyeni isikolo ngesithakazelo sosapho Iwakulo Lucky. Sithiywe ukuba
sisikolo samabanga aphantsi ihlabangane (lower primary school). Isenzo sokuthembisa
siyavela naso kwesi sicatshulwa. Esi senzo sivela kumhlathi we-13 ndizimisele
(prepared). Apha umbhali umveza u Martha ongumfazi ka Lucky efunga ubuqu ukuba
uyakumfela umyeni wakhe. Oko sikuva kula mazwi athi andinakunyamezela ndelelo
ngoLucky kwaye ndizimisele ukumfela umyeni warn. (I brook mo one's contempt
towards Lucky and I am prepared to die for him).
Isenzo sokubekelana siyafumaneka naso kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -51 apho uLucky
simva ebinga uThixo eqinisekisa kananjalo ukuba azalwe ngokutsha. Le ntetho siyifumana
xa umbhali emcaphula ngqo uLucky "ndiziva ndizalwe ngokutsha" ( I feel like I am born
again). Liyinene elokuba ukuthetha kukwenza ukanye intetho sisenzo, xa sithetha siyenza.
Intshukumo yokugonda kulwakhiwo
Umbhali usebenzise isakhiwo esichukumisayo ukuphumeza injongo zezinto afuna

ukuthetha ngazo. Ezo ntshukumo zichongiweyo ziye zibonakale kwintetho yesakhiwo
sesicatshulwa eso. Inyathelo eliboniswayo kwisicatshulwa, ukutshintsha kuka Lucky .
ukutshintsha kuka Lucky okokuqala sikuvezelwa kwakwintloko kumagama athi ufumene
ulonwabo olutsha umdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude (new happiness dawned for TV
star Lucky). Oku kutshintsha kuka Lucky kuka Lucky sikubona kumhlathi wokuqala apho
uLucky simbona ekwigumbi elibhalwe wamkelekile eSt luke's apostolic church
(welcome to St luke's apostolic church). Kwakhona sifumanis ukuba ubomi buka Lucky
butshintshwe kukudibana nabantu abafana no noZaccariah Makwerela .. nangenkuthazo
yenkosikazi yakhe. (once his meeting with Zaccariah Makwerela). Kwakhona olu
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thsintsho silubona kumazwi athi; qho xa ndibona abantu bonwabile oko kundenza
ndonwabe (when I see people happy, it makes me happy). Apha sifumana ukuba
endaweni yokuba yena onwabise abantu yena wonwatyiswa ngabantu. Umbhali kwakhona
usibonisa ukuba uyatshintsha kwindlela abe eziphethe ngayo ezinje ngokuba;
Wabuyeka ubutywala, wazikhwebula nakubahlobo ababenokumkhokelela ebomini
obungalunganga. (he gave up liquor and shunned friends who might lead him astray).
Ukutshintsha kuka Lucky sikubona kuchazwa ngumfundisi ubuqu umveza njengomntu
olungileyo (good person). Zonke ezi zivakalisi zisibonisa ukutshintsha kuka Lucky
kwezemidlalo watshintshela kwezenkonzo.
Kwinyathelo lesibini umbhali usivezela uLucky ethe ngoku tshintsha kwakhe waba lulutho
enkonzweni. Kwakwintloko ekwiphepha lama -51 umbhali umveza esithi; "ndiziva
ndizalwe ngokutsha" ( I feel like I am born again). Ngoku simbona eligosa lecawa;
elilanda izitshixo zeklasi esetyenziswa libandla ( fetch the keys to the class which the
congregation uses). Kwakhona uLucky uqoqa izitulo ezibomvu ezisakakileyo, ulungisa
itafile esetyenziswa njengepulpiti, uvula iifestile ukuze kungene umoya, wamkela
amarhamente, nguye ohlabelayo enkonzweni ( tidis up the scattered red chairs,
prepare the table used as a altar, open the windows for fresh air, welcome them, lead the
chorus). Umbhali usibonisa ukuba uLucky ngokuhamba kwakhe iCawa izinto zimhambele
kakuhle oko sikuva kula mazwi; oko ndayijoyina icawa ndiziza ingathi ndizalwe
ngokutsha, yonke into ibonakala ihamba kakuhle.( since I joined the church I feel like I
am born again, everything seems to be leading to the right direction).
Kwinyathelo lesithaththu umbhali usixelela ngobomi buka Lucky ngokwase mpangelweni.

Umbhali usixelela ukuba uLucky no David Mqha bakhanda imoto phakathi evekini.
Umbhali usixelela ukuba ngo 1996 wayedlala kumdlalo kamabonakude othi Gatelopele.
( Gatelopeie a TV drama). Ngo 1999 wayedlala kukhululeka. Ngo 1976 waqala ukuba
ngumdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude (TV star). Ngokuthi abonwe ngoku enkonzweni
ukuba uliqhula. Kwakhona umbhali usixelela ukuba uLucky wazidibanisa nesithathu
esingasekhoyo uNdaba mhlongo, Bingo mbojeni, no Simon Sabela kulapho
bubonakele khona ubuqhula bakhe kuba uthande amabali ahlekisayo. Imisebenzi yomntu
kuthiwa ibonakala mhla ebhubhile oko sikuva kula mazwi athi; ukusweleka kwesi
sithathu kwandishiya ndingakwazi ukushukuma (the death of the members of the trio
left me motionless) ... Kanti ke athi amaXhosa ukonakala kwenye kukulunga kwenye oko
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sikubona kula mazwi bekungathethi ukulahlekelwa kwezihlobo zam kuphela koko

kwandenza ndashiya kwezolonwabo. ( it didn't only mean the loss of loved ones, but
also resulted in my leaving showbiz).
Inyathelo lesine elithe lachongwa kwisicatshulwa yindlela utata wosapho ekufuneka

ahiale ngayo nosapho. Umbhali kuqala usibonisa ukuba utata xa ethe akaphangela
umama uthatha indawo oko sikuva kula mazwi inkosikazi yakhe bekufuneka isebenze
nzima ukuze ibaphilise. (as she still does, his wife had to work hard to make ends meet).
Kwakhona uMartha ubonakalisa ukunyaniseka emtshatweni; andinakunyamezela
ndelelo ngoLucky kwaye ndizimisele ukumfela umyeni warn. (I brook mo one's
contempt towards Lucky and I am prepared to die for him). UMartha kangangendlela
abahlalisene kamnandi ngayo nomyeni wakhe uthi, u uLucky sisipho esivela kuThixo (
he is a gift from God). Ukubonisa ukuba uLucky unesandla esihle umbhali usixelela ukuba
abantwana bakhe baneqhayiya ngaye (all his children are proud of him).
Inyathelo lokugqibela lelibhekisa kubafundi elibonisa ukuba; umntu uyaphumelela

kwimizamo yakhe, oku sikubona kwindlela ayiyo uLucky ekugqibeleni oku sikubona kula
mazwi uLucky ngoku yindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo engaphuthwayo yinkonzo ...
ephethe ibhayibhile yakhe ngesandla sasekunene, u Lucky uya ngqo ekhaya emva
kwenkonzo - akanaxesha latywala okanye amabhinqa utata wabantwana abathathu.
(Lucky is now a dedicated family man who doesn't miss his regular church services ..
holding his bible in his right hand, Lucky goes straight home after church, no more cold
beers and cherries for the father of three). Ngezi zivakalisi zingentla ndingathi icawa
iyamjika umntu.
Umba wokuba ngaziphi iinjongo
Injongo yeli nqaku kukubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kombhali nomfundi. Umbhali oko
ukwenze ngokuthi asebenzise umntu wokuqala xa ebalisa. Oko sikubona kwesi sivakalisi;
ndisoloko ndifikelela nakubani na kwaye ndiyabamkela abo bandincokolisayo. Qho
xa ndibona abantu bonwabile oko kundenza ndonwabe, (I am open to everybody and
welcome those who share their jokes with me. Whenever I see people happy, it makes me
happy). Umbhali apha uzama ukuchaza ukuba ungumntu onjani emveni kokuba
ezidibanise noThixo. Umbhali ucacisa indlela uLucky aziva ngayo kubomi bakhe obutsha
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bokuzimanya noThixo. Loo nto siyiva kumhlathi weshumi kumazwi athi; oko ndayijoyina
icawa ndiziza ingathi ndizalwe ngokutsha, yonke into ibonakala ihamba kakuhle.(
since I joined the church I feel like I am born again, everything seems to be leading to the
right direction). ULucky kwesi sicatshulwa uzele yimincili ngendlela ayiyo emveni kokuba
ejike kubom abebuphila obu bokuzibhubhisa ngotywala, ngoku ufumana into yokuba xa
uthe wazisondeza kuThixo zonke izinto zakho zihamba kakuhle. Umbhali ngeli bali
likaLucky uzama ukubonisa ukuba isimilo somntu siyakwazi ukujika. Umbhali usivezele
uku kumhlathi wokugqibela kumazwi athi; uLucky ngoku yindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo
engaphuthwayo yinkonzo ... ephethe ibhayibhile yakhe ngesandla sasekunene, u
Lucky uya ngqo ekhaya emva kwenkonzo - akanaxesha latywala okanye amabhinqa
utata wabantwana abathathu. (Lucky is now a dedicated family man who doesn't miss
his regular church services .. holding his bible in his right hand, Lucky goes straight home
after church, no more cold beers and cherries for the father of three). Ngesi sicatshulwa
umbhali usibonisa ukuba umntu akabukelwa kwinto ayiyo abantu bayazama ukumjika
umntu ngendlela zonke kwisimo esingesiso. Ngokutshata kwakhe uMartha, uLucky ubomi
bakhe bajika kwaphela ukusuka etywaleni ukuya enkonzweni.
Irejista, umxholo nolwazi zibonisa ukuba umbhali ulindele abafana naye. Kumhlathi we-16
umbhali ubhala ngolu hlobo; emva kokuhlangulwa kwiintlungu neengxaki zokusela
uLucky ngoku yindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo engaphuthwayo yinkonzo kwaye
iyoneliseka luthando losapho nezihlobo zakhe.(rescued from grief and from the effects
of his drinking problem, Lucky is now a dedicated family man who doesn't miss his regular
church services and is content with love he gets from his family and friends). Umbhali
apha kwezi zivakalisi wazisa abafundi ukuba, ukuba uthe wasuswa kuloo nto ubunengxaki
kuyo nokuba yeyolwaluphina uhlobo kungakuhle ukuba ungabe uphinde ubuyele kuyo.
Ingayinto ebukelekayo ukuba unokuthatha inyawo ubheke phambili. ULucky endaweni
yokuba abuyele etywaleni uye engena nzulu enkonzweni, oko sikuva kule ntetho; ephethe
ibhayibhile yakhe ngesandla sasekunene, u Lucky uya ngqo ekhaya emva
kwenkonzo - akanaxesha latywala okanye amabhinqa utata wabantwana abathathu.
(holding his bible in his right hand, Lucky goes straight home after church, no more cold
beers and cherries for the father of three). Kwezi zivakalisi zingentla umbhali umveza
uLucky omeiele ngakumbi elukholweni Iwakhe.
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Umbhali uncoma intiaio yomtshato kusapho luka Lucky Mtshali. Le ntlalo yomtshato
umbhali usivezela kwintetho kamama kunye nabantwana ngolu hlobo; uLucky ngutata
wabantwana barn kwaye ndimthanda kakhulu ... ndizimisele ukumfela umyeni wam.
Ukuqhula kwakhe kudaliwe, iziqhulo zakhe azipheli. (Lucky is my children's father and
I love him very much ... I am prepared to fight until the last drop of blood for my husband)
abantwana bathetha benjenje ngotata wabo; ungutata olungileyo kwaye siyaqondana.
Usifundise ukuba sikhululeke xa sinaye kwaye siyakonwabela oko. Siyayonwabela
indlela asikhulise ngayo- usithanda sonke kwaye usiphatha ngokufanayo, ( he is a
generous father and we understand each other. He has thought us to be open with him
and we appreciate it. We're happy with the way he's bringing us up he loves us all and
treats us equal). Apha kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usizobela ikhaya elonwabileyo
elinothando kuba kule mihla sokuyo oomama nabantwana bahleli ubomi bentshontsho
ngenxa yotata.
Umba wokuba kutheni
Umbhali apha kweli nqaku ubethelela utshintsho. Olu tshintsho silubona kuLucky. Umbhali
utshintsho ulubinisa kwesi sivakalisi emva kokuhlangulwa kwiintlungu neengxaki
zokusela uLucky ngoku yindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo engaphoswayo yinkonzo ...
uya ngqo ekhaya emva kwenkonzo - akanaxesha latywala okanye amabhinqa utata
wabantwana abathathu. (rescued from grief and from the effects of his drinking problem,
Lucky is now a dedicated family man who doesn't miss his regular church services goes
straight home after church, no more cold beers and cherries for the father of three). Kwezi
zivakalisi zingentla umbhali ubethelela ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukutshintsha nokuba
ebesela kangakananina. Kumzi apho umama notata bavanayo iba likhaya Iolonwabo
nasebantwaneni. Umama notata bayakwazi ukucinga ngendlela abanokuziphucula ngayo.
Umba wokuba ngubani
Umbhali kweli nqaku usinike isihloko esimnandi nesidlwengula umxhelo, esithi uLucky
ubulela uThixo ( Lucky thanks God). Esi sihloko sithi sisishiye sinemibuzo esizibuza yona
efana nale, ubulela uThixo njani? Kwakhona umbhali usibhalela eli bali ngumbhali
onamava, oko sikufumana kwintetho yakhe ethi, uLucky -Boy Mtshali waqala ukuba
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ngumdlali wemidlalo kumabonakude ngo- 1976 xa uJoseph Seakasie

owayengumhlobo wakhe wabona ukuba uliqhula. ( uLucky -Boy Mtshali began his
acting career in 1076 when Joseph Seakasie personal friend realized his knack for
clowning). Ukuba namava kwakhe sikufumana phaya kula nyaka ka 1976. umbhali uqhuba
enjenje nentetho yakhe; emveni kokuba uZaccariah no Martha bamkhokelela
endleleni kaThixo ng01983, uLucky akazange alibazise ukwamkela uYesu enama 21
etshatile noMartha, ubomi buthsintshile bangcono yaye kungoku njeusoloko ezele
lulonwabo nalithando. (Martha led him into the way of God in 1983, Lucky didn't hesitate
to accept Jesus and now is always filled with joy and love). Apha kwesi sivakalisi singentla
sibona umdlali kamabonakude ... edume kwimidlalo kamabonakude( man of screen),
imntu owayesenza zonke izinto zehlabathi wabuyeka utywala wazikhwebula
nakubahlobo ababenokumkhokelela ebomini obungalunganga,(he gave up liquor and
shunned friends who might lead him astray). ULucky boy Mtshali ngokuzinikela kuThixo
100nto yenza ubomi bakhe batshintsha.
Ubuchule besixhobo esibhaliweyo
Isixhobo esithe sasetyenziswa esibhalwayo apha sesentloko. Umbhali apha ubonisa

utshintsho emema kananjalo ukuba abo basaphila ubomi bokuzibhubhisa bazidibanise
noThixo. Oko sikuva ngala mazwi, ndandisela gqitha kwaye ndingayithatheli ngqalelo
icawa. (I used to drink a lot and never had serious thought about the church). Obu bomi
obabuphilwa ngu Lucky ngaphambili oko sikuva kule ntetho; kwimizuzwana embalwa
uLucky uxhamla amanye amarhamente, ngexesha lenkonzo ilizwi lakhe liphakamela
phezulu njengoko edumisa uThixo xa umbona eqhwaba izandla ehlabela iKhorasi ..
ujonga phezulu njengomntu ova ubukho bukaKrestu kuye. ( when everyone arrives,
Lucky shakes their hands during the service his voice is raised high as he sings praises to
Jesus with his hands clapping somaltenious as he leads the chorus ... he looks up at the
ceiling like someone feeling Christ presence in him). Emveni kokuba etshuntshile uLucky
uzelwe ngokutsha.
Uhlobo Iwembalo
Ulwazi, irejista nomxholo ubonisa ukuba uqulethe amava angawakhe isiganeko intiaio
nemvelaphi yenkcubeko. Umbhali kumhlathi we -10 ubuchaza ngokwakhe ubomi base
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nkonzweni enjenje; ndicinga ukuba kungenxa yobomi obutsha endibufumene

ecaweni, oko ndayijoyina icawa ndiziza ingathi ndizalwe ngokutsha, yonke into
ibonakala ihamba kakuhle.(1 think this is because of the life I've received in the church,
since I joined the church I feel like I am born again, everything seems to be leading to the
right direction). Umbhali wazisa ngokwakhe inkcazelo yobomi bakhe obutsha baseCaweni.
Kwakhona umbhali ubonisa izimvo zabanye abantu oko sikuva kulamazwi; Oko wadibana
noZaccariah Makwerela.. nangenkuthazo yenkosikazi yakhe. enama 21 etshatile
noMartha, ubomi buthsintshile bangcono (once his meeting with Zaccariah Makwerela
life has changed for the better). Apha ke umbhali ubonisa ukungenelela kuka Zaccariah
kunye noMartha kubomi buka Lucky. Umbhali ugqibezela athi; kodwa bendingayifekethi
ngayo imali kuba umfazi wam ebengqongqo. ( but I wasn't extravagant because of my
strict wife). Umfazi kaLucky ube negalelo elikhulu ekuguquleni ubomi buka Lucky emsusa
kubom bokuzibhubhisa.
Uhlahlelo Iwenqaku -4
Oomama besizwe sethu
Imbono yokusetyenziswa kwesivakalisi

Ulwakhiwo Iwenkcazo yesihloko
Eli nqaku linika umzekelo wamaxesha amaninzi apho intetho esisiqalo sesivakaliai
isebenza njengesihloko sesivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha le ntetho isisihloko ifezekiswa
libinzana okanye igatya elithi licacise okanye lenze inkcazo ngesihloko eso. Kwiphepha
lama -59 phezulu sifumna umzekelo wenkcazo ngesihloko. Kule ntloko amakhaya ngeli
xesha enyakeni azala mfi njengoko iintsapho zidibana zibhiyoze - kodwa abanye
omama banabantwana abaninzi ekufuneka babondle. ( Homes fill up at this time of the
year as families get together to celebrate, but some mothers have more mouth to feed
than others). Isihloko sesivakalisi sithi: amakhaya ngeli xesha enyakeni azala mfi
njengoko iintsapho zidibana zibhiyoze ( Homes fill up at this time of the year as families
get together to celebrate), igatya elincomayo lisebenza njengenkcazo lichaza into
eyenzeka emakhayeni eyenziwa zintsapho ezo. njengoko iintsapho zidibana zibhiyoze,
( families get together to celebrate). Esinye isihloko sithi; kodwa abanye omama
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banabantwana abaninzi (but some mothers have more mouth to feed than others) igatya
elincomayo lisebenza njengenkcazo lichaza into ekufuneka yenziwe ngabanye abazali
ekufuneka babondle. Le ntetho iyaphikisana nale yokuqala kuba siva kwakhona
kwiphepha lama- 59 ndifumana intloko ethi; uSara Pina Mthembu nabantwana bakhe
abasixhenxe eieJoaneng, eQwaqwa - bonke basisiphiwo esivela kuThixo.( Sara Pina
mthembu and her seven children of Lejoang, Qwaqwa, they are all gifts from God, she
says). Umbhali apha usebenzise uSara Pina Mthembu nabantwana bakhe
abasixhenxe eieJoaneng, eqwaqwa(Sara Pina mthembu and her seven children of
Lejoang, Qwaqwa) njengesihloko sale ntloko. Ingcaciso yale ntloko ithi bonke
basisiphiwo esivela kuThixo they are all gifts from God, she says). Le nkcazo yiyo
esichazela indlela uSara azale ngayo waphula uluthi kwaye uyakuvuyela oko. Kwakhona
kwiphepha lama -60 siboniswa imbono yohlahlelo nenkcazo ngesihloko. Umbhali apha
usebenzise esi sihloko, unkosikazi Malijeng Mosikatsana owonwabileyo ebebhiyoza
engqongwe ngabanye abantwana bakhe abali -11 nabazukulwana eQwaqwa. ( a
happy Mrs. Malijeng Mosikatsana celebrate surrounded by some of her 11 children and
grand children in Qwaqwa). Isihloko sale ntloko sesi sithi unkosikazi Malijeng
Mosikatsana owonwabileyo ebebhiyoza (a happy Mrs. Malijeng Misikatsana celebrate).
Ingcaciso yale ntloko yile ithi engqongwe ngabanye abantwana bakhe abali -11
nabazukulwana eQwaqwa.( surrounded by some of her 11 children and grand children
in Qwaqwa). Nalapha siboniswa ubuninzi bosapho luka Malijeng siboniswa kwananjalo
bebaninzi njalo belusapho olonwabileyo kwaye abasokoli. Kwiphepha lama -61 phezulu
kwakhona umbhali usinikile isihloko esithi: uThuleleni Nkomo nomyeni wakhe
uBangani, ( Thuleleni Nkomo and his Husband Bongani), ingcaciso yale ntloko yile; ithi
abantwana babo abalishumi nabazukulwana abathathu ( their 10 children and 3
grandchildren). Apha sicaciselwa nabantwana babo nabazukulwana babo.
Kweyokugqibela intloko isihloko sithi uJoyce Mbalwana nabanye abazukulwana
nezinye izihloko ( Joyce Mbalwana with some of her grandchildren & other relatives)
ingcaciso yile ithi; izinto azizange zihambe ngendlela ( things didn't go as planned).
Apha kule ngcaciso sibaliselwa ukuba apha uJoyce izinto azizange zihambe kakuhle kubo
njengabanye abantu. Xa ndiqukumbela ndingathi ngokombono wokusetyenzisa
kwesivakalisi singohlula phakathi koku sithetha ngako nenkcazo esinayo nesithetha
ngako oku kukuthi izakhi, ukucwangciswa kwesivakalisi nehlelo Iwamagama
lusetyenziswa ukuphawula itophiki. Umzekelo woku kukuba itopiki idla ngokuba
sekuqaleni kwesivakalisi.
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Isihloko sisaghubeka
Kwisicatshulwa kukho ibinza sibizo ekusoloko likhankanywa. Eli binza sibizo liphuhlisa
imbono yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko. Ngalo ndlela umbhali ugxininisa umxholo welinqaku
abhale ngalo. Kwesi sicatshulwa omama besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation) Ie mbono
yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko iyavela kule mihlathi ilandlayo, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23, nowe 24 nakwintloko ekwiphepha lama -59
nama -61 phezulu. Apho umbhali athetha ngesibizo esingu- abantwana. Imbhali
ulisebenzisile kakhulu eli nqaku ukugcina inkqaku lethu lisemxholweni. Kwakhona umbhali
uyakwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi lihambelane okanye lithethe into enye nabantwana eli
lithi intsapho ( family) neli lithi abazukulwana ( grandchildren). Onke la magama athetha
abantwana. Qha ohluke ngolu hlobo intsapho ngabantwana bakho, abazukulwana
ngabantwana babantwana bakho.
Uhlahlelo kwesakhiwo sesihloko

esingundoqo kwisicatshulwa. Isihloko esiyintloko sesi sicatshulwa sithi, omama besizwe
sethu (mothers of our nation). lintlobo ntlobo zezihlokwana kunye namagama abhalwe
ecaleni kwefoto ecacisa into eyenzekayo kwifoto leyo ziyasetyenziswa kwisicatshulwa
ukuxhasa isihloko esiyintloko. Isihloko esiyintloko sichaza ngomama besizwe kwintlanga
zonke. Aba mama bachazwa ngokwasekuhlaleni. Kwintloko eyintloko kwiphepha lama -59
umbhali ubachaza aba mama njengomama abanabantwana abanninzi ekufuneka
babondle. Oku kungqinwa yintloko ekwiphepha -59 apho siboniswa u Sara Pina Mthembu
nabantwana bakhe abasixhenxe onguMzulu. Kanti kwakhona kwintloko ekwiphepha lama-
69 phezulu siboniswa uNkosikazi Malijeng Masikatsana owonwabileyo, ebhiyoza,
engqongwe ngabanye abantwana bakhe abali 11 eQwaqwa. Lowo ngumama wesizwe
sabeSuthu. Kwakhona kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -61 phezulu sibona uThuleleni Nkomo
nomyeni wakhe uBongani, abantwana babo abalishumi nabazukulwana babo abathathu.
Ukugqibezela kwintloko ekwakwiphepha lama -61 umbhali apha usibonisa uJoyce
Mbalwana nezinye izihlobo iiznto azizange zihambe ngendlela. Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi
abafazi bakudala babezala bophule uluthi. Le nto bayenzayo babeyithanda kuba bathi
bonke basisipho esivela kuThixo. Kanti u Sara Mthembu uthi kwakungekho mfuneko
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yakucwangcisa. U- Malijeng Masikatsana uthi, bakholelwa ekubeni abantwana basisiphiwo

esivela kuThixo. Onke la mabinzana nezivakalisi zakha isihloko esiyintloko sesicatshulwa,
zinika umfundi ngomfanekiso ocacileyo womama besizwe sethu ukuba ukuzala ibilibhongo
neqhayiya kubo. Bekude kuthiwe umfazi uze kuzala emzini kwaye inzala ibiqingqwa
ngumyeni. lintombi beziza kutyebisa le ndoda ngelobola onyana baza kukwandisa usapho
Iwalapha.
Isicatshulwa sombhali sisoloko siyondelelene njengoko sityhila le mbono yokuba

ngumama wesizwe phantse kuyo yonke imihlathi. Kumhlathi wokuqala sixelelwa
ngomhlolokazi osokolayo nongaphangeliyo uSara Mthembu onabantwana abali-16. oku
kuba ngumama wesizwe sikubona ngabantwana abali -16 ( 16 children) ngokwena oko
bazala inkokheli zangomso. Kumhlathi wesine sixelelwa ngo Malijeng Masokotsana
abanabantwana abali-11 kuba enenjongo zokubuyisa amagama ezinyanya zombini (
she would bring back the names of the ancestors of the two families). Kumhlathi we -12
umbhali usixelela ngo Francisca Phewa unina wabantwana abali - 14. lo mama uthi
ngaba bantwana uzenzele oyena vimba (it was a good investment).
Kumhlathi we -16 umbhali usazisa ngo Thuleleni Nkomo onabantwana abali -10. Vena
kuthiwa yinkolo yakhe eyambangela ukuba afune abantwana abalisuhmi. Xa ndisiya
esiphelelweni kwiphepha lama -61 umbhali usibonisa uJoyce Mbalwana onabantwana
bakhe ababini nabantwana bomtshato abasixhenxe. Kumhlathi wama -22 sixelelwa
ukuba, ukholelwa ukuba nabantwana abaninzi kuba kuza nenzuzo ( believes that
having many children would payoff in the long run). Xa ndigqibezela umbhali usixelela ngo
Aida Dyani onabantwana abali-13 yena ke uthi ubungazenzeli isigqibo sabantwana
obafunayo ( you didn't decide on the number of children you should have). Kwaye
wayenethemba lokuba uza kuthembela ebantwaneni bakhe xa emdala ( hoped to rely
on her children in her old age). Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazo ethi ixhase isihloko esiyintloko
oku kubonisa uhlahlelo Iwesakhiwo sesihloko akukho mfuneko yokucwangcisa,
akahambisani nokukhutshwa kwezisu akunakuthi emyenini akufuni bantwana, yindoda
ethatha izigqibo zosapho zonke zibonisa ukuba ngumama, umama kufuneka ezele emzini
ukub akazali kuthiwa yinkabi.
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Ngokunxulumene nembono yokunikwa kolwazi olutsha, umbhali uxoxa ulwazi olunikiweyo,

okanye analo umfundi okanye olwaziwayo ngumfundi nolo lutsha okanye ulwazi
olungakhange lusetyenziswe. Enye yendlela zokubhala inqaku kukulibhala ngendlela ethi
inike imdla kumfundi. Ababhali abaninzi babhala izihloko zabo ngamagama angqindilili
ukuzalisekisa le njongo. Isihloko sizisa ulwazi lunikwe umfundi. Sisihloko esithi sitsale
umfundi ukuba makafunde isicatshulwa. Wakuba usifundile isihloko uba nombuzo ozibuza
yona. Umzekelo kwisihloko esithi Omama besizwe sethu,umbuzo wokuqala, batheni?
Ukuba batheni 100 nto uza kuyifumana ngokuthi ufunde isicatshulwa eso. Kwisicatshulwa,
lolu Iwazi unalo omama besizwe sethu ( mothers of our nation) oluthi lutsalele umfundi
kwisicatshulwa, imtsalele ukuthi afunde olu Iwazi lutsha oluthi lona lulungise olwalwazi
ebnalo kwisicatshulwa. Ngamanye amazwi umfundi uzakufuna ukufunda ngakumbi
ukwenzela ukuba afumane ithuba kolu Iwazi lutsha kwisicatshulwa oluthi lulungise olu
ubunalo kwisihloko.
Umbhali xa ebhala sukuba ikhona into emchukumisayo afuna ukuyithetha kubafundi

engajonganga ubungakanani bomntu, sini, uhlanga nokuba utshatile okanye
akatshatanga. Apha kweli nqaku umbhali usazisa iingxaki eluntwini ezidla umzi
nezisombululo zayo ngokunjalo. Kwesi sicatshulwa sithi omama besizwe sethu, ingxaki
oomama abathi badibane nazo ezifana nokuba (1) nabantwana abaninzi, ukungakwazi
ukondla abantwana, isigqibo esenziwa ngutata ngenani labantwana ( having a lot of
children and being unable to feed them, it is a man who decides on the size of his family)
(2) utywala neziyobisi (liquor and drugs) (3) ukuziphangelela kwabantwana (children
working for themselves) ziyatyhilwa ngumbhali kwesi sicatshulwa. Ezi zinto zidweliswe
apha ngasentla lulwazi esinalo. Le nto umfundi afuna ukuyazi lulwazi olutsha, olu lokuba
ingasonjululwa njan le ngxuba kaxaka nezinto ezithi zenziwe ukukhawulelana nale ngxaki
aba mama banayo. Izisombululo zayo yonke ke Ie ngxaki yokuba nabantwana abaninzi
komama abaninzi besizwe sethu kukuba ulutsha lucebe intsapho zabo kakuhle ( young
people to plan their families carefully). Oku kwenzeka ngokuthi basebenzise iipilisi
zokucwangcisa. Kule mihla kude kubekho nokukhutshwa kwezisu kwabo bathe bahlelwa
liIishwa lokufumana abantwana bengakhange babe bayafuna. Kwicala lokondla
abantwana umzali kufuneka aphangele siyeva kumhlathi we-9 ukuba uMalijeng wenza
inzame zokubhatala imali yabantwana yesikolo ngokuthi asebenze emakhitshini erhola
194
urnvizo ophantsi ngenyanga ( domestic work for a mere 5 shilling a month). Kanti kule
mihla kukho imisebenzi ukuzama ukuba umntu abe nomvuzo anawo. Kule minyaka ukuba
umntwana uyakufuna ukufunda uyafunda. Zininzi imali eziphumayo ukuncedisa
abantwana emfundweni. Uvuzwa nangokupasa oku kwakho leyo imali ifika usahleli
ungekayi nokuya kuqala. Zibe khona imali ezibolekisayo. Ikhona netih umntwana
ayinikelwe imfundo kulowo uthe wenza isicelo sayo. Ude ube nayo nendawo ungumzali
yokuba uthathe incwad ngetyala ubuye ubhatale. Wayenetyala e Via Afrika lokuthatha
incwadi nernpahla zesikolo zabantwana. Endaweni yezinto ezirnnandi ngexesha
lekrisrnesi. (she kept an account at Via Afrika for the children's school books and bought
uniforms instead of luxuries during the festive season). Kule indima yeziyobisi notywala
ingapheliswa ngokuthi abantwana bathathe inxaxheba kwizinto zasekuhlaleni. Loo nto
ibagcina besoloko benento yokwenza. Umzekelo ukulwa ubundlobongela kukho umbutho
wabahlali abalwa ubukrelemnqa ekuhlaleni bencedisaan namapolisa. Ngoku ikhuselwa
into ingekenzeki. Umzekelo amapolisa ayasebenzisana noMasipala ngokuthi afake
izibane kwindawo ezimnyama ukulwa ubukrelemnqa. Akulunganga ukwenza into embi xa
kukho izibane, kuiuia xa kumnyama. Kulungiswe indlela ukuze imoto zamapolisa zikwazi
ukungena. Ukuba indlela zimbi, nakuthi ngoku niwabizile angakwazi ukuya. Le ke ingxaki
yokuziphangelela isisombululo sayo kukuthi baxhasane kodwa ngokuthi bafundisane
banxibane. Wena ke ungumzali uthathe lo nto uyiphiwayo injengemali nempahla. Kulapha
kule mizekelo apho umfundi afumana ulwazi olutsha ngezi ngxaki. Umbhali wesi
sicatshulwa uhamba njengomhambisi wolwazi umfundi ubonwa njengomamkeli wolwazi
analo nolo lutsha.
Unxulumano lornxholo nembali
Unxulumano lomxholo nembali kunikwe imizekelo emininzi ngalo kuluhlu Iwezivakalisi

apha kwisicatshulwa esithi Omama besizwe sethu. Unxulumano lomxholo nembali
luyadibana nohlahlelo Iwenkcazo ngesihloko. Umzekelo ocacileyo wonxulumano lomxholo
nembali ubonakala kwisihloko esithi Omama besizwe sethu.kwesi sihloko igatya
lokugqibela lithi besizwe sethu (of our nation) lisebenze njengembali yesi sivakalisi.
Ibinzana elithi Oomama ngumxholo wesivakalisi. Eli binzana lisebenza njengentloko
okanye umxholo wenqaku xa lilonke. Ngamanye amazwi igatya elithi besizwe sethu (of
our nation) eliyimbali yindlela esithi sisuke ngayo kwisiqalo senqaku lombhali
(esingumxhelo) esithi Oomama.
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Amaxesha amaninzi umxholo uthatha indawo yengongoma eyintloko. Umzekelo woko

siwubona kwesi sivakalisi kodwa u Mamthembu akazisoli ngokuba nabantwana
abaninzi. (but mamaMamthembu has no regrets about having as many children). Ibinzana
elithi kodwa u Mamthembu akazisoli (but mamaMamthembu has no regrets) ngumxholo
okanye unozala wentetho yethu ngelixa igatya elithi ngokuba nabantwana abaninzi.
(about having as many children) yimbali. Imbali iphuma kumxholo, okanye kwintloko yiyo
esixelela ngento angazisoli ngayo uMamthembu. Okokugqibela ndiza kuwubonisa
umxholo nembali kwiphepha lama -61 kwintloko ethi uJoyce Mbalwana nabanye
abazukulwana nezinye izihlobo izinto azizange zihambe ngendlela ( joyce Mbalwana
with some of her grandchildren and other relatives, things didn't go as planned). Apha
siboniswa ukuba asingabo banke oomama abaphila ubom obumnandi abanye ubom baba
buzele ngamagingxi- gingxi. Kula mzekelo imbali ethi izinto azizange zihambe
ngendlela. (things didn't go well ). Ichaza inzima ezithe zafunyanwa nguJoyce Mbalwana
(umxholo). Imbali isixelela ngokucacileyo intiaio ka Joyce Mbalwana. Ngokomba wembona
ezilandelayo kwingxoxo, ubani usenokuthi imbali isebenza ekuboniseni okanye ekunikeni
inkcazo ngokomxholo.
Abafundi kwisicatshulwa basenokufumana ulwazi olugxininisiweyo. Kanti abasenakho

ukufumana ulwazi oluthathwe njengokuba, olwandulelweyo okanye olucingelweyo.
Amaxesha amaninzi ababhali baza kusebenzisa izimelabizo ezithi zivumelane nentloko
okanye nenjongosenzi ukucacisa imbono yonxulumano olungqamene nengcinga
ezifunekayo. Kwisivakalisi esikumhlathi we-4 umbhali uquka ukuba bobabini abazali
babenqwenela ukuba abe nabantwana abaninzi (both sets of parents were keen for her
to have lots of children). Ibinza elichazayo eliqulethe isimelabizo soquko bobabini (both)
sandulelwe okanye sicingelwe lungqamano Iwesicatshulwa olubhalwe ngolu hlobo; isiko
lidlale indima ebalulekileyo emtshatweni ka Malijeng noTsephiso Mamsikatsana.
(culture played an important part in the marriage of Maljeng and Tsephiso Masikhotsana).
Esi simelabizo simeie u Malijeng no Tshepiso ngabo abathe bandulela ingxoxo.
Kumhlathi we -10 umbhali usichazela ukuba u Malijeng Wayenetyala e Via Afrika

lokuthatha incwadi nempahla zesikolo zabantwana. Endaweni yezinto ezimnandi
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ngexesha lekrismesi. (she kept an account at Via Afrika for the children's school books
and bought uniforms instead of luxuries during the festive season). Esi sivakalisi
siqulethe ulwazi olwandulela ingxoxo ezayo. Le ngxoxo yile ukuze ngo Januari babe
nayo yonke into abayifunayo. (so that on January they had everything they needed).
Ikwafumaneka kwalapha kulo mhlathi. Eyona nto agxininisa kuyo u,bhali yile yokuba
uMalijeng ebexabise izinto zesikolo ngaphezu kwento zekrismesi kuba emva kweKrismesi
kuza kuvulwa izikolo. Lo mba ke wandulelwe ziinzame zokuthenga incwadi nempahla
zesikolo wade wane tyala eVia Afrika.
Kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -61 umbhali usebenzise isimelabizo sokunye, uJoyce

Mbalwana nabanye abazukulwana nezinye izihlobo. Apha kwesi sivakalisi umbahli
usebenzise ezi zimelabizo ukuthelekisa abazukulwana nabahlobo. Kwakhona esi sivakalisi
sandulela inkcazo ethi izinto azizange zihambe kakuhle. (things didn't go as planned).
Ezi zimelabizo zikule ntloko zingabakhaphi nabanye abazukulwana nezinye izihlobo. (
some of her grandchildren & other relatives) kwaye zizandulele iziibizo. Ngolo hlobo
ziphuhlise izibizo ezi zikhankanyiweyo.
Intetho
Kwisicatshulwa esithi Oomama besizwe sethu intetho iyachazwa kule mihlathi ilandelayo
owe; 4,5,13,22. kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usebenzise ibinzana ukususela u Oko
ukubhekise kwintetho ebikhe yakhankanywa ngaphambili oko kubonakaliswa sesi
sivakalisi, xa wayesaphila umyeni ka Sara Mthembu, usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga
ingxowa yomgubo wombona ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa
ngabantwana abali-16. (when Sara Mthembu's husband was alive, the family used to buy
130kg of mealie meal every month to feed their 16 childern). Ekuqaleni komhlathi woku-1
umbhali uchaza imeko ekwakuphilwa ngayo esekhona umyeni ka Sara. Ekupheleni
komhlathi wokuqala umbhali usebenzisa ibinzana ukususela oko (since my husband's
death) ukuchaza isishwankathelo sebali lalo mama. Kwakhona kumhlathi we-4 umbhali
usebenzise ibinzana ngale ndlela ( in this way) ebhekisele kwinto yokuba kwakutheni
uMalijeng no Tshepiso babe nabantwana abaninzi. Kwakulo mhlathi we-4 ekugqibeleni
umbhali usebenzise ibinzana elithi nto leyo ukunika isishwankathelo sebali lika
Mamosikatsana. Kumhlathi we -13 umbhali usebenzise isimelabizo oku esingiselele
kwintetho ebikhe yakhankanywa ngaphambili. Isiko lambangela ukuba abe nabantwana
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abaninzi. Abantwana bam bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase abazali ( culture

caused her to have lots of children. My children support each other and their parents).
Okokugqibela kumhlathi wama -22 umbhali usebenzise ibinzana ukusuka apho (from
there) ukuchaza intiaio ayihleliyo nabantwana bakhe. Kumhlathi wama -21 umbhali
uchaza iIishwa uJoyce analo kwicala labantwana. Kumhlathi wama- 22 usebenzise
ibinzana elithi ukusuka apho ( from there) ukushwankathela ibali lika Joyce nabantwana.
Xa sijonge indlela olu phawu Iwentetho olusetyenziswa ngayo libonwa njengamanye
amacebo ombhali athatha inxaxheba inxaxheba ekunciphiseni ubude besiqulatho.
Ngokwenza oku uhlangabezana neemfuno zamanqaku, isiqulatho sincitshiswa
ngokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sokubhala, ngelixa ukuhmbisa intsingiselo ngokuzeleyo
iyenye yemfuno ezingondoqo bezinto zokusasaza iindaba.
Isichazi sothelekis
Uthelekiso nomelo ziyadibana. Kumhlathi we-7 umbhali ulisebenzisile uthelekiso simva xa

esithi, abantwana bethu abazange bafune mpahla zexabiso okanye mali
yokuzonwabisa. ( our children never asked for expensive clothes or money for
entertainment). Ibinzana elithi okanye lisetyenziswe ekuthelekiseni izinto ezifunwa
ngabantwana. Ezo zinto, mpahla zexabiso okanye mali yokuzonwabisa. (expensive
clothes or money for entertainment). Kwakhona kwakulo mhlathi we-6 ekugqibeleni
umbhali simbona ethelekisa izinto ezimbini ezibulala ilizwe ezithengwa ngabantwana
ngemali abathi bayinikwe ngabazali. Oko sikubona kule ntetho, ukuze bayise etywaleni
okanye kwiziyobisi (to waste it on liquor and drugs). Kwakhona olu thelekiso siya lubona
kumhlathi we-10 kwisivakalisi esithi, abazage bale ukunxiba ezohempe, kqu naxa
babehlekwa ngabanye abantwana, utshilo. Ngoku ke bekubonakala ngathi abakwa -
mosikatsana bonwabile ekugqibelani. (they never refused to wear those mealie meal
shirts even when the other children laughed at them, she says and it looks as though the
Masikotsana are having the last laugh today). Aba bantwana sibabona bendidi mbini
abanye babehleka, abanye bengahleki ngokucacileyo babevelana nabo. Siphinde
silufumane olu thelekiso kwintlalo yaba bantwana baka Mosikatsana ekukhuleni
nasebudaleni. Umbhali uthi babekwa ngabanye ngoku bonwabile ekugqibeleni
bafunde bade bayityekeza imfundo. (the other children laughed at them now most of the
children have the security of a tertiary education behind them). Kwakhona olu thelekiso
silubona kumhlathi we-12 kumazwi ka Fransisca Phewa athi Abantwana barn
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bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo. (My children support each other
and their parents).kumhlathi we -14 sifumana amazwi athi abanye benza irnisebenzi
ernihle enjengokufundisa ukulawula nezornthetho. (several of them are highly ranking
occupation such as teaching administration and law). lo abanye umele abafundisayo,
abalawulayo nabo mthetho.
Izihlanganisi
Kwisicatshulwa sakhe umbhali uzisebenzisile izihlanganisi ukunonga intetho yakhe.

Kwasekuqaleni komhlathi wokuqala usebenzise isihlanganisi u- xa. Umbhali
ususebenzisile esi sihlanganisi nakumhlathi we 3 nawe 7. kuzo zonk ezi zivakalisi u -xa
usetyenziswe ukubonisa ixesha, umzekelo, umhlathi woku xa wayesaphila urnyeni ka
Sara Mthernbu (when Sara Mthembu's Husband was still alive), kumhlathi we -7 urnyeni
wasweleka xa iphelo lakhe ligqibezela izifundo zobutitshala (her husband passed
away when their last born was finishing his teaching Diploma)
Kumhlathi wokuqala nawe -2 kwakhana umbhali umsebenzisile u kodwa (but) ebonisa

ingxaki akuyo umhlolokazi, oku kuboniswa kumhlathi woku -1 kodwa ngoku urnhlolokazi
onarna -43 erninyaka uziva enoxanduva lokondla abantwana abaninzi 9 but now the
43 year old widow is feeling the burden of feeding so many mouths). Kwakhana kumhlathi
wokuqala umbhali usebenzise isihlanganisi u oko (since) osichazela ngexesha apha aka
sikuva kuba oko wasweleka urnyeni wam bekunzirna ukuthengela abantwana barn
ukutya nernpahla ( since my husbands death it has become difficult to buy food and
clothes for my children). Kumhlathi wesi -4 umbhali usebenzise isihlanganisi u kuba
(because) esichazela unobangela wokuba azale abantwana abaninzi aka kuboniswe sesi
sivakalisi, isiko lidlale indirna ebalulekileyo ... kuba bobabini abazali babenqwenela
abantwana abaninzi. (culture played an important part.... Because bathe parents were
keen for her to have lots of children). U okanye (or) kumhlathi we 6, 12 usetyenziswe
ekuthelekiseni izinto oku sikuva kwezi zivakalisi abantwana bethu abazange bafune
rnpahla zexabiso okanye irnali yokuzonwabisa (our chilgren never asked for expensive
clothes or money for entertainment) awugqibezele umbhali lo mhlathi ngokuthi ukuze
bayisebenzise etywaleni okanye kwiziyobisi (waste it on liquor and drugs). Kumhlathi
we -12 umbhali ucaphula ngqo uFrancisca xa esithi abantwana bam bayaxhasana
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bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo ( my children surpport each other and their
parents).
Kumhlathi weshumi umbhali usinika esinye isihlanganisi esingu ukuze (so that) sona
sisichazela ngonobangela wokuba uMaljeng enze le nto. Oko sikuva kwesi sivakalisi,
Wayenetyala e Via Afrika lokuthatha incwadi nempahla zesikolo zabantwana.
Endaweni yezinto ezimnandi ngexesha lekrismesi ukuze ngo January babenayo
yonke into abayifunayo. (she kept an account at Via Afrika for the children's school
books and bought uniforms instead of luxuries during the festive season so that in January
they had everthing that they needed). Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi umbhali usebenzise
isihlanganisi esingu njengoko ( as ) esisebenza njengecebiso lokuba umntu makangabi
nabantwana abaninzi.
Kumhlathi wama- 20 apho uJoyce athi ubona ngathi ubomi bebuza kuba lula ukuba
ebengakhange abe nabantwana abaninzi, njengoko esabhatala amatyala
okubakhulisa nawemfundo nemali zokubangcwaba ( she feels her life would have
been better had sha not had so many children, since she is still paying debts for their
upkeep and education and their funerals ) kwimbono yengxoxo elandelayo umbhali
akadibanisi amalungu eelwimi ngezihlanganisi endaweni yoko iyazalatha okanye azichaze
nngezikhombisi.
Izikhombisi
Kwisicatshulwa izikhombisi ziyasetyenziswa ukumisa amalungu amagama okanye

ukudibanisa isakhiwo sesicatshulwa. Ezi zibizo zilandelayo zandulela izibizo ezikhaphana
nazo, ziyafumaneka kwisicatshulwa, ngeli xesha, ngale ndlela, abo bantwana, ezo
hempe no esi sibini. (during this time, in this way, those children, those shirts, these two).
Zonke ezi zikhombisi ziyavela kwimihlathi eyahlukeneyo kwisicatshulwa umsebenzi wazo
kukwalatha izibizo umbhali anenjongo zokugxininisa kuzo kwintetho. Xa sijonga la
mabinzana ezikhombisi angasentla omnye usenokuthi zigxininisa kwintloko okanye
kumxholo wesicatshulwa. La mabinzana alandelayo ngeli xesha no Ngale ndlela ( during
this time, in this way) bachaza imeko eqhubekayo kwintsapho zala makhaya. Kumaxesha
eHolide kuyazala ngabantwana balo mzi kuba bakho bonke kuba bebuyle ezikolweni.
Ukongeza ukuba naba bantwana abaninzi injongo yako ibikukuba lingacimi igama lalapha.
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Kangangokuba ezinye iintlanga umntwana wokuqala uthiywa ngegama likatata wakhe. La

mabinzana athi bobabini abazali (both parents) no esi sibini (these two), ezo hempe
(those shirts) alatha into yokuba izinto zazahlukile kudala. Oku kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi
isiko lidlale indima ebalulekileyo emtshatweni ka Malijeng noTsephiso
Mamsikatsana kuba bobabini abazali babemnqwenelela ukuba abe nabantwana
abaninzi (culture played an important part in the marriage of Maljeng and Tsephiso
Masikhotsana both sets of parents were keen for her to have lots of children ). Kwakhona
kumhlathi we-10 umbhali usixelela ukuba uMalijeng ebesenza iihempe ngeengxowa
zomgubo wombona. KwaXhosa umfazi ngumfazi ngabantwana ukuba akazali kuye
kuthiwe yinkunzi okanye yinkabi.
Kula mabini amabinzana oko kwasweleka (since his death) no ukusuka apho (from
there) izikhombisi zisetyenziswe zodwa endaweni yentloko nenjongosenzi. Kanti kweli
binzana nto leyo ( in which) isikhombisi silandela isibizo.
Izikhombisi zisetyenziswe ngumbhali ukubonisa intiaio ibihleliwe ngomama bakudala kuba

behambisana nesiko. Ngoku luxanduva lukaRhulumente ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba
bangazali kakhulu. Umntu kufuneka ayicwangcise inzala yakhe. Oku ukwenza
ngokukhupha izinto zokucwangcisa ezibhedlele simahla okanye mahala. Ukuphumeza
umthetho wokuba abantu bazukhuphe izisu. Ngaphandle kwezikhombisi zikhona ezinye
izinto athi umbhali azisebenzise ukugxininisa izinto ezithile kwisicatshulwa ezifana
nophindaphindo.
Uphindaphindo
Umbhali kwesi sicatshulwa ulusebenzisile uphinda-phindo ukugxininisa ngobom obuphilwa

ngomama besizwe sethu. Oku kuthi kuboniswe kuxhaswe kananjalo ngamagama nentetho
athi umbhali azisebenzise kwisicatshulwa. Umbhali ulisebenzisile eli gama lithi Oomama
(mother) kwisihloko, kumhlathi we -12 nakumhlathi wama -21 ukusikhumbuza ngomxholo
okanye ngentloko yesicatshulwa. Kwakhona kumhlathi woku-1 umbhali usebenzise igama
elithetha into enye nomama, eli gama lithi umhlolokazi (widow) umahluko ngowokuba lo
umama ushiywe ngutata. Aze kumhlathi we -2,3,19 nama 24 asebenzise elinye igama
elithetha into enye nomama eli lithi ibhinqa. (woman) Oku kusetyenziswa kwala magama
athi uMama, uMhlolokazi neBhinqa, (mother, wodow, woman) kunceda umbhali akwazi
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ukugcina isicatshulwa sakhe sisemxholweni, kwelinye icala ukunceda umfundi akwazi

ukulandela isicatshulwa ngokwenkcukacha zentloko leyo. Kwakhona umbhali
ulisebenzisile igama elithi abantwana (children) phantse kwesi sicatshulwa sonke. Kumele
ze kubenjalo kuna nguMama abe unabantwana. Ude athi umbhali xa ethetha
Ngabantwana athi sisiphiwo sethu (they are our gift). Kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -59
uSara Mthembu utih xa ethetha ngabantwana sisiphiwo sethu esivela kuThixo (they are
our gift from God).kwakhona kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -60 nelama -61 phezulu
nasezantsi umbhali ulisebenzisile eli gama lithi abazukulwana (grandchildren) kaninzi,
ngokwendalo ngako nje ukuba ube nomntwana (child) no mzukulwana (grandchild)
uyeza, uve ke ngoku sekuthethwa ngoSapho kuba kaloku abanye abantwana sele
benemizi yabo nosapho Iwabo. Oku kungqinwa luphinda-phindo esilufumana kumhlathi
woku1,3,4, none ntloko ekwiphepha lama -59 ... kumhlathi wOkuqala,3,4,7,17,19 umbhali
uphinda-phindile ukusebenzisa eli gama lithi umyeni elibhekiswa kumntu onomfazi
negama elithi ndoda(men)elithetha into enye nomyeni. Kaloku ngokwesiko lamaXhosa
uba guMama (mother) xa utshatile 100 ndoda utshate nayo kuthiwa nguMyeni. (husband).
Xa nina Bantwana (children) kuthiwe nilu Sapho (family). Kwinzala yenu nifumane
abazukulwana (grandchildren). Ngolo hlobo u mama (mother) kuthiwa wandisa usapho
Iwalapha. Okanye Iwase Mathileni. Ukucwangcisa nako kusetyenziswe kaninzi kule
mihlathi owe 3,5,13 ne-16. ukucwangcisa oko kuchazwayo bekungenzeki komama
bakudala umfazi ebezala aphule uluthi. Nokuba abantwana abalungi kuza kuthiwa
amalusu akhe manga nto nayo uzalele phantsi. Eli gama lithi ingxowa yomgubo
wombona (mealie meal sack) lisetyenziswe kaninzi kwesi sicatshulwa kumhlathi woku-1,
ekuqaleni nasesipheleni nakumhlathi we -10 . Umgubo wombona ibikokona kutya
kubalulekileyo ukondla usapho kua ubujikwa kaninzi wenziwe umphokoqo, irhewu,
umcuku, umqa wentyabontyi nowethanga notywala. Kudala umfazi ebesila nokuba
nguphantsi kwebhedi ukuze indlu inganuki switi. Ukufunda kuseyenziswe kaninzi kwesi
sicatshulwa kumhlathi we 8,7,11,14,18,20,nowe-23. lisetyenziswe kwizigaba zentetho
ezininzi izifundo, bafundile, ukufundisa, bafunde, enjengokufundisa, nokubafundisa. Oku
kuphindaphinda umbhali ukwenze kuba egxininisa ukuba oomama enye yenxaxheba
abazenzayo ekukhuliseni abantwana kukubafundisa. Banezizathu zokubafundisa esifana
nokuba awukho umsebenzi womntu ongafundanga elizweni esiphila kulo.
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Ushiyo
Ngamanye amaxesha ababhali kwisicatshulwa bayalusebenzisa ilwimi ngokuthi bashiye

amagama ukubonisa ukuba umba okanye ingxoxo ethile isaqhubeka. Kwesi sicatshulwa
umbhali usebenzise uphawu lokuphumla, ukubonisa inkcazelo okanye apho kubakho
ushiyo lamagama kwisivakalisi athi abe yimfuneko ukugqibezela ukwakhiwa kwesivakalisi
okanye ukunika intsingiselo kwisivakalisi eso . Oku kwenzekile kule mihlathi ilandelayo
owoku 1, 4, 5, 6 , 9 , 11 ,12 , 14, 15 ,16 ,22 nowe-24, nakwintloko ezikula maphepha
elama -59 ,60 nama -61. kumhlathi wama -22 ubonisa xa wayesaphila umyeni ka Sara
Mthembu, usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo wombona ebunzima
buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16. (when Sara Mthembu's
husband was alive, the family used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every month to feed their
16 childern). Kumhlathi wama-22 ubonisa uluhlu ukuba umbhali uyisebenzisile indlela
emfutshane yokuthetha kule mihlathi ilandelayo 1,3,4, nowe- 5& 19. umzekelo
"ndiyakholwa ukuba ndibe nethamsanqa lokuba nabantwana abaninzi kangaka,
kuba nguThixo obanike yonke into esiyifunayo ukubakhulisa. ( I believe I was blessed
to have so many, because God provided everything we needed to bring them up). Umbhali
apha usebenzise u - yonke into oyintetho equkayo endaweni yokuba azicalule nganye
nganye.
Ukuvumelana kwamagama
Izifanokuthi okanye izithetha ntonye kukudibana kwegama nelinye igama kumhlathi we -

19 siyalufumana olu dityaniso Iwamagama umzekelo yokuhla + phantsi =
yomhlalaphantsi. Apha sichazelwa ukuba abantwana bakaJoyce bafunda ngemali
yomhlala phantsi nto leyo ethetha ukuba wafunda ngemali yobudala. Apha ke umbhali
usibonias ubinzima obufunyenwe nguJoyce ekufundiseni abantwana bakhe kuba
usichazela ukuba le mali inamaxesha okungaphumi. Intetho ethi lucebe intsapho yintetho
eye icetyiswe komama abanabantwana abaninzi ekunzima ukubondla. Le ntetho yenzelwa
ukuba bangasokoli. Kwakhona udityaniso Iwamagama siyalubona kweli gama Iilandelayo
ingxowa yomgubo. Apha kudityaniswe amagama amabini Ingxowa + umgubo = yomgubo.
Apha ke umbhali usixelela indlela awayebondla ngayo umyeni kaSara Mthembu
abantwana bakhe. Kuba bebaninzi kwakusetyenziswa ingxowa yomgubo. Kwakhona oku
kudibana kwamagama sikubona apha kula magama mabini uxanduva lokondla. Le
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ntetho asintetho isetyenziswa xa kumnandi isetyenziswa xa kubuhlungu. Nalapha kwesi

sicatshulwa umbhali usixelela ukuba uSara ongumhlolokazi unoxanduva lokondla
abantwana abayi -16. atsho esichazela ukuba izinto azifani nakuqala. Endaweni ye 130kg
yengxowa yomgubo eyayithengwa utata esaphila ngoku kuthengwa 50kg yengxowa
yomgubo. Kwakhona la magama mabini ukutya nempahla (food and clothes) awohlukani
kumntu okhulisa abantwana. Uyabondla athi akugqiba abanxibise. Apha kwesi sicatshulwa
sifumanisa ukuba ngumba onzima lo kule nkosikazi yakwaMthembu kuba ingaphangeli.
Xa sithetha ngabantwana amaxesha amaninzi sithi bazinkokheli zangomso nto ke leyo
ethetha ukuba kufuneka sibakhulise kakuhle sibanike nothando Iwabo. Umbhali ke apha
uthi abantwana sisiphiwo esivela kuThixo. Sifumanisa kwakhona umbhali apha uthetha
ngokukhutshwa kwezisu . Ngamazwi avakalayo kukumbulala umntwana oko. Le nto
yenzeka kubantwana abangafunwayo abanjengabantwana abafumaneke emva kokuba
intombazana ithe yadibana nomntu othe wazithathela isondo ngolunya kanti ngelishwa
uthathile. Naxa umntwana ethe gqi ebengalindelwanga ngumama lowo wakhe. Apha ke
umbhali usixelela ukuba esi sibini sakwaMthembu sasithanda ukuzala singayiboni into
yokucwangcisa 100 nto ikhokelele ekubeni babe ne-16 labantwana. Kwakhona umbhali
usinika isaci esithi uzibambe ngenkophe nto leyo eyenziwa ngumntu onentlungu.
Kusukuba ingumntu okwimeko yokuba akhale qha engafuni ukuba abonwe ekwenza oko.
Suka zona iinyembezi zithi gwanya apha emehlweni. Apha ke sifumanisa ukuba uJoyce
usentlungwini ufundise abantwana kabuhlungu ngethemba lokuba emveni kokuba
ebafundisile uza kukonwaba ondliwe ngabo. Endaweni yokuba kwenzeke oko abantwana
basuke bayisela imali yabo, baxhomekeka kuye kwakhona.
Ukunamthelana kwesicatshulwa
_Ukunxulumana kwesicatshulwa kunika igalelo ekuchongweni kwesakhiwo sesicatshulwa

nendlela esithi silandelelane ngayo. Xa sixoxa ngonxulumano Iwesicatshulwa esithi
Omama besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation) siza kuthi siphicothe ezi meko
zilandelayo: isiseko sonxulumano esingesiso eseelwimi, umxholo wentetho, ulwayamo
nolungelwano Iwamalungu nokusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntekelelo.
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Isiseko sonxulumano esingesiso eselwimi
Kulo mba umfundi uthi akwazi ukuqonda nokubonisa isakhiwo sesicatshulwa nendlela
esithi silandelelane ngayo kuba esazi indlela yokubhala. Umbhali wesicatshulwa uthi
akulandele lula okubhalwe kwisicatshulwa ngokuthi singaphambuki kwindlela ezithi
zibekwe zokubhalwa kwamanqaku kalindixesha (magazine). Umzekelo, eli nqaku liqale
ngesihloko esibhalwe ngqindilili ngonobumba abakhulu OMAMA BESIZWE SETHU (
MOTHERS OF OUR NATION) saxhaswa zintloko ezintlanu. Okulandelayo kukwakhiwa
kwesicatshulwa ngokuthi sahlulahlulwe ngokwemihlathi. Umhlathi ngamnye unento
ayiqulathileyoeyahlukileyo komnye kodwa ethi inxulumane nomhlathi ongasentla. Yonke Ie
mihlathi yakhe le nto ithethwe sisihloko. ulandelelwano Iwemihlathi luthi lubonakaliswe
kakuhle ngumbhali kwesi sicatshulwa: kumhlathi woku-1 umbhali usichazela ngentlalo
yakwaSara Mthembu esaphila nokwenzekayo akuba engasekho. Kumhathi wesibini
umbhali usivezela imbilini ka Mamthembu ekhabanayo nomhlathi woku-1 apho ngoku
simbona uMamthembu ekuthakazelela ukuba nabantwana abaninzi ebonisa nendima ethi
idlalwe ngabantwana ekukhuleni. Umhlathi wokuqala nowesibini unxibelelene oku
sikubona ngokuthi umhlathi wesibini uqale ngesihlanganisi esingu kodwa (but). Esi
sihlanganisi sisinika imbono eyahlukileyo kuleya ibikumhlathi wokuqala. Ezi zihlanganisi
zibonisa unxibelelwano siya zibona kule mihlathi ilandelayo umhlathi wesine nowesihlanu.
Umhlathi wesihlanu uqala ngo nangona nomhlathi we -16 nowe -17,21 nowe- 22.
umhlathi wama 21 nowe 22 yena ufana ngesifaniso unjengo ukubonisa kwa olu
nxibelelwano. Umhlathi wesithathu nowesine kwakhona siyalubona olu nxibelelwano oko
kubonakala ngokuthi umhlathi we- 4 uqale ngegama elithi kuyacaca oko kubonakalisa
ukuqhuba kwengxoxo ebikumhlathi wesi -3.
Ukunggamana
Unxulumano osele luchaziwe ngasentla lunegalelo ekumiseleni ukuzalana kwisicatshulwa.

Xa umbhali ethe waphumelela ukubhala isicatshulwa ngendlela yokuba esinye isiganeko
sizale esinye, umfundi utsho alwazi unxibelelwano kwisicatshulwa, 100 nto kuthethwa
ngayo utsho akwazi ukuyidibanisa nento ayaziyo. Njengesi sicatshulwa sithi; Oomama
besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation), esi sicatshulwa sicatshulwe kwiphephandaba lase
Mzantsi Afrika iBona. Eli nqaku lisichazela ngento ezombini utshintsho kwintlalo yase
Mzantsi Afrika ngendlela ababesokola ngayo oomama besizwe sethu kukuba nabantwana
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abaninzi ababengakwazi ukubondla nokubafundisa. Abanye abantwana bakhuliswe

ngabazali ababetsala nzima. Abanye batsala nzima nanamhlanje.
Unobangela wokuba abaka Bona baphande ngobu bunzima kukuba yenye yengxaki
uRhulumente ajongene nazo, ngakumbi nangakumbi isebe lezempilo nentlalo ntle. Into
ebangela ukuba wonke umntu azi ngomama besizwe sethu ikhankanywe kumhlathi wo- 1
apho sixelelwa ukuba usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo wombona
ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16.( the family
used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every month to feed their 16 childern). Apha ke
sifumanisa ukuba nakuba abazali babe nabantwana abaninzi babekwazi ukubondla kuba
kwakulinywa, kufuyiwe, kusengwa. Bebefunda baphumelele oko sikuva xa umbhali
asixelela ukuba usapho lakwaMosikatsana lonwabile ekugqibeleni uthi namhla uninzi
Iwabantwana abali -11 bafunde bade bayityekeza imfundo. Xa sicaphula uJoyce
kumhlathi wama - 21 namhlanje ubomi bunzima kwaye yonke into iyabiza. Xa
eqhubekeka ukhuthaza ukuba ulutsha luyicebe intsapho yalo kakuhle. Apha ke kule ntetho
ingasentla sifunda into yokuba nakuba abazali bakudala babesokola ekufundiseni
abantwana babo, nabantwana babekhawulelana nabazali oko sikuva kumhlathi we- 6
kwintetho ephuma kwabakwa Mosikatsana ethi; abantwana bethu abazange bafune
mpahla zexabiso okanye mali yokuzonwabisa. ( our children never asked for expensive
clothes or money for entertainment).
Xa abantwana bakudala sibathelekisa nabangoku sifumanisa ukuba mkhulu umahluko

kuba bona babiza ngenkani imali yabazali babo abayisebenzele nzima, ukuze
bayisebenzise etywaleni okanye kwiziyobisi. ( they demand their parents hard-earned
money, only to waste it on liquor and drugs).
Umfundi oyaziyo le ngxaki uza kusifunda esi sicatshulwa enomdla kakhulu ngaso. Ude
umfundi aphele egxeka uRhulumente ukuba wenza ntoni ngale meko. Umgxeka ngakhona
kuba abantwana bayafunda baye kutsho kwibanga le 12 kuba izikolo ezisekuhlaleni
ziphela kwelo banga. Emveni koko akakwazi kuqhubekeka kuba abazali abaphangeli.
Akukho nalo mali abantwana bayinikwayo ukuze bafunde. Kuthiwa mababe
nobuchwephesha, baza kubufumana njani kuba obu buchwephwesha buqala kumabanga
aphezulu yile kungekho mali yokuya kuyo. Ziyaphuma imali zabantwana abancinci ziphele
xa umntwana eneminyaka esi- 7. kuphinde kuphume imali zabantwana abangenabazali
ziphele xa bene -16, ayide igqithe imali imqhubele phambili xa ephelele kwibanga le-12.
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umfundi uyakuthi abe nomdla wokunceda kulo ngxaki, kucelwa umngeni kumhlathi wama
-22 oko sikufumana kula mazwi ndandicinga ukuba ndiza kuxhomekeka kubo utsho
ezibambe ngenkophe. Ukusuka apho nangona sebekhulile bafuna ukuxhomekeka
kum ... qha bona bayasela. (I thought I would ultimately depend on them she says
holding back the tears. Instead even though they are grown up they want to depend on me
and all they do is to drink). Ukusombulula Ie ngxaki uRhulumente ufanele ukuba avule
amathuba emisebenzi kubantu abangafundanga nabafundileyo ukuze umzi ngamnye
ufumane isidlo nokuba kukanye ngosuku. Ukungaphangeli kwabantwana kubakhokelela
kwindlela zokuphila ezingakhiyo, umzekelo ukophula umthetho, ukuthengisa ngemizimba
(prostitutes), ubuhange njalo njalo.
Amalungu awoyanyiswayo nalungelelanisayo
Xa sihlahlela esi sicatshulwa phantsi kwesi sihloko singentla sifumanisa ukuba sahlulwe
kabini, luthelekiso nentetho entsha. Xa kuchazwa uthelekiso akuzi kungenwa nzulu kulo
njengoko lukhe lachazwa ngaphambili. Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usebenzise
amagama amabini awohlukileyo okanye achaseneyo u- wayesaphila no - kwasweleka
ukuchaza imeko yakwa Sara. Oku sikubona kwesi sivakalisi, xa wayesaphila umyeni ka
Sara Mthembu, usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo wombona
ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16.( the family
used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every month to feed their 16 childern). Ukusukela oko
kwasweleka umyeni warn, kube nzima ukuthengela... ukubakhulisa. (since my
husband's death it has become difficult to buy food and bring them up). Xa ubani ethe
waqwalasela le ntetho ingasentla uya kufumanisa ukuba ngexesha umyeni kaSara
ebesaphila wayelondla usapho Iwakhe. Ngoku angekhoyo umyeni kunzima kwaphela
kuSara kuba ujongwe yinto yonke.
Kwakhona kumhlathi we -3 umbhali usebenzise amagama amabini achaseneyo

ukucwangcisa nokukhutshwa kwezisu ( contraceptives and abortion). Umbhali wesi
sicatshulwa uwasebenzisile la magama engathelekisi ngaphezu kokuba echaza ukuba
umfazi kudala ebecaca ukuba ungumfazi ngokuthi andise usapho Iwalapha ngokuthi
awuzalele lo mzi wakhe. Kwakhona umbhali usichazela ukuba umfazi ebesiva ngendoda,
ukuba ibisafuna ukuba nabantwana ubungakwazi ukuyeka ukuzala.
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Kumhlathi we -12 umbhali usebenzise u-okanye ukubonisa indlela oluxhasana ngayo

usapho lakwa Phewa. Oku kuboniswa sesi sivakalisi Abantwana bam bayaxhasana
bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo. (My children support each other and their
parents). Oku kungasentla kubonisa ukuba xa ubani ethe wanabantwana abaninzi
makangasoli kuba xa bebadala bayancedana. Kwakhona kumhlathi wama-22 umbhali
usibonisa uthelekiso Iwamagama amabini ukuxhomekeka kubo nokuxhomekeka kum
(depending on them is depending on me). Oku sikubona kwesi sivakalisi silandelayo;
ndandicinga ukuba ndiza kuxhomekeka kubo utsho ezibambe ngenkophe. Ukusuka
apho nangonasebekhule bafuna ukuxhomekeka kum ... qha bona bayasela. (I thought
I would ultimately depend on them she says holding back the tears. Instead even though
they are grown up they want to depend on me and all they do is to drink). Kule ntetho
ingentla umbhali ubonisa into abathi babe yiyo abantwana emveni kokuba befundisiwe
ngabazali nzima, kwelinye icala nendlela athi abe sentlungwini ngayo umzali kuba
babafundisa benenjongo zokuba ezi mali zakubuya ngenye imini.
Intetho entsha lilungu lesibini ukukhankanywa ngumbhali kulwayamo nolungelelaniso. Olu

phawu lunxibelelene kakhulu nophindaphindo. Kule ntetho intsha kuqwalaselwa amagama
athethwe ngokutsha, amabinzana namagatya kwisicatshulwa nonobangela wokuba
umbhali awasebenzise. Oku ke kwakhona kuyafumaneka kuphindaphindo. La magama
alandelayo, ayaphinda akhankanywe kwisicatshulwa esingomama besizwe sethu,
abantwana, inkokheli zangomso, isiphiwo sethu. (children are the leaders of tomorrow,
our gifts). Unobangela wokuba umbhali amane ewabiza ngokutsha la magama
kwisicatshulwa umbhali ugxininisa ukuxabiseka nokubaluleka komntwana kungekuko
kubazali bomntwana kuphela kuloko nasekhayeni lomntwana ngokubanzi kubalaseie
kubahiali naselizweni ngokubanzi. Into ebangela ukuba abantwana bamane befakwa
kwisicatshulwa yinto yokuba sesisithi, Oomama besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation),
aba mama bangomama kuba banabantwana. Umbhali uphinda asebenzise eli gama lithi
iinkokheli zangomso( leaders of tomorrow) xa ethetha ngabantwana. Apha umbhali
usibonisa ibhongo neqhayiya abazali abathi babe nalo ngabantwana babo. Uphinde
kwakhona umbhali asebenzise igana elithi sisiphiwo sethu xa ethetha ngabantwana
ukubonisa ukuba bayabathanda aba bantwana nokuba banjani, umzekelo inkwenkwe
okanye intombi. Kwakhona umbhali usebenzise amagama amabini ukusweleka no
Ongasekhoyo xa ethetha ngomntu obhubhileyo. Ukuthetha ngokutsha kucela umngeni
kubafundi ngokuthi bacinge ngokuthi kungenziwa ntonina ngabantwana malunga
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nemfundo kwabo basakhulayo indlala nengqesho kwabo balufumeneyo ibanga le-12

ngakwicala lemfundo okanye ingqesho. Abanye abazali abantwana abakwazi
ukubagqithisa. Abanye abazali babhuqwa yindlala abantwana babo bebafundisile kuloko
basweie ingqesho. Abanye abakwazi ukuqhubela phambili esikolweni kuba beieie
bengatyanga baphinde kwakhona bavuke kungekho nto yokutya. Intetho ntsha yenza
ukuba isicatshulwa sihlale sisemxholweni.
Ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntelekelelo
Umfanekiso ngqondweni othi unyanzeliswa xa kusakhiwa isicatshulwa uthi ube yintsika

ekwakhiweni kwebali. Umfanekiso ngqondweni uphuhlisa lo mcimbi kuthethwa ngawo.
Kwisicatshulwa esingomama besizwe sethu ukhona umfanekiso ngqondweni
osetyenziswe ngumbhali othi ube negalelo kulandelelwano Iwesicatshulwa. Kwizihlokwana
ezakhiwe phantsi kwesihloko esithi Oomama besizwe sethu, umbhali usixelela ngendlela
ababezala ngayo omama kudala. Kumhlathi wokuqala uSara Mthembu ebenabantwana
abali- 16, kumhlathi wesi -5 uMalijeng no Tshepiso bebene- 11, kanti kumhlathi we-12
abakwa Phewa bebene 14 labantwana.
Kudala nendlela abanye babo ababesokola ngayo ukukhulisa usapho mhlawumbi

sekungekho nalo myeni kuba kaloku umntu ebetshatela kumntu angamaziyo nomdala
kunaye. Kumhlathi wokuqala oku sikubona kumazwi athi usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga
ingxowa yomgubo wombona ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa
ngabantwana abali-16.( the family used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every month to feed
their 16 children). kanti kumhlathi we -12 siyiva le nto xa umbhali ecaphula ngqo u
Fransisca Phewa, xa sebekhulile bakupha izipho. Utshilo umama onama 66 eminyaka
wabantwana abali- 14. (when they grow up they shower you with gifts says the mother
who is 66, a mother of 14). Kwakhona ukubonisa oku kuzala kangaka umbhali usixelela
ukuba uJoyce Mbalwana ukhulise abantwana abali -10 ngokwakhe. (Joyce Mbalwana
raise 10 children on her own). U Aida Dyani yena ebenabantwana abali- 13. ukongeza
kule ntetho ingentla ufumanisa ukuba oku kuzala kungaka kungenxa yemeko ababephila
kuzo. Umzekelo kumhlathi we- 3 sifumanisa ukuba yindoda ethabatha isigqibo
ngosapho (it is a man who decides on the size of his family). Kumhlathi we- 4 umbhali
usichazela ukuba abazali babesithi uza kubuyisa amagama ezinyanya (would bring back
the names of ancestors). Kumhlathi we- 12 umbhali usixelela ukuba uzenzela owona
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vimba ( it was a good investment). Kule mihla uRhulumente zininzi iindlela anazo
zokuthoba inzala ezinye zazo zikhankanyiwe kuhlathi we-3 kuloko bona bengahambisani
nazo kuba belungekho uthetha thethwano. Oko sikuva kumazwi athi abazange babone
kukho mfuneko yakucwangcisa. Kwaye akahambisani nokukhutshwa kwezisu. (they
never saw a need of contraceptives and does not agree with abortion). Ukugqibezela kule
mihla unalo ilungelo lokuba xa utata ethe wafuna isondo ngenkani lilungelo lakho
ungumama ukuba umbambe. Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi umbhali usichazela ngendlela
ngendlela abazali abathi baphatheke ngayo kwaba bantwana oko sikubona kumhlathi
wama-22 "ndandicinga ukuba ndiza kuxhomekeka kubo utsho ezibambe ngenkophe.
Ukusuka apho nangonasebekhule bafuna ukuxhomekeka kum ... qha bona bayasela.
(I thought I would ultimately depend on them she says holding back the tears. Instead
even though they are grown up they want to depend on me and all they do is to drink).
Kumhlathi we-11 umbhali usixelela ukuba abantwana baka Malijeng bafunde bada
bayityekeza (the security of a tertiary education). Kanti umbhali usixelela ukuba abakwa
Phewa kumhlathi we-12 bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo. (My
children support each other and their parents). Xa sijonge Ie mifanekiso ngqondweni
ingasentla umbhali uphumelele ukunxulumanisa imihlathi yakhe ngelixa agcine umhlathi
wesicatshulwa kwade kwaba sekugqibeleni. Le mifanekiso ntekelelo isetyenziswe
ekugxininiseni umxholo wesicatshulwa ngomama besizwe sethu. Kwakhona le mifanekiso
ntekelelo inika umfundi umfanekiso wobomi abathi omama babuphile.
Imizekelo yobuciko kunamathelwano
Kulo mba umfundi uza kubonisa imifuziselo yobuciko ethi ivele kwisicatshulwa.
Ukusonjululwa kwengxaki, unobangela neziphumo, ingxoxo ezekelisayo nemizekelo
yochasaniso nothelekiso. Kwesi sicatshulwa Oomama besizwe sethu (mothers of our
nation), imifuziselo emininzi yobuciko ebonakalisiweyo kukusonjululwa kwengxaki. Uziva
enoxanduva lokondla, kusenzima ukuthengela abantwana ukutya nempahla,
kunzima ukubakhulisa,(it has become difficult to buy food and clothes for the children, it
is also going to be a struggle to raise them up), nezinye. Zonke ezi zinto zikhankanyiweyo
zimele ingxaki esizivezelwa ngumbhali kwisicatshulwa. Isisombululo sezi ngxaki
sisifumana kumhlathi wama-21 kumazwi ka Joyce Mbalwana apho ayala ulutsha enjenje
namhlanje ubomi bunzima kwaye yonke into iyabiza (today life is expensive and
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everything costs money) uqhubekeka ngokukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba lucebe iintsapho

zalo kakuhle (encourages the youth to plan their families carefully).
Kumhlatih we-12 siyawufumana umzekelo wothelekiso umbhali usicaphulela amazwi ka

Fransisca asichazela ukuba Abantwana bam bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase
abazali babo. (My children support each other and their parents). Kumhlathi we-14
siyalubona kwakhona uthelekiso apho umbhali asixelela ukuba unyana wakhe orndala
unarna -49, ornncinane unarna -23. (the eldest is 69, the youngest 23). Kumhlathi we-18
umbhali usibonisa kwakhona uthelekiso xa abazali bebiza abantwana siphele seisbabiza
bonke ngelixa sifuna ornnye kuphela,(end up calling all of them, when we only wanted
one). Kwakhona umbhali usivezela omnye wabazali ukubonisa uthelekiso ndacinga
ngokondla abantwana bam ukuze bangafi yindlala (I just thought about putting food on
the table for my children, so they wouldn't have to sleep on an empty stomach). Xa
ndigqibezela kwakhona siyaluboniswa uthelekiso ngumbhali kumhlathi wama -22
kumazwi athi "ndandicinga ukuba ndiza kuxhornekeka kubo utsho ezibarnbe
ngenkophe. Ukusuka apho nangonasebekhule bafuna ukuxhornekeka kurn ... qha
bona bayasela. (I thought I would ultimately depend on them she says holding back the
tears. Instead even though they are grown up they want to depend on me and all they do
is to drink).
Xa siphethe umba ongomzekelo wengxoxo, singathi xa sishwankathela ingxoxo ngesi

sicatshulwa ingomama bakudala ababenabantwana abaninzi kuba belulamele abazali
ababesithi umfazi kufuneka azale ophule uluthi ukuba awuzali kwakusithiwa uyinkabi. Oku
kungasentla kungqinwa zizivakalisi ezisetyenziswe ngumbhali kwesi sicatshulwa. Afana
nala; isiko lidlale indirna ebalulekileyo erntshatweni ka Malijeng noTsephiso
Mamsikatsana bobabini abazali babenqwenela ukuba abe nabantwana abaninzi
ngale ndlela babekholelwa ukuba uza kubuyisa arnagama ezinyanya zornbini
(culture played an important part in the marriage of Maljeng and Tsephiso Masikhotsana
both sets of parents were keen for her to have lots of children they believed she would
bring back the names of the ancestors of the two families). Zonke ezi zivakalisi zinika
umzekelo kwindlela ababezala ngayo oomama bakudala kuba kufuneka igama lalo mzi
lingacimi.
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Kwesi sicatshulwa xa sigqibezela siboniswa umzekelo wobuciko kunobangela neziphumo.

Lo nobangela neziphumo uvela xa ubani ethe wajonga indlela ababehleli ngayo omama
besizwe sethu. Umzekelo kumhlathi woku -1 umbhali oku ukubonisa ngolu hlobo, oko
wasweleka umyeni wam (unobangela) kubenzima ukuthengela abantwana barn
ukutya nempahla (isiphumo)[outcome). ( since my husbands death it has become
difficult to buy food and clothes for my children). Kumhlathi we-4 umbhali usixelela
mgonobangela wokuba umama notata babe nabantwana abaninzi. bobabini abazali
babenqwenela ukuba abe nabantwana abaninzi (nobangela) [the couse] ngale ndlela
babekholelwa ukuba uza kubuyisa amagama ezinyanya zombini (isiphumo)
[outcome]. (both sets of parents we keen for her to have lots of children they believed she
would bring back the names of the ancestors of the two families). Kumhlathi we -4 xa
ndigqibezelayo umbhali usixelela ngenye yenqubo zezintsapho abakwa Mosikatsana
babengakholelwa ekucwangciseni (nobangela) [course] nto leyo uMalijeng
asayibona njengesiqalekiso. (isiphumo) [outcome] ( the Mosikatsana were strongly
against contraceptives which is something Milijeng still sees as a curse). Le mizekelo
yenza unxibelelwano kwingxoxo nakwimihlathi yesicatshulwa.unxulumano kwisakhiwo
sesicatshulwa lunika umfundi umfanekiso othe ngca wentlalo yomama besizwe sethu.
IV. Ukuchazwa kwamagama abonisa iinjongo zokuthetha

V.
VI. Uhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa lunxulumene nokuchongwa kwamagama anjengezenzi,
izibizo namalungu okuqala kwisivakalisi athi umbhali azisebenzise kwisicatshulwa
ukuze awenze umsebenzi wawo kucace ukuba bekungekho gama limbi
linokusetyenziswa
Xa umbhali esinika intloko ethi ezasekuhlaleni. Kwangoko ukhawuleza wazi ukuba kuza
kuthethwa ngendlela abahleli ngayo aba mama. Xa umbhali aqala isihlokwana
ngamagama athi uSara Mthembu umfundi sele eqikelele ukuba kuza kuthethwa mgo
Sara Mthembu kuphela. Kwakhona xa umbhali aqala umhlathi wakhe ngamagama athi xa
wayesaphila umyeni ka Sara (when Sara's husband was still alive) kwangoko umfundi
ukhawuleza acinge into yokuba apha kuza kuthethwa ngomsebenzi katata emveni koko
kuza kubakho utshintsho nokuba luluhlobo luni na. Kumhlathi wesi -3 umbhali uqala ngale
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ndlela uSara nornyeni wakhe ongasekhoyo (Sara and her Late Husband) apha ke
umbhali silindele ukuba sixelelwe ukuba esi sibini sasihlelisene njani. Kumhlathi wesi-3
umbhali usiqale isivakalisi sakhe ngo- Xa waza umhlathi wesi -4 waqala ngo kuyacaca,
kumhlathi wesi -5 yaba ngu nangona. La magama asetyenziswe ukusixelela ukuba izinto
babengazenzi kuba babefuna kuloko babenyanzelekile. Kumhlathi wesi- 8 umbhali uqale
isivakalisi ngo khange kubelula nangona kunjalo kumhlathi we -19 nangona
ebenokuzikhethela. Apha umbhali usizobele umfanekiso woomama bakudala indlela
ababephila ngayo, ukuba yohlukile kwindlela omama abaphila ngayo kule mihla. Indlela
umbhali athi aqale ngayo izivakalisi ithi ibe negalelo elikhulu kulwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa,
sakhiwe ngendlela yokuba umfundi abe nokusilandela lula isicatshulwa eso.
Ukhetho Iwezenzi
Ukuthetha kukwenza, okanye intetho sisenzo, xa sithetha siyenza. Zikhona izenzi ezithi
zisetyenziswe kwixesha elimiyo kuba elidlilileyo liba yingxelo, umzekelo woku siwufumana
kumhlathi wesi -4 ndiyarnthanda urnyeni wan nabantwana bam (I love my husband and
my children). Apha umbhali usicaphulela ngqo amazwi ka Sara Mthembu ukuba uva njani
ngomyeni nabantwan bakhe. Umzekelo wengxelo uthi ube kwixesha elidluleyo oku
umbhali usibonisa kumhlathi wokuqala kumazwi athi andiphangeli kwaye ndikwazi
ukuthenga iSO kg yengxowa yorngubo wornbona ngenyanga ngoku. Apha ngoku
uSara Mthembu usichazela imeko akuyo ngoku ngoku eyithelekisa nemeko abekuyo
ngaphambili apho umyeni wakhe ebethenga I 130kg yengxowa yomgubo wombona
ngenyanga. Kwakhona umbhali usinikile izenzi ezilumkisayo 100 mazwi siwafumana
kumhlathi wama -21 umbhali asicaphulela ngqo uJoyce Mbulwana xa esithi narnhlanje
uborni bunzirna kwaye yonke into iyabiza utsho urnarna... okukhuthaza ulutsha
ukuba lucebe iintsapho zalo kakuhle (today life is expensive and everything costs
money encourages the youth to plan their families carefully). KwaXhosa kuthiwa "inyathi
ibuzwa kwabaphambili" umbhali apha usibonisa ukubetheka kuka Joyce Mbulwana
ngokuthi abe ne-10 labantwana, bantwana abo wayecinga ukuba uza kuzuza ngabo baza
kumondla xa bebadala suka izinto zatshintsha kwafuneka ukuba makabondle nangoku
sebebadala ababinalo nagalelo ekuhlaleni.
Kumhlathi we -14 umbhali usibonisile isenzi ezilawulayo oko sikuva kula mazwi; unyana
wakhe orndala unarna -49, ornncinane unarna -23... abanye benza irnisebenzi
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emihle enjengokufundisa, ukulawula nezomthetho. (the eldest is 69, the youngest 23

several of them are in high ranking occupations such as teaching, administration and law).
Ezi zenzi xa zizozithathu ziyayalela kuba yonke le misebenzi iquka ukuyalela, ukuthuma,
ukucela kwesithethi sisenza oko, kumphulaphuli. Apha ke umbhali usivezela abakwa
Phewa beneqhayiya yaloo misebenzi mihle yenziwa ngabantwana babo.
Kumhlathi we-17 sifumana isoyikiso (threatening). Umbhali esi soyikiso usiveza kwintetho
ka Fransisca Phewa apho athi emva kokubeleka umntwana wesixhenxe, ndaba
buthathaka kwaye ndaphantse ndafaxa ndandibeleka umntwana wesithoba
nomntwana weshumi. Ngoku andikwazi kukha amanzi ndikwanezifo
ezinjengoxinzelelo Iwegazi oluphezulu kunye nesifo samathambo. ( after giving birth
to my seventh baby, I become weak and almost died giving birth to my nineth and tenth
babies, now I can't fetch water any longer and I suffer from deseases such as high blood
pressure and arthritis). Apha umbhali uyasilumkisa ukuba, ewe mama uyakwazi ukuba
nabantwana abaninzi kodwa kwelinye icala kuyingozi kuba usemngciphekweni
wokwaphukelwa yimpilo. Ukuba sibajonga kakuhle, abazali akukho ngaphantsi kweshumi
uSara une -16 labantwana, uMalijeng une -11 labantwana abakwa Phewa bana -14
labantwana xa siqukumbela kumhlathi we -18 sifumanisa ukuba phantsi kwale mpilo
anayo uFransisca uBongani uphetha engxengxeza kwizinyanya ecela kuzo ukuba
uFransisca angaphindi abe nabantwana. Oka sikuva kula mazwi ukususela ngoko
ubongani waxhela ibhokwe ukuze acele izinyanya zimenze angakhulelwa kwakhona.
(Bongani has since slaughtered a goat to ask the ancestors to stop her falling pregnant
again). Kumhlathi wesi -2 usinika isenzo sokulindelisa eso senzo sisifumana kumazwi
kaSara Mthembu athi amabhinqa anethamsanqa lokukhulelwa abantwana abazakuba
zinkokheli zangomso. (women bodies are blessed by earring the children who may be
tomorrow leaders). Kuyinene ke oko kuba ezi nkokheli sinazo ngoku ngabantwana
babantu umzekelo, uMongameli wethu u Nelson Mandela ngowaseTranskei eQunu. Xa
sigqibezela singathi umbhali usebenzise isenzi esimalungu angaphezu kwesine azisolayo
apho afundisa ukuba oku kusokola kungaka kwaba mama kwenziwa kukungafundi. Eyona
nto azisola kuyo kukungakwazi ukufundisa (her greatest regret is having been unable
to educate them). Ixesha elikhoyo lifuna abantu abafundileyo. Isenzi ngasinye silawulwa
ziimeko esithetha phantsi kwazo ekufuneka zikholisiwe ukuze isenzo sibe yinyani okanye
sibe siso.
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Umbhali uthi ayiphumeze intetho yakhe ngokuyakha ngendlela elusizi. Intetho ezinjalo zithi
zibonakale kulwakhiwo Iwentetho yesicatshulwa eso. Indlela yokuqala echukumisayo
kwisicatshulwa yindlela ethi intombazana ibe ngumama ngayo. Umbhali usichazela
kwesi sicatshulwa ukuba oomama baba zintlobo ngentlobo. Oku kwenziwe yinto yokuba
kwaXhosa umfana ebebonelwa umfazi. Umbhali keloo nto usichazela kwesi sivakalisi
wanyanzeliswa ukuba atshate nendoda endala kunaye. Enye yezinto ezibangela
ukuba usiwe ngenkani emzini kukuba uthi uyintombazana ube nomntwana kwaXhosa
uthathwa ukuba umdala. Umbhali uyasichazela ukuba imehlele le meko uJoyce Mbulwana
oku sikuva kula mazwi, utsho uJoyce olibhinqa eliseiuia elinabantwana abangabakhe.
Oku kwendiselwa komntwana omncinci exhegweni kuba kufunwa iinkomo ngaye
nangenxa yentetho ethi ilifa lomntu obhinqileyo lisekwendeni libangele ukuba
bakhawuleze babe ngabahlobokazi. Kumhlathi woku-1 umbhali usixelela ngoSara
Mthembu ongumhlolokazi kodwa ngoku umhlolokazi onama -43 eminyaka.
Nakumhlathi we -7 umbhali usixelela ngoMalijeng Mosikatsana ongumhlolokazi naye
umyeni wakhe wasweleka xa iphelo lakhe ligqibezela izifundo zobutishala ( busy
completing his senior teachers Diploma). Kwakhona kumhlathi we -19 umbhali usixelela
ngomhlolokazi ongu Joyce Mbalwana uthi umyeni owayengenampilo wasweleka ngo
1993. (her frail husband died in 1993). Kumhlatih wama -23 umbhali usixelela ukuba
umyeni ka Aida Dyani wasweleka go 1981.( Aida Dyani husband died in 1981). Ezi
zivakalisi zisichazela nje ngokuphandle ukuba abamama bendele kubayeni abadala
kunabo abangaphangeliyo.
Intshukumo yesibini ebonakalayo kwisicatshulwa lisiko lokuba umfazi emzini

uzokwandisa usapho. Apha kwesi sicatshulwa usivezela ukuba umbhali, bonke
abamama bazalise izindlu ngabantwana. Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usichazela
ngabantwana baka bakaSara Mthembu enjenje xa wayesaphila umyeni ka Sara
Mthembu ... eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16. ( when Sara Mthembu husband was
alive... to feed their 16 children). Umbhali uthetha enjenje ngoMalijeng Mosikatsana,
nangona ababini basweleka ... ngokuba nabantwana abali-11. ( although two died .
by having 11 children). Umbhali usazisa ngolu hlobo ngabakwa Phewa xa sebekhulile .
umama onama -66 eminyaka wabantwana abali -14. (when they grow up... 16 year old
mother of 14 children). Kumhlathi we-10 umbhali uthi uJoyce Mbalwana ukhulise
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abantwana abali -10 ngokwakhe. ( Joyce Mbalwana raised 10 children by herself). Xa

ndigqibezela umbhali usazisa ukuba uAida Dyani naye ebenabantwana abali- 13. zonke
ezi zivakalisi zalatha ukuba umama kufuneka abe nomntwana kungenjalo uza kuthiywa
igama lokuba yinkabi. Umbhali usixelela ukuba kwaba bantwana kuphuma iinkokheli
zangomso. Abazali babantwana banenkoio yokuba abantwana sisiphiwo esivela kuThixo.
Unobangela wokuba umama akacwangcisi akasikhuphi isisu naninina. Xa ndigqibezela
umbhali usixelela ukuba yindoda ethatha isigqibo ngosapho. Umbhali usichazela ukuba
oku kuba nabantwana abangaku kutsho kumnike umntu ongumama ongumhlolokazi
uxanduva lokondla, ukunxibisa nokukhulisa njengoko sifumana kwintetho zaba mama
bohlukeneyo. Kwakhona umbhali usichazela ukuba kukho unobangela wokuzala kangaka
oku sikuva kwintetho ka Malijeng Mosikatsana ngale ndlela babekholelwa ukuba uza
kubuyisa amagarna ezinyanya zornbini ( they believed she would bring back the names
of the ancestors of the two families). Xa egqitha uthi bendifuna ukuba babe neqhayiya
abantu bornzi warn (I wanted to make my in-laws proud). Kule mihla kuvumelekile ukuba
umntu acwangcise unalo nelungelo lokusikhupha isisu xa umntwana eze ungakhange
umfune oko ukwenza nogqira. Intshukumo yesithathu iingxaki abazali abathi badibane
nazo ekufundiseni abantwana (today's parents have a harder time raising their children)
umbhali oku ukuveza kumazwi ka Sara Mthembu kumhlathi wokuqala apho athi... kube
nzima ukuthengela abantwana barn ukutya nernpahla kwaye kuza kuba nzirna
ukubakhulisa (it has become difficult to buy food and clothes for my children and its going
to be a struggle to bring them up). Kumhlathi wesi -8 umbhali usichazela indlela uMalijeng
awayeqhuba ngayo khona ukuze abantwana bakhe bangagxothwa kuba bengabhatalanga
imali yesikolo uchaza enjenje, Wayenetyala e Via Afrika lokuthatha incwadi nernpahla
zesikolo zabantwana. (she kept an account at Via Afrika for the children's school books
and bought uniforms). Kule mihla uRhulumente uyakhawulelana noomarna abathe
baswelekelwa ngabayeni ngokuthi akhuphe imali mgomntwana ngamnye., kwakhona aba
bantwana xa bekumabanga aphezulu emfundweni iindawo ezibolekisa nezinika imali
yemfundo ziyabanika xa umntwana lowo aveze isiqinisekiso sokuba ngenene utata
akasekho.
Inyathelo lesine lichaza abantwana bangoku (describes the children of today). Umbhali
kwesi sicatshulwa usivezela abazali ababini abayibeka elubala intlungu yabo
ngokunxulumene nabantwana uthi uMalijeng xa ebalisa kumhlathi we- 6 abantwana
babiza ngenkani irnali yabazali babo abayisebenzele nzirna, ukuze bayisebenzise
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etywaleni okanye kwiziyobisi. ( they demand their parents hard-earned money, only to
waste it on liquor and drugs). Umbhali kumhlathi wama -22 usivezela uJoyce Mbalwana
exhasa le ntetho ingentla esithi, "ndandicinga ukuba ndiza kuxhomekeka kubo utsho
ezibambe ngenkophe. Ukusuka apho nangonasebekhule bafuna ukuxhomekeka
kum ... qha bona bayasela. (I thought I would ultimately I would depend on them she
says holding back the tears. Instead even though they are grown up they want to depend
on me and all they do is to drink). Kodwa ke umbhali kwesi sicatshulwa usixelela ukuba
asingabo bonke abenza ezi zinto zingasentla. Oku umbhali usuvezela kumhlathi -11
kumazwi kaMalijeng Mosikotsana athi ngoku kubonakala ngathi abakwa Mosikatsana
bonwabile ekugqibeleni namhla, ununzi Iwabantwana abali-11 bafunde bade
bayityekeza, ( and it looks as though the Mosikatsana are having the last lough- today
most of the 11 children have the security of a tertiary education behind them). Wongeze
ngokusichazela u Fransisca Phewa kumhlathi we-12 ukuba Abantwana barn
bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo. (My children support each other
and their parents). Ngokwalamazwi angasentla xa ufundisa umntwana akohlukanga
kumntu ogcina imali kuba uza kuxhamla kwiziqhamo zemisebenzi yabo efana nale
ikhankanywe ngumbhali kwesi sicatshulwa esibonisa imisebenzi eyenziwa ngabantwana
baka Phewa kumhlathi we -14 apho athi; abanye benza imisebenzi emihle
enjengokufundisa, ukulawula nezomthetho. Inyathelo lesihlanu nelilelokugqibela
ngumyalezo obhekisa kulutsha nakomarna. ( message of the youth and mothers).
Kumhlathi we-7 xa umbhali esinika intetho kaFransisca Phewa sifumanisa ukuba ukuzala
kakhulu kuyayophula impilo. Oku sikuva kumazwi akhe athi emva kokubeleka umntwana
wesixhenxe, ndaba buthathaka kwaye ndaphantse ndafaxa ndandibeleka umntwana
wesithoba nomntwana weshumi. Ngoku andikwazi kukha amanzi ndikwanezifo
ezinjengoxinzelelo Iwegazi oluphezulu kunye nezipho samathambo. ( after giving
birth to my seventh baby, I become weak and almost died giving birth to my nineth and
tenth babies, now I can't fetch water anylonger and I suffer from deseases such as high
blood pressure and arthritis). Kumhlathi wama -23 sifumanisa umbhali esixelela ngo
Joyce Mbalwana enesikhalo sokungafundi. Oku sikufumana kumazwi athi Eyona nto
azisola kuyo kukungakwazi ukufundisa (her greatest regret is having been unable to
educate them). URhulumente waseka imfundo yabadala (ABET) apho umntu
azikhethelayo amakakufunde ukuze akwazi ukufumana indlela yokuphila. Kumhlathi
wama-21 uJoyce Mbalwana ukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba lungabi nabantwana abaninzi. Oko
sikuva xa umbhali ethe wamcaphula ngqo esithi, namhlanje ubomi bunzima kwaye
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yonke into iyabiza utsho umama ... okhuthaza ulutsha ukuba lucebe iintsapho zalo
kakuhle, ( today life is expensive and everything costs money... encourages young
people to plan their families carefully). Xa ndijonge oku kuthethwa zezi zivakalisi yaphela
into yokuba umama azalise indlu ngabantwana kuba akuzukwazi ukubanxiba, ukubondla
nokubafundisa. Xa zithe zasilela ezi zinto abantwana baba nesicinezelo eso esizala izinto
ezininzi enye yazo kukungayi esikolweni. Xa umntwana engayi esikolweni uyona apha
ekuhlaleni nto leyo emenza aphelele etolongweni. Itolongo ayifumana ilikhaya elibhetele
kuba ukutya kukhona bayanxiba.
Umba wokuba ngaziphi injongo
Imbono yeli nqaku kukubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kombhali nomfundi. Oku sikubona
kwesi sicatshulwa; emva kokubeleka umntwana wesixhenxe, ndaba buthathaka
kwaye ndaphantse ndata xa ndandibeleka umntwana wesithoba nomntwana
weshumi. Ngoku andikwazi kukha amanzi ndikwanezito ezinjengoxinzelelo Iwegazi
oluphezulu kunye nesipho samathambo. ( after giving birth to my seventh baby, I
become weak and almost died giving birth to my nineth and tenth babies, now I can't fetch
water anylonger and I suffer from deseases). Ngale ntetho ka Thuleleni umbhali uzama
ukubonisa ukuba ukuzala kakhulu kuyayophula impilo. Kwakhona aba bantwana
akuzukukwazi ukubakhulisa, ukubondla, ukubanxibisa nokubafundisa ngendlela eyiyo.
Isiphumo sayo yonke lento ngabantwana abahlala ezitratweni, basebenzisa iziyobisi,
abasebenzisa kakubi utywala nabazakuphetha bezizaphuli mthetho ezizalise itrongo.
Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi wama-21 simva ecebisa ulutsha ngenzala oko sikuva kwesi
sicatshulwa; namhlanje ubomi bunzima kwaye yonke into iyabiza utsho umama ...
okhuthaza ulutsha ukuba lucebe iintsapho zalo kakuhle, ( today life is expensive and
everything costs money ... encourages young people to plan their families carefully).
Umbhali ucebisa ulutsha ukuba lucwangcise inzala yalo ukuze lukwazi ukuyikhulisa
ngendlela eyiyo. Umbhali uzama ukulungisa isiphene esithile kweli nqaku ebantwaneni.
Ukwenza oku ngokuthi abonise indlela ababephila ngayo abantwana bakudala nabaphila
ngayo abangoku. Le ntlalo siyifumana kwintetho kaMalijeng ethi; abantwana bethu
abazange batune mpahla zexabiso okanye mali yokuzonwabisa. Abantwana
bangoku babiza ngenkani imali yabazali babo abayisebenzele nzima, ukuze
bayisebenzise etywaleni okanye kwiziyobisi. ( our children never asked for expensive
clothes or money for entertainment, todays children demand their parents hard-earned
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money, only to waste it on liquor and drugs). Umbhali apha usibonisa indlela ababephila
ngayo abantwana kudala bephuma kumakhaya atsala nzima bebaninzi bengenangxaki
yamali umntu esamkela 100 nto anakho ukuyifumana kodwa bafunde baba zizinto.
Ubathelekisa nabantwana bangoku abafuna imali ebazalini bayitye ngendlala engeyiyo
ngitywala neziyobisi ezibulala ingqondo. Iziphumo zoko ngamageza amaninzi esinawo
ngenxa yentsangu. Abafundanga kuyaphi kuba kaloku akusayi kuze ufunde unemali
akuyiboni imfuneko yemfundo.
Umba wokuba kutheni
Kweli nqaku umbhali ubethelela into yokuba abazali mababafundise abantwana babo. Oko
sikuva kumhlathi we -7, kumazwi athi; ndiqinisekile ukuba umyeni wam wasweleka
onwabile kuba bonke abantwana bam bafundile ( I am quite sure my husband died a
happy father, because all of our children are educated). Umbhali apha ngasentla ucacisa
into yokuba xa abantwana bathe bafunda abazali baba nemincili nokuba bayafa bafa
bexolile. Uqhuba umbhali achaze amahla ndinyuka okufundisa, simva xa esithi; khange
kube lula ukubafundisa, kwaye iMalijeng uyavuma ukuba kwakunamaxesha okuba
usapho luphelelwe kukutya. ( that education didn't come easy though and Malijeng
admits that there were times when the family went without food). Umbhali apha ucacisa
into yokuba akulunganga ukufunda, unyamezela izinto ezibuhlungu. Akulunganga
ukungatyi kuba kuthiwa esinamandla sesidlayo, kodwa ke uza kuthatha phi xa
kungekhoyo. Ugqibezela athi umbhali xa ethetha ngemfundo; Wayenetyala e Via Afrika
lokuthatha incwadi nempahla zesikolo zabantwana. Endaweni yezinto ezimnandi
ngexesha lekrismesi ukuze ngo January babenayo yonke into abayifunayo. (she kept
an account at Via Afrika for the children's school books and bought uniforms instead of
luxuries during the festive season, so that in January they had everything they needed).
Umbhali apha ucebisa abazali ukuba mabohlukane nokudyakaza ngexesha le krismesi
mabacinge ngezinto zesikolo. NoRhulumente unendima ayithathayo kakhulu kweli cala
lemfundo nokukhulisa abantwana kuba banemali abayifumanayo besazalwa bade bafunde
bagqibe. Qha xa sele bephambili kwizifundo zabo kuxhomekeke ukuba umntwana wenza
ntoni. Zininziizinto uRhulumente abafundisa kuzo abantwana abathe bathatha ezo zinto.
Ezi zinto zezi zinqongopheleyo ebantwini.
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Umba wokuba ngubani
Umbhali kweli bali usinike isihloko esinomdla kakhulu Oomama besizwe sethu (mothers
of our nation). Esi sihloko sinomdla sidlwengula umxhelo sisishiya sinemibuzo ethi,
batheni? Umbhali usebenzise amava akhe asendulo ukubhala eli bali oko sikuva
kumhlathi wokuqala kumazwi athi. usapho Iwaludla ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo
wombona ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke, eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16.(
the family used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every month to feed their 16 childern). Apha
kwezizivakalisi zingentla umbhali usichazela ngentlalo yamandulo apho umfazi ebesiba
nabo nokuba bangaphina abantwana kuba otata babelima bengaphangeli, behleli nabo
apha oomama. Ukuba uyaphangela wayephangela erhawutini emgodini apho wayemana
ebuya aze kukwalekelisa. Kudala ukutya kwakuthengwa ngeengxowa (130kg)kule mihla yi
12.5 kg. Umbhali apha unxibelelana nabafundi ngentlalo yamandulo eyithelekisa nentlalo
yangoku efuna ukuba umntu abe nemali.
Isixhobo esisetyenziswe apha sesentlalo. Umbhali usisebenzise kuba efuna izimvo

zabafundi. Ngakumbi abo banyanzelwa ngomtshato kubantu abangabaziyo, umbhali
abalisa athi; nangona ... utsho uJoyce obubhinqa liselula ... wanyanzeliswa ukuba
atshate nendoda endala kunaye, (somehow ... says Joyce who as a young woman ...
was forced into marriage with an old man). Umbhali uveza izimvo zika joyce kunye nesimo
sakhe ngokubhekiselele emtshatweni. Nangona kunzima njengalapha kuJoyce omama
bakudala umntu ebengaziboneli myeni ebebonelwa kwaye bekujongwa intombi encinci
ikhulele emzini. Kodwa ke phambili yonke lento ibiba nengxaki oko sikuva kumhlathi
wokuqala xa umbhali athi; xa wayesaphila umyeni ka Sara Mthembu, usapho Iwaludla
ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo wombona ebunzima buyi 130kg nyanga zonke,
eyayityiwa ngabantwana abali-16.( the family used to buy 130kg of mealie meal every
month to feed their 16 childern). Kwakhona umbhali usivezela imeko yomama besizwe
sethu,emtshatweni ukuba otata babesweleka ngenxa yobudala. Bashiye oomama
nothotho Iwabantwana.
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Uhlobo Iwernbalo
Ulwazi, irejista nomxhelo arnava, isiganeko intiaio nemvelaphi yenkcubeko. Kweli nqaku
umbhali usichazela into eyenzekayo emitshatweni yomama besizwe sethu. Oko sikuva
kumhlathi we-4 xa umbhali athi; kuyacaca ukuba, ukuba nabantwana abaninzi kulisiko
kusapho Iwasernzini kaSara - ubawozala wakhe unabantwana abali -12 ernfazini
wakhe ornncinci.(big family were obviously a tradition in Sara's husbands family - her
father in law younger wife had 12 children and his principle had 4). Bona oomama
babengaboni nto imbi kule nto babeyithanda oko sikuva kwintetho xa athi; ndabacela
kuThixo abo bantwana kuba ndifuna babe neqhayiya abantu bornzi warn.(according
to our culture, a woman was awoman by having children). Ugqibezela umbhali
ngokusichazela ukuba ucwangciso Iwalukhona qha babengahabisani nalo. Oku sikuva
kwintetho yombhali ethi; ngokuqinisekileyo abakwaMosikatsana babengakholelwa
ekucwangciseni, nto leyo iMalijeng usayibona njengesiqalekiso,(the Mosikatsana
certainly did not believe in family planning, which is something Malijeng still sees as a
curse). Kwakhona umbhali uyasazisa ukuba oomama besizwe sethu babenolwazi
ngokukhutshwa kwezisu qha bengahambisani nako. Oko sikuva kula mazwi;kwaye
akaharnbisani nokukhutshwa kwesisu (she is strongly against abortion). Umbhali
ucacise into yokuba oomama besizwe sethu akukho nto babengayazi ukuthintela ukuba
nabantwana abaninzi qha ukuzala yayilisiko
Umxholo, irejista nolwazi zibonisa ukuba umbhali ulindele abafana naye ngokukhula babe
nolwazi olululo. Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali usinika intetho kaSara Mthembu ethi;
ukususela oko kwasweleka urnyeni wam kube nzirna ukuthengela abantwana bam
ukutya nernpahla kwaye kuza kuba nzirna ukubakhulisa ( since my husband's death it
has become difficult to buy food and clothes for my children and its going to be a struggle
to bring them up). Apha umbhali usivezela ubunzima obufunyanwa ngulo mhlolokazi
kwinto yonke. Kunzima kunjalo omama besizwe sethu babafundisa abantwana babo oko
sikuva kumhlatih we -7 kwintetho ka Malijeng ethi; ndiqinisekile ukuba urnyeni wam
wasweleka onwabile kuba bonke abantwana bam bafundile ( I am quite sure my
husband died a happy father, because all of our children are educated). Ukuba babe njani
aba bantwana emva kokufunda umbhali usichazela kusapho lakwa Phewa wenjenje;
Abantwana bam bayaxhasana bodwa okanye baxhase abazali babo. (My children
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support each other and their parents). Kuba aba bantwana bakhule besokola bayayazi into
abayifunayo ebomini. Ukuba sijonge abantwana bangoku siza kufumanisa into yokuba
bahluke mpela 100 nto siyiva kumhlathi -7 kumazwi athi; abantwana banamhla babiza
ngenkani imali yabazali babo abayisebenzele nzima, ukuze bayisebenzise etywaleni
okanye kwiziyobisi. (today's children demand their parents hard-earned money, only to
waste it on liquor and drugs). Umbhali unxibelelana nabafundi ukuba bazame ukuphucula
izimilo zabo ngokuthi bayeke utywala neziyobisi. Kwakhona kwabo bathe abafumana
msebenzi bakugqiba ukufunda ukuba mabadibane benze umsebenzi bayeke
ukuchophela imali yabantu abadala. Eli nqaku lithi libe nempawu ngokoluhlu Iwesigama
kunye nerejista ethi ibonise ukuba umbhali ulindele abafundi abanenxaxheba efanayo
yenkcubeko yezentlalo, yembali kunye nemvelaphi yolwazi.
UHLAHLELO LWENQAKU - 5
UKUCHITHA IMINI NOYIMBALASANE:
UNOMONDE GONGXEKA
IMBONO YOKWAKHIWA KWESIVAKALISI

ISAKHIWO ESIFUNDISAYO
UHLAHLELO LWENKCAZO YESIHLOKO
Eli nqaku linika umzekelo wamaxesha amaninzi apho intetho esisiqalo sesivakalisi
isebenza njengesihloko sesivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha le ntetho isisihloko ifezekiswa
libinzana okanye ligatya elithi licacise okanye lenze inkcazo ngesihloko eso. Kwiphepha
lama 68 phezulu kwicala lasekhohlo sifumana intloko ethi: naku oko onamaphulo
olutsha, nomdlali kwimidlalo yeqonga uNomonde Gongxeka, akwenzayo ngemini
azimisele ukufundisa ngayo ngezesondo nemiba yesini. ("Here is what youth
campaigner and actres Nomonde Gongxeka packs into a day dedicated to teaching about
sex and gender issues.") Isihloko sesi sivakalisi sithi, "naku oko onamaphulo olutsha,
nomdlali kwimidlalo yeqonga uNomonde Gongxeka". (" here is what youth campaigner
and actres Nomonde Gongxeka.") Igatya elincomayo lisebenza njengenkcazo apho
sichazelwa, ngakwenzayo ngemini azimisele ukufundisa ngayo ngesondo nemiba
yesini ("packs into a day dedicated to teaching about sex and gender issues"). Apha u
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Nomonde umbhali umveza njengomntu onika icebiso kwicandelo lezinto zesini

nakwicandelo lolutsha elungiselela iimfuno zabantwana abafikisayo eluntwini.
Kwalapha kwiphepha lama-68 phezulu kwicala lasekunene sifumana intloko ethi,
"silungiselela imini" ("packes into a day") negatya elincomayo
"sitye icornflakes noNomonde" ("and eat cornflakes"). Kwalapha ke kulento siyaxelelwa
ixesha ukuba licala emva kwentsimbi yesixhenxe. Singathi eli licandelo lencoko apho
umbhali achazela umfundi ngomntu obalulekieyo u Nomonde Gongxeka ngento ayenzayo
nangexesha athi abe ngalo edolophini, umzekelo 7.30 am nomntu ahambisana naye.
Kwiphepha lama- 69 phezulu kwicala langasekhohlo umbhali usibonisa intloko,
Uphuma kowabo esiya emsebenzini (leaving home for work ) nebinza elincomayo,
ekhwele iPolo Classic1.4 i entle ( in her blitzy Polo ClassicL_Apha ke siboniswa ukuba
wenzani, ixesha yintsimbi yesibhozo kusasa (8am). Kwiphepha lama-69 phezulu kwicala
lase kenene ixesha licala emva kwentsimbi yesithoba. Intloko esiyinikwe ngumbhali apha
ithi; uNomonde elungiselela aza kukuthetha (Nomonde preparing for her presantation)
igatya elincomayo kubaluleki be National Youth Info Line ( to councillors of the National
Youth Info Line).
Apha ke ngoku uNomonde simbona eza kufundisa, yaye le nto aza kuyifundisa iyinyaniso.
Kwiphepha lama-70 phezulu ngecala emva kwentsimbi yesibini intloko ithi uNomonde
enikela intetho yakhe ( Nomonde delivering her speech) igatya elincomayo leli lithi
kwibala lemidlalo eKhutsong e Carltonville (at the Khutsong stadium in Caitonville).
Apha kweli bali ndingatsho ukuthi lisebenza njenge khathalogu kuba sinoluhlu lolwazi
apho abantu, indawo neziganeko zihlelwayo zichazwa. Siboniswe nempawu zokuhamba
oko sikuboniswa ngemoto ahamba ngayo nangamaxesha esiwanikiweyo nendawo
esiyixelelweyo ukuba konke oku ukwenza eKhutsong e Carltonville (at Khutsong in
Caltonville) ikwakhona kumfanekiso ophakathi intloko ithi abalandeli bakrozile ukuze
bacele uNomonde ( fans queing for Nomonde's) ibinza elincomayo abhale igama lakhe
(to write her autograph). Kwalapha kwiphepha lama-70 ezantsi intloko ithi "khawulibhale
" ("just sign") nje apha ibinza elincomayo "kwiskipa sam" ("on my T-shirt please")
Isihloko sisaghubeka
Kwisicatshulwa kusoloko kukho ibinza sibizo elisoloko likhankanywa. Eli binza sibizo
liphuhlisa imibono yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko. Ngalo ndlela umbhali ugxininisa umxholo
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weli nqaku abhale ngalo. Kwisicatshulwa esithi ukuchitha imini noyimbalaselane

:uNomonde Gongxeka (a day in the life of a star Nomonde Gongxeka) le mbono
yokuqhubekeka kwesihloko iyavela kule mihlathi ilandelayo, 1, 5 nakwintloko ekwiphepha
lama 68, apho esi siyintloko esisibizo ulutsha (youth) sivela khona. Umfundi uyakwazi
ukubona into yakuba umbhali ulisebenzise kakhulu eli gatya kwisicatshulwa ukumgcina
umfundi enomdla ngomxholo weli nqaku. Kwimizekelo ethile, umbhali uyakwazi
ukusebenzisa amagama athile kwisicatshulwa athetha into enye no lutsha.(youth) Oku
kutyhilwe ngokuthi umbhali asebenzise igama elithi u Nomonde, esifumanisa ukuba yena
kuqala ungomnye wabantu abatsha. Kwakhona umbhali usebenzise igama elithi le
ntwazana yesikolo, ngabantwana besikolo, apha sisathetha ngolutsha.Okokugqibela
usebenzise igama elithi_National Youth Commission, nalapha sisathetha ngequmru
lolutsha elizweni. Apha umbhali uthathe uNomonde olulutsha wabonisa ulutsha ngezinto
ezibandakanya ulutsha. Okanye ngengxaki yolutsha.
Uhlahlo Iwakhiwo-sihloko

esingundoqo kwisicatshulwa. Isihloko esiyintloko sesi sicatshulwa sithi ukuchitha imini
noyimbalasane u Nomonde Gongxeka ( a day in the life of a star Nomonde Gongxeka)
lintlobo-ntlobo zezihlokwana kunye namagama abhalwe ecaleni kwefoto acacisa into
eyenzekayo kwifoto leyo. Ziyasetyenziswa kwisicatshulwa ukuxhasa isihloko esiyintloko.
Isihloko esiyintloko sichaza ngokuchitha imini noyimbalasane. Kwintloko ekwiphepha
lama -68 apha sixelelwa ngephulo likaNomonde (Nomondes campaign). Kwalapha
siyaxelelwa ukuba olu phulo ulwenza nolutsha kwaye uhamba efundisa ngezesondo
nemiba yesini. Kwakhona kwintloko ephezulu kwiphepha lama -68 apho umbhali usibonisa
ixesha ukuba licala emva kwentsimbi yesixhenxe kusasa. Ngeli xesha ke uthi
silungiselela imini sitye i cornflakes no Nomonde (fueling upm for the day- cornflakes
on the go for Nomonde) . Kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -69 ixesha yintsimbi yesibhozo
kuasa. uphuma kowabo esiya emsebezini ekhwele iPolo Classic 1.4 entle ( leaving
home for work in her blitzy Polo Classic 1.4 I). Kwintloko ephezulu kwiphepha lama- 69
ixesha licala emva kwentsimbi yesithoba kusasa uNomondeelungiselela aza kukuthetha
kubaluleki be national youth info line (Nomonde preparing for her presantation to
councillors of the National Youth Info Line). Kwakhona nge -cala emva kwentsimbi
yesibini emva kwemini uNomonde unikela intetho yakhe kwibala lemidlalo e
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Carltonville. Ngecala emva kwentsimbi yesine (Nomonde delivering her speech at the
Khutsong Stadium in Carltonville) umbhali usibonisa abalandeli bekrozile ukuze bacele u
Nomonde abhale igama lakhe. Ngecala emva kwentsimbi yesine emva kwemini sibeva
bembongoza khawubhale nje kwisikipa sam (iust sign on my T- shirt). Zonke ezi ntloko
zakha isihloko siyintloko sesicatshulwa, kwakhona zinika umfundi umfanekiso ocacileyo
wephulo lika-Nomonde kulutsha.
Isicatshulwa sombhali siyondelelene ngokwaneleyo njengoko sityhila le mbono

yobumbalasalane buka Nomnde Gongxela phantse kuyo yonke imihlathi Sivula nje
kumhlathi wokuqala sixelelwa ukuba ubuso bakhe buqheleke kumdlalo I Yizo Yizo Kwi S A
B C 1. Oko kungqinwa ngamazwi ombhali xa esithi:uNomonde Gongxeka uvelile
kumabonakude phambi koko kodwa kuyYizo Yizo ebebizwa ngokuthi ngu Hazel
ekuligama lentwazana yesikolo ebedlala endaweni yayo (Nomonde Gongxeka had
appeared on television before but since Yizo Yizo she finds herself always called Hazel
the name of a school girl she potrayed). Kwakhona kwakumhlathi wokuqala xa
siwuphetha, umbhali uyasixelela ukuba ubonakele kumabonakude kwinkqubo yolutsha ,
umbhali uzibiza ngegama ezi nkqubo uthi,... Inside Info apho ebesasaza ukanti ukhe
wadlala njengo Nonceba kumabali e Soul City awonwabisayo nofundisayo ( "Inside
Info. of which she was a co host and she also played Nonceba in the popular educational
series Soul City").
Kumhlathi wesithathu uNomonde uchazwa njengobalaseleyo , ngokuzithemba,

uneziphiwo, umdlali, umsasazi kumabonakude, iprodyusa kwi tv, umalathisi,
umphathi, umntu ocacisela abanye nge aids, kwaneentatheli ( "confidence is written
all over the face of this multy talented woman, who is an acter, tv presentor, director,
reasecher, aids achievist and journalist.").
Kumhlathi wesibhozo umbhali usinika le mbalasane kumdlalo u YizoYizo ize

nesisombululo kwingxaki ebiqhubeka, uthi lo mdlalo uvule ingqondo namehlo abantu
abadala ababephikisa izinto ebebengaziqondi ezenzeka ezisezikolweni.( it opened
eyes of many adults who were oblivious to many nasty things that happen at the school.)
Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazo ethi ichase isihloko esiyintloko, kuboniswe uhlahlelo
Iwesakhiwo sesihloko ukufundisa umdaniso nomdlalo weqonga, ukubalasela
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kwimpikiswano ngxoxo, ukusebenza kwiofisi ze Love Life nokuthetha nolutsha

ngezesondo zonke zibonisa obu bumbalasalane buka Nomonde.
Ngokwembono yolwazi onalo nolutsha, umbhali uxoxa ngolwazi analo, le nto yaziwa
ngumfundi nolu Iwazi lutsha okanye lungazange lasetyenziswa. Xa sijonga kwiziphumo
zolwazi oluphangaleleyo laxa kubhalwa inqakru lephephandaba, iphephandaba kufuneka
libatsale abafundi. Yiyo lento uyakufumana isihloko sibhalwe ngqindilili ngamagama
amakhulu ngokwahlukileyo kunokuqulethwe libali, ukuzalisekisa le njongo. Isihloko
sibhalwa ngolwazi olwaziwayo ngumfundi . Umfundi kuqala uqala afunde isihloko
sesicatshulwa eso. Ukuba ngaba isihloko siyambhida, uza kufunda isicatshulwa
enenjongo zokufuna ukwazi ukuba sithini kanye kanye esi sihloko. Kwesi isicatshulwa
yilento uyaziyo ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka ( a day in the
life of a star: Nomonde Gongxeka) ethi itsalele umfundi kwisicatshulwa, ukuba makafunde
olu Iwazi lutsha alunikiweyo olulungisa olu analo kakade umfundi.
Umbhali xa ebhala kusukuba ethe akujonga wafumanisa ukuba uluntu lenengxaki

ekuhlaleni, ngxaki leyo ekufuneka isonjululwe. Kwisicatshulwa esingokuchitha imini
noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka, apha siphethe ingxaki ulutsha olujongene nayo,
ukukhulelwa kolutsha, nezifo ezidluliselwa ngokulalana kwane HIV/AIDS nengxaki
kamabonakude iYizo Yizo, nezinye ziyaboniswa ngumbali kwesi sicatshulwa. Diu lulumelo
lolwazi esinalo kuba aluhambisani nengxoxo ebekwe ngaphambili kwesihloko.Ukuchitha
imini noyimbhalasane u Nomonde Gongxela (a day in the life of star : Nomonde
Gongxeka). Into abafundi abafuna ukuyazi lulwazi olutsha ,Iokuba ingasonjululwa njani
nezinto ezithi ziphuhlise le ngxaki yolu lutsha. Kumhlathi wesithandathu umbhali ucebisa
ngesisombululo kwingxaki eyongamele ulutsha kagawulayo(HIV), ucebisa ukuba
"ikhondom mayisoloko ikho,akukho sizathu sokuba ishiyeke emotweni okanye
ebhegini yakho "( "the condom is always in your possession there is no excusse for
having left it in your car".)Aqhube athi "ukuzukhusela kungcono kunokunyanga isifo"
(prevention is better than cure"). Malunga nalomba kuveliswe umbutho oyi Love Life
eyintlanganisela yemibutho emi-5. esebenzisana nesebe lezempilo, kwakunye ne
National Youth Commission. Lo ngumbutho ongaxhomekeke ku Rhulumente , ofundisa
ulutsha Iwase Mzantsi Afrika ngezesondo nesini. Urhulumente ngokwakhe unencwadana
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ethi The HIV/AIDS ephuma kwi Sebe lezemfundo ingumyalezo ophuma ku Mphathiswa,
exakeke sesi sifo esichaphazela ngaphezu kwe 3 Izigidi yabantu apha eMzantsi Afrika,
uthi sichaphazela indoda nomfazi asikhathalele bungakanani, atsho esithi ukuba ngaba
asehli ezomnotho ziza kuba phantsi. Kwisine sabantu kukho one HIV, a thi kwiminyaka eli-
10 uninzi Iwabantwana eMzantsi Afraka iya kuba bezinkedama. Uthi makuthethwe ngesi
sifo apho kuhleliwe khona umzekelo, ezikolweni,e ziCaweni nasemidlalweni. Malunga
nokukhulelwa kolutsha isisombululo sesi sokuba xa umntwana enexesha makaye kwifilim
okanye alichithe ixesha ngokubukela ividiyo ekhaya. Kwakhona ngokunxulumene
nemveliso apha kulo mba bakhona abantu abahamba bathethe nolutsha ngezesondo
bacelwa ngabahlali, injongo kukunceda ulutsha malunga nezesondo xa lufikisa,
ukuthothisa ukukhulelwa kolutsha, izifo ezidluliselwe ngokulalana kwane HIV/AIDS.
Ziyathethwa ezi zinto komabonakude, konomathotholo, nakumaphephandaba ngamanye
amaxesha zide zidlalwe emaqongeni nase moyeni. Ngo mbutho we Love Life kulungiswa
iingqondo zolutsha nokuba luqalise lujonge ubomi balo ngeliso elibukhali lucingisise
ngeziphumo zokuphila vakalala, ngezesondo.
Umdlalo obizwa ngokuba yi Yizo Yizo uvula namehlo abantu abadala ngezinto ezenzeka
ezikolweni nezenziwa ngabantwana babo. Ziingxaki ke ezo ooTishala abajongene nazo
ezikolweni. Kwakhona abantu bayabizwa baze kuthetha nabantwana ezikolweni ngemiba
ethile edla umzi, kuba naba base zikolweni ise kwalulutsha nento yokuba abantu
abanolwazi kwindibano ezithile bamenywe beze, bacelwe kananjalo babe nentetho
abayithethayo kuluntu, kwabadala nakwabancinci. Kukule miba apho umfundi afumana
izinto ezintsha ngengxaki. Xa sijonga ke oluhlahlelo lungentla, ingathethwa into yokuba
umbhali wesicatshulwa usebenza njengomhambisi okanye umniki wolwazi olutsha,
nomfundi kulo mba babonwa njengabamkeli bolwazi olutsha nabebengenalo kakade.
VII. Unxulumano - lomxholo nembali
Uxulumano lomxholo nembali luzekeliswe kuluhlu oluninzi Iwezivakalisi kwesi sicatshulwa

ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane (a day in the life of a star".) Le mbono iyadibana nale
yokuhlahlelwa kwesihloko nenkcazo. Umzekelo wolu nxulumano nembali luqondakala
kwisihloko esithi ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka ( a day in the
life of a star: Nomonde Gongxeka) , oligatya lokugqibela kwesi sihloko usebenza njenge
mbali. Umxholo wesivakalisi ligatya elithi ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane (a day in the
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life of a star). Eli gatya lisebenza njengomxholo weli nqaku xa lilonke. Loo nto ithethe into
yokuba igatyana elithi uNomonde Gongxeka (eliyimbali) yindlela esithi isithethi sisuke
ngayo kumxholo othi ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane (a day in the life of a star).
Kwimizekelo emininzi umxholo uthatha ingongoma eyintloko. Oku kubonakaliswa kwesi

sivakalisi silandelayo,
Eli nenekazi lizithembileyo belingaqhubeka lingayeki ngalomba unzima ukuba
besingakhange silixelele ukuba sekulixesha lokuba silishiye._lbinzana elithi, "Eli nenekazi
lizithembileyo belingaqhubeka lingayeki ngalomba_unzima ngumxholo, ngelixa igatya
elithi ukuba besingakhange silixelele ukuba sekulixesha lokuba silishiye iyimbali. Imbali
idibene kumxholo kwaye ichaza indlela uNomonde azimisele ngayo emsebenzini xa
ewenza akajongi kwa ixesha. Kwakhona umzekelo womxholo nembali ufumaneka
kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -69 apho urnbali aqhubekekayo ukubonisa ukusebenza
kukaNomonde ezama ulutsha. Oku kuboniswa kulo mzekelo ulandelayo; uNomonde
ulungiselela aza kuthetha kubaluleki be National Youth Info Line._Kumzekelo wembali othi
kubaluleki beNational Youth Info Line (to Councillors of National Youth Info Line)
uchaza indima ethatyatwa ngu Nomonde kuba ude abe nayo nendibano nabaluleki be
National Youth Info Line. Oko azakukuthetha apho uyakulungisa (umxholo). Xa sijonge
umbhali singathi usichazela ngokucacileyo ngomxholo.
VIII. Unxulumano olugwalasela ingcinga ezifunekayo
Kwisicatshulwa, abafundi bayakwazi ukufumana ulwazi olugxininisiweyo oluthathwa

njengokuba lolwandulelayo okanye olucingelayo. Amaxesha amaninzi ababhali baza
kusebenzisa izimelabizo kwimvumelwano ezingokukokwabo nezingathathi -cala,
ukucacisa imbono yonxulumano olungqamene nengcinga ezifunekayo. Kwisivakalisi
esikumhlathi wesi -3 umbhali uyohlula kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngu Nomonde uthi,umntu
ocacisela abanye nge aids kwa netatheli( AIDS Achievist and journalist) .Elibinzana
liqulathe isimelabizo sobunye u- abanye sandulelwe lungqamano Iwesicatshulwa oluthi "
ukuzithemba kubhalwe kubo bonke ubuso belinenekazi luneziphiwo, umdlali,
usasazi kunabonakude, iprodyusa kwi tv, umalathisi "( confidence is written all over
the face of this multy talented woman, who is an actor, tv producer, director and
reasecher.) elibinzana abanye (some) nge Aids libhekiselele kulutsha lase Mzantsi Afrika
ngezesondo nesini.
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Kumhlathi we-7 umbhali umcaphula u Nomonde esithi belusoloko lundixhasa kuyo

yonke into endibandakanyeke kuyo( "they have been very supportive of everything I've
been involved in"). Esi sivakalisi lulwazi olwandulela ingxoxo elandelayo. "Isizathu
sokuba ndibandakanye kangaka kumaphulo oluntu kungenxa yokuba sakhula
sizimisela ukunceda kwiintlobo zemibutho yesisa kuquka namakhaya anjenge
twilight childrens home nesibhedlele" (" the reason why I'm so much involved with the
community projects that we grew up voluntering our services to different kinds of charity,
inculiding the twilight childrens home and hospitals"). Eyona nto umbhali agxininisa kuyo
kukubandakanyeka kuka Nomonde kwimibutho emininzi.le ntetho yandulelwe yingxoxo
echazayo ukuba ebesoloko efumana inkxaso, kusapho Iwakuthi.
Ubumbano Iwetekisi
ezibonakala ngayo izicatshulwa. Ezo zinto zezi intetho, ukusetyenziswa kwento endawein
yenye, ushiyo, izihlanganiso, uphindaphindo, uquko nokudityaniswa kwamagama.
Intsingiselo
Kwisicatshulwa esithi ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane, ukuzalana kuyaboniswa kule

mihlathi ilandelayo. 1,3,7,9 no 12. Ibinzana lonke eli (all over the country) lisebenza
njengentetho, ibhekisa kwisivakalisi ebekukhe kwathethwa ngaso ngaphambili, esithi
akuthandabuzeki ukuba wakubona obu buso buqhelekileyo ukhumbula uyizo yizo
nekwaba ngumdlalo ekwathethwa kakhulu ngawo nowabukelwa kakhulu kwi SABC-
1, nowathanda ukothusa kulo lonke eli( there is no doubt that the first thing the familiar
face you see in these pages reminds you of Yizo Yizo that highly controversial and well
washed SABC1 drama). Isalathiso lonke eli (all over the country) sisetyenziswe ikuchaza
into ebisenzeka ngaphambili, iphinde imele into eqhubekayo njengokuba siyifunda kule
ngxoxo, ubonakele kumabonakude kwinqubo yolutsha ekhe yavela iminyaka
emithathu ngaphambili nebisithi inside info apho ebe sasaza ukanti ukhe wadlala
njengo Nonceba kumabali e Soul City owonywabisa nabafundisayo ( she appeared in
a youth series that was broadcasted three years back: Inside Info of which she was a co
host and she also played Nonceba in the popular edutainment series Soul City). Kumhlathi
we- 3 ibinzana kule moto (in this car) lisebenza njengo phawu Iwentetho lingqinelana
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nentetho ebikhe yathethwa ngaphambili eyile,beku ngeyecala emva kwentsimbi

yesixhenxe kusasa apho i vw polo classic 1.4i emaruni imisa, esifumana simIindele
ngomonde kwindlu ese dolophini isalathiso ( at 7h30 am her maroon VW Polo Classic
1.4 I drives into the town house parking lot) esithi kule moto (in this car) sisixelela
ngohlobo Iwemoto u Nomonde abehamba ngayo nendlela abantu abakhwele kuyo athi
abaphathe ngayo. Kwakhona kumhlathi we-3 umbhali usebenzisa ibinzana kulo mzi (in
this house) esebenza njenge salathiso. Eli binzana libhekise kwintetho ebikhe
yakhankanywa ngaphambili eyile ngaphakathi endlwini uye wasazisa kuZukiswa
nonyana wakhe, uTebelio (inside the house she introduced us to Zukiswa and her son
Tebello ominyaka mi-5). Esi salathiso kulo mzi isalathisa ngendlu kaZukiswa athe vu
kuyo uNomonde. Kumhlathi wesi-7 uNomonde uchaza inqanaba akulo emsebenzini,
usebenzisa ibinza elithi kule ndawo (where I am today) ubhekiselele kwintetho ebikhe
yakhankanywa ngaphambili, belisaya kuthetha nge love life kubaluleki, abaphethe
iNational Youth Info Line eMidrand(to make presantation about love life to councillors
who manages the National Youth Info line in Midrand). Kwakhona kumhlathi we- 9 umbhali
usebenzisa ibinzana Ie ndawo( this place) ebhekisa kwindawo eyi Khutsong
eyonganyelwa sisifo ugawulwayo. Waphinda wasebenzisa ibinzana 100 mmandla(that
area) othetha into enye nendawo egxininisa isizathu sobukho besi sifo ukuba, kuba
ingqongwe yimigodi. Xa ndigqibezela umbhali usebenzise ibinzana elithi ngelo xesha(that
time) elibhekiselele kwintetho ebikhe yakhankanywa eyile, sifike e Johannesburg
ngolwemivundlava ( we arrived in Johannesburg after sunset) .. Apha ke umbhali uzama
ukusixelela ngexesha abafike ngalo e Rhawutini njengoko besixelelwe ngexesha
ababesuke ngalo ukuba ibiyintsimbi yesihlanu. Xa sijonge uhlobo olusetyenziswe ngayo
uphawu Iwentetho sinokutsho ukuthi yenye yeendlela ezivunyiweyo zokubhala. Apha
umbhali kufuneka ashwankathele akubhalayo. Oku kwenziwa ngenxa yemfuno
zikalindixesha ( magazine) zokuba isiqulatho masenziwe sincinane kodwa ingalahlwa
intsingiselo yesicatshulwa. Enye yendlela zokunciphisa ukubhala yenzeka ngoluthelekiso
nephepha ndaba.
Uthelekiso olubumbeneyo notshintsho
Uthelekiso nomelo ziyadibana, kwaye ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngexesha elinye. Kumhlathi

wesi-2 umbhali usebenzise u kwelinye (in the surbarb of) oligama elimeie idolophu. Oku
sikuva kule ntetho .... ufudukele kwelinye ihlomela- dolophu lase Johannesburg
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iRidgeway ( in the surburb of Ridgeway south of Johannesburg.) Kwakhona u - abanye

(some) umele iqela elicaciselwa ngu Nomonde nge HIV/AIDS. Oku sikuva kwesi sivakalisi,
umntu ocacisela abanye nge aids( aids achievist). Nomhlathi wesi -5 umbhali
usebenzise ibinzana elithi ebengomnye wezithethi (one of best speakers). Apha u -
ebengomnye (one of) umele isithethi sento. Ebengomnye wezithethi kuba ebeza kuthetha
nokuba ebeza kuthetha ngantonina.
Izihlanganisi
Kwesi sicatshulwa isihlanganisi sokuqala u kodwa sivela kumhlathi wokuqala. Apha

umbhali umsebenzise u kodwa esicacisela ngoNomonde ongumdlali owaziwayo kwi Yizo
Yizo nobesaziwa ngegama lika Hazel. Edlala indawo yomntwana wesikolo. Oku
kuboniswa kwesi sivakalisi uNomonde Gongxeka uvelile kumabonakude phambi koko
kodwa kuyizo yizo ebebizwa ngokuti ngu Hazel ekuligama lentwazana yesikolo
ebedlala endaweni yayo. Kwakhona kumhlathi we-6 umbhali isisebenzisile isihlanganisi u
kodwa osicaciselayo ukuba kuxa kutheni ukuze ube ne HIV, nokuba akudibani kaninzi
nomntu ukuze ube nayo. Loo nto siyive kwesi sivakalisi, unokukhulelwa uze uphele
uzisola kodwa kungenzeka ungalumki, ungakhathali uyilibale yonke imiqathango
yukhuseleko uzibhaqe une hiv ngokufumana nje indibano zesondo kanye (you can
get pregnant and live to regret it the tragedy is that you can throw courtion to the wind and
egnore all safety measures and only find that you get HIV from single sexual act). Xa
edlula umbhali kwakulo mhlathi wesi- 6 umsebenzisile kwakhona u kodwa, apha
uyasichazela ukuba ulutsha luyayazi I HIV/AIDS qha akukho nto luyenzayo ngalonto.
Kumhlathi we-10 umbhali umsebenzisile u kodwa esazisa ngeengcinga zika Nomonde no
Fresh zokuba baqalise ukuthetha nge AIDS ebantwini, oku sikuva kwesi sivakalisi,
uNomonde akalibazisanga kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba yena nomsasazi u- Fresh we
y -fm baza kuqalisa lenkqubo.
Kwakhona umbhali usisebenzisile isihlanganisi ukanti (also) kumhlathi wokuqala ecacisa

ukuba Nomonde akavelanga kuphela kwinqubo yolutsha kumabonakude kuloko naku Soul
City. Oku sikuxelelwa yile ntetho, ukanti ukhe wadlala njengononceba kumabali e soul
city owonywabisayo nofundisayo (also played Nonceba in the popular edutainment
series).
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Kumhlathi wesi-5 umbhali usisebenzisile isihlanganisi esi ngu Xa esixelela ngendima ekhe
yadlalwa nguNomonde nendawo ebeyithathe kuyo 100 nxaxheba. Oku sikwaziswa sesi
sivakalisi,... Ebengomnye wezithethi ezibaleseleyo xa kwakhukho impikiswano
ngxoxo eBarnanto park high school apho ayipase khona imatriki ( was one of the
best speakers during debates at Barnato Park High School where matriculated).
Kwakhona kumhlathi we-12 usisebenzisile esi sihlanganisi u-Xa esixelela ngento
ayenzayo xa engenzi nto.
Kwakhona kwakwesi sivakalisi sinye usebenzise u okanye osichazela ngendlela alichitha

ngayo eli xesha. Oku sikuva kwintetho yakhe, xa ndibhaqa ixesha ndiya kwifilm
okanye ndichitha ixesha ndibukele ivideo ekhaya( when ever I have more time I go to
the movies and spend time watching videos at home). Kwakhona kumhlathi we -6
umsebenzisile u okanye apho asifundise ukuba iKhondom mayisoloko ikuwe. Oku sikuva
kule ntetho. Akukho sizathu sokuba uyishiye emotweni okanye ebegini yakho ( no
excusse for having left it in the car). Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi umbhali usisebenzisile
isihlanganisi u kuba kule mihlathi ilandelayo, 5,7,9,no 11ukusiqondisa ngeemeko ezithile.
Kumhlathi wesi -5 umbhali usiqondisa indlela uNomonde awuthanda ngayo umsebenzi
wakhe. Oko sikuva kwesi sivakalisi ukuba nje ukhe wathetha kunzima ukumyekisa
(once she starts talking its difficult toget her to stop). Kumhlathi we- 7 usixelela ukuba
phantsi kokuthanda kwakhe umsebenzi wakhe uluntu luye Iwambeka endaweni. Oko
kucaciswa akhe xa athi, Ndiyacinga ukuba ndingekho kule ndawo ndikuyo namhla
ukuba ibingelulo usapho Iwakuthi.
Izikhombisi
Ngokwababhali izikhombisi zizindidi ezintathu. Zalatha apha, apho naphaya. Apha

kwisicatshulwa izikhombisi zisetyenziswa ekwakheni uqhagamshelwano kwizivakalisi xa
kusakhiwa isicatshulwa. Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo (zihamba nezibizo ezizichazayo,
zikhona kwisicatshulwa) obu buso, ngale ntsasa, kule moto, beli nenekazi, kulo mzi, lo
ngumbutho, le yindiela, eli nenekazi, kule ndawo, esi siganeko, le ndawo, lo
mmandla, le nkqubo, ngelo xesha, ngolo ncumo, ngalo mba , kwa lomboniso, no
leyo yinto ( familiar face, this morning, this woman, this house, this national
gorvernmental organization,this way,where I am, this event,is one of, in the area, the
program, while, infectious smile, this matter, the event, this is). Ezi zikhombisi ziphuhlisa
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into ekuthethwa ngayo ,kwaye zifumaneka kwimihlathi eyahlukileyo kwisicatshulwa.

Kwakhona ezi zikhombisi zisebenza ekwalatheni izibizo, umbhali anenjongo yokugxininisa
kwintetho. Xa siwajongile kwakhona lamabinzana ezi zikhombisi singathi zigxininisa
intloko okanye umxholo wesicatshulwa. obu buso, beli nenekazi, eli nenekazi ( familiar
face, this woman,). Ngumzekelo woku sithetha ngako ngasentla. Abantu abatsha beva
lula xa befundiswa okanye bexelelwa into ngabanye abantu abatsha, nokuba 100 nto
yenziwa ngohlobo lomdlalo okanye kwiintlanganiso. Ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo, lo
ngumbutho, ngalo mbutho, ngalo mba, kwalo mboniso, le ndawo,lo mmandla, le
yindiela.
Apha umbhali usibonisa into eqhubekayo kwabo bathe bazimisela ukuhlangula ulutsha
kulo bhubhane wesifo i HIV, ukuba banemibutho engaxhomekekanga ku Rhulumente
kwaye bayalangazelelwa nangabo beza kubo, neemfundiso zabo, oku sikubona kwesi
sivakalisi, ukuba nje ukhe wathetha kunzima ukumyekisa, ingakumbi xa ethetha
ngomsebenzi wakhe i love life, lo ngumbutho ongaxhomekeke kuRhumente
nofundisa ulutsha IwaseMzantsi Afrika ngesondo, nesini (once she starts talking its
difficult to have her to stop especially when she speakes about her work at love life, a
Notional non governmental organisation which educates South Afrcan youth about sex).
Kwelinye icala ezi zikhombisi zilandelayo oku kugeina (this keyring), apha sibona
umbhali enika imfundiso kubantu ababhinqileyo ukuba ikhondom umntu makasoloko
enayo, ehamba nayo ngokunjalo. Oku umbhali ukubonisa ngesi sivakalisi. "oku kugeina
isitshixo kunemfundiso okunayo. ikhondom isoloko ikho, akukho sizathu sokuba
uyishiye emotweni yakho okanye ebhegini yakho"(this key ring is user friendly, the
condom is always in your possession there is no excess for having left it in the car).
Zikhona ezinye izinto ezivanga intetho yombhali ngaphandle kwezikhombisi athi umbhali
azisebenzise ekugxininiseni izinto ezithile kwisicatshulwa. Uphindaphindo ekuza kuxoxwa
ngalo apha ngezantsi ngumzekelo omhle.
Uphindaphindo
Kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usebenzisa uphindaphindo ukugxininisa indlela yokuchitha

imini noyimbalasane. Oku kuthi kuboniswe kuxhaswe kanjalo ngamagama nentetho athi
umbhali azisebenzise kwisicatshulwa. Noku kusetyenziswa qho kweli gatya uNomonde
Gongxeka, kukukhumbuza umfundi ngomxholo okanye isihloko sesicatshulwa. Lo mxholo
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uyavela kwisihloko uphinde uvele kwintloko eyintloko ekwiphepha lama -68 nakuie
mihlathi, owoku- 1,2,3,5,10,12 nowe 19. Oku kusetyenziswa qho kwale ntloko isisihloko
kunceda umbhali ukuba asigcine isicatshulwa sikumxholo omnye, kwelinye icala inceda
umfundi akwazi ukulandela isicatshulwa ngokwalendlela inkcukacha zicaciswe ngayo. Eli
gatya lithi uNomonde Gongxeka liyaphindaphindwa ngumbhali kaninzi kwesi sicatshulwa
ukuxhasa umxholo. Eli gatya liyasetyenziswa ukufezekisa eli phulo lika Nomonde
ukwenzela ukuba sizazi indawo azihambileyo nenjongo yoko. Kwakhona umbhali
ulisebenzisile eli gama lithi umabonakude (television)kumhlathi woku-1 nowesi- 3.
Kulapho uNomonde athe wafumana ukuba yimbalasane ngokuthi adlale kumdlalo othi i
Yizo Yizo ebizwa ngokuba nguHazel.
Kwakhona kumabonakude ebedlala kwinqubo yolutsha ethi Inside Info, kanti udlalile
kumdlalo othi Soul City njengo Nonceba. Umbhali ulisebenzisile eli gama lithi Love life
kumhlathi wesi-5,6 nowe-7. Le Love life kwayona nje iyodwa ilusebenzisile uphindaphindo
kuba iyintlanganisela yemibutho emihlanu eyile, "Advocacy Initiative, Planned Parenthood
Association of South Africa, Reproductive Health Research Unit, Health System Trust ne
Media Training Centre". Yenye into eyenza ukuba uNomonde afumane imbalasane kuba
emnye nje kuphela usebenzela imibutho emininzi. Kwakhona umbhali ulisebenzisile
kaninzi igama elithi ulutsha (youth)kumhlathi woku- 1,5 nowe- 6. Kuba kaloku kulo
msebenzi wakhe we Love Life usebenza ngolutsha ngokubanika ingcebiso ngendlela
yokuziphatha. Kwalapha kweli gama lithi ulutsha (youth) uphindaphindo lusetyenzisiwe
ukonga ixesha, kuba sithetha ngentlobo ntlobo zabantu, sithetha ngolutsha olusesikolweni
nolutsha olungaphandle kwesikolo, kwakhona xa sithetha ngolutsha sithetha
ngamakhwenkwe namantombazana. Kumele ke u Nomonde ukuba abaluleke kuba
usebenza ngabantu. Kwakhona elinye igama eliphindaphindiweyo kwisicatshulwa leli lithi
HIV! AIDS, esilifumana kumhlathi wesi-3, 5, 6, nowe -9. Kweli gama lingentla kwakhona
uphindaphindo lukhona kuba u HIV umele Human Immunodeficiency Virus, echazwa
njengentsholongwane encinci( small germ) ebizwa ngokuba yintsholongwane encinane
kakhulu(Virus) abathi abantu basuleleke yiyo. Le HIV yenza umzimbha ube buthathaka
ungakwazi ukulwa nokufa, 100 nto ibangele ukufa. I AIDS yona yi Aqcuired Ammune
Defiency Syndrome, yona ke linqanaba lokugqibela xa umntu ethe wasuleleka yi HIV, yiyo
le ibangela ukuba umntu afe. Ngale nkcazo ingasentla ndizama ukuthi kuHIV!AIDS
kuphindaphindene izinto ezimbini iHiV eqalayo neAIDS egqibelayo. Yenye yezinto
ezibangela ukuba uNomonde Gongxeka abe yimbalasane kuba uhamba kwindawo
ngendawo ngakumbi nangakumbi kwindawo ezifana nendawo ezinemigodi kuba abantu
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baninzi. Icaltonville nayo ikhankanyiwe kaninzi kumhlathi we-9 nakwintloko ekwiphepha

lama-70, kuba yenye yendawo uNomonde ebehamba kuyo ukuya kuthetha nolutsha.
Kumhlathi we -7 umbhali ulusebenzisile uphindaphindo kuba uthetha ngeentlobo
ngeentlobo zemibutho, wonga ixesha endaweni yokuthi ayikhankanye nganye ngaye. Lo
mibutho yile ilandelayo iTwilight Childrens Home, A 1, PPASA,RHRU, HST ne MTC, isebe
lezempilo ne National Youth Commission.
Kwakhona kumhlathi wesi-7 usebenzise igama elithi usapho apho kuphindaphindene

intlobo zabantu (oomama,otata, abantwana abangamantombazana nabangamakhwenkwe
nabazuulwana). UNomonde ukhankanya ukuba usapho luyamxhasa. Kanti xa sijonge
kwelinye icala uNomonde uyafunwa ngabantu kuba abazali bakhulisa abantwana babo
apho ubundlobongela buxhaphakileyo, ukosuleleka yintsholongwane kagawulayo kuthatha
unyawo nalapho iziyobisi zixhaphakileyo. UNomonde uneeda abazali ngokuthi athethe
nolutsha olusakhulayo kuba lujongene nokhetho oluqatha ( tough choices) kubalulekile
ukuba baziqonde iziphumo zamanyathelo nezigqibo zabo ( actions and decisions).
Uyathetha nabo ebafundisa indlela amabalwamkele ngayo uxanduva (responsibility)
Iwezigqibo zabo. Kumhlathi we-5 nowe-6 umbhali uliphindaphindile igama elithi
isondo(sex). Ekuqaleni kumhlathi we-6 nasekugqibeleni kumhlathi we-6 umbhali usixelela
ukuba abantwana bayazi ngesifo esithi sidlulele komnye ngesondo koko akukho nto
bayenzayo ngalo nto.uNomonde ucebisa abantwana apho kweso sithuba kanye kuba
siyazi abazali abaninzi bayoyika ukuthetha nolutsha ngesondo kuba bacinga ukuba 100 nto
iza kubenza babelane ngesondo. Uphando lubonakalalisa ukuba abo baziyo ngesondo
neziphumo zalo abakhawulezi ukwabelana ngesondo nabanye.
Ukuba abo baziyo ngesondo neziphumo zalo abakhawulezi ukwabelana ngesondo
nabanye.
Ushiyo
Ulwimi ngamanye amaxesha luyasetyenziswa ngababhali kwisicatshulwa ngokuthi

kushiywe amagama, oku kubonakalisa ukuba 100 nto kuxoxwa ngayo isaqhuba. Umbhali
usebenzise uphawu lokuphumla (:) ukubonisa ulwandiso. Umbhali usixelela ngo kuchitha
imini noyimbalasane.u Nomonde Gongxeka, (a day in the life of a star Nomonde
Gongxeka)umbhali usixelele ukuba uchithe imini noyimbalasane uyasandisela ngokuthi
ambize ngegama lomntu achitha naye imini kuba nguNomonde Gongxeka. Kwakhona
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umbhali ulusebenzisile olu phawu lokuphumla kule mihlathi ilandelayo, kowe- 2,3,6,9,10
nowe 13, ukunika inkcazo, umzekelo kumhlathi we 9 umbhali usixelela ukuba, uNomonde
kuye kwafuneka akhuphe iiposta phambi kokuba athethe phambi kwetishala
ezinamava - uye wabuza intaphane yemibuzo nakumhlathi we-13 kuthiwa akazange
athingaze uthe leyo yinto angathandi ukuyithi pahaha -yimfihlo( Nomonde puts up
some posters before delivering her presantation). kwakhona umbhali usebenzise igama
elithi iintlobo ngeentlobo zemibutho kuba esonqena ukudwelisa zonke ezi ntlobo
zemibutho. Enjenge Twilight Childrens Home, isibhedlele Advocate Initiative njalo njalo.
Kumhlathi wesihlanu umbhali amagama ashunqulayo alo mbutho usinikile.umzekelo,
uthetha nge Alomeie Advocacy Initiative, PPSA omele Planned Parenthood Association
of South africa. Kumhlathi wokuqala nowe-9 umbhali usebenzise intetho ezalathayo,
umzekelo; apho ebesasaza, ngelo xesha, ekufutshane nalapho, (she was a OJ, while,
near by), ukuzalisekisa imigaqo yokubhalwa kwephepha ndaba efuna nokushunqulelwa
kwendlela ngokuthi kusetyenziswe idlela ezimfutshane zokuthetha njegokuba
kubonakalisiwe ngasentla.
Umfanekiso ntekelelo
EsiXhoseni igama xa lithe ladityaniswa nelinye igama okanye amagama loonto ibizwa
ngokuba ludibaniso Iwamagama. Kule mihla siyakwazi ukubona into eyenzekayo kwenye
indawo umzekelo kumazwe aphesheya ngoku silapha eMzantsi Afrika ngomashini obizwa
ngokuba ngumabonakude. Ngomabonakude umntu uyakwazi ukuthi anike 100 mfundiso
afuna ukuyinika kwabo bantu babandakanyayo kulo mba utshisayo ngelo xesha. Apha
kwesi sicatshulwa umba otshisayo ngulo we AIDS kulutsha kulapho uNomonde
ayimbalasane khona.
Kwakhona umbhali usebenzise isaci esithi sagxoth'iphango. Apha udityaniswe amagama

amabini u sagxotha + nephango yaba ngu sagxoth'iphango nto leyo ithetha ukuba satya.
Kwakhona umbhali xa egqibezela isicatshulwa sakhe udibanisa amagama amabini !:!
Pahaha no Yimfihlo. UPahaha qho xa esetyenziswa akasetyenziswa yedwa soloko
enegama elimlandelayo njengoko yena ethetha ukuba malingathethwa, eli lilandelayo lithi
makuthulwe. Ngamanye amaxeshalo Pahaha ulandelwa ngu tyihoho othetha ukuba
makuthulwe.
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Kwakhona umbhali uwadibanisile amagama kumhlathi wesi-2, uthetha ngehlomela-

dolophu ekuthe kulo kwasetyenziswa amagama amabini ukuhlomela + idolophu =
hlomeladolophu. Xa sithetha ngehlomela- dolophu sithetha ngendawo entsha esanda
kukwakhiwa kuloo dolophu, ikakhulu kwezo ndawo zihlala ulutsha kubasisiva ukuba
kuhlala uZukuswa onama-25 eminyaka. Kwakhona umbhali kwisicatshulwa sakhe
uwadibanisileamagama amabini azizibizo angala, impikiswano + ingxoxo = impikiswano
ngxoxo. Le mpikiswano-ngxoxo iqhubeka kwesi sicatshulwa xa u Nomonde ethetha
nolutsha ngale AIDS. Apho abachazela ukuba ikhondom kufuneka uhambe nayo ibe
sesipajini sakho. Kwakhona umbhali usichazela ukuba ulutsha luyazi nje I AIDS kodwa
akukho nto luyenzayo ngayo.
Ubumbano Iwetekisi
Ukunxulumana kwesicatshulwa kunika igalelo ekuchongweni kwesakhiwo sesicatshulwa

nendlela esithi silandelelane ngayo. Xa sixoxa ngonxulumano kwisicatshulwa esithi "
ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane: uNomonde Gongxeka, siza kuthi siphicotha ezi meko
zilandelayo : isiseko sonxulumano esingesiso eselwimi, umxholo wentetho, ukwayamana
nokulungelalana kwamagama , nokusetyenziswa komfanekiso ntelekelelo.
Isiseko sonxulumano esingesiso eseelwimi
Umfundi kulo mba uyakwazi ukuqonda nokubonisa isakhiwo sesicatshulwa nendlela

esithi silandelelane ngayo, isiganeko sizale esinye. Oko kwenzeka ngokuthi abe nolwazi
ngendlela ekubhalwa ngayo. Ufundi kwesi sicatshulwa uthi akulandele msinyane
okubhalwe sisicatshulwa kuba isicatshulwa eso inganxaxhanga kwimithetho yokubhalwa
kwamanqaku kalindisixesha,(Magazine articles).Umzekelo eli nqaku liqala ngesihloko
esibhalwe ngamagama angqndilili, ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde
Gongxeka(A day in the life of a star: Nomonde Gongxeka). Kwakhona esi sicatshulwa
siye sixhaswe zintloko eziyi-6, umzekelo iphulo lika nomonde (Nomonde's campaign).
Ezantsi kwesihloko nentloko yaso umbhali uthi abone isakhiwo sesicatshulwa
esahlulwahlulwe saba yimihlathi. Umhlathi ngamye unomba owuqulathileyo othi
unxulumane nalo ungentla. Le mihlathi xa iyonke isinika intsingiselo yesicatshulwa
eyakhiwa kwintetho yesihloko.
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Esikunikwa yile mihlathi ilandelayo singakubona ngolu hlobo; Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali
usixelele ngoNomonde Gongxeka obengumdlali kumabonakude kwezi nqubo, Yizo Yizo,
inside Info no Soul City. Kumhlathi wesibini sichazelwa ngokuba ungowesingaphi kowabo,
uhlala phi esenza ntoni? Kukho unxibelelwano kumhlathi wesi-2 nowe-3 kuba sifumanisa
ukuba kuyo yombini le mihlathi kuqalwa ngo Nomonde. Nakuba kuthethwa ngo Nomonde
kodwa into ethethwayo ngoku yahlukile kuleyo mhlathi wesi-2 kuba apha ngoku umbhali
usixelela ngeminyaka yakhe, iziphiwo zakhe. Kwakhona kumhlathi we -10 nowe-11
lukhona unxulumano. Kumhlathi we-10 sixelelwa ngoNomonde efika ebaleni elizele
ngabantu e Khutsong abanomdla nguye. Kulo mhlathi we-11 sixelelwa ngoNomonde
ethetha kulo nginginya yabantu. Unxibelelwano kule mihlathi mibini siwubona
ngesihlanganisi u xa.
Ukunggamana
Xa isicatshulwa sibhalwe ngendlela eyiyo oko kukuthi silandelelane kakuhle, isiganeko

sizale esinye umfundi ulubona msinya unxibelelwano Iwesicatshulwa, atsho akwazi
ukudibanisa lento ayifundayo nento ayaziyo. Esi sicatshulwa sithi, Ukuchitha imini
noyimbalasane: uNomonde Gongxeka, sicatshulwe kwiphepha ndaba lalapha eMzantsi
Afrika iBona. Ababhali bephephandaba iBona bagqibe ekubeni baphande ngalo mbutho
wale Love Life onenjongo ezinkulu kangaka nezakhayo kuba uRhulumente unengxaki
enkulu nesifo esosulelayo ugawulayo. Indela uNomonde afuna ulutsha luphile ngayo
kumhlathi wesi -6, oku sikuva kwintetho yakhe ebhalwe ngolu hlobo," oku kugeina
isitshixo kunemfundiso okunayo.ikhondom isoloko ikho, akukho sizathu sokuba
uyishiye emotweni okanye ebhegini yakho "(This keyring is user friendly, the condom is
always in your possession)". Edolophini nase maphandleni isifo sika Gawulayo siyagquba.
Le ngxaki iphetha iyeyeSizwe jikelele, kuba phantse onke amaphephandaba athetha ngesi
sifo, onomathotholo nomabonakude (TV) ngokunjalo. Abanye abafundi kuzakuthi kanti
babekhe bayiphila le ntlalo kuthethwa ngayo apha, abanye bayibonile kanti abanye
bakuyo ngoku sithethayo.
Umfundi oyaziyo lengxaki, uza kusifunda esi sicatshulwa ngomdla nange nkathalo. Abo
bafundi kuthethwa ngabo bangaphela bemgxeka u Rhulumente ngukuthi angabi nagalelo
kwisifo u gawulayo okanye acinge ngendlela anokuthi aphelise ngayo le ngxuba kaxaka.
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Umfundi onenkathalo nofuna ukuncedwa mayela negxaki anayo uyamenywa kumhlathi

wesi-7 ngu Nomonde neqela lakhe, oku sikuva kula mazwi athi, "sifunde ukuxabisa,
ukuxhasa nokuthanda iimeko ezinzima ezijongene nabantu". e learnt to appreciate the
support and love that people in various times of difficult situiatuions need.)
Emveni kokuba umfundi efunde esi sicatshulwa sicebisayo umfundi onenkathalo

uzakucinga ngendawo apho ano kuya khona umntu one sisifo okanye abantu abadibana
nabo, ukuphuma kule ngxaki. Zikhona iindawo ezibahoyayo abantu abosulelekileyo ezithi
zibagcine benento yokwenza, Umzekelo e Woodlands abathi ngoku xa umntu esoyisakala
athunyelwe eBhayi apho aza kugcinwa khona kude kufike 100 mini iNkosi iyakuthi imbizele
kuyo ngayo. Kanti ke noRhulumente kwelinye icala ukhangela ichiza elinokuthi liphelise
esi sifo.
Amalungu awoyanyiswayo nalungelelaniswayo.
Ngokolwayamano nolungelelaniso ukuhlahlelwa kwesicatshulwa kuquka uthelekiso

nogxininiso. Uthelekiso akuzukungenwa nzulu kulo njengoko belukhe Iwakhankanywan
gaphambili. Umzekelo wothelekiso odandalazileyo ufumaneka kumbhali esinika kumhlathi
we-6 kumazwi kaNomonde athi oku kugeina isitshixo kunemfundiso
okunayo.ikhondom isoloko ikho, akukho sizathu sokuba uyishiye emotweni okanye
ebhegini yakho. (This keyring is user friendly the condom is always in your possession,
there is no excuse for having left it in the car or in the bag). Apha ngasentla umbhali
usebenzisa amagama amabini ahlukaneyo u- ikho no uyishiyile elumkisa ulutsha ukuba
ngalo lonke ixesha umntu makahambe nekhondom kuba akayazi ukuba uyakwehlelwa
yintoni. Kwakhona uthelekiso silubona kumhlathi wesibini kumazwi athi, ngale ntsasa
uvuke ngeyesihlanu kusasa ... emsebenzini. (This morning she woke up at "five 0
clock") Nakumhlathi we -12 kumazwi athi ungena ekhaya ngorhatya." Come home late"
Kumhlathi we-13 siphinda sifumane uthelekiso phakathi kwamagama amabini u Pahaha
no Yimfihlo. Apha umbhali usixelela ukuba into yomntu ayithethwa, mntu ngamnye ufa
nayo into ayaziyo.
Umba wesibini ekumisweni nakulungelelaniso yithento entsha. Le ntetho ke iyafana no

phindaphindo nalo belukhe lakhankanywa ngaphambili kwisihloko esithetha
ngonamathelwano Iwesicatshulwa. Ngokwezigqibo zentetho entsha uqwalaselo luthi
lunikwe kulo magama athetha kwakhona ngenye indiela, amabinzana namagatya nento
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yukuba kutheni umbhali ezisebenzisile nje. Kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lunye nakumba
wophinda- phindo.
La magama alendalayo aphinda asetyenziswe ngukutsha kwisicatshulwa, UVELlLE,

UBONAKALE WADLALA. Unobangela woluphindaphido umbhali ufuna sicacelwe kakuhle
nguNomonde nendima ebeyidlala kwinto nganye. Le ndima ka Nomonde kule midlalo uthi
ayicalule oko ukwenza ngokusebenzisa le ntetho intsha ichazayo kulo meko kuthethwe
ngayo. Ukubonwa kuka Nomonde kumabonakude sukuba enomyalezo awuhambisayo
okanye imfundiso kuluntu nakulutsha. Kubalulekile ukuba umntu ulwazi analo abe lulutho
ngalo ebantwini. Ukongeza kule mizekelo yentetho intsha kwisicatshulwa umbhali usinika
Ie gcaciso ngonomonde uthi mdlali, prodyusa, malathisi (actor, producer). Umbhali
apha usikhumbuza ngesihloko sesi sicatshulwa, ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane. Oku
kunemfundiso nakwabasafundayo ukuba ukwenza umdlalo weqonga (drama)
kungakubeka endaweni. Kwakhona kumhlathi wes-5 sifumana kwa ezi zenzi ocacisela,
ukuthetha, fundisa, noku chazela. ( translate, teach, speak). Umbhali usebenzise
lamagama angasentla ukubonisa indima edlalwe nguNomonde kulutsha ekufundiseni
indlela yokuziphatha nasekuqwaqwadeni ulutsha, ngazo zonke ezi nzame uzama ulutsha
ukuba lungabi ngamaxhoba ka Gawulayo (HIV/AIDS). Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo
wokuthetha ngolutsha kukubanceda isicatshulwa ukuba sihlale kumxholo omnye
njengoko uninzi Iwababhali luyisebenzisa le ntetho njengecebo lokudibanisa izigaba
ezahlukeneyo zezicatshulwa zabo.

Umfanekiso ngqqondweni othi unyanzeliswe sisakhiwo sesicatshulwa uthi ube
nenxaxheba enkulu ekwakheni unxibelelwano oluthe manca. Umfanekiso ngqondweni
uqhambukisa uvakalelo utsho into uyiphile.
Apha kumfanekiso ngqondweni kudityaniswa ulwazi olutsha nobunalo kakade.
Kwisicatshulwa esithetha ngokuchitha imini nembalasane u Nomonde Gongxela ikhona
imifanekiso ngqondweni esetyenzisiweyo ethi ibenegalelo kuhlobo esithi isicatshulwa
silandelelane ngayo. Imifanekiso ngqondweni ezakukhetha iza kuthi ichaze umxholo
ngokuchitha imini neyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka. Kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali
usazisa Unomonde Gongxeka ebengumdlali kwiYizoYizo ebizwa ngokuba ngu Hazel.
Kwakulomhlathi umbhali usichazela ukuba uNomonde ubonakele kumabonakude
240
kwinqubo yolutsha ethi inside info. Kwakulo mhlathi sichazwelwe ukuba uNomonde
udlalile njengoNonceba kwi Soul City kumabali awonwabisayo nafundisayo.
Kwakhona kumhlathi wesi-3 umbhali usizobela uNomonde njenge nenekazi elineziphiwo

ezininzi, oko sikuva xa esithi; ukuzithemba... beli nenekazi lineziphiwo, umdlali,
umsasazi kumabonakude, iprodyusa kwi tv, umalathisi, umphathi, umntu ocacisela
abanye nge aids kwane ntatheli. (Confidence is written allover the face of this multi
talented woma who is an actor, TV preseneter, TV producer, Director, AIDS activist and
Journalist) Kumhlathi we-5 umbhali usivezela ngantlanye ukuba uNomonde obu buchule
bungaka ubufundele. Le nto idizwa ngala mazwi athi akothusi ukuva ukuba uNomonde
ukhe wafunda umdaniso nomdlalo weqonga eFunda Centre eSoweto (Its not a
surprise to hear that Nomonde, studied drama and dance at Funda Centre in Soweto).
Ndimthanda umbhali kumhlathi we-5 xa aveza uNomonde njengegorhakazi lentombi ethi

incinci ikwazi ukufundisa abantu abancinane ngezinto ezibabulalayo. Oku ukwenza
kumabonakude, onomathotholo, kwanamaphepha ndaba. Le ntetho ingasentla icatshulwe
kumazwi ka Nomonde qha, mve xa esithi, "ngaphandle kokusebenza kwii ofisi, ze love
life... ndiya kwiindawo ngendawo ndithetha nolutsha malunga nemiba emininzi
enento yokwenza nesondo" ("Besides working fulltime at the lovelife offices ... I travel
allover the country addressing the youth abiut various issues affecting their sexual life").
Athi xa agqitha asixelele ngenjongo zalo mbutho ezikukunceda ulutsha malunga
nezesondo xa lufikisa, ukuthothisa ukukhulelwa kolutsha, izifo ezosuleleka ngokulalana
kwane HIVI AIDS. Kwakhona kumhlathi we-6 uNomonde ufundisa ulutsha ngaye, yaye
unendlela yokuphatha iKhondom, oku sikuva kwintetho ethi : unomonde uthi rhuthu
ikhondom kokuthile okuhlala izitshixo zakhe nokubhalwe ngokuthi condomised.
"oku kugeina kunemfundiso okunayo" ikhondom isoloko ikho, akukho sizathu
sokuba uyishiye emotweni okanye ebhegini yakho (Nomonde takes a condom out of
her keyring thats inscribed condomised, "This keyring is user friendly the condom is
always in your possession, there is no excuse for having left it in the car or somewhere in
the handbag)".
Kumhlathi we-6 umbhali usivezela uNomonde enentlungu linani labantu abosulelwa yi HIV
mihla le. Uthi xa egqitha ulutsha luyazi nge AIDS kodwa alwenzi nto ngalo nto.
241
Kumhlathi wesibhozo sixelelwa ngengxaki iititshala ekufuneka zijongene nazo, kulo mba
we HIV uRhulumente seqalile ukuwathathela ingqalelo kuba uninzi IweTitshala zenza
iDiploma kwi HIV, zifundiswe nguRhulumente ngokwakhe. Kuba abantwana esikkolweni
ba HIV ngabanye baphuma nayo kubazali. Kunyanzelekile ukuba kubekho ukucetyiswa
kumntana nomzali. litishala kufuneka zifundile nge HIV ukwenzela ukuba zingabi
ngamaxhoba kuba besosulelwa ngabantwana.
Kula mabanga asezantsi bayamongoza, bonzakalisane kufuneka ke ukuba utishala

angaleqi igazi ngezandla. Ukugqibezela kwakhona uRhulumente uthumele I Med Kit
kwisikolo ngasinye apho kukho nezandla. Xa ndigqibezela ndingathi umbhali uphumelele
ekunxibelelaniseni imihlathi yakhe, kananjalo uwugcinile umxholo wesicatshulwa
kwadekwase kupheleni, 100 nto ke, ibonakala xa ubani ethe waqwalasela lo
mfanekisongqondweni ukwezizivakalisi zingasentla igxininisa umxholo ongokuchitha imini
noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka. Le mifanekiso ngqondweni inika abafundi
umfanekiso ocacileyo wokuba abantwana beva ngcono xa bexelelwa ngomnye umntwana.
uphahlwe ngabanye abantwana bemcela ukuba abhale igama lakhe... (Surrounded by
children queueing for her autograph) bekunzima ukuba ahambe. Kuye kwafuneka
akhwele kwimoto yomhlobo ayeke eyakhe.
Imizekelo yobuciko kunamathelwanno
Esona sakhiwo sobuciko esithe sachongwa kwesi sicatshulwa sisakhiwo sokusonjululwa

kwengxaki. Kwesi sicatshulwa abafundi baqwalasele ukuba isicatshulwa sazisa ngengxaki
ye HIV/AIDS ngekuthi kusetyenziswe amagama afana nala, umntu ocacisela abanye
nge aids, love life umbutho of un dis a ulutsha Iwase mzantsi afrika ngezesondo,
ikhondom isoloko ikho, isifo esidluliselwa ngesondo (As a person who is an AIDS
activist, Love Life, an organisation which educates South Africa's youth about sex, a
condom is always in one's possession, a virus that is transmited through sex). Umbhali
isisombululo usinika ngamazwi avela kuNomonde athi, Ikhondom isoloko ikho, akukho
sizathu sokuba uyishiye emotweni okanye ebhegini yakho ("the condom is always in
your possession, there is no excuse for having left it in the car or somewhere in the
handbag)".
242
Xa egqibezela uthi ukuzikhusela kungcono kunokunyanga isifo (Prevention is better

than cure) Xa ndigqibezela ndingakhankanya nombutho we LoveLife ofundisa ulutsha
ngesondo. Abantu balo mbutho bayathetha nge HIV/AIDS komabonakude,
konomathotholo nakumaphephandaba.
Kwesi sicatshulwa umfuziselo wobuciko buka nobangela neziphumo buya fumaneka kule
mizekelo, ukungasebenzisi khondom ( Not using a condom) njengonobangela
ingcwaba(Grave) njengesiphumo. Okwesibini imigodi engqonge ikhutsong ( Mines
arround Khutsong) njengonobangela HIV/AIDS njengesiphumo. Okwesithathu ingxoxo ze
yizo yizo(Discuccion on Yizo -yizo) njengonobangela zivuie iingxoxo namehlo abantu
abadala ababephikisa izinto ezininzi ebebengaziqondi ezenzeka esikolweni
nezenziwa ngabantwana babo (It opened eyes of many adults who were oblivious to
nasty things that happened at school), njengeziphumo.
Okokugqibela intetho echukumisayo unomonde (Her speech is inspiring)

njengonobangela ukuhlokoma kwabaphulaphuli (Enthusiastic Crowd) njengeziphumo.
Isakhiwo esibumbeneyo sesi sicatshulwa siye saphumelela ukunika umfundi ilwazi
ngakumbi nge HIV /AIDS kunye nombutho we Love Life.
Ukuchazwa kwamagama abonisa injongo zokuthetha
Uhlahlelo Iwesicatshulwa lunxulumene nokuchongwa kwamagama anjengezenzi, izibizo

zamalungu okuqala kwisivakalisi athi umbhali azisebenzise kwisicatshulwa ukuze awenze
umsebenzi wawo kucaca ukuba bekungekho gama limbi belinokusetyenziswa.
Ukukhethwa kwamalungu okugala kwizivakalisi
Ukuchongwa kwamagama okuqala kwisicatshulwa kunegalelo kunxibelelwano oluthi

lubekho phakathi komfundi nombhali. Ngako nje ukuba umfundi afunde amagama okuqala
kwisivakalisi kwenzeka umfanekiso ntelekelelo engqondweni yomfundi ngento aza
kuthetha ngayo umbhali kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo, umbhali kwisihloko sakhe uthi,
ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane: uNomonde Gongxeka (A day in the life of a star:
Nomonde Gongxeka) apha ke silindele ukuba kuza kuchithwa imini kwintlanganiso nomntu
obalulekileyo nokuba ngubanina nokuba ubaluleke ngantonina. Umfundi uye acinge ukuba
243
eli gatya lingasentla lingundaba mlonyeni wesi sicatshulwa. Intloko ekwiphepha lama - 68
isityhilela ngakumbi ngoku kuchitha imini noyimbalasane xa umbhali athi iphulo
likaNomonde (Nomonde's campaign), 100 nto ke iqinisekisa ukuna uNomonde uphumile
waya kubamba intlanganiso kwiindawo ngeendawo. Apha kule ntloko liyavezwa eli phulo
lika Nomonde enolutsha efundisa kananjalo kumabonakude ngento ezidla umzi. Kwesi
sicatshulwa umbhali usityhilela ukukhuthala kuka Nomonde ekufundiseni ulutsha
ngezesondo nomba wesini. Izivakalisi zakhe inkoliso yazo ziqala ngentetho eqinisekisa le
mfundiso ka Nomonde, umzekelo kumhlathi wokuqala isivakalisi siqala ngamazwi athi,
akuthandabuzeki ukuba wakubona obu buso ubuqhelileyo ukhumbula uYizo Yizo,
(there's no doubt that the first thing the familiar face you see reminds you of is Yizo Yizo).
Sonke esi sivakalisi sisityhilela indawo athe wanyathela kuzo uNomonde ezifana ne Yizo
Yizo nekwaba ngumdlalo ekwathethwa kakhulu ngawo nowabukelwa kakhulu kwi
SABC1: ubonakele kumabonakude kwinkqubo yolutsha ... ebisithi Inside Info, ukhe
wadlala njengoNonceba kumabali eSoul City awonwabisayo nafundisayo. Ezi ntetho
ziziyalo zezivakalisi ezilandelayo, ukuzithemba kubhalwe kubo ubuso beli nenekazi
lineziphiwo ... umntu obalisela abanye nge AIDS kwanentatheli. Nakumihlathi wesi -7
eli nenekazi lizithembileyo belingaqhubeka lingayeki ngalo mba unzima. Le mihlathi
umbhali uyisebenzisa ibonisa ukuzimisela kuka Nomonde ekufundiseni ulutsha ecebisa
kwingxaki abathi bagaxeleke kuyo. Konke oku kungasentla kuthi kusetyenziswe ngumbhali
ekukhokeleni umfundi nokuthi kunike imbono ecacileyo ngemfundiso enxulumene
nolutsha. Ukusetyenziswa kwentetho ethi ibe sisiqalo sesivakalisi zezinye zemvumelwano
ezamkelekileyo kulwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa. Le mbono ithi ibe negalelo elikhulu
ekuqondeni komfundi isicatshulwa eso.
Ukhetho Iwezenzi
Xa sithetha ngkuchongwa kwezenzi sibhekiselele kwindlela ezikhethwa ngayo ukuze

ziwenze umsebenzi wazo kucace ukuba akukho senzi simbi besinokuwenza bhetele lo
msebenzi. Isensi salatha isenzo esenziwe ngusobizo ngamanye amaxesha salatha imeko
akuyo lowo, sithi sivumelane nosobizo lowo ngesivumelanisi sentloko.
Kwisicatshulwa esithi ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane: uNomonde Gongxeka (A day in

the life of a star: Nomonde Gongxeka)., umbhali usebenzise izibizo ezikwisixando
sokwenziwa kumhlathi wokuqala ezizezi ;ekwathethwa no wabukelwa, ebonisa indlela
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umdlalo othi uYizo Yizo ebengundabamlonyeni nendlela abantu ebebewuthanda ngawo

kuba ububonisa izinto ezenzeka kwindawo ezisingqongileyo,umzekelo ezikolweni nase
zintolongweni. Kwakhona kwakulo mhlathi mnye kusetyenziswe esinye isenzi
esikwisixando sokwenziwa esithi EBEBIZWA. Apha ke umbhali usibonisa ukuba u
Nomonde ukulungiselela lomdlalo ebengabizwa ngo Nomonde ebebizwa ngo Hazel. Oko
sikuva kula mazwi : akuthandabuzeki.. khumbula i yizo yizo nekwaba ngumdlalo
ekwathethwa kakhulu ngawo nowabukelwa kakhulu kwi SABC 1 nowathanda
ukothusa kulo lonke eli ( there is no doubt that the first thing the familiar face you see in
these pages remainds you of Yizo Yizo that highly controversial and well washed SABC1
drama)., athi umbhali xa egqitha uNomonde Gongxeka ... ebebizwa ngokuthi ngu hazel
the name of a school girl she potrayed).. Kwalapha kumhlathi wokuqala umbhali
usebenzise isenzi esikuhlobo lokuqondisa kwixesha eiadiulayoWADLALA (She acted in).
Apha ke umbhali usixelela ukuba ebengaqali ukudlala ku Yizo Yizo nakwinkqulo yolutsha
ethi Inside Info. udlalile nakwi Soul City njengo Nonceba.
Kumhlathi wesi3 umbali usebenzise isenzi ndisathe vu (Temporary staying) esikuhlobo
lokuqondisa senzi eso sibonisa ukuba uNomonde usaqhubekeka ngokuhlala kwa
Msakwabo oku sikuva kumazwi athethwa ngu Nomonde ubuqu uthetha nabo enjenje"
niyabona umsakwethu usandul'ukufudukelwa kulo mzi... ndisathe vu nje
okwentsukwana naye" (You see my sister has just temporarily moved in for just a couple
of days) kodwa ke usichazela phandle ukuba akazi kuhlala xesha lide.
Isenzi esisisenzisa- senzana esingu sisebenzisana sisetyenziswe kumhlathi wesi-5apho

umbhali asivezela uNomonde okwiLove Life ebonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi
kwemibutho emithathu i Love Life,isebe lezempilo ne National Youth Commision
abasebenzisana ngokufundisa ulutsha Iwase Mzantsi Afrika ngezesondo nesini. Kumhlathi
wesi-6 umbhali usebenzise isibizo esiyimboleko kulwimi Iwasemzini u 'CONDOMISED'.
Eli agama aliguqulelwa esixhoseni ulisebenzisa ngokolwimi Iwasemzini ukuhambisa

umyalezo wokuba kubalulekile ukuba ubani athi ehamba abe enayo i condom kufutshane
kunaye ukulungiselela nantoni na enokumhlela nangowuphina umzuzu. Oku sikuve
ngamazwi athethwe ngu Nomonde ngqo athi; "oku kugeina isitshixo kunemfundiso
okunayo. ikhondom isoloko ikho,akhukho sizathu sokuthi uyishiye emotweni
245
okanye ebhegini yakho" . ("This keyring is user friendly the condom is always in your
possession, there is no excuse for having left it in the car or in the bag").
Kumhlathi we-6 umbhali uzisebenzisile izenzi ezikuhlobo lokuyalela ezi zenzi uze, uye no
uze uphile (still go, can get) eyalela ulutsha ebabonisa kananjalo ukuba ukuzikhusela
kungcono kunokunyanga isifo. Xa ewuvala umbhali umhlathi we -6 usebenzise isenzi
esisisaci esithi ngokwenjenjalo uzombele ingcwaba intetho ethetha ukuba uzibuieie
("That will be your death sentence"), lamazwi kaNomonde Gongxeka abhekisa kumntu
akulumka, akakhathala oyilibeleyo yonke imiqathango yokhuseleko nothi azibhaqe ene
HIV. (This keyring is user friendly the condom is always in your possession, there is no
excuse for having left it in the car or in the bag). ngokudibana ngesondo kanye.
Kwakhona umbhali kumhlathi we-6 usisebenzisile isenzi esikwihlobo lokukhankanya
sizama ukulungisa ( We are triying to change the mindset) . Apha uNomonde usixelela
into eyenziwa yi Love Life ukuba ilungisa ingqondo zolutsha nokuba bakwazi ukuzijonga
okanye ukuzilumkela bacinge neziphumo zomntu othe waziphatha kakubi kwicala lesondo.
Kumhlathi we-7 umbhali usebenzise isenzi esikwihlobo loqhubeko sakhula sizimisele
ukunceda (We grew up volunteering), apho umbhali achaza uNomonde njengento
esegazini ukuzimisela ukunceda kuba ukhula nayo. Kuba siyeva ukuba ulunikile uncedo
apho bekukngekho nto ayifumanayo iindawo ezifana nezibhedlele. Loo nto yamenza
ukuba amthande, amxabise, amxhase umntu osebunzimeni. Umhlathi we -10 umbhali
usebenzise izenzi ezikuhlobo lolandelelwano bamkhwazile bembulise bemile ( They
shouted and greeted her with a standing ovation) apho umbhali usichazela okwenzeke
kuNomonde xa ebefika ebaleni ebelinentlobo-ntlobo zabantu kuquka abantwana besikolo.
Bamkhwaze ngegama lika Hazel abamazi ngalo kumdlalo weqonga iYizo Yizo, yonke
lento babeyenza bebonakalisa uthando kuba bembulise bemile. Kumhlathi we-12 umbhali
usebenzise isenzi esisi saci sagxith' iphango (while having dinner) ntoleyo ithethe ukuba
satya. Esi senzi sichaza ukuba uNomonde kangangendlela axakeke ngayo akanalo
nethuba lokutya. Ibali lakhe umbhali ulivale ngesenzi esakhiwe kwisifaniso zwi ukuyithi
pahaha (Keep a private life) senzi eso ngamazwi avakalayo esithetha ukuba ungayithethi.
Apha umbhali uchaza into yokuba akuthethwa ngemeko yomntu ngamye osengxakini.
Ingxaki yomntu ufa nayo.
246
Umbhali usebenzise isenzi ukuphuhlisa injongo zentetho yakhe. Ezi zenzo ziyazinziswa
ngokuthi kujongwe intetho yesicatshulwa. Isenzo sokuqala esithe saboniswa
kwisicatshulwa bubuso obuqhelekileyo obuvezwe kwintloko ekwiphepha lama -68. Apha
kwesi sicatshulwa umbhali usixelela ngendima yokufundisa, nokonwabisa ethe yathatwa
ngunomonde kumabonakude. Kumabonakude uyinikile imfundiso wasonwabisa kananjalo
kuYizoYizo. Oku sikuva kumhlathi wokuqala kumazwi athi uNomonde Gongxeka uvelile
kumabonakude phambi koko kodwa kuyizo yizo ebebizwa ngokuthi ngu hazel
the name of a school girl she potrayed).. Kanti ke umbhali usivezele uNomonde kwinqubo
ethi Inside Info. naku Soul City.Oku umbhali usivezela kwesisivakalisi obonakele
kumabonakude kwinkqubo yolutsha ... nebisithi inside info apho ebesasaza ukanti
wadlala njengoNonceba kumabali e Soul City awonwabisay nafundisayo ( She first
appeared in the upbeatn television youth magazine ,inside info, she also played Nonceba
in the popular edutainment series Soul City). Ezi zivakalisi zingentla umbhali usichazela
indlela uNomonde ebesithi afundise ngayo phofu bengaqondi ukuba yonke into uyenza
ngendlela eyonwabisayo.
Kwinyathelo lesibini umbhali usibonise ubuntu buka nomonde (Her kindness) obuthi
buvele ngendlela asebenza ngayo.Umbhali usixelele ukuba usa unina
emsebenzini. Umbhali oku usixelela kumhlathi wesibini kumazwi athi ngale ntsasa uvuke
ngeyesihlanu kusasa ... eyokulanda unina emsa emsebenzini.(This morning she woke
up at 5 o'clock to transport her mother to work.) Kwakhona umbhali usidibanisa
noNomonde elungisa isidlo sakusasa. Oku sikubona kumhlathi wesi-3 utshilo ngexa
esilungiselela isidlo sakusasa .. neebhiskiti, (she explained while preparing breakfast
and buiscuits), kwakhona kumhlathi we -12 umbhali usivezela uNomonde bekwindawo
yokutyela ngelo xesha siye sagxoth' iphango kwindawo yokutyela ekufutshane
nalapho.(While we have dinner in a nearby restaurant ).
Inyathelo lesithathu umbhali usichazela ngephulo lika Nomonde lokuhamba efundisa

ulutsha kwiindawo ngeendawo. (About her Campaign of educating the youth all over the
247
country.) Kumhlathi wesi-5 umbhali usixelela ngoNomonde eseFunda Centre engomnye

wezithethi kwimpikiswano ngxoxo eSoweto, oku sikuva kula mazwi:
ukuthetha akunto ayonqenayo,ukuba ukhe wathetha kunzima ukumyekisa,
ingakumbi xa ethetha ngomsebezi wakhe kwa love life ... nofundisa ulutsha Iwase
Mzantsi Afrika ngezesondo nesini. (She is a real chatter-box once she starts talking it's
difficult to get her to stop espicially when she speaks about her work at Love Life which
educates South Africa's youth about sex, sexuality and Gender.)Kumhlathi we-5
uNomonde usixelela ngokwakhe ukuba uhamba kwiindawo ngeendawo. Oku umbhali
usicacisela ngala mazwi ndiya kwiindawo ngeendawo kweli ndithetha nolutsha
malunga nemiba eminizi enento yokwenza nezesondo. (I travel all over the countrty
adressing the youth about various issues pertaining to ther sexual life and behaviour.)
Kumhlathi wsei-7usixelela ukuba uya eMidrand, umbhali usazisa oku ngala mazwi
belisaya kuthetha nge love life kubaluleki, abaphethe i national youth info line
emidrand (presentation about Love Life to counsellors, who manage the National Youth
Info Line in Midrand.). Kumhlathi we-9 umbhali ubachaza befika kwi -ofisi zakwa intercom
e Midrand. Apha ke umbhali usichazela into yokuba kuye kwafuneka akhuphe iposta
phambi kokuba athethe phambi kwetishala ezinamava. Umbhali uchaza ukuba basuke
apho baya e Khutsong ngase Carltonville apho umbhali usichazela ukuba ebesesinye
sezithethi kwisiganeko esikhulu ebesiququzelelwe ukuphawula unyaka wokuqala
we partnership against aids. (She was one of the main speakers in an event that was
organised to mark the first year in partnership against Aids.)
Inyathelo lesine bubuchule buka Nomonde akhuthaza uRhulumente ukuba abantwana

mababenazo, okokuqala ndingathi umbhali usivezele uNomonde engumntu onobuchule
(skills) kumdaniso nomdIlaio weqonga. Kwakhona sifumanisa ukuba umbhali umveza
engaphelelanga kobu buchule sibuchaze ngasentla,ukwanaso nesokuthetha okanye
impikiswano ngxoxo. Oku umbhali usivezela kwesi sivakalisi akothusi ukuva unomonde
okhe wafunda umdaniso nomdlalo weqonga ube ngomnye wezithethi ezibalaseleyo
xa kwakukho impikiswano ngxoxo ... imatriki. (It's not a surprise to hear that Nomonde,
who studied Dance and Drama was one of the best speakers during debates where she
matriculated.) Kwakhona uNomonde esemncinci umbhali usivezela ukuba ufumene
ubuchule(skill trauma & counciling) oko umbhali ukubonisa kwesi sivakalisi singentla.
248
Umbhali umcaphula ngqo xa esithi. isizathu sokuba ndibandakanyeke

kangakakumaphulo oluntu kungenxa yokuba sakhula sizimisele ukunceda
kwiintlobo ngentlobo zemibutho yesisa kuquka namakhaya anjenge twilight
children's home, nesibhedlele. Sifunde ukuxabisa nokuxhasa kwimeko ezinzima
ezijamelene nabantu. (The reason why I'm so much involved with community projects is
that we grew up volunteering our services to different kinds of Charity Organisations
including the Twilight Children's Home and Hospitals, we learnt to appreciate the support
and love that people in various times of difficult situiatuions need.)
Inyathelo le-5 kulapho siboa inyathelo lomsebenzi wobuchule (Skills). Kumhlathi

woku-1 umbhali usibonisa u Nomonde engumdlali ku Yizo Yizo obeboniswa kwi SABC 1
kumabonakude. Iziphumo zalo mdlalo umbhali uziveze kwincoko ekumhlathi we-8 ngolu
hlobo: zivuie iinqgondo namehlo abantu abadala ababephikisa izinto ezininzi
ababengaziqondi ezenzeka esikolweni nezenziwa ngabantwana babo, ichaze
iingxaki ezininzi ekufuneka itishala zijongene nazo ezikolweni.( it opened eyes of
many adults who were oblivious to many nasty things that happen at the school and are
done by their children. It reflected various problems that educators have to grapple with at
schools.) Kwakhona kwakulo mhlathi woku-1 umbhali usivezela uNomonde ethatha
inxaxheba kwinkqubo yolutsha ethi inside info. nakwi Soul City apho ke ibingamabali
awonwabisayo nafundisayo (edutainment). Inyathelo le-6 kukuhlaba iphulo \ikhwelo
kurhulumente ayazi ukuba abantu bayalufumana uncedo olumalunga nechiza le HIV
(this is to appeal to the government to know that people are receiving help regarding the
cure of HIV).
Kumhlathi we-6 umbhali usivezela uNomonde ekhuthaza abantu ukuba bazisebenzise

ikhondom. Kudala abantu beyisebenzisa ikhondom kodwa inani labantu abanesifo liye
likhula mihla le. Yaqala emntwaneni ngoku ibetha omdala nomncinci, utshatile
ungatshatanga, oku kungqinwa ngumhlathi we-9 ngamazwi athi kugqitywe ukuba esi
siganeko sibe se carletonville kuba ulutsha jikelele ejohannesburg sele lusazi banzi
ngenkcazo enge hiv/aids. okwesibini le ndawo ikhutsong yeminye yemimandla
ekukho abantu abaninzi abane HIV/AIDS ngenxa yokuba kukho imigodi engqonge lo
mmandla (It was decided to take this event to Carltonville because the youth in and
around Johannesburg have already been exposed to a lot of information about HIV/AIDS,
secondly Khutsong is one of the arears where the HIV infection rate is very high because
249
of the number of mines in the area). Apha emgodini ayilolutsha qha. Ngamadoda ashiye
imizi yawo eye kuphangela wambi ahieli nabafazi. Enye into uRhulumente makaqeqeshe
abantu bokuthetha nabantu(Councelling) kuba abantu abaninzi banengxaki ngale AIDS
into ekunayo abathethi. Into eyenzekayo usuke ubone umntu emhle suka uve kusithiwa
uswelekile, phofu bengcwatya ngebhokisi ezintle kusetyenziswe iintyatyambo ezintle.
Kanti umntu uswelekiswe kukungonwabi kukungcungcutheka yinto anayo phofu
engayithethi. Abantu abaqeqeshiweyo bazakukwazi ukubenza bathethe. Kumhlathi we-11
umbhali usixelela ukuba abantu bakuthakazelele ukufika kukaHazel kuba elo eligama
aziwa ngalo.
Nentetho yakhe bayayithanda oko sikuva kumazwi ombhali athi abaphulaphulali baye
bahlokoma kuba intetho yakhe ibichukumisa. emva kwalo mboniso uye waphahlwa
ngabantwana besikolo bemcela ukuba abhale igama lakhe (The audience goes wild
and her speech is inspiring. After the show she's mobbed by school children asking for
her autograph). Xa ndijonge ezi zivakalisi xa unengxaki akukwazi ukuthetha phambi
kwabanye abantu kufuneka ibe nguwe naloo mntu ukuze ukwazi ukukhupha imbilini
yakho.
250
ISAHLUKO 5
Isishwankathelo
Apha kolu ufundo kuboniswe yonke into enxulumene nokubhaliweyo nendlela ekuqhutywa
ngayo nolo hlobo loko kubhaliweyo kwezi zahluko zozithathu, ezizezi: isahluko sesibini,
sesithathu, nesesine. Kwisahluko sesibini siva izimvo ezahlukeneyo zababhali ngegenre
abafana no Swales J.M (1993), apho sidibana naye ehlahlela igenre. Sifumanisa ukuba
uphethe iintlobo zegenre ezizezi: iintsomi, incwadi, ulwimi njalo njalo. Kwisahluko
sesithathu sidibana no Grabe no Kaplan esichazela ngokubhaliweyo okunjengesimo
sesicatshulwa esibhalwayo, ulungelelaniso Iwesivakalisi njalo njalo. Olu hlahlelo Iwala
manqaku luthi luvele ngenxa yemfundiso zika Grabe no Kaplan (1996:203), apho athi
asichazele ngeparamitha ezithi zisichazele ngobhalo. Nkcazo leyo eza ngothotho
Iwemibuzo eyile "ngubani obhalayo, ntoni, kubani, enaziphi injongo, kutheni, phi kunye
nakanjani" Ukubhala ngokwe paramitha kubhala wonke onakho ukubhala isicatshulwa.
Uhlahlelo Iwamanqaku unxulumene nesahluko sesibini nesesithathu afundisa ngokubhala.
Amanqaku athe ahlahlelwa athathwe kwiêona yesiXhosa angala,
1. Umzingisi akanashwa (The fruits of hard work)
2. uDube wazakhela umzi ngemali yokuthengisa iitapile (Dube built his house on
potatoes)
3. Oomama besizwe sethu (mothers of our nation)
4. uLucky ubulela uThixo ( Lucky thanks God)
5. Ukuchitha imini noyimbalasane uNomonde Gongxeka (a day in the life of a star
Nomonde Gongxeka).
Ipharamitha yokubhala kungenwe nzulu kuyo kuhlahlelwe nezi zihlokwana zilandelayo,

uhlahlelo Iwenkcazo yesihloko, ukuqhubela phambili kwesihloko, ukunikwa kolwazi
olutsha, unxulumano lomxholo nembali, unxulumano oluqwalasela iingcinga ezifunekayo,
ulwakhiwo Iwesicatshulwa, intetho njalo njalo. Imeko yasekuhlaleni nenkcubeko ziye
zavezwa kuhlahlelo Iwala manqaku.
Iziphumo zezifundo zemfundo ephumayo yoludwe Iweziphumo zika 2005 ziye zafikelelwa
kuhlalutyo. Isiphumo sesifundo sesi -4 siye sahlalutywa kakhulu. Apha sifumanisa ukuba
umfundi uza kukwazi ukubhala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeetekisi.
251
Ekugqibeleni ababhali babetha ikhwelo kuRhulumente ngezinto ezidla umzi.

252
IBIBLlYOGRAFI
Cope, Bill and Mary Kalantzis. 1993. The power of literacy and the literacy of power. In
The power of literacy: A genre approach to teaching writing, edited by Bill Cope and
Mary Kalantzis. London: The Falmer Press.
Freedom and Medway. 1994. Learning and teaching genre. Boy ton/ Cook Publishers.
Grabe, William and Robert B. Kaplan 1993. Theory and practice of writing: An applied
linguistic perspective. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
Littlefair, Allison B. 1991. Reading all types of writing. The importance of genre and
register for reading development. Edited by Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Reid, Ian. 1988. The place of genre in learning: Current debates, edited by Ian Reid.
Swales, John. M. 1990. Genre anaylisis: English in academic and research settings.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
253
APPENDIX
. ,'. ~~.'~' .'
.... -.
..
.: Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za .:i S"L(:
.. :.~ " I" ,-
\ .. , "
30 BONA - August 1999 1

Lamola with his wife .... •....._ ...
Mummy, son Mpumelelo
and daughter Nonhlanhla.
Former Kaizer Chiefs

\ "
,
.
star Zacharia
"Computer" Lamola
has exchanged his
lethal soccer boots for
the Holy Book and
embarked on a
crusade to save the
souls of the country's
sportsmen and women
LMOST three decades ago a
A mere mention of Zacharia "Maria

Maria" Lamola sent shivers down
the spines of every goalkeeper and SCORING
defender in the now defunct National
FOR JESUS
Professional Soccer League.
Also affectionately called "Computer"
by Kaizer Chiefs supporters, these
days, from instilling fear in people's
hearts, Lamola has made it his biggest
responsibility to win their hearts and
souls for Jesus Story by BONGANI KA LUKHELE Photos by MUSA HLABANE
Christ - and
he's succeeded with Baiana Bafana captain -Khoza,
already Lucas Radebe and midfield maestro • Nevertheless, Lamola turned over a
Doctor Khumalo of Kaizer Chiefs. new leaf in 1974 after being invited by
Lamola, who's now aged 49, has one of his friends to attend a Methodist
traded his lethal soccer boots for the church service in Orlando East. He was
Bible. He's become a devoted evangelist deeply touched by Reverend Phillip
with the Rhema Church and a family Msiza's sermon in which he
man, living in Soweto with his wife, emphasised the importance of receiving
Mummy, and their three children, son Christ. Lamola decided to become a
Mpumelelo and daughters Nokuthula born-again Christian,
and Nonhlanhla. In his soccer days Lamola's dribbling
But Lamola is frank enough to wizardry and astounding ball distribution
confess that during his younger days, he entertained the droves of soccer fans
led an extremely reckless life, who flocked to the stadiums during the
"Drinking, womanising, stealing, 1970s and even earned him the respect
gambling and dagga smoking were of die-hard supporters of rival teams,
some of the bad things I did as a He was a dynamic midfielder with great
young man," he recalls, "Remember vision and could unleash powerful
that we were idolised by hordes of goalmouth-bound shots from the most
Former soccer heart-
, People and it was natural that we unexpected of angles and distances.
throb Zacharia "Maria
: partied a lot and attracted the Today, pinning the busy evangelist.
Maria" Lamola has traded
his soccer boots for the :~':. attention of down is almost as difficult a job as
countless opposing defenders used to find it on
Bible.
women, The the soccer pitch. After two appointments
temptation was failed to materialise, we finally managed
too great to to corner him.
resist." Lamola is a real chatterbox,
There was even brimming with humour and enthusiasm
a time, he - just one question and he rattles off
admits, when he one sentence aner the other. Stopping
carried a knife or keeping him on track is a difficult
wherever he went task, especially when the legend is
because he reminiscing about his glory days in
wasn't on good soccer,
terms with one of "Those were the days when soccer
his teammates at players were really dedicated and gave
Chiefs, Msomi
BONA - August 1999 19
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za . 2. sS'
bakkie and driven back to the camp. On returning to the camp, the white "But I would have liked to see
"Mandlenkosi Mabaso was then men continued their braai-and-drink Henning receive the death sentence if
called to the bakkie to look at his friend session while Mabaso was given a this was possible," he remarks.
who had not referred to Henning as lantem and bucket and instructed to The ageing Mabaso also says that
baas," added Inspector Banawo in his wash all traces of blood from the bakkie. he's seeking restitution from the court so
evidence. Because they distrusted the other men, that he will be in a financial position to
When a terrified Mabaso tried to Henning, Momberg and Kleynhans later raise his granddaughter.
escape, he was viciously assaulted by dug up the bodies and moved them to a "But I will never be able to forgive .: .'
Henning and thrown into a nearby dam. fresh grave. Still distrusting his Henning, because he killed my child·::';'.".·
Each time he tried to climb out he was accomplices. Henning once more without reason," he sighs. ".
kicked and fisted. According to Inspector exhumed the bodies and reburied them. Inspector Banawo points to more .~.
Banawo, a grenade was also thrown Astonishingly, these ghas!ly murders dark doings. Even some of the delicate
into the dam. came to light only thanks tóthe police investigations of the case had to
A tired Mabaso was eventually persistence of Mandlenkosi Mabaso's be completed under the cover of
dragged out of the dam and thrown onto aunt, Lillian Ntuli, and that in turn was darkness.
the ground. Henning sat astride him and triggered by evidence of previous "Also, following Henning's first
throttled him until he became brutality by Henning. It was after his conviction, a hitman from Sasolburg was
motionless. conviction and subsequent 23-year hired by his father to eliminate Potgieter,
Henning then retrieved an axe from sentence in June 1997 for murdering who turned state witness, myself and
another farm labourer that Lillian four other witnesses," he states.
approached "Furthermore, Henning's brother, Eicker,
Inspector Banawo is also out on bail of R25 000 for the
and questioned the September 1998 murder of a labourer
whereabouts of her who was beaten with an iron rod,
nephew and Mkhize, sjambokked, stabbed with a sword,
who had also lived shocked with a cattle prodder and
with her. A tip-off led dragged with his bakkie with a rope tied
to the arrest of around his neck."
Henning, who also In the meantime rumours rumble
pointed out the round the ditches, dongas and
bodies and made mountainous inclines of the Dundee
:, his startling area that at least two other bodies were
confession. dumped by Potgieter in unrelated
In the Dundee incidents in the mid-'SOs, while a
High Court in June, disused mine-shaft is said to contain up
- Henning was to 20 bodies, believed to be of murdered
sentenced to 63 farm labourers.
years in prison for This is the same dark mist of fear that
masterminding the will beoome familiar to the residents of
killing spree that Mnyundweni over the months and years
dark night. Co- to come, as the very different case of
his caravan and instructed Ndabikhona accused Johann Potgieter (25) received young Thembinkosi Shwadebe is
Mabaso to ensure that both men were a 20-year sentence for being an investigated and discussed. At the time
dead. Fearing for his own safety, accessory after the fact. as he had of going to press, the area was loud with
Mabaso chopped each man twice on his remained silent about the incident for whispered criticism of the police for
neck. more than two years. failing to question immediately a known
Later, to ensure that he remained Lillian (63) says she's "extremely local inyanga, the owner of the sugar-
silent about the incident, Ndabikhona satisfied" at the sentences that were cane plantation where Thembinkosi's
Mabaso was assaulted until he received handed down. "I feel that justice has body was found, about how the child's
a gaping wound on his temple with the been done - but how can Mabaso's remains came to be found there.
barrel of a pistol on the farm of Phillip dependents survive, because he was The body was badly charred and
Potgieter, Johann's brother. their sole breadwinner," she laments. mutilated. It was without arms and one
The bodies of the dead men were Mabaso is survived by his elderly leg. The private parts, some teeth and
placed in black bin-bags and buried in a parents. girlfriend and an eight-year-old toenails from one foot were missing. The
shallow grave that all the men took turns daughter. hair had been removed from the boy's
to dig on the instruction of Henning. "They now have absclutely nothing to head, together with some brain tissue,
Inspector Banawo stated that while the sustain them because everyone here is leaving only the bare bones of the skull.
men were returning from Phillip unemployed," stresses Lillian, adding Local councillor Justice Mpanza had
Potgieter's farm, they had to dodge that Mkhize also had a girlfriend and two to appeal to a packed meeting of the
detection by a passing police patrol, children. community not to take the law into their
who had mistaken them for poachers, The distraught aunt vows that she will own hands.
by dumping the dead bodies among never be able to forgive her nephew's "We must not act like witchdoctors
trees that lined the gravel road on which killer. Johannes Mabaso, Mandlenkosi's ourselves," he said. "Let us give the law
they were travelling. father, is also grief-stricken at the a chance to take its course."
"They returned to the camp, merciless killing of the youngest of his In the case of Mandlenkosi Mabaso
consumed more liquor and then six children. He sees Henning's lengthy and Sipho Mkhize justice was finally
returned to fetch and bury the corpses," sentence as a victory for justice, seen to be done. Let us hope that the
continued Inspector Banawo. Shrubs especially as it indicates that black community of Mnyundweni and the .
and branches were used to conceal the people also have protection from the relatives of Thembinkosi Shwadebe will
grave. law. also see a victory for justice. •
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30 BONA XHOSA - August 1999

ULamola nenkosikazi wakhe, ....
uMummy, unyana wabo,
uMpumelelo nentombi yabo,
uNonhlanhla.
Umdlali
wangaphambili
weKaizer Chiefs,
uZacharia "Computer"
Lamola, waxhoma
kwibhol' ekhatywayo
wathabatha iNcwadi
eNgcweie waqala
ukushumayela ukuze
asindise umoya
wabadlali beli lizwe.
.1
WIMINYAKA engamashumi
K amathathu edlulileyo igama elithi
Zacharia "Maria Maria" Lamola
lalibangela uloyiko kubagcini-zipali
ULAMOLA USEBENZELA
nabadlali basemva kwiNational
Professional Soccer League.
Ngaloo minyaka wayebizwa
nangokuba ngu-"Computer"
ngabalandeli beKaizer Chiefs, kwaye
UYESU NGOKU
ngoku wayeka ukufaka uloyiko
Kubalisa uBONGANI KA LUKHELE Kufote uMUSA HLABANE
ezintliziyweni zabantu, owona
msebenzi wakhe
kukuzama ezintlizi.yweni zabo - kwaye sele ephethe imela qho xa ehamba kuba
ukufaka ephumelele kuKapteni weBafana wayengavani nomnye umdlali
uYesu Bafana, uLucas Radebe, nomdlali weChiefs, uMsomi Khoza.
Krestu wasesiswini weKaizer Chiefs, uOoctor Nangona kunjalo uLamola watyhila
Khumalo. kwelinye iphepha ngo-1974 emva
ULamola oneminyaka engama-49 kokumenywa ngomnye wabahlobo
uzibeke phantsi izihlangu zokukhab' bakhe ukuba aye kwinkonzo
ibhola wathabatha iBhayibhile. yamaWesile eOrlando East.
Kungoku nje ungumvangeli Wachukumiseka yintshumayelo
ozinikeleyo weRhema Church kaMfundisi Phillip Msiza apho
ukwayindoda enosapho. ehlala wayegxininisa ekubalulekeni
eSoweto nenkosikazi yakhe, uMummy, kokwamkela uKrestu. ULamola
nabantwana babo abathathu, unyana wagqiba kwelokuba abe ngumKrestu
uMpumelelo neentombi uNokuthula ozalwe ngokutsha.
.•. noNonhlanhla. Esadlal' ibhola uLamola
Kodwa uLamola uyayivuma wayesonwabisa ababukeli
:::,inyaniso yokuba nqeernini zobutsha ngokudribula abadlali nangokuphasa
bakhe, wayephila ubomi obungena- kwakhe ibhola ngeminyaka yoo-1970
nkathalo. yaye 100 nto yamenza wahlonitshwa
. "Ndisengu-mfana ncandisela, gqitha ngabaxhasi bamanye amaqela.
Owayengumdlali webhola ndithanda amabhinoa, ndisiba, Wayengumdla,li wasesiswini
ekhatywayo uZacharia ndingcakaza ndltshaya nentsangu. onesiphiwo kwaye wayekwazi
"Maria Maria" Lamola '- Ukhumbule ukuba sasithandwa ukukhaba ibhola enamandla eya
wayeka ibhola wathabatha ngabantu ezipalini nokuba uphi ebaleni.
iBhayibhile. abaninzi Namhlanje ukuncokola nomvangeli
kwaye oxakekileyo yinto enzima kakhulu
sasikuthanda njengokuba kwakunzima nakubadlali
ukuhamba beqela awayedlala nalo ukuthatha
upati ngoko ibhola kuye.
sasiba ULamola ulincoko elithanda
nomtsalane ukuhlekisa nelizimiseleyo - umbuza
kumabhinqa nje into ibenye aze akuxelele izinto
amaninzi. ezininzi gqitha. Ukummisa okanye
Kwakunzima ukumgcina emxholweni
ukuxhathisa kungumsebenzi onzima, ingakumbi
kuhendo." xa encokola ngemini zakhe ebholeni.
Uthi kwakukho "Babezinikela ngokupheleleyo
nexesha abadlali xa besebaleni ngezo mini.
owayesoloko Babedlal' ibhola ekhatywayo kuba
.'",-7.~..._-..
'I'(.
:: - .
-
... __ ._-....___._---_. _-
.:_"':.:.;
._---~-_._._ .
24 BONA XHOSA - August 1999

nto anokuyenza ngaphandle komngcwabo kweza ndlela zakudala apho umntu yexabiso eliphezulu, banokongeza kwimali
oziindleko. lindleko zawo zaba malunga wayengcwatywa ngosuku Iwesibini abayifumana kumbutho .
ne-R2S 000, ibhokisi yomngcwabo nJe eswelekile kuba kwakungekho zindawo kamasingcwabane."
iyodwa yaxabisa malunga ne-R14 000. ekugcinwa kuzo izidumbu neentsapho UNosipho Mdletshe waseMlazi yena
"Ndanyanzeleka ukuba ndisebenzise zazingasasazekanga kakhulu elizweni. ukholelwa kwelokuba iindleko
imali eninzi kuba ndandingafuni abantu Kodwa unenkolo yokuba ngenxa zemingcwabo zibangelwa ngabantu
bahlebe ngam kuba umngcwabo ungekho yokutshintsha kwamaxesha akusekho abafuna ukodlula abanye.
mgangathweni. Imali ndandinayo ngenxa mfuneko yakuxhela inkomo ukunika Uthe: "Akukho mfuneko yokusaphaza
yomgangatho endikuwo. Ndandifuna imbeko kwilungu losapho elingasekhoyo imali xa ungcwaba kuba ulinganisa into
nokubonisa abakulomyeni ukuba imali uze umzimba walo uwusonge eyenziwa ngabanye abantu. Xa
yonyana wabo andizange ndiyisaphaze ngesikhumba senkomo endaweni kwasweleke utata ngo-198S asizange sibe
nokuba bandirnthanda. Kwinkoliso yebhokisi yomngcwabo. Uthi nomngcwabo wexabiso eliphezulu."
yeemeko ugqibela ngokutyholwa ngokuba kunokuxhelwa ibhokhwe ukuze kubekho Ukuzila kufuneka kuphume
ubungamthandi umyeni wakho." inyama eyaneleyo eza kwenzela ukutya entliziyweni, utshilo uNosipho. Akufanele
UNyuswa - owanyanzelaka ukuba abantu bakude kuphela. kuboniswe ngokuthenga iimpahla
asebenzise imali owayeyilondolozela "Kuyakhathaza kuba abanye abantu ezithungelwe umngcwabo. Uthe la
imoto kwiindleko zomngcwabo - uthi baya kwiindawo ezibolekisa ngemali malungiselelo "aziindleko" yinkeitho nje
kukuzama ukwanelisa abantu okwenza ukuze bathengele ukutya amakhulu-khulu yemali.
umngcwabo ube ziindleko. abantu abeze emngcwabeni. Emva UNosiphO uvakalise ukuba ngabantu
"Ngokwenkcubeko yethu, xa komngcwabo usapho Iwalowo abasuka kude ekufuneka baphekelwe
uswelekelwe yindoda kufuneka oswelekileyo luzibhaqa luntywila ukutya. "Kumngcwabo katata kwaxhelwa
ungathethi. Ngokuqhelekileyo iba ematyaleni. ibhokhwe lusapho ukutya kwatyiwa
ngabanye abanye abenza amalungiselo Xa indoda yakhe inokusweleka, akukho ngabantu abasuka kude kuphela."
omngcwabo nabakwenzela izigqibo mntu aya kumxelela amakakwenze, . Naku okunye okuthethwa
bengakuhoyi onako. Ukuba akuqondi -U!shllo uBabhekile. ngemingcwabo ezindleko nokuvela
kwilungu lenkonzo.
"Ibhokisi yokungcwaba
~ ..
engenaxabiso liphezulu
efumanekayo inokundibangela
~i~~homa- ndiphumle ngoxolo," utshilo
~; -~'!Igangatho .~ uMfundisi uKenneth Meshoe
~". womngcwatxr, weChurch of the Hope of Glory
; ~. ri.9okuqe~a . eseVosloorus. "Oku ndikutsho
• .J'!!'!.lYobo onJengalo. kuba ndisazi apho ndiya khona.
'. ~ .....:.;;-~ ~
ungazibhaqa uphelelwe yimali. UNomkhosi Nyuswa - UKwanyanzeleka ....

"Inkoliso yabantu abaNtsundu isixelela ndenze umngcwabo 'wexebiso eliphezulu'
ukuba ifuna ukuchitha intywenka xa ngenxa yomgangatho endikuwo nakukuba
ilungiselela ukungcwaba umntu ndandifuna ukunconywa luluntu."
abamthandayo. Bathi oko kuhambisana
nezithethe zabo," utshilo uDries van
Tonder, ongumphathi welinye isebe "Ndiya kuwenza ngokwam
lakwaDoves eThekwini. amalungiselelo omngcwabo. Andisokuze
UVan Tonder noColin Peters umphathi ndivumele abantu bandixhaphaze ngenxa
weCentral Funerals eThekwini yemeko endikuyo nokuze ndiqabuke
bavumelene ngokuba abeLungu nabeBala sendisematyaleni. Usapho Iwam
bayazithenga iibhokisi zokungcwaba. ndiluxelele ukuba lusitshise isidumbu
sam." .- Ibhokisi iza kubola emhlabeni. Okona
kwinkoliso yeemeko ngabaNtsundu
. Ukuthothisa iindleko zomngcwabo kubalulekileyo ngumphefumlo wam."
abakhetha iibhokisi zokungcwaba
iTwelve Apostles Burial Society eClermont UMfundisi Moshoe uthi usapho Iwakhe
zexabiso eliphezulu. UPeters uvumile
eThekwini seyenze isivumelwano uluxelele ukuba akufa akufanele
ukuba ngaphezu kweentsapho ezintlanu
nabangcwabi baseMarianhill, utsho kuphekwe ukutya kwemali eninzi.
okanye ezintandathu ngeveki zithenga
uNtombikayise Blose ongunobhala. "Mawuphele lo mkhwa wokutshintsha
iibhokisi zokungcwaba zexabiso
lindleko zebhokisi yokungcwaba idibene imingcwabo ibe ngamatheko arnakhulu."
eliphezulu kunezo zamaxabiso nje
neendleko zabangcwabi zixabisa i-R89S. UMfundisi uMeshoe uthi abantu
aqhelekileyo.
Ilungu ngalinye lalo mbutho lifumana i- kufuneka bafunde ukunika ababathandayo
UBabhekile Mdlalose waseMlazi
R600 yokutya ne-R800 yeebhasi ezimbini. izipho zexabiso besaphila. Xa abantu
eThekwini uthe yena uchasene
"Iindleko zethu zomngcwabo azifiki bezibona benemali ekufuneka bayichithe.
nokuthenga ibhokisi yomngcwabo
nkqu kwi-R2 500. Ukuba umntu unemali kufuneka bayinike abantu abasweleyo.
yexabiso eliphezulu kwanokutya xa kukho
unokuyithenga ibhokisi yokungcwaba utyibele watsno .•
mntu oswelekileyo. Uthi makubuyelwe
..4,.',''' •• :' .~. .•

I·.~.
46 BONA - March 1999
From being an industrial A NTON MADLALA's 0,75 hectare

stretch of land is securely fenced to
foreman, the force of ward off the marauding cattle that graze
on the surrounding open veld. He gazes
circumstances drove Anton
almost possessively at the delicate
Madlala towards agriculture. green plants in his lush field. A sense of
He has now become pride animates his countenance as he
holds aloft a handful of the juicy red fruit
KwaZulu-Natal's first black that sprout from the ground.
commercial strawberry ''These strawberries are now in great
demand at supermarkets as well as
farmer. leading fruit and vegetable outlets," he
proudly proclaims.
by AJITH BRIDGRAJ In 1985 Madlala lost his job in the
photos by RAJESH JANTILAL
private sector following industrial action
at his company. Driven by desperation,
the father of four accepted a job as a
iarm supervisor on the strawberry
plantation of Midlands farmer,
Anton ... Gareth Olivier.
Madlala takes
pride in the
He was soon promoted to
high quality farm manager, a position
of his that required him to handle
strawberries. a 150-strong labour force. Madlala.
"I had known nothing about After 10 years at his job, a salary
farming when I first got in. dispute saw him part ways with his
However, I learnt as much as employer.
I cou Id and soon found Rich with farming experience but with
myself enjoying it hardly any financial resources or
tremendously," recalls suitable options, in 1996 Madlala
decided to take the plunge into farming
himself. Utilising an unused plot of land
that belonged to his brother, and with
borrowed capital from his brothers
(Leonard and Henry), he bought a few
strawberry plants from a local nursery.
Help and advice from a total stranger,
Maureen Schoeman, saw him acquire
an additional 20 000 strawberry plants.
Madlala's pioneering efforts at
strawberry farming had now
commenced in eamest. Apart from the
assistance obtained from his brothers,
Madlala also cashed in an insurance
policy and obtained a R20 000 loan
from the KwaZulu Finance and
Investment Corporation (KFC) to fund
his agricultural venture.
He is also indebted to Agrilek, an
advisory service for farmers within
Eskom, for the aid that they rendered.
"They replaced the petrol pump that I
used for irrigation purposes with an
- , cr _",. ,,,,_._'.
~. " .. "
;", .
BONA - March 1999 47

... Anton Madlala in his lush strawberry field./~:·
His immense success resulted in

Madlala being invited to share his skills
with a black consortium that owned a
neighbouring strawberry farm for the last
13 years - without generating much
success. Madlala now commands 50%
of the shares on this farm and since
striking up this partnership, this farm is
also becoming profitable and well-known
throughout the KZN Midlands.
The enterprising farmer believes that
after his "excellent yields" of last year,
he has now become a force to be
reckoned with. "I think that I am now
seen as a real competitor even by the
really established strawberry farmers
in the region," he remarks.
t
Madlala's success becomes even
f
.... CIIoilII~3 ... ':j~

~1111~lll more phenomenal in view of the fact
that the climate in Mafakathini,
where
ideal forhisstrawberry
farm is located, is not
farming. "I am
currently installing mini-tunnels in
order to protect my crops against
I
I
j
1
J
the frost," he explains.
~
As Madlala engages in a lengthy
explanation on the intricacies of
strawberry farming, it is easily
discernible that the former farm-
worker has really earned his
spurs to become a highly
respected farm owner. It also
becomes distinctly evident that
strawberry farming is
extremely scientific in nature.
Regular leaf and soil
lectric one," beams Madlala. farmers. However, I was able to analyses, as well as chemical
For over a year, Madlala's present succeed because of the quality of my treatments to guard against pests and
irrn has been adopted as a pilot project strawberries," enthuses Madlala. crop diseases, are vital.
y Agrilek. "We want black people to In fact, Madlala places a high The ingenious farmer also has
mulate Madlala's example and move premium on quality in the interests of valuable hints for budding
way from merely being farm labourers. customer satisfaction. "Earning a good agriculturalists. "Zeal without knowledge
hey must know that they can start their reputation takes a lot of hard work, but is a runaway horse," he cautions. He
wn commercial farms," says Agrilek's maintaining that reputation is even more consequently stresses that would-be
Ihlanhla Dlamini. His colleague, Julius difficult," he advises. farmers should firstly acquire knowledge
nndi, adds: "Farming is very important After the success of his first crop, and sound advice, particularly from
ecause the entire nation depends on Madlala moved from his brother's plot to those who are experienced, before
le ground for their sustenance. We are his present 0,75 hectare field which he embarking upon farming - even if this
teretere encouraging black farmers to calls ALHEBROS, so-named because it costs money.
love from subsistence farming to incorporates the first letters of the Remembering his humble beginnings,
ommercial farming." names of the Madlala brothers. "Without Madlala is willing to serve as a
Despite the assistance and guidance them I would not be where I am today," consultant to anyone who requires his
lat he received, MadlaJa's instant he stresses. skills and expertise.
uccess as a strawberry farmer is He also displays astute business Contemplating his future, which
ugely attributable to his own acumen when he explains why he definitely looks rosier than the
ledication, commitment and hands-on became involved in strawberry farming. strawberries that he cultivates, he states
ipproach to doing things. He is never "Anyone can engage in maize or potato that he would like to obtain a larger .,
iovemed by time and often works long farm. Even though he has already :i
farming. The competition in marketing ,Ii
.ours. including on Sundays. such products therefore becomes created 25 job opportunities through his .~
"Anyone who wants to reap success extremely intense," says Madlala. success, Madlala believes that 'a larger ;~
plantation would generate more . 1 I
nust sow the seeds for this through He adds that the profits from
employment. iji
neer hard work," proclaims Madlala. strawberry farming are "quite lucrative"
"It would also enable me to
ij
"My first yield was reasonably good. because of the relative lack of I:
)ut I experienced problems in marketing competitors. "Presently, I am also concentrate on secondary crops during
ny produce in the face of stiff expanding to include raspberries as the strawberry off-season," he
:ompetition from the more established well," discloses Madlala. concludes .•
'1,'-
_·-----i:------------
46 BONA XHOSA - March 1999
UMZINfal--..--
UAnton Madlala fudula

ephethe abasebenzi efektri,
81ZA esiyi-0,75 hectare sikaAnton
Madlala sibiyelwe kakuhle ukuze
iinkomo ezikwidlelo elikufutshane
zingangeni khona. Ungumlimi
iimeko zambangela
wamaqunube kwesi siza sihle.
wangumlimi. Ngoku "La maqunube atunwa ngamandla
ngumlimi wamaqunube kwiisuphamakethi kwaneevenkile
ezithengisa iziqhamo," utshilo
wokuqala ontsundu.
eneqhayiya.
Ngo-1985 uMadlala waphulukana
nomsebenzi wakhe kwinkampani
awayephangela kuyo. Ephelelwe
kubalisa uAJITH BRIDGRAJ lithemba ubawo wabantwana abane
kufote uRAJISH JANTILAL
wamkela umsebenzi njengomphathi
wabasebenzi kwifama yamaqunube
kaGareth Olivier.
Kungekudala unyuselwe
waphatha abasebenzi abayi-
UAnton
Madlala 150. "Ndandingazi nto
uneqhayiya malunga nokulima xa
ngomganga- ndafika apha. Kodwa ke
tho ndakhawuleza ndafunda
wamaqunube 10 ekulo msebenzi, ukuxambulisana
lukhulu ndaza
akhe. ngomvuzo kwambangela wazibona
ndafumanisa ukuba
ohlukene nomqeshi wakhe.
ndiyawuthanda lo
Enamava okulima kodwa
msebenzi," ukhumbula oko
engaphethe nto esandleni okanye
uMadlala.
ukhetho olumfaneleyo, kuthe ngo-
Emva kweminyaka eli-
1996 uMadlala wabona ukuba
makangena ekulimeni. Ulime
kwintsimi yomntakwabo, ngemali
ayiboleka kubakhuluwa bakhe
(uLeonard noHenry) wathenga izityalo
zamaqunube kwivenkile ethengisa
ngezityalo kwingingqi akuyo.
Ngoncedo namacebiso kumntu
angamazi uMaureen Schoeman
wazibona efumana ama-20 000
ezityalo zamaqunube.
Ukuqalisa kukaMadlala ukulima
amaqunube ngoku kumzisela imali.
Ngaphandle koncedo alufumana
kubantwakwabo uMadlala
wasebenzisa ipolisi yenshorensi waza
wazuza imali-mboleko eyi-R20 000
KwaZulu Finance and Investment
Corporation ukuze aqhubeke nephulo
lakhe lokulima.
Ukwafumene uncedo namacebiso
kwiAgrilek noEskom. "Bandinika
impompo esebenza ngombane
., .. " .
. .:~,.
.'r .. ~ :.: "

.: .,.:
'! '.:~.. -
_L •••
BONA XHOSA - March 1999 47

.....UAnton Madlala e kwintsimi yakhe
yamaqunube.
. .
ngenxa yokungabikho kwabo
ukhuphisana nabo. "Ngoku ndiceba
ukuquka neraspberry," udize oko
uMadlala.
Ukwamenywe lelinye ishishini
elilime amaqunube okweminyaka eli-
13 leminyaka nalo ebelingazuzi
mpumelelo encumisayo. UMadlala
ngoku unesabelo sama-50% kule
fama. Ukususela ekuzibandakanyeni
nale fama uye isenza ingeniso,
esaziwa kuyo yonke iKZN Midlands.
Lo mlimi ophumeleleyo unenkolo
yokuba "inzuzo" zonyaka odlulileyo
zibe yimbangi yokwaziwa kwakhe.
"Ngoku ndicinga ukuba ndibonwa
njengoyona mntu ukhuphisana
nabalimi esebezinzile kule ngingqi,"
utshilo.
Impumelelo kaMadlala iye
ibalasela ngenxa yesibakala
sokuba imozulu yaseMafakatini
in gentle nengalungeli ukulima
amaqunube. "Ngoku sendifakela
okuya kukhusela izilimo zam
kwiqabaka," utshilo.
I~!~~~~l Kuba uMadlala sele

ezibandakanye kakhulu
ekulimeni amaqunube
kuyacaca ukuba lo mlimi
obefudula eqeshwe ngumlimi
uzuze udumo ngokuba
nefama yakhe. Kuye kucaca
ukuba ukulima amaqunube
kunento yokwenza
nezenzululwazi. Ukusoloko
idaweni yaleyo yam. esebenzisa ndiye ndajamelana neengxaki kuba kugadwa amagqabi nomhlaba
etrol," utshlle uMadlala. lukhulu ukhuphiswano oluqhubeka kwanokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali
Malunga nonyaka ngoku ifama nabalimi ekudala bekuie dyokhwe. kubalulekile ukugxotha izinambuzane
lMadlala ikwasetyenziswa yiAgrilek Kodwa noko ndikwazile ukuphumelela nezifo zezilimo.
engeyephulo elithile. "Sifuna abantu ngenxa yobunjani bekhwalithi Lo mlimi ukwazimisele nokufunda
rsebenzise lo mzekelo kaMadlala yamaqunube am," utshilo uMadlala. ngezolimo. "Ukungabi nalwazi
iyeke ukuba ngabasebenzi nje Phofu ke uMadlala uthi eyona nto kuyingozi," utshilo. Ukwabethelele
arnatarna, kufuneka bazi ukuba nabo ibalulekileyo kukwanelisa nokuba abafuna ukuba ngabalimi
mokuqalisa ezabo iifama zorhwebo," abakuxumayo. "Ukuze uzuze udumo kuqala kufuneka babe nolwazi
shilo uNhlanhla Dlamini oluhle kufuna ukuzimisela, kodwa bafumane namacebiso amahle
akwaAfrilek. Asebenza naye uJulius ukulondoloza 010 dumo akulula," ingakumbi kwabo banamava phambi
ondl ukwathi: "Ulimo lubalulekile ucebiso oko . kokuba batheieie kwezolimo nkqu
zba isizwe siphela sixhomekeke kulo Emva kwempumelelo yesivuno nokuba oku kufuna imali.
cuze siphile. Sikhuthaza abalimi sakhe sokuqala, uMadlala uthuthile Ekhumbula apho asuka khona
cantsundu ukuba bayeke kwisiza somntakwabo waye kwesakhe uMadlala ukulungele ukucebisa
cusabenza kumafama baqalise esiyi-O,75 hectare nasibiza ngokuthi nabani na of un a ubuchule namava
culima kwiifama zabo barhwebe." ALHEBROS, aba nobumba baso akhe.
Ngaphandle koncedo alufumanayo bathathwe kumagama abantwabo Malunga nengomso lakhe
Nanokhokelo uMadlala uthi Madlala. "Ndikule ndawo ndikuyo nelibukela lithembisa, uthe angavuya
npumelelo yetarna yakhe ngenxa yabo," ugxininise oko. xa enokufumana ifama enkulu.
arnaqunube ibangelwa kukuzimisela Ucacisa ngobunjani bokushishina Nakuba sele edala amathuba
wakhe ekuzenzeleni izinto. xa echaza imbangi emisebenzi engama-25 ngenxa
kalawulwa lixesha usebenza de yokubandakanyeka ekulimeni yempumelelo yakhe uMadlala uthi
ube ngorhatya kuquka nangeeCawa. amaqunube. "Nabani na unokulima ukulima kwindawo enkulu kunokudala
"Nabani na of una ukuvuna umbona okanye iitapile. amanye amathuba omsebenzi.
npumelelo kufuneka atyale aze Ukhuphiswano ekuthengiseni ezo "Oku kuza kundibangela ndikwazi
sebenze nzima," utshilo uMadlala. mveliso alulula," utshilo uMadlala. ukuhoya ezinye izilimo xa ixesha
"Isivuno sam sokuqala Ethetha ngenzuzo efunyanwa lamaqunube liphelile," utshilo .•.
asincumisa. Kodwa kwezentengiso ekulimeni amaqunube uthe "ineinane"
·~,-:- ..
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--.,--------- .._--_.
_ __ .- --~--'------~
32 BONA - April 1999
elling potatoes at the same spot for because without an education I could
S the last 28 years, often at paltry
profit margins, has enabled Nkosinathi
not find a good job."
Until his marriage at the age of
Dube to build a five-bed roomed house twenty-one, Dube worked at his father's
as well as educate his seven children. butchery. His current business initiative
Dube's dream house, worth R50 000, no sees him buying potatoes from a nearby
longer stands majestically, as it once wholesale store which he sells at a profit
did, at Dlangezwa, in the rural heartland of R2 a bag. On average, he sells
of Zululand. The eight years of blood, between 50-60 bags per day.
sweat and toil that went into building his The industrious Dube also finds the
home went up in smoke when political time to work in his sugar-cane field
violence in 1992 saw his home which provides a secondary source of
completely razed to the ground. Such a income for his family. His hectic
tragedy may have spelt total ruin for schedule also accommodates the
ordinary mortals, but not for Dube. responsibilities that come with being the
The irrepressible businessman simply pastor of the Zionist Church in the
buckled down to the arduous task of Ntseleni and Ngoye regions.-
reconstructing his life, and that of his He strongly believes that God has
family as well. He has since managed to helped him in all that he has
erect a two-bed roomed structure accomplished in life despite his modest
currently valued at R20 000. profession. Dube points to the heavens
Dube's son, Muzokhanyayo, and employee I
Dube said his most urgent priority and smiles: "My_wife and five of my Victoria Mthethwa, getting ready for a
now is to fund his children's education. children were in the house when it was day's selling.
Two of them have already completed bumt down yet, miraculously, they all
matric.
He added that his daughter "wanted
to study medicine, but we were unable
•
to afford it." His only son, who
matriculated last year, presently helps -
him at his potato stall.
Dube's emphasis on his children's
Dube built hIS
education is understandable, especially
since he was never afforded the
opportunity of going to school. "I was
forced to sell potatoes for a living
house on
Dube, the potato king, proudly displays
the quality of his merchandise to Cyprian
Khuzwayo·T
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....Dube on the way to his "office".
. The Supervisor i, " key person in any depart-
•
menlo The supervisor is responsible for the
Having attended two business smooth running or the factory and the office.
courses conducted by the Centre For As a quulificd supervisor you are in great
demand and" top satury will be your reward.
Business in Empangeni, Dube adds:
"The maintenance of business and You could be a working as a
financial records, pricing, the marketing
of quality products and perfecting the art
of customer care are some of the vital
Supervisor
in just (j months!
ingredients for success."
Although his business has not yet Damelin's Diploma in Production and
Supervision is a hi~hly practical and skilis-
boomed into a major enterprise, Dube is based course which focuses on the following
already creating employment exciting and vital areas: the Supervisor and
opportunities in an area where jobs are the Worker. the Supervisor and Production
and Industrial Relations. This qualification is
extremely scarce. Victoria Mthethwa, endorsed bv the SAIS (South African
Dube's full-time employee, admitted that Institute or" Supervisors).
"if it was not for him I would have no Within just 011(: year you could
means of eking out an existence." be working as a
Muzokhanyayo, Dube's son, admires
his dad's achievements, sacrifices and
unstinting support. He
Supervision
said: "Without his
inspiration and
encouragement I would
Manager
This Diploma will Facilitate your
not have matriculated." development as u LOp supervisor in a
Emphasizes Dube: business organisation. Supervisors arc: the
vital link between top management and other
"He must never be employees.
dependent on anyone for During this course vou will learn about
his success and Busin~~s English. Business Methods,
Principle, of Supervision and Business
livelihood." Principles.
After 28 years in
business, Dube offers This qualification carries
sound advice to the the endorsement ol the
unemployed members of CIBM.
his community, (Chartered lnstitute af
Business MaaagemenI)
especially the youth.
"Stay away from crime
Get ahead in a career in SUPERVISION or
as a means of survival. SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT with one
There are several of these affordable Diploma Courses from
Damelin Correspondence College.
opportunities out there.
All you have to do is sit
down and choose the
best options available."
ENROL
He cautions that
running a business can
TODAY!
Phone ShareCall
be extremely taxing.
Alluding to his
unsheltered business
60 61 61 61
or (OH) 331-3030
premises, he says: "If it to discuss your enrolment with an experienced COnsuJWl1
rains or if my health or post this couoon for. !ree brochure.
does not allow me to
work, there is no income
rpi;;s;s:ctm;;';-r;e:b::~reï
1 1
for the family." I Name -..-·-----·-··-------.--·1
Dube nevertheless 1 Address . I
remains optimistic about
the future, stating that
I I
1 ------- ..--------- I
his business is bound to
expand, particularly if he is able to
1----·--Codc __ 1
escaped unharmed."
obtain his own transport. As he goes
I Tcl: (h) .__ . 1
Having started with only the
about his business in the face of stiff I (W) · I1
R5 given to him by his I Mv
competition from several other informal A~ of Irucrcsr is:
grandmother, Dube says that I . 1
as little as R20 could traders in the area, Dube stands out as
currently launch a smalI- a beacon of hope for the thousands of li-Da~~;;-Correspondence CAliege ~I
scale business
unemployed job-seekers in the country. 18 P.Ollox 590. upeTown 8000 ~I
"It's all in the mind," he says. "All you
bameliri
inrtiative. He stresses that
the most important thing need is determination and serious
_ thought. Anyone will then be able to
though "is the
acquisition of sound come up with creative ideas on how to
earn a honest living." •
business skills." ( •• 1b~~1_'~tj!IL'3:[.'!.]'
!g!i ~
Ynu'U finJ 1):ln ....11II Cm\.'"'f"'1f1tk'nct w.1top: an the 111k'md 2:
hctpJ/www.damelin.com/correspondence
. I"::..
32 BONA XHOSA - April 1999
kuthengisa iitapile endawe.ni enye iitapile ukuze ndiziphilise kuba njengoko

U iminyaka engama-28 edluhleyo,
amaxesha amaninzi ufumana inzuzo
ndingafundanga ndandingenakufumana
umsebenzi omhle."
ephantsi, kuncede uNkosinathi Dube UDube wayesebenza kwisilarha
ukuba azakhele indlu enamagumbi kayise esakhula de watshata xa
okulala amahlanu afundise nabantwana wayeneminyaka engama-21. Ishishini
bakhe. lakhe aliqhubayo liqala ngokuthenga
Indlu yamaphupha kaDube, iingxowa zeetapile kwivenkile enkulu
eyayixabisa i-RSa 000, ekufutshane aze azithengise afumane
ayisaqaqambanga kwaDlangezwa inzuzo ye-R2 kwingxowa nganye.
njengangaphambili. E.mva kweminyaka Uthengisa phakathi kweengxowa
esibhozo yamahla ndinyuka esakha ezingama-SO ukuya kwezingama-60
indlu yakhe, yatsha yangumthuthu xa ngemini. UDube ongusomashishini
kwakugquba udushe lezopolitiko ngo- ufumana ixesha lokusebenza emasimini
1992. IIishwa elinjalo lalifanele omoba amncedisayo ekondleni usapho
ukuwatshabalalisa amaphupha akhe, Iwakhe. Kwizinto azenzayo kufuneka
kodwa akuzange kubenjalo kuDube. azinike ithuba lokuba ngumfundisi
Lo somashishini ungenakunqandwa wecawa yaseZion kwingingqi
uye wazimisela emsebenzini wokwakha yaseNtseleni naseNgoye.
ubomi bakhe nobomi bosapho Iwakhe. Ukholelwa ekubeni uThixo umncede
Uye wakwazi ukwakha indlu kuko konke akwenzileyo ebomini
enamagumbi okulala amabini exabisa i- nangona efumana imali encinane
.Unyana kaDube, uMuzokhanyayo, ....
R20 000. . emsebenzini wakhe. UDube ukhomba
nomsebenzi uVictoria Mthethwa, belungele
UDube uthe eyona nto ingamandla ezulwini ancume: "Inkosikazi wam
ukuthengisa.
nebalulekileyo kukubhatalela imfundo nabantwana bam abahlanu
yabantwana bakhe. Ababini kubo sele
bepase imatriki.
UDube wazakhela
Wongeze ngelithi intombi yakhe
"ibifuna ukwenza izifundo zobugqirha,
kodwa ngekhe sikwazi ukumelana nalo
nto." Unyana wakhe ophumelele imatriki
umzi ngemali
kulo nyaka uphelileyo uyamncedisa
kwishishini lakhe leetapile.
Iyaqondakala into yokuba uDube
azimisele ukuba bafunde abantwana
bakhe, kuba yena akazange alifumane
ithuba lokuya esikolweni.
"Ndandinyanzelekile ukuba ndithengise
yok~the~lg.i.sa
UDube, ukumkani weetapile, ubonisa
uCyprian Khuzw{lYO ngeqhayiya iitapile
ezisemgangathweni azithengisayo .
.,..
Iita I e··
..... ......
;: .:
.': -I'
STUDY sa HOME
....UDube esendleleni eya "e-ofisini" yalche. The Supervisor is a key pc=n in any depart-
ment. The supervisor is responsible for the
into yokuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo smooth running or the factory and the office.
"kukuba nesakhono sokuqhuba As a qualified supervisor you are in great
demand and a lap salary will be your reward.
ishishini." Emva kokuba efunde izifundo
zoshishino zazibini ezaziqhutywa You could be a working as a
yiCentre For Business e-Empangeni,
uDube wongeze wathi: "Ukulondolozwa
kwemali yoshishino, indlela yokuxabiso
Supervisor
izinto, ukuthengisa iimveliso in just 6 months!
ezisemgangathweni nokuqinisekisa Damelin's Diploma in Produelion and
indlela obaphatha ngayo abathengi Supervision is a highly practical and skills-
nezinye iindlela zokuphumelela." based course which focuses on the following
exciting and vital areas: !he Supervisor and
Nangona ishishini lakhe lingekakhuli the Worker, the Supervisor and Production
libe likhulu, uDube sele evule amathuba and industrial Relations. This qualification is
emisebenzi kule ndawo apho imisebenzi endorsed by the SAIS (South African
Institute or Supervisors).
inqabe kakhulu. UVictoria Mthethwa,
ongumsebenzi kaDube uvumile ukuba, Within just one year you could
"ukuba bendingancedwa nguDube be working as a
bendingenokwazi ukuziphilisa."
UMuzokhanyayo, Supervision
ongunyana kaDube,
uyazincoma izinto
ezenziwe nguyise,
ukuzinikela nenkxaso
Manager
This Diploma will facilitate your
engagungqiyo. Uthe: development as a lap supervisor in a
"Ukuba business organisation. Supervisors are the
ibingekokuzinikela vital link belween lap management and other

employees .
. nenkuthazo yakhe During this course you will learn about
ngendingapasanga. " Business English. Business Methods,
UDube ugxininise Principles of Supervision and Business
Principles.
_-~~--'::-:7~1 ngelithi: "Akufunekanga
- uxhomekeke emntwini
This qunfificatinD tarries
ngempilo yakho nobomi
the endorsement olthe
bakho."
CIBM.
Emva kweminyaka (Chartered llIS1it11t. ol
engama-28 eshishina, Business MlIIIOgementl ,{' 4 ;
uDube unika amacebo

abantu angasebenziyo Gel ahead in 3 career in SUPERVISION or
asekuhlaleni, ingakumbi SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT with one
ulutsha. "Yekani of these affordable Diploma Courses from
Dametin Correspondence College.
ukuziphilisa
ngobudlobongela.
Maninzi amathuba
ngaphandle. Ekufanele
ENROL
ukwenze kukuhlala
phantsi ukhethe awona
TODAY!
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mathuba angcono."
Ulumkisa ngelithi
ukuqhuba ishishini
o 61 61 61
kuzindleko. Ebhekisa
10 discuss your enrolmenl with an experienCEd consul"'l
kwishishini lakhe
or POSI this coupon for a hee brochure.
elingakhuselekanga,
uthi: "ukuba liyana rpj;;s;s:d -;~=r F;;t,;;h;re'
okanye impilo yam I I
. ayindivumeli ukuba IName I
ndisebenze, akukho I Address 1
mvuzo wosapho." I I
UDube uhlala I I
eenenjongo ngekamva, 1 __· COOe 1
babesendlwini ngexesha indlu uthi ishishini lakhe kunyanzelekile ukuba I Tcl: (h) 1
yam itshiswa, kodwa lande, ingakumbi ukuba uza
ngemimangaliso bonke kubanenqwelo-mafutha yakhe. I (w] I
a . bakwazi ukubaleka Njengoko eqhuba ishishini lakhe 1M\' Area of Interest is: I
bengenawo nomqhwithi." phakathi kokhuphiswano Iwabanye I . I
Njengoko ishishini lakhe abarhwebi kule ndawo, uDube uhlala Ii-- Damefin Correspondence Collegë - '" I
"' __ ......_ aliqala nge-R5 elithemba lamawaka-waka labantu loc r.O.Box 590. Cape Town 8000 z~1 <Il
awayeyiphiwe abafuna umsebenzi elizweni.

ngumakhulu wakhe,
uDube uthi ngemalana
encinci engange-R20
ungakwazi ukuqala
ishishini. Uyayibethelela
"Yonke lo nto isengqondweni,"
utshilo. "Into oyifunayo kukuzimisela
nokucingisisa. Nabani na angakwazi
ukuza neembono zokuziphilisa
ngendlela eyiyo." •
Dameliri
[K,';Jhj ~i4.I~J.]4~[.1
1'.. '11f"d O-:Iio
••]II(dj
c.........-. Ulllc!< on dit I_:II!
http://www.damelin.comlcorrespondence
~:-::
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Stellenbosch ..~~~~~;:r:~:
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Fuelling up for the day - cornflakes on the

go for Nomonde .
..
HERE'S no doubt that the first thing the familiar researcher, AIDS archivist and journalist. Inside the
T face you see in these pages reminds you of is

Yizo Yizo, that highly controversial and well-
watched SABC1 drama which raised eyebrows
allover the country. Nomonde Gongxeka had appeared
on television before - but since Yizo Yizo she finds
house she introduces us to Zukiswa and her son
Tebello (5).
"You see, my sister has just moved into this house
and isn't used to staying here. That's why I'm staying
with her for the time being," she explains while
herself always called Hazel, the name of the schoolgirl preparing a breakfast of cornflakes, tea and biscuits.
she portrayed. She first appeared in the limelight about "I'm having such a hectic schedule at the moment
three years ago in the upbeat television youth magazine that even when I'm home I wake up at five in the
programme Inside Info, of which she was a co-host and morning. I don't usually have breakfast," she says with
she also played Noncembe in the popular edutainment an infectious smile.
series Soul City. Her well-toned body prompts me to ask if she is a
Nomonde, youngest of a family of three children, regular visitor to the gym.
usually lives in the East Rand township of Spruitview, "Sometimes I go to the gym in the morning just to
next to Katiehang. But she's temporarily staying with her keep me both mentally and physically fit," she purrs.
sister Zukiswa (25) who has moved into a townhouse in 'Why I'm a chatterbox'
the suburb of Ridgeway, south of Johannesburg. This It's not a surprise to hear that Nomonde, who studied
morning she's woken up at five o'clock in the morning dance and drama at Funda Centre in Soweto where
and driven to Spruitview to transport her mother to work. she was born, was one of the best speakers during
At 7.30am her maroon VW Polo Classic 1.4i drives into debates at Barnato Park High School where she
the townhouse parking lot. matriculated. She's a real chatterbox. Once she starts
Lithe and petite, Nomonde (23) quickly gets out of the talking it's difficult to get her to stop, especially when
car and determinedly strides towards us. Confidence is she speaks about her work at Love Life, a national non-
written allover the face of this multi-talented woman, governmental organisation which educates South
who's an actor, TV presenter, TV producer, director, Africa's youth about sex, sexuality and gender.
68 BONA - December 1999
Leaving home for work in her blitzy Polo Classic 1.41. Nomonde preparing for her presentation to counsellors
of the National Youth info Line.
9.30am
"Besides working full-time at the Love Life offices in knowledge about HIVand AIDS - but what are they
Parkhurst, Johannesburg, I travel allover the country doing about it? Through Love Life we're working hard to
addressing the youth about various issues pertaining to change the mindset of young people and get them to
their sexual life and behaviour," she explains. ''The main start taking their life seriously and always to think
aim of our organisation is to positively influence carefully about the consequences of their sexual
adolescent sexual behaviour, to reduce teenage behaviour."
pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/A!DS. The articulate and self-assertive young woman now
We do this through television, radio and newspapers." sets off to make a presentation about Love Life to
counsellors, who man the National Youth Info Line in
'Here's the user-friendly condom'
Midrand. It's 8am when we leave her sister's house.
Nomonde takes a condom out of her keyring that's
inscribed condom/sed. 'My community made me do this'
"This keyring is user friendly. The condom is always in "I think I wouldn't have been where I am today if it
your possession. There's no excuse for having left it in wasn't for my family. They've always been very
the car or somewhere in your handbag. supportive of everything that I've been involved in.
"Many people ask me about it. This is the way our "The reason why I'm so much involved with
young people should go. Prevention is better than cure. community projects is that we grew up volunteering our
"The irony of the whole thing is that you can get a services to different kinds of charity organisations
sexually transmitted disease and still go to a doctor to including the Twilight Children's homes and hospital. We-
get cured. You can get pregnant and live to regret it - but learnt to appreciate the support and love that people in
the tragedy is that you can throw caution to the wind, various kinds of difficult situations need."
become reckless and ignore all safety measures only to Although the heavy traffic on the road seems to
find that you get HIV from a single sexual act. That will irritate her, it's a blessing in disguise to us as it gives us
be your death sentence. time to ask her endless questions. Her radio dial is on
"II's sad to think that 1 700 people in SA get infected 95.9 - Kaya FM ..
with HIVevery day. Our youngsters have all the "1 tune into different stations from Metro FM, Kaya to
BONA - December 1999 69
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Y-FM depending on the time of day. I always make sure

that I don't miss the news.
"My favourite OJ is Fana 'Khabzela' Khaba of Y-FM. He
commands such a huge following among young people and
knows exactly what he's supposed to do behind the mike,"
she smiles.
'Why we needed Yizo Yizo'
And what does she have to say about the Yizo Yizo
controversy?
''The programme was long overdue. It opened the eyes
of many adults who were oblivious to many nasty things
that happen at the schools and are done by their children,"
she asserts. "It reflected various problems that educators
have to grapple with at schools."
At 9.15am we arrive at the Interkom offices in Midrand
and Nomonde puts up some posters before delivering her
presentation with the finesse of a seasoned school teacher
- and questions are answered with consummate ease.
Then there's a long drive to Khutsong township in
Carletonville, where she's a speaker in an event organised
to mark the first anniversary of Partnership Against Aids,
launched by President Thabo Mbeki last year.
"It was decided to take this event to Carletonville
because the youth in and around Johannesburg have
already been exposed to a lot of information about
HIV/AIDS," she explains. "Secondly, Khutsong is one of the
areas where the HIV infection rate is verY high because of
the number of mines in the area."
After the one-and-a-half hour drive we arrive at the
Khutsong stadium and the enthusiastic crowd, which
consisted mainly of school children, recognise Nomonde
instantly.
"Hazel! Hazel!" they shout and greet her with a standing
ovation. The proceedings should have started but both
comperes Phindi Gule, a Y-FM OJ, and musician Tiny
Siluma haven't arrived. Nomonde doesn't waste time but
decides that she and OJ Fresh, also of Y-FM, are going to
drive the programme.
When it's her turn to give a speech, she's introduced by
popular musician Blondie Makhene. The audience goes
wild and her speech is inspiring. After the show, she's
mobbed by school children asking for her autograph. When
we finally leave just before 5pm it's difficult for her to move.
She has to be whisked away in a friend's car to be taken
back to her own car.
'My idea of a good evening'
We arrive back in Johannesburg after sunset and
Nomonde, who has been complaining about her dirty car
along the way, takes it to a car wash at the South Gate
Shopping Centre outside Soweto, while we have dinner in a _
nearby restaurant. Then we go back to Ridgeway.
"I usually have a long and hectic day and simply come
back home in the evening," she says. "Whenever I have
more time I go to the movies or spend the time watching
video cassettes at home."
So what about that special person in her life? But she
won't budge and tells us that she'd like to keep her private
life just that - private .•
70 BONA - December 1999
Silungiselela Imini - sitye icornflakes

noNomonde.
KUTHAN OABUZEKI ukuba wakubona obu buso kwiTV, umalathisi, umphathi, umntu ocacisela abanye
A ubuqhelileyo ukhumbula iYizo Yizo nekwaba

ngumdlalo ekwathethwa kakhulu ngawo
nowabukelwa kakhulu kwiSABC1 nowathanda
ukothusa kulo lonke eli. UNomonde Gongxeka uvelile
kumabonakude phambi koko kodwa kuYizo Yizo
ngeAIDS kwanentatheli. Ngaphakathi endlwini usazise
kuZukiswa nonyana wakhe uTebello (ominyaka mi-SJ.
"Niyabona umsakwethu usandul' ukufudukela kulo mzi
mna ke andiqhelanga ukuhlala apha, ndisathe vu nje
okweentsukwana naye," utshilo ngoxa esilungisela isidlo
ebebizwa ngokuthi nguHazel ekuligama lentwazana sakusasa icornflakes, iti neebhiskiti.
yesikolo ebedlala endaweni yayo. Ubonakele "Ucwangciso Iwam luxakekile kangangokuba ndithi
kumabonakude kwinkqubo yolutsha ekhe yavela iminyaka naxa ndisekhaya ndivuke ngeyesihlanu kusasa. Andikhe
emithathu ngaphambili nebisithi Inside Info apho ndisifumane isidlo sakusasa," utshilo ngolo ncumo
ebesasaza ukanti ukhe wadlala njengoNonceba kumabali Iwemveli.
eSoul City awonwabisayo nafundisayo. Umzimba wakhe obukekayo undibangele ndimbuze
UNomonde ungowokugqibela kusapho olunabantwana enoba uyakuthanda ukuya kwindawo ekujinywa kuyo na.
abathathu, uhlala kwilokishi ekwiMpuma Rand "Maxa wambi ndiyaya kwindawo ekujinywa kuyo
eSpruitview kufutshane naseKatlehong, okwangoku kusasa ukuzigcina nje ndithe qwa ngokwasengqondweni
uxhwarhe kumsakwabo uZukiswa (onama-25 eminyaka) nangokwasemzimbeni," utshilo ngelizwi elidiza
ofudukele kwelinye ihlomela-dolophu laseJohannesburg ukwaneliseka.
iRidgeway. Ngale ntsasa uvuke ngeyesihlanu kusasa
waya eSpruitview eyokulanda unina emsa emsebenzini. 'Isizathu sokuba ndilincoko'
Bekungeye-7.30 kusasa apho iVW Polo Classic 1.4i Akothusi ukuva uNomonde okhe wafunda umdaniso
emaruni imisa, esifumana simlindele ngomonde kwindlu norndlalo weqonga eFunda Centre eSoweto, apho
esedolophini. azalelwe khona ukuba ubengomnye wezithethi
UNomonde unomzimba omhle unama-23 eminyaka, ezibalaseleyo xa kwakukho iimpikiswano-ngxoxo
uphume msinya kule moto waza ezimisele waza kuthi. eBarnato Park High School apho ayipase khona imatriki.
Ukuzithemba kubhalwe kubo bonke ubuso beli nenekazi Ukuthetha akunto ayonqenayo. Ukuba nje ukhe wathetha
lineziphiwo, umdlali, umsasazi kumabonakude, iprodyusa kunzima ukumyekisa, ingakumbi xa ethetha ngomsebenzi
68 BONA XHOSA - December 1999

/
ahuma kowabo esiya emsebenzini ekhwele iPolo Classic UNomonde elungiselela aza kukuthetha kubaluleki
4i entle. be National Youth Info Line.
9.30am
.....,..
akhe eLove Life, lo ngumbutho ongaxhomekeke ulutsha Iwethu ekufuneka luphile ngayo. Ukuzikhusela
rrhulurnente nofundisa ulutsha IwaseMzantsi Afrika kungcono kunokunyanga isifo.
;)ezesondo, nesini. "Ewe unako ukusifumana isifo esidluliselwa ngesondo
"ILove Life yintlan~anisela yemibutho emihlanu, le uze uye kugqirha akunyange. Unokukhulelwa uze uphie
Advocacy Initiative (AI), iPlanned Parenthood Association uzisola kodwa kungenzeka ungalumki, ungakhathali,
f SA (PPASA), iReproductive Health Research Unit uyilibale yonke imiqathango yokhuseleko uzibhaqe
1HRU), iHealth System Trust (HST) neMedia Training uneHIV ngokufumana nje iindibano zesondo kanye.
entre (MTC). Sisebenzisana neSebe IeMpilo kwakunye Ngokwenjenje uzombele ingcwaba.
eNational Youth Commssion. "Kubuhlungu ukwazi ukuba i-1 700 labantu eMzantsi
"Ngaphandle kokusebenza kwiiofisi zeLove Life Afrika losulelwa yiHIV mihla le. Ulutsha Iwethu Iwazi
Parkhurst, eJohannesburg, ndiya kwiindawo ngeendawo kakhulu ngeHIV neAIDS kodwa Iwenzani ngako?
weli ndithetha nolutsha malunga nemiba emininzi enento NgeLove Life sizama ukulungisa iingqondo zolutsha
okwenza nezesondo. Injongo ephambili ngalo mbutho nokuluqalisa lujonge ubomi balo ngeliso elibukhali
ukunika ifuthe ekuncedeni ulutsha malunga nezesondo xa lucingisise ngeziphumo zokuphila vakalala ngezesondo."
itikisa, ukuthothisa ukukhulelwa kolutsha, izifo Eli nenekazi lizithembileyo belingaqhubeka lingayeki
zidluliselwa ngokulalana kwaneHIV\AIDS. Sibachazela ngalo mba unzima ukuba besingakhange silixelele ukuba
ku kumabonakude, unomathotholo sekulixesha lokuba silishiye. Belisaya kuthetha ngeLove
wanamaphephandaba. Life kubaluleki, abaphethe iNational Youth Info Line
eMidrand. Bekungesithuba seye-8.00 kusasa xa siphuma
Iantsi ikhondom elungele ukusetyenziswa kumzi womsakwabo.
UNomonde uthi rhuthu ikhondom kokuthile okuhlala
Uluntu lundibangela ndenza oku
:itshixo zakhe nokubhalwe ngokuthi condomised.
"Oku kugcina isitshixo kunemfundiso okunayo. "Ndiyacinga ukuba ngendingekho kule ndawo ndikuyo
enendom isoloko ikho, akukho sizathu sakuthi uyishiye namhla ukuba ibengelulo usapho Iwakuthi. Belusoloko
motweni okanye ebhegini yakho. lundixhasa kuyo yonke into endibandakanyeke kuyo.
"Abantu abaninzi bayandibuza ngako. Le yindlela "Isizathu sokuba ndibandakanyeke kangaka kumaphulo
BONA XHOSA - December 1999 69
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oluntu kungenxa yokuba sakhula sizimisela ukunceda _-

kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemibutho yesisa kuquka namakhaya
anjengeTwilight Children's home nesibhedlele. Sifunde -
ukuxabisa, ukuxhasa nokuthanda iimeko ezinzima
ezijamelene nabantu."
Nakuba izithuthi ezindleleni bezizininzi kwaye zicaphukisa
bekuyintsikelelo kuthi xa besimbuza imibuzo emininzi.
Ebephulaphule iKaya FM eku-95.9.
'Mna Nomculo'
"Ndiphulaphula izikhululo zosasazo ezininzi ukusuka
kwiMetro FM, iKaya ukusa kwiY-FM kuxhomekeka ukuba
kunini emini. Ndikwaqiniseka ukuba andiphoswa ziindaba.
"Umsasazi endimthandayo nguFana 'Khabazela' Khaba
weY-FM. Unabalandeli abaninzi abaselula, uyazi ukuba
kufuneka enze ntoni xa esasaza," utshilo encumile.
Utheni ke ngengxoxo ezingaka malunga neYizo Yizo?
"Kudala sizilindele. Zivule iingqondo namehlo abantu
abadala ebebephikisa izinto ezininzi ebebengaziqondi
ezenzeka ezikolweni nezenziwa ngabantwana babo. Ichaze
iingxaki ezininzi ekufuneka iititshala zijongane nazo
ezikolweni," utshilo ezimisele.
Kwalile ngeye-9: 15 kusasa safika kwiiofisi zakwalnterkom
eMidrand, uNomonde kuye kwafuneka akhuphe iiphosta
phambi kokuba athethe phambi kweetitshala ezinamava -
uye wabuzwa intaphane yemibuzo. Ukusuka apho sihambe
uhambo olude sisiya eKhutsong ngaseCarletonville, apho
ebesesinye sezithethe kwisiganeko esikhulu
ebesiququzelelwe ukuphawula unyaka wokuqala
wePartnership Against Aids, neqaliswe nguThabo Mbeki
nyakenye.
"Kugqitywe ekubeni esi siganeko sibe seCarletonville kuba
ulutsha jikelele eJohannesburg sele lusazi banzi ngenkcazelo
engeHIV/AIDS. Okwesibini le ndawo iKhutsong yeminye
yemimandla kukho abantu abaninzi abaneHIV ngenxa yokuba
kukho imigodi engqonge lo mmandla," utshilo.
Emva kweyure enesiqingatha sisiya eKhutsong sifikile
ebaleni ebelinabantu abaninzi abanomdla ikakhulu
abantwana besikolo nab aye bamqonda zisuka nje
uNomonde.
"Hazel! Hazel" bamkhwazile bembulise bemile. Bekufanele
kuqaliswe kodwa uPhindi Gule, umsasazi weY-FM nomculi
uTiny Siluma bebengekafiki. UNomonde akalibazisanga
kodwa wagqiba ngokuba yena nomsasazi uFresh weY-FM
baza kuqalisa le nkqubo.
Xa kufike ilhuba lokuba athelhe uqale waziswa ngumculi
wodumo uBlondi Makhene. Abaphulaphuli baye bahlokoma
kuba inlelho yakhe ibichukumisa. Emva kwalo mboniso
uphahlwe ngabantwana besikolo bemcela ukuba abhale
igama lakhe. Ekugqibeleni sindulukile phambi kwenlsimbi
yesi-5, bekunzima ukuba ahambe. Kuye kwafuneka akhwele
kwimoto yomhlobo aye kweyakhe.
Sifike eJohannesburg ngolwemivundla sithe sisahamba
uNomonde wakhalaza kuba imoto yakhe imdaka, ungene
eSouth Gate Shopping Centre ngaseSoweto wayifaka
kumalshini ohlamba imoto, ngelo xesha siye sagxolh' iphango
kwindawo yokutyela ekufutshane nalapho. Sindulukile saya
eRidgeway.
"Ndisoloko ndixakekile imini yonke ndifika ekhaya
ngorhatya. Xa ndilibhaqa ixesha ndiya kwiifilim okanye
ndichitha ixesha ndibukele iividiyo ekhaya," utshilo.
Kuthekani ngokumntu okhethekileyo kubomi bakhe?
Akazange athingaze uthe leyo yinto angethandi ukuyithi
pahaha - yimfihlo .•
70 BONA XHOSA - December 1999

'.~. ...
. ::.~ ~.", .~.
Mothers of
our
Sara Mthembu month now."
burden of feed in\; so many mouths.
But mama Mthembu has no
"Since my husoand's death it has regrets anout having so many
When Sara Mthembu's husband become difficult to buy food and children.
was alive, the family used to buy clothes for my cnildren and it's going "Women's bodies are blessed by
130kg of mealie meal every month to be a struggle to bring them up. I carrying the children who may be
to feed their 16 children. But now am unemployed and we can afford tomorrow's rulers. We must love our
the 43-year-old widow is feeling the to buy only 50 kg of mealie meal a gift from God."
58 BONA - January 2000
2'73
Malijeng Mosikatsana
Culture played an important part in the rnarriaqe .
of Malijeng and Tshepiso Mosikatsana, becausé - .
both sets of parents were keen for her to have .
lots of children. In this way, they believed, she ~.
would bring back the names of the ancestors of
the two ·families.
So although two died, MaMosikatsana
performed her family duties by having 11
children. The Mosikatsanas certainly didn't
believe in family planning, which is something
Malijeng still sees as a curse.
"I prayed to God for those children, because I
wanted to make my in-laws proud: she
- ..•.
,.!:: explains. "Accordinq to our culture, a woman
by DIKETSO PETER ..•.
"yTHULO, THEMBA
.: NTSHINGILA and
;":' SANDILE
.•. ':.,:;~MGIDLANA
Sara and her late husband loved

Idren and never considered
ltraception necessary. She is also
Jngly against abortion.
'When a woman is married she
l't stop her husband from
eping with her and it wouldn't
/e been right for me to tell my
sband that I didn't want children.
::ording to our culture, it is a man
o decides on the size of his
lily."
3ig families were obviously a
jition in Sara's husband's family
ier fatber-in-law's younger wife
j 12 children and his principal
e had four.
'I liked the way my husband
rtrolled our home. I loved my
sband and I love my children."
a Pina Mthembu and seven at her

dren at Lejoaneng, Qwa Qwa - they
all gitts tram God. she says.
BONA - January 2000 59
-- -.-- ....... _--

.. ...~~:~~~
'
.. :i' .
..;.
,~'", ';' .-., .'
... : .
.... _----_.... ."_._'-----
She kept an account at Via Afrika

for the children's school booksand
bought uniforms instead of luxuries
during the festive season, so that in
January they had everything they
needed. Malijeng even made shirts
for them from mealie meal bags.
"They never refused to wear
those mealie meal shirts," she says
with pride, "even when the other
children laughed at them."
And it looks as though the
Mosikatsanas are having the last
laugh - today, most of the 11
children have the security of a
tertiary education behind them.
The Phewas
Francisca Phewa has spent 10 and
. a half years of her life being
pregnant - but she's confident that it
was a good investment.'When they
grow up, they shower you with gifts,"
smiles the 66-year-old mother of 14,
who says tradition led her to have
many children. "My children support
each other and their parents."
Francisca claims she is as strong
and healthy as ever and attributes
this to the fact that she has never
used contraceptive pills.
Her eldest child is 49, the
youngest is 23 and she is proud of
the fact that several of them are in
high ranking occupations, such as
teaching, administration and law.
The Nkomos
It was her religion that made 53-
our NATION
was a woman by having children. I child was busy completing his senior
year-old Thuleleni Nkomo feel she
should nave 10 ct1ildren."The church
says it's a sin to use
contraceptives," she explainsGiven
the choice though, she and her
believe I was blessed to have so teachers' diploma. husband Bongani might have done
many, because God provided "I am quite sure my husband died things differently. For a start
everything we needed to bring them a happy father," she says, "because Thuleleni admits that seven and a
up." all of our children are educated." half years of pregnancy took their
Malijeng, now 71, feels that That education didn't come easily toll on her health."After giving birth
today's parents have a much harder though and Malijeng admits that to my seventh baby, I became weak
time raising their children. there were times when the family and I nearly died giving birth to my
"Our children never asked for went without food. But she's proud ninth and tenth babies. Now I can't
expensive clothes or money for of the fact that none of her children fetch water any longer and I suffer
entertainment. They used to sit at was ever sent home for not paying from diseases such as high blood
home studying and enjoyed their school fees. pressure and arthritis," says
sport. Today's children demand their Malijeng had to do some smart Thuleleni. Bongani has since
parents' hard-earned money, only to figuring herself to pay for her slaughtered a goat to ask the
waste it on liquor and drugs." children's schooling. She did ancestors to stop her falling
Malijeng has seven daughters-in- domestic work for a mere 5 shillings pregnant again.
law, four sons-in-law and 26 (50 cents) a month - her husband's
grandchildren. When her husband monthly wages were 10 shillings Then there's the question of her
died in the early 'gas her youngest (Ri ). children's education. Although she
is managed to see some of them

rough to tertiary level, financing
is has been extremely difficult for
eNkamos.
Another serious disadvantage to
iving so many children is the
actical problem of remembering
eir names.
"Sometimes we get confused and
Jd up calling ali of them, when we
11ywanted the one!" says
urleleni.
tyee Mbalwana
.yca Mbalwana had to bring up 10
lildren on her own. Her frail
isband, who died in 1993,
ceived an unreliable pension,
lich she had to supplement with
!r meagre wages as a «:
mestic worker. "Somehow I ~ Thuleleni Nkomo
anaqeo with almost nothing," li (second from
right) with her
ys Joyce who, as a young husband
oman with three children of Bongani, their 10
!r own, was forced into a ._ children and
arriaqe with an old man. The three
grandchildren.
upIe had seven more
ildren and Joyce's life
came one long struggle for , ,I',
-
"
rvival. .
Joyce Mbalwana
"I just thought about putting (seated) with
some of her
)d on the table for my
grandchildren
ildren so they wouldn't have and other
sleep on empty stomachs." relatives - things
She feels her life would didn't go as
ve been better had she not planned.
d so many children, since LULAMILE

e is still paying debts for' . KLASSEN
sir upkeep and education - .' '
d their funerals. Traqically, ". '...~~., ,If" ~., .
yce has lost six of her ,>,.
.~
",":
..... \.'~ ~~.
t
" -
l,'
\.. I
ildren, a curse she believes.~ : ". • I.,.!' ~ i
1S in the family.
"My own mother had five children back the tears, "Instead, even old age, but things turned out
d I was the only one who though they are grown up, they want differently. Her greatest regret is
rvived." to depend on me and all they do is having been unable to educate
"Today life is expensive and drink. them.
erything costs money," says the 'What has happened has She was a housewife for most of
-year-old, who encourages young happened, though," Joyce laments. her married life and her husband
apie to plan their famil1es "I cannot turn it back." died in 1981, so money has always
refully, been scarce for her. But she doesn't
Although Joyce once believed Aida Dyani regret having had her children.
It having many children would pay "How can I regret a gift from
in the long run, it's clear that "In my time you didn't decide the God?" asks Aida.
ngs didn't go as planned. Her number of children you should She believes a woman should
mestic worker's wages of R700 a have," says Aida Oyani (78) of have as many children as God
Jnth mean that finances are very Nyanga East, Cape Town. She allows her - but hastens to add that
ht and she says her four surviving herself had 13 children - the first at she's talking only about married
ildren don't contribute to the home age 17 in 1940 and her last in 1966 women, ,
Khayelitsha, Cape Town. - and now has 28 grandchildren. "Given the chance, I would have
"I thought ultimately I would Like Joyce Mbalwana, Aida had those children again," she says
pend on them," she says, holding hoped to rely on her children in her emphatically, •
~~---------.,-----
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, .
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Stellenbosch
. . University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
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m:?::': :~~t~<::·
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Oomama besizwe
USara Mthembu uziva enoxanduva lokondla ngokuba nabantwara abaninzi.
abantwana abaninzi. "Amabhinqa anethamsanqa
Xa wayesaphila umyeni kaSara "Ukusukela oko kwasweleka lokukhulelwa abantwana abangaba
Mthembu. usapho Iwaludla umyeni wam kubenzima ukuthengela ziinkokeli zangomso. Kufuneka
ngokuthenga ingxowa yomgubo abantwana bam ukutya neempahla sisithande isiphiwo sethu esivela
wombona ebunzima buyi-130kg kwaye kuza kubanzima ukubakhulisa. kuThixo."
nyanga zonke eyayityiwa Andiphangeli kwaye ndikwazi USara nomyeni wakhe
ngabantwana abali-16. Kodwa ngbku ukuthenga i-50kg yengxowa yomgubo ongasekhoyo babebathanda
umhlolokazi onama-43 eminyaka wombona ngenyanga ngoku." abantwana babo kwaye abazange
Kodwa uMaMthembu akazisoli babone kukho mfuneko
58 BONA XHOSA - January 2000
Mosikatsana, kuba bobabini abazali

bebemnqwenelela ukuba abe nabantwana
abaninzi. Ngale ndlela, bakholelwa ukuba, uza
.}'Amakhaya ngeii xesha enyakeni kubuyisa amagama ezinyanya zeentsapho
~:~~az.~i~mti njeng~ko iintsapho zombini.

Nangona ababini baswelekayo,
zidibana zibhiyoze - kodwa uMamosikatsana wawenza umsebenzi wakhe ,.
ngokuba nabantwana abali-11. Ngokuqinisekileyo
, abanye oomeme banabantwana abakwaMosikatsana bebengakholelwa
ekucwangciseni, nto leyo uMalijeng asayibona
'abaninzi ekutuneka babondle njengesiqalekiso.
"Ndabacela kuThixo abo bantwana kuba
bendifuna ukuba babe neqhayiya abantu bomzi
wam. Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndibe nethamsanqa
lokuba nabantwana abaninzi kangaka, kuba
nguThixo obanike yonke into esiyifunayo
ukubakhulisa."
,..,:..
UMalijeng oneminyaka engama-71, ubona
ukuba abazali banexesha elinzima lokukhulisa
J. ~:, ', •. . kubhale uOIKETSO
. PETER THULO,
uTHEMBA
.. NTSHINGILA
naSANOlLE
MGIOLANA
ikucwanqcisa. Kwaye akahambisani

okukhutshwa kwezisu.
"Xa ibhinqa litshatile
inakumnqanda umyeni walo ukuba
rqalali nalo kwaye ndandingenako
cuxelela umyeni wam ukuba andifuni
intwana. Ngokwesiko lethu, yindoda
habatha izigqibo ngosapho."
Kuyacaca ukuba ukuba
ibantwana abaninzi kulisiko kusapho
-asernzini kaSara - ubawozala
akhe unabantwana abali-12 emfazini
akhe omncinane.
"Ndandiyithanda indlela umyeni
am awayesiphethe ngayo ekhaya.
diyamthanda umyeni wam
vanabantwana bam."
Malijeng Mosikatsana
iko lidlale indima ebalulekileyo
ntshatweni kaMalijeng no Tshepiso
Sara Pin a Mthembu nabantwana bakhe

iasixhenxe eLejoaneng, eQwaqwa -
xike basisiphiwo esivela kuThixo, utsho. . _, .
BONA XHOSA - January 2000 59
.- __ ~-
iincwadi neempahla zesikolo

zabantwana endaweni yezinto
ezimnandi ngexesha leKrismesi;- _-
ukuze ngoJanuwari babenayo yonke
into abayifunayo. UMalijeng wayede
enze iihempe ngeengxowa zomgubo
wombona.
"Abazange bale ukunxiba ezo
hempe, nkqu naxa babehlekwa
ngabanye abantwana," utshilo.
Ngoku ke bekubonakala ngathi
abakwaMosikatsana bonwabile .
ekugqibeleni - namhla, uninzi
Iwabantwana abali-11 bafunde bade
bayityekeza imfundo.
AbakwaPhewa
UFrancisca Phewa uchithe iminyaka
elishumi nesiqingatha ebomini bakhe
ekhulelwe - kodwa uqinisekile ukuba
uzenzele oyena vimba.
"Xa sebekhulile, bakupha izipho,"
utshilo encumile umama onama-66
eminyaka wabantwana abali-14, othi
isiko lambangela ukuba abe
nabantwana abaninzi. "Abantwana
bam bayaxhasana bodwa okanye
baxhase abazali babo."
UFrancisa uthi womelele kakhulu
kwaye oku uthi kubangelwa yinto
yokuba akazange asebenzise iipilisi
zokucwanqcisa,
Unyana wakhe omdala unama-49
eminyaka, omncinane unama-23
kwaye uneqhayiya lokuba abanye
benza imisebenzi emihle
enjengokufundisa, ukulawula
nezomthetho.
AbakwaNkomo - Kungenxa
yokholo
Yaba yinkolo yakhe eyabangela
uThuleleni Nkomo onama-53
eminyaka afune abantwana
besizwe SETHU abalishumi.

"Icawa ithi kusisono ukusebenzisa
iipilisi zokucwangcisa," ucacisa atsho.
Nangona ebenokuzikhethela, yena
nomyeni wakhe uBongani
abantwana babo. "Ndiqinisekile ukuba umyeni wam babengakwazi ukutshintsha izinto.
"Abantwana bethu abazange wasweleka onwabile kuba bonke Ekuqaleni uThuleleni uyavuma ukuba
bafune mpahla zexabiso okanye mali abantwana bam bafundile," utsho. iminyaka esixhenxe enesiqingatha
yakuzonwabisa. Babehlala ekhaya Khange kubelula ukubafundisa sokukhulelwa yathabatha unyawo
bafunde bonwabele imidlalo yabo. kwaye uMalijeng uyavuma ukuba empilweni yakhe.
Abantwana banamhla babiza kwakunamaxesha okuba usapho "Emva kokubeleka umntwana
ngenkani imali yabazali babo luphelelwe kukutya. Kodwa wesixhenxe, ndababuthathaka kwaye
abayisebenzele nzima, ukuze uneqhayiya lokuba akukho namnye ndaphantse ndafaxa ndandibeleka
bayisebenzise etywaleni okanye kubantwaria bakhe owakhe umntwana wethoba nomntwana
kwiziyobisi." wagxothwa kuba engabhatalanga mali weshumi. Ngoku andikwazi ukukha
UMalijeng, okungoku nje onama-71 yasikolo. amanzi ndikwanezifo
ubona ingathi abazali bangoku UMalijeng bekufuneka enze ezinjengoxinzelelo Iwegazi oluphezulu
banexesha elinzima lokukhulisa iinzame zokubhatala imali yesikolo kunye nesifo samathambo," utsho
abantwana babo. "UMalijeng yabantwana. Wasebenza emakhitshini uThuleleni. Ukusukela ngoko
unoomolokazana abasixhenxe, erhola i-5 shillings ngenyanga - imali uBongani waxhela ibhokhwe ukuze
abakhwenyana abane nabazukulwana ebirholwa ngumyeni wakhe yi-10 acele izinyanya zimenze
abangama-26. Umyeni wakhe shillings. angakhulelwa kwakhona.
wasweleka xa iphelo lakhe ligqibezela Wayenetyala eVia Afrika lokuthatha Ingaba abantwana bakhe baza
izifundo zobutitshala.
urtunda njani. Nangona ekwazile
ikufundisa abantwana bakhe
iafikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo,
Jkubafundisa bekunzima kakhulu.
"Enye into embi yokuba
iabantwana abaninzi kukukhumbula
srnaqarna abo.
"Ngamanye amaxesha siyaxakeka
(a sibabiza, siphele sesibabiza bonke
1ge1ixa sifuna omnye kuphela! utsho
rfhuleleni.
~Joy(e Mbalwana
JJoyce Mbalwana ukhulise
ibantwana abalishumi ngokwakhe.
Jmyeni wakhe owayengenampilo
towasweleka ngo-1993, wafumana
mali yomhlala-phantsi
syayinarnaxesha okungaphumi,
skwakutuneka ayongeze nangomrholo
,vakhe njengomsebenzi
vasekhitshini. UThuleleni
"Nangona kunjalo Nkomo
(ongowesibini
idabaknulisa ndihlupheka
ukusuka
ldinjalo,' utsho uJoyce olibhinqa ekunene)
sliselula elinabantwana nomyeni wakhe
abathathu abangabakhe, -_ .. I uBongani,
Nanyanzeliswa ukuba atshate I abantwana babo
1endoda endala kunaye. Esi I I abalishumi
nabazukulwana
~~~~ii:~~~~:n:~~: bubenzima <_' :"~_,.: /_._.! abathathu.
.iborni kuJoyce. ,:,,'ii I

"Ndacinga ngokondla
abantwana bam ukuze bangafi
{indiala." UJoyce
Ubona ngathi ubomi Mbalwana
Jebuzakubalula ukuba - nabanye
abenqakhanqe abe nabantwana • abazukulwana
abaninzi, njengoko esabhatala nezinye izihlobo
-izinto azizange
arnatyala okubakhulisa
zihambe
lawemfundo - nemali
ngendlela.
zokubangcwaba. kubhale
Into ebuhlungu, uJoyce uLULAMILE
waswelekelwa ngabantwana KLASSEN
abathandathu, ishwangusha
acinqa ukuba lufuzo.
"Umama wam wayenabantwana kuxhomekeka kubo," utsho, ezibambe wayenethemba lokuba uza
abahlanu kwaye ndim kuphela ngenkophe. Ukusuka apho nangona kuthembela ebantwaneni bakhe xa
owaphilayo .• sebekhulile, bafuna ukuxhomekeka sele emdala, kodwa izinto zatshintsha.
"Namhlanje ubomi bunzima kwaye kum qha bona bayasela. Eyona nto azisolayo kuyo
yonke into iyabiza," utsho umama "Okwenzekileyo kuyafana kukungakwazi ukuzifundisa. Ixesha
onama-59 eminyaka, okhuthaza nokudaliweyo, kuba "akusekho elininzi ebengasebenzi kwaye umyeni
ulutsha ukuba lucebe iintsapho zalo kubuya mva". wakhe wasweleka ngo-1981, kwaye
kakuhle. ubengenamali. Kodwa akazisoli
Nangona uJoyce wayekade
ekholelwa ukuoa nabantwana
U-Aida Dyani ngokuba nabantwana.
"Ndingazisola njani ngesipho
abaninzi kuza kuba nenzuzo, "Ngexesha lam ubungazenzeli isigqibo
endisiphiwe nguThixo?" uyabuza
kuyacaca ukuba izinto khange sabantwana obafunayo," utsho uAida uAida.
zihambe njengoko zicetyiwe. Umrholo Dyani (onama-78) waseNyanga East,
Ukholelwa ukuba ibhinqa kufuneka
womsebenzi wasekhaya we-R700 eKapa. Naye ubenabantwana abali-13
libenabo nokuba bangaphi abantwana
ngenyanga uthetha ukuba unengxaki - owokuqala wamfumana ene-17
xa uThixo evuma -kodwa
ezininzi ezifuna imali kwaye uthi leminyaka ngo-1940 waze
ukhawuleza athi ubhekisa
abantwana bakhe abane abaphilayo owokugqibela wamfumana ngo-1966 kumabhinqa atshatileyo.
abanagalelo banalo eKhayelitsha, - kungoku unabazukulwana "Inkosi ivuma, ndingaphinda ndizale
naseKapa. abangama-28.
abanye abantwana kwakhona," utsho
"Ndandicinga ukuba ndiza NjengoJoyce Mbalwana, uAida eqinisekile .•
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I, ~,;'~.".:,:', • , •
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.-
New happiness has

dawned for TV star Lucky-
uc
Boy Mtsha./i - and he
expresses it by working for
his church
Story by TSHEKEDI SEELA
Photos by JOSEPH SAMBO
I
T'S Sunday and the children who
usually crowd into a school in Zone 6,
Meadowlands, Soweto, are absent.
But in one of the classes you will find a
small person - the little man of the
thanks God The priest of St Luke ~ A:JOstolic
1983, Lucky didn't hesitate to accept
screen, Lucky-Boy Mtshali. Church, Sella Harnotlaiane. is also
Jesus and now he's always filled with
It's probably a Grade A class with impressed by l.uckv s artnuce.
JOY and love.
pictures of flowers and animals covering "Lucky is a verv 'oooe nerson." he
"I am open to everybody and
the walls and small, red chairs scattered says. "I've known' n~:Tsmee the days of
welcome those who share jokes with
allover the shining floor. But now the the Sophiatown Rovers =:):)toall Club.
me," he says. "Whenever I see people
pieces of chalk left by the teachers on "Whatever hapcenec to :"ucky. he's
happy, it makes me happy."
Friday have been used to write a new stayed the same perser ;'V= always
He then felt strong enough to tackle
message on the board: "Welcome to St admired. He really IS E. oe::;:;>le'sdarlinq.
his problems. He gave up liquor and
Luke's Apostolic Church". It's a pity he's no lonpe: E. regular in the
shunned friends who might lead him
Since his meeting with Zaccariah film Industry - he s suer E. talented actor
astray.
Makwerela. and with the support of his and I'd love to seE nrrn or, ielevision in
"I used to drink a lot and never had
wife for 21 years, Martha, life has future,"
serious thoughts about the church,"
changed for the better for the star ot TV Now, every SUn03\' r:lo::-::n;. acting
Lucky admits. "But I wasn't extravagant
dramas such as Gate/ope/e, Khululeka as a church wareer :"UCI:\' cresses in
because of my strict wife. I am so
and Shaka Zulu. After Zaccariah and his white coat anc ;,U::18é 'i~ the school
grateful for her concern."
Martha led him into the way of God in
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 2~'
~ , ,
'raising the Lord - "I feel born to Jesus. With his hand clapping clowning. Joseph made contacts for
19a1n," says the star of TV simultaneously as he leads the chorus Lucky with some film agencies, including
rroqrarnmes such as Gatelopele. Lucky can be mistaken for a child those run by Noko Ramobolo and Lilian
(hululeka and Shaka Zulu. amidst the nine and 10 year aids. He Dube. After his film Inyaka-Nyaka Lucky
looks up at the ceiling like someone hooked up with the late trio - Ndaba .
feeling the presence of Christ in him. Mhlongo, Bingo Mbojeni and Simon
"Halleluian ." says Lucky Sabela, having realised their natural
overwhelmed with the Holy Spirit. ability to periarm in front of the camera.
ottage to fetch the keys to the class During the week Lucky-Boy spends "Ndaba was a really talented clown,".
thich the congregation uses. Oddly
his time in Rcc~wille, Soweto, where he says Lucky. "He mastered every role he
nough, the school is known by the runs a seracvare business with David portrayed and it's through him that I
raise name of Lucky's family - Mqha, his partner. This has- been loved and leamed more about comedy.
llabangane Lower Primary School - Lucky's main occupation since he He was a friend and a role model."
lmost as if it was made for Lucky's dropped out of showbiz. During his career Lucky made TV
alvation. Though he's recently appeared in films and children's programmes such
two TV films. Lucky-Boy doesn't view as /khaya Labantwana, /qhude
this as a comeback to the screen. Manikiniki, The Court of Benz, Shaka
"Lucky is a gift "I think this is because of the new life
I've received in the church," he says.
Zulu and a handful more. As the little
man devoted his life to acting, ironically
"Since I joined the church I feel like I'm he wasn't aware of his imminent
from God" born again. :='/erything seems to be disappearance from the spotlight after
leading into the right way for me. the death of his co-actors devastated
"In 1996 I was called for Gate/ope/e, him.
Within a few minutes Lucky tidies up a TV drama. This year again I was "The deaths of the members of the
le scattered red chairs. Next he called by film director Vusi Dibakwane trio left me motionless. It didn't only
repares the table used as the altar. and Joe Marera for a part in Khu/u/eka. mean the loss of loved ones but also
hen the short man will climb on top of It's been a long time since I was called resulted in my leaving showbiz," laments
le chair and open the windows for up by the film agencies. This business Lucky. "There were no more roles for me
esh air. is on and off so I don't think it's my final and I had to look elsewhere for survival."
When everyone arrives, Lucky retum to the screen." As she still does, his wife had to work
hakes their hands and welcomes them Lucky-Boy Mtshaf began his acting hard to make ends meet. She's also
'ith a smile. During the service his career in 19ï6 when Joseph Seakasie, played a major role in defending him
Dice is raised high as he sings praises a personal friend, realised his knack for against cynics.
"Lucky is my children's father and I
love him very much," says Martha.
"People never cared for Lucky until I met
him. Since we've been together no one
dares to insult him, I brook no one's
contempt towards Lucky and am
prepared to fight until the last drop of
blood for my husband."
What is he like at home? Martha
smiles before she answers.
"It's boring when he's not around.
When we're together, it appears as if I'm
also acting. His clowning is natural, his
jokes are endless. Lucky is a gift from
God."
Lucky takes his responsibilities as a
father seriously. He and Martha have
three children, two girls and a boy.
Masabata (20) is enrolled for computer
studies, Sechaba (17) and Mmakopano
(10) are still at school. All his children
are proud of him.
"He's a generous father and we
understand each other," says Masabata.
"He's taught us to be open with him and
we appreciate it. We're happy with the
way he's bringing us up - he loves us all
and treats us equally."
Rescued from grief and from the
effects of his drinking problem, Lucky is
now a dedicated family man who doesn't
miss his regular church service and is
content with love he gets from his family
and friends. Holding the Bible in his right
hand, Lucky goes straight home after
church - no more cold beers and
"cherries" for the father of three .•
--..."...-.-_.. __
..... ,
... .~.~_ ...
.. _ ~ - _--_ _--,...,-~
_.~------~~- .. ..
'. '".'. . .:','-:'

','
-' ....
c... ' '" •
Ufumene ulonwabo olutsha

umdlali wemidlalo
kamabonwakude, uLucky-Boy
uc
Mtshali - kwaye
utubonekelise ngokusebenzela
icawa yakhe.
kubalisa uTSHEKEDI $EELA
kufote uJOSEPH SAMBO
K UNGECAWA kwaye abekho

abantwana abasoloko bezalise
isikolo saseZone 6 eMeadowlands,
eSoweto. Kodwa kwelinye lamagumbi
uya kufumana umntu omncinane -
indoda encinane edume kwimidlalo
kamabonwakude, uLucky-Boy Mtshali
Ubulela KuThixo
Kubonakala ingathi yiklasi bamkhokelela endleleni kaThixo ngo- bendingaviiel,ethi imali kuba umlazi
yakwaGrade A enemifanekiso 1983, uLucky zange alibazise wam ubencconqqo. Ndiyakuvuyela
yeentyatyambo nezilwanyana egqume ukwamkela uYesu nama-21 eyitshatile. ukuba ngGo:lgqo kwakhe," utsho
amadonga nezitulo ezincinane ezibomvu uMartha, ubomi butshintshile banacono uLucky.
ezithe saa emgangathweni yaye kungoku nje usoloko ezele - Umiundis waseSt Luke's Apostolic
omenyezelayo. Kodwa ngoku iipisi ulonwabo nothando. Cnurcn L!SeIIJ Ramatlalane,
zeetshokhwe eshiywe ziititshala "Ndisoloko ndifikeleleka nakubani na uchukurnisetlre sisimo sikaLucky.
ngoLwesihlanu zisetyenziswe ukubhala kwaye ndiyabamkela abo "ULU:i;\' r:gumntu olungileyo.
umyalezo omtsha ebhodini: bandincokolisayo. Qho xa ndibona Ndarnaz: i;w2.:lgeemini zeSophiatown
"Wamkelekile eSt Luke's Apostolic abantu bonwabile. oko kundenza Rovers =0:::::0311Club. Nantoni na
Church". ndonwabe," utsho. eyenzekz i;u~ucky, ubesoloko engumntu
Oko wadibana noZaccariah Waziva omeiele ngokwaneleyo endimtnanoavo. Ngenene ungumntu
Makwerela, nangenkuthazo yenkosikazi ukuba amelane neengxaki zakhe. wabann.. ~iilsnwa nje elokuba
yakhe uMartha abanama-21 betshatile, Wabuyeka utywala wazikhwebula akasaxnaonai.anoa kwiifilim -
ubomi butshintshile bangcono kumdlali nakubahlobo ababenokumkhokelela unoumora: onesiphiwo kwaye
wamabali kamabonakude athi ebomini obungalunganga. ndincathanaz. ukumbona
Gate/ope/e. Khu/u/eka noShaka Zulu. "Ndandisela gqitha kwaye kUm200:l2f:L!Je kwixesha elizayo,"
Emva kokuba uZaccariah noMartha ndingayithatheli ngqalelo icawa. Kocwa utstule

Ebonga uThixo - "Ndiziva ndizalwe elithoba ukuya eshumini. Ujonga kwefilim yakhe ethi Inyaka-Nyaka
ngokutsha," utsho umdlali wemidlalo phezulu njengomntu ova ubukho uLucky wathi nca kwisithathu
kamabonakude ethi Gatelopele, bukaKrestu kuye. . esingasekhoyo - uNdaba Mhlongo,
Khululeka nothi Shaka Zulu. "Hallelujah." utsho uLucky egcwele uBingo Mbojeni noSimon Sabela, emva
nguMoya Oyingcwele. kokubona amandla abo okusebenza
Phakathi evekini uLucky-Boy uchitha phambi kweekhamera. "UNdaba
Ngoku zonke iintsasa zangeCawa ixesha lakhe eRockville, eSoweto, apho wayeliqhula elinesiphiwo. "Wayedlala ..
ljengegosa lecawe uLucky ufika enxibe aqhuba ishishini lokukhanda iimoto kakuhle yonke indima awayeyidlala ,_
bhatyi emhlophe aze akhawuleze aye noDavid Mqha. Ibisoloko ingumsebenzi kwaye kungenxa yakhe ukuba ndifunde
skhote] esikolweni aye kulanda izitshixo obalulekileyo kaLucky lowo oko wayeka lukhulu ndithande amabali ahlekisayo.
zeklasi esetyenziswa libandla. ezolonwaco. Ubengumhlobo nomkhokeli," utsho
\Jgokumangalisayo, isikolo sibizwa Nangona evele kutshanje kwiifilim uLucky.
1gesithakazelo sesapho IwakuloLucky zikamabonakude ezimbini, uLucky-Boy Ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe uLucky
skuthiwa yiHlabangane Lower Primary akakuboni oku njengokubuyela wenza iifilim neenkqubo
3chool- ngokungathi sasenzelwe kumabonakude. "Ndicinga ukuba zikamabonakude ezinjengethi Ikhaya
rsindiso lukaLucky. kungenxa yobomi obutsha Labantwana, tqnude Manikiniki, The
Kwimizuzu embalwa uLucky, uqoqa endibufumene ecaweni. Oko ndajoyina Court of Benz, uShaka Zulu nezinye
icawa ndiziva ingathi ndizalwe ezininzi. Njengendoda encinane
ngokutsha. Yonke into ibcnakala ebinikele ubomi bayo ekudlaleni, ngenye
"ULucky sisipho ihamba ngendlela kurn," utsho uLucky. indlela ebengazi ukuba ukuphantse
"Ngo-1996 ndabizelwa ukuya kudlala alahlekelwe ludumo emva kokusweleka
sika Thixo" emdlalweni kamabonakude othi
Gatelopele. Kulo nyaka ndibizwe
kwabadlali ebedlala nabo
kuyamtshabalalisa.
ngumlawuli uVusi Dibakwane noJoe "Ukusweleka kwesi sithathu
Mafela ukuba ndiye kudlala kwandishiya ndingakwazi nokushukuma.
zitulo ezibomvu ezisakakileyo. Emva kuKhululeka. Kuthathe ixesha elide Bekungathethi ukulahlekelwa
coke ulungisa itafile esetyenziswa ukuba ndibizwe ngabenzi beefilim. Eli kwezihlobo zam kuphela koko
ljengepulpiti. Indoda emfutshane shishini awunakuthembela kulo kwandenza ndashiya kwezolonwabo.
qabela phezulu esitulweni ivule iifestile andiqondi ukuba ndibuyele umphelo Bekungekho midlalo endingayidlala
.ikuze ngungene umoya omtsha. kwimidlalo kumabonakude." ngoko ndajonga indlela yokuziphilisa
Kwimizuzwana embalwa uLucky ULucky-Boy Mtshali waqala ukuba kwenye inoawo." utsho uLucky.
.ixhawula amanye amarhamente ngumdlali wemidlalo kamabonakude Inkosikazi yakhe bekufuneka
19oncumo. Ngexesha lenkonze ilizwi ngo-1976 xa uJoseph Seakasie isebenze nzima ukuze ibaphilise,
akhe liphakamela phezulu njengoko owayengumhlobo wakhe wabona ukuba njengoko nangoku isenjenjalo.
sournisa uYesu. Xa umbona eqhwaba uliqhula. UJoseph wadibanisa uLucky Ukwadlale indima ebalulekileyo
zandla ehlabelela ikhorasi uLucky nomntu ofuna abadlali befilim, kuquka ekumvikeleni kwizigxeko.
Jngacinga ukuba yintwana eneminyaka uNoko Ramobolo noLilian Dube. Emva "ULucky ngutata wabantwana bam
kwaye ndimthanda kakhulu. Abantu
bebengamkhathaleli uLucky ndade
ndadibana naye. Okoko satshata
akukho mntu umthukayo.
Andinakunyamezela ndelelo ngoLucky
kwaye ndizimisele ukumfela umyeni
wam," utsho uMartha.
Unjani ekhaya? UMartha uyancuma
phambi kokuphendula. "Kusisithukuthezi
xa engekho. Xa sisobabini kubangathi
na ndidlala kwimidlalo kamabonakude.
Ukuqhula kwakhe kudaliwe, iziqhulo
zakhe azipheli. ULucky usisiphiwo
sikaThixo."
ULucky uyaluthatha uxanduva lokuba
ngutata. Yena noMartha banabantwana
abathathu, amantombazana amabini
nenkwenkwe. UMasabatha onama-20
ufunda izifundo zekhompyutha,
uSechaba onama-17 noMmakopano
one-1Q leminyaka basafunda isikolo.
Bonke abantwana bakhe baneqhayiya
ngaye.
"Ungutata olungileyo kwaye
siyaqondana. Usifundise ukuba
sikhululeke xa sin aye kwaye
siyakonwabela oko, Siyayonwabela
indlela asikhulise ngayo - usithanda
sonke kwaye usiphatha ngokufanayo,"
utsho uMasabatha
Emva kokuhlangulwa kwiintlungu
neengxaki zokusela, uLucky ngoku
uyindoda yosapho ezinikeleyo
engaphuthwayo yinkonzo kwaye
uycneliseka luthando alufumana
kusapho nezihlobo zakhe. Ephethe
. ......\..
' '.~"
iBhayibhile yakhe ngesandla
"'---
sasekunene, uLucky uya ngqo ekhaya
emva kwenkonzo - akanaxesha
latywala okanye mabhinqa utata
wabantwana abathathu .•
5. Senior Phase: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards (Grade 7-9)
mes and Assessment Standards

5. Senior Phase: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards (Grade 7·9)
Introduction
In this phase, learners are consolidating what they have learnt in earlier grades, and
preparing for further education and the world of work. They need to use language for
public, formal and educational purposes.
Through language, learners should be informed about:

• Career and further learning opportunities, and
• Their rights and responsibilities as citizens in a democratic, multicultural society.
Focus
The focus of this phase is on consolidation and extension of language and literacy. By
the end of Grade 9, learners should be:
• Able to read and write for a wide range of purposes - formal and informal, public
and personal.
• Keen, flexible readers, who can find and evaluate information for themselves.
• Active, criticallisteners and confident speakers of the language, and sensitive to their
:::::.:.:. )(::::
audience. "::::::::::"::':::::::::':'::
• Able to analyse language, understand how it works, and use it for their own
,:::::::::'
purposes\: : .,,:,:.. ji')."" ..
Outcomes
The learner i§,.able to listen for information and enjoyment and respond
appropriatel~:·@d (!:r~tically
in a wide range of situations.
::::::::::::::::.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:::::::::::::::::::::
LEARNING OUTCOME 2: SPEAKING

The learner is able to communicate confidently and effectively in spoken
language in a wide range of situations.
Learners will speak confidently in public, and communicate appropriately and
effectively with others. This is necessary for work and further education.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3: READING AND VIEWING

The learner is able to read and view for information and enjoyment, and
respond critically to the aesthetic, cultural and emotional values in texts.
Reading is the foundation for writing and a means of lifelong learning. Learners should
read South African and international fiction and non-fiction necessary for the
development of language and general knowledge, and for learners' enjoyment and
personal growth.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4: WRITING

The learner is able to write different kinds of factual and imaginative texts
for a wide range of Rprposes.
Writing is bÓ~ii~;fuê~rig of reflection and learning, and a mode of communication. It is
often the modefor assessing learners, and it is therefore very important for further
education ~fig~mp~R.wm~nt.
LEARNI~~ ÓÓT¢OME 5: THINKING AND REASONING

The learner i§ablê:·n~
use language to think and reason, and access,
process and yse information for learning.
More develope~:~~nf8.ng skills and information literacy are the gateway to life-long
learning and achievement of the Critical and Developmental Outcomes.
2'57
TEXTS
Learners in Grades 7, 8 and 9 should read and view a wide range of both South African
and international texts, including setworks. The Department of Education must
provide the titles of setworks.
" Grade 7:
Short stories
Autobiographies and biographies
Short novels
Poetry
One- and two-act plays
Folklore (where appropriate)
Myths and legends
A selection of shorter texts such as magazines, newspapers, advertisements, posters
Radio talks
Novels
Poetry
Plays
Folklore (wherê;:~pp~~priate)
Film study ··..::.,·::;:::::;:;;:;:(;;:;:.·.:.:.i.:··
.t::::::::::::::::::::":·;:::::::;:::
A selection of s~Prt~r
t¢~ such as magazines, newspapers, advertisements, posters,
brochures, speJ'6he:g;i:f[dio talks, TV shows and music videos
" Grade 9:
Short stories
A full length novel
Poetry
Three- to five-act plays
Folklore (where appropriate)
Film study
A selection of shorter texts such as magazines, newspapers, advertisements, speeches
and lectures, radio dramas, TV dramas and documentaries, and music videos
The content of texts

From the full range of texts covered, the learner should be exposed to:
• Rich and appropriate social and historical settings that develop understanding of the
heritage of the language.
• Complex plots and sub-plots, rich in irony.
• Challenging and stimulating themes that develop critical understanding of values.
• Dynamic characters in well-developed relationships.
• Analysis of stereotypes and bias to develop critical thinking.
• Appropriate ?rid vadêrl mood, tone and register.
• Varied stylê~;::~ffi:~{\i~riety of sentence structure.
• Challenging xpcabulary and appropriate use of the idiom of the language.
• A range Ót\qgMr~H¥¢~nd idiomatic language.
• A variety of pÓetic forms in the poems chosen.
• Visual texts Cifigh.id.ilih~
.............................
films), that illustrate elements such as the use of colour and
:..
black and w~he;:'1:Pe'~tnPortance

:
of composition, lighting, tone of photography, and
.•.........•.•...•.................•...•
zooming and:êlo~'éjtips.
• A variety of l~p'guage use and issues:
...::::::>
• The use of m.~tpp!gtive language

• The language
.. ::
of specific
.
:.;.;.:.:.;
age groups
Grade 7
Assessment Standards
We know this when the learner:
• Listens to and appreciates expressive, imaginative and

narrative texts (eg oral poems such as ballads).
• Listens actively and carefully for information and main

messages, and responds appropriately (eg takes notes,
summarises, draws conclusions and passes on
information accurately).
• Reflects on opinions, asks thoughtful questions and

challenges opinions where necessary.
• Discusses how familiar texts are organised and

describes main features.
• Recognises tools used for humour (eg puns, pausing

and punch lines).
• Recognises how spoken language is used to convey

meaning through tenses, time words, vocabulary and
word use, language idiom and use of pronouns.
• Recognises and discusses sound effects (eg the use of

music with texts, poetic effects), and how they create a
sense of atmosphere.
• Makes informed choices:

• Distinguishes fact from opinion
• Recognises bias and prejudice
We know this when the learner: We know this when the learner:
• listens actively and carefully for information • Listens to and appreciates different kinds of
and main messages, and responds oral texts (eg songs, lectures, radio
appropriately (eg takes notes, summarises broadcasts) .
and draws conclusions).
• Listens actively and carefully for information
• Reflects on opinions expressed, asks and main messages, and responds
searching questions and challenges where appropriately (eg draws conclusions, passes
necessary. on information accurately).
• Understands how familiar oral presentations • Reflects on all information and opinions
are organised, and describes characteristic expressed, asks searching questions and
features (eg TV and radio dramas, lectures, challenges where necessary.
oral poetry).
• Understands how different kinds of oral
• Recognises tools used for humour (eg punch presentations are organised and the
lines, irony, sarcasm, exaggeration, characteristic features of each.
understatement).
• Analyses the main structure and the different
• Recognises how spoken language is used to stages of texts (eg speeches, lectures, radio
convey meaning through tenses, modalities, dramas, news broadcasts, talk shows).
time words, word usage, language idiom and
use of pronouns. • Recognises tools used for humour (eg puns,
climax, anti-climax, innuendo, hyperbole and
• Recognises and discusses sound effects litotes).
(eg the use of music with texts), and how
they create a sense of atmosphere. • Analyses how spoken language is used to
convey meaning through tenses, modalities,
time words, word usage, jargon, language
idiom, pronouns and imagery.
:f) (:;racJ~] .
• Recognises the aim of the speaker, considering the use

of speech tempo and emphasis.
• Discusses the influence of body language on the listener

(eg eye-contact, facial expressions, hand movements,
body movements).
• Explores the speaker's reasons for choosing particular

words to influence the listener (eg emotive language
and hidden messages).
• Considers the social, cultural and historical effects of

oral texts, including:
• The language of different age groups (slang)
• Racist and sexist language
• Stereotypes
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ;292
• Makes informed choices: • Analyses sound effects (eg music used for
• Distinguishes fact from opinion. special effects) and how it creates a sense of
• Distinguishes subjectivity from objectivity. atmosphere.
• Recognises bias and prejudice.
• Makes informed choices:
• Recognises the aim of the speaker, • Distinguishes fact from opinion.
considering the use of speech tempo, • Distinguishes subjectivity from objectivity.
emphasis, volume and effect of voice. • Recognises and analyses bias, prejudice and
propaganda.
• Analyses the influence of body language on
the listener (eg eye-contact, facial • Analyses the aim of the speaker, considering
expressions, hand movements, body the use of speech tempo, emphasis, volume,
movements). vocal tone, mood, effect of voice and
manipulative techniques in general.
• Explores the use of persuasion, emotive
language and hidden messages. • Analyses the influence of body language on
the listener (eg eye-contact, facial expres-
• Explores the speaker's reasons for choosing sions, hand movements, body movements,
particular words to influence the listener. use of space).
• Considers the social, cultural and historical • Analyses the use of persuasion, deliberate
effects of oral texts through: ambiguity, emotive language and hidden
• Accents, dialects and the language of messages.
different age groups (slang).
• The use of stereotypes, bias, and racist and • Analyses the speaker's reason for choosing
sexist language within particular contexts particular words to influence the listener.
(eg a historical context).
... ~ ....
Grade 7
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ~94
• Analyses social, cultural and historical effects

of oral texts, including:
• The relationship between language and
power.
• Accents, dialects and the languages of
different age groups.
• Different cultural approaches to body
language and word connotations.
• The use of racist and sexist language in
particular contexts.
• The use of stereotypes with a dramatic
purpose (eg in satiric plays and films).
~ .....
Grade 7
• Tells stories and jokes, takes part in dramas and

role-plays, and presents poems and songs for familiar
and unfamiliar audiences.
• Discusses and debates important issues (eg social and

moral issues on the environment and human rights).
• Takes on different roles in debates and meetings

(eg chair, speaker).
• Develops logical arguments to justify opinions.
• Compares hisfher own opinions and arguments with

those of others, always acknowledging the right of
others to have different views.
• Sequences oral presentations such as instructions and

descriptions (eg explains instructions for a scientific
experiment).
• Demonstrates the conventions of conversation (eg not

interrupting and using appropriate body language) and
shows awareness of different cultural conventions.
• Maintains communication:
• Bridges gaps (eg asks questions, uses synonyms to
clarify meaning, gives the listener choices, keeps
responses open-ended, shows genuine interest).
• Simplifies and summarises sentences and paragraphs.
• Develops ideas logically (eg highlights main ideas).
s. Senior Phase: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards (Grade 7-9)
Assessment Standards Assessment Standards
• Tells stories and jokes, takes part in dramas • Tells stories and jokes, takes part in dramas
and role-plays, and performs poems and and role-plays, and performs poems and
songs for familiar and unfamiliar audiences. songs for familiar and unfamiliar audiences.
• Discusses and debates important issues • Discusses and debates important issues
(eg social and moral issues on the (eg social and moral issues on the
environment and human rights). environment and human rights).
• Takes on different roles in debates and • Takes on different roles in debates and
meetings (eg chair, speaker). meetings (eg chair, speaker, secretary).
• Develops logical arguments to justify • Develops logical, extended arguments to

opinions. justify his/her opinions.
• Compares his/her own opinions and • Compares his/her own opinions and
arguments with those of others, always arguments with views of others:
acknowledging the right of others to have • Shows flexibility and adaptability.
different views. • Acknowledges the right of others to differ.
• Sequences oral presentations such as • Gives instructions and explores complex

instructions and descriptions (eg explains ideas in a sequenced way (eg explains
instructions for a scientific experiment). technological processes, how to use a
computer, video).
• Demonstrates the conventions of
conversation (eg taking turns and using • Demonstrates the conventions of
appropriate body language) and shows conversation:
awareness of different cultural conventions. • Takes turns without interrupting.
• Uses the correct register, with appropriate
body language.
• Shows awareness of cultural differences.
Grade 7
• Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings of others.

• Challenges insensitive or discriminatory use of
language.
• Checks own understanding and the understanding of
others.
• Uses language structures appropriate for

communication (eg vocabulary, grammar and idiom).
• Understands the importance of the choice of words to

improve effectiveness of texts.
• Shows awareness of purpose and audience:

• Uses an appropriate register.
• Is sensitive to social and cultural similarities and
differences (eg not telling inappropriate jokes).
• Interviews classmates and others, using appropriate

techniques.
• Gives oral presentations, using:

• Imagery
• Climax and anti-climax
• Rhetorical questions
• Wide vocabulary with imaginative qualifiers
• Different modalities (questions, statements,
commands, conditions)
• Logical sequence of ideas
• Clear enunciation
• Pausing
• Variation in tempo
• Clarity
2.9Y
• Keeps communication flowing: • Uses language to solve conflicts, mediate,

• Bridges gaps (eg asks questions, uses negotiate and arbitrate.
synonyms/antonyms to clarify meaning,
gives the listener choices, keeps responses • Keeps communication flowing:
open-ended, shows genuine interest). • Bridges gaps (eg asks questions, uses
• Simplifies and summarises sentences and synonyms or antonyms to clarify meaning,
paragraphs. gives the listener choices, keeps responses
• Develops ideas logically (eg main ideas, key open-ended, shows genuine interest.)
points). • Rewords and shortens sentences and
• Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings paragraphs that are not clear
of others in conversation. (eg paraphrase and summarise).
• Challenges insensitive or discriminatory use • Develops ideas logically (eg develops main
of language. ideas and key points, uses appropriate
• Checks own understanding and the connecting words such as firstly/on the
understanding of others. other hand).
• Uses recovery strategies such as checking
• Uses language structures appropriate for own understanding and the understanding
inter-personal communication of others by moving from formal to
(eg vocabulary, accurate verbal and modal informal language.
use, correct language idiom). • Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings
of others in conversation.
• Understands the importance of the choice of • Challenges insensitive or discriminatory use
words to improve effectiveness of texts. of language.
• Structures the content, tone and degree of • Uses appropriate grammar and vocabulary
formality of texts to show: for inter-personal communication
• An awareness of purpose and audience. (eg language idiom, use of imagery for jokes,
• Sensitivity to social and cultural similarities story-telling).
and differences.
• Understands the importance of the choice of
words to improve the effectiveness of spoken
texts (eg the use of 'us/we' for negotiations).
.....
f)...
Grade 7
• Analyses the success of the communication .
• Gives and receives constructive criticism.

• Develops interview techniques (eg asks • Structures the content, tone and degree of
appropriate questions, listens attentively and formality of texts:
affirms responses). • Shows an awareness of purpose and
audience.
• Gives oral presentations with the appropriate • Shows sensitivity to social and cultural
use of: similarities and differences (eg not telling
• Imagery inappropriate anecdotes or jokes).
• Climax and anti-climax
• Rhetorical questions • Carries out interviews effectively:
• Wide vocabulary with imaginative qualifiers • Plans a series of linked and probing
• Different modalities (questions, statements, questions.
commands, conditions) • Helps interviewees to give useful answers
• Logical sequence of ideas and shows sensitivity to their feelings.
• Clear enunciation • Uses appropriate body language, polite and
• Pausing respectful tone, and correct register.
• Variation in tempo
• Clarity • Gives oral presentations with the appropriate
• Persuasive language, where appropriate use of:
• Hyperbole, imagery and allegorical
• Analyses the success of the communication. language.
• Climax and anti-climax .
• Gives and receives constructive criticism. • Rhetorical questions.
• Extensive vocabulary with imaginative
qualifiers
• Different modalities (questions!
statements! commands/conditions).
• Logical sequence of ideas.
• Clear enunciation, pausing and variation in
tempo.
• Clear language.
• Variety in presentation modes.
• Persuasive language, where appropriate.
... ~ ..
Grade 7
• Through reflection, analyses the success of

the communication .
• Gives and receives constructive criticism to

improve communication.
5. Senior Phase: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards (Grade 7,9)
Grade 7
• Reads spontaneously for pleasure and interest across a

wide range of text types.
• Reads for a variety of purposes (eg skims, gathers

specific information details, understands).
• Reads often and with concentration.
• Discusses what kinds of texts he/she enjoys, and why.
• Recognises the purpose, context and audience of a text,

for example:
• Why was it written?
• When was it written?
• Who was it written for?
• What were the intentions of the author?
• What values are expressed?
• Recognises the structure and style of a text (eg a poem,

an advertisement).
• Recognises the relationship of structure and style to

purpose, audience and context.
• Discusses features of particular kinds of texts ,

(eg poems, novels, newspaper articles, advertisements). "
• Responds critically to a text (eg Are there hidden

messages in the text? Is there bias or prejudice in the
text?).
• Reads spontaneously for own pleasure and • Reads spontaneously and extensively for own
interest across a wide range of texts. pleasure and interest across a wide range of
text types.
• Reads and records daily reading - what kinds
of texts he/she enjoys and why. • Reads and reports daily reading.
• Recognises the purpose, context and • Discusses what kinds oftexts he/she enjoys
audience of a text (eg Why was it written? and why.
When was it written? Who was it written for?
What were the intentions of the author? • Recognises the purpose, context and
What values are expressed?). audience of a text:
• Why was it written?
• Comments on appropriateness of content, • When was it written?
tone and register. • Who was it written for?
• What were the intentions of the author?
• Recognises the structure and style of different • What reaction did he/she expect from the
kinds of text (eg a poem, an advertisement). reader?
• What values are expressed?
• Discusses the features of different kinds of
text (eg poems, novels, newspaper articles, • Comments on the appropriateness and
letters). effectiveness of content, tone and register.
• Shows an awareness of differences within • Recognises the structure and style of different
kinds of text (eg different types of letters, kinds oftext (eg a poem, an advertisement).
poems, advertisements) and different
approaches to the same subject. • Discusses the features of different kinds of
texts (eg poems, novels, newspaper articles,
• Discusses the plot, characters and setting in diaries, letters).
stories and novels. (eg How does the writer
achieve effects, using language and images?).
..
f).....
Grade 7
• Recognises and presents hisfher personal response to a

text, identifies aspects that shaped this response, and
compares it to the response of others.
• Recognises the uses of language and images, in

particular visual, written and multimedia texts:
• The effectiveness of literary devices and verbal effects
(eg word-play, register).
• Visual effects (eg the use of colour, punctuation and
size of text, the use of language in unusual ways).
• Investigates the social, historical and cultural effects of

texts such as:
• The history of the language.
• The link between major writers and their historical
context.
• Diversity of cultural values.
• Evaluates and reflects on his/her own skills as a reader.

• Responds to poetry and discusses the use of • Shows an awareness of differences within a
language and images to achieve its effects. kind of text (eg different types of letters,
poems, advertisements, brochures).
• Responds critically to texts (eg Are there
hidden messages? Is there bias or • Compares different approaches to the same
prejudice?). subject.
• Discusses personal responses to texts and • Analyses and discusses the plot, characters
compares feelings about texts with and setting in stories and novels (eg How
classmates. does the writer achieve effects, using
language and images?
• Considers the use of particular effects in
visual and written texts: • Analyses and discuss the themes and the
• Recognises and discusses the effectiveness values they represent.
of literary devices, and pictorial and verbal
effects. • Responds to poetry and discusses the use of
• Understands the conventions and structure language and images to achieve its effects.
of different kinds of text, and how these
help develop the text (eg acts and scenes in • Responds critically to texts (eg Are there
drama). hidden messages? Is there bias or
• Considers how the choice of words, prejudice?).
sentences and format are influenced by
these conventions. • Discusses personal responses to texts and
• Responds to technical aspects of texts (eg to compares feelings about texts with the
word-play, punctuation, sentence feelings of others.
structure).
• Analyses the way writers and directors use • Analyses the use of particular effects in visual
language structure, style and techniques to and written texts:
create particular effects, and to influence • Understands the different devices used to
the reader and viewer (eg filming organise text (eg acts and scenes in plays,
techniques) . chapters in novels, zooming out in films).
• Analyses the way writers use structure,
style and techniques to create particular
f).....
Grade 7 . ...................••................... ,- ...
o Considers the visual effects of texts such as effects and influence the reader and viewer
use of colour, punctuation and size of text, (eg close-ups in films, poetic forms).
and use of language in unusual ways (eg in o Considers how these structures influence
media texts). the choice of words, sentences and format.
o Analyses how deviations from these
• Explores social, historical and cultural conventional structures influence the
aspects of texts: reader.
o The history of the language. o Discusses the technical aspects of texts
• The link between major writers and their (eg word-play, the use of words borrowed
historical context. from another language, punctuation,
o Diversity of cultural values. sentence structure).
o Analyses the visual effects of texts (eg the
• Evaluates and reflects on their own skills as use of colour, punctuation, size of text; the
readers. use oflanguage in unusual ways).
o Recognises how print, sounds and still or
moving images combine to create meaning.
• Analyses social, historical and cultural

effects:
o The history of the language.
o The language of previous eras compared
with modern texts.

o The linking of major writers to their
historical context.
• Analyses the diversity of cultural values in

texts.
• Compares hisfher own responses to texts

with a book, film or TV drama review.
• Evaluates texts critically and reflects on

his/her own skills as a reader.
....
f) Grade 7
Writes a range of texts for self-expression:

• Entertains the reader by developing imaginative writing
(eg narrative and descriptive composition, diaries,
journals, friendly letters, dialogues, poems and songs).
• By using action and description, reveals character,

establishes the setting and develops the story in
creative writing.
• Writes playfully and creatively to express imagination,

ideas and feelings for self and others (eg cartoons,
limericks).
Writes a range of factual texts to convey

information:
• Uses visuals and designs (such as graphs and tables),
where appropriate (eg eye-witness account, letter of
complaint).
• Produces multi-media texts (eg advertisements,

posters).
• Writes balanced and objective reports (eg book review,

reports on research - topics should include the
environment and content of other Learning Areas).
Applies the writing process in all written texts:

• Develops ideas through brainstorming, mind maps,
flow charts and lists.
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 310
Writes a range of texts for Writes a range of texts for

self-expression: self-expression:
• Entertains the reader by developing • Entertains the reader by developing
imaginative and expressive writing imaginative and expressive writing
(eg narrative and descriptive compositions, (eg narrative and descriptive compositions,
dialogues, poems, songs, letters). dialogues, poems, songs, elementary short
stories, letters).
• By using action and description, reveals
character, establishes the setting and • Entertains the reader by developing
develops the story in creative writing. imaginative or unusual treatment of familiar
material (eg updating traditional tales,
• Writes creatively to express imagination, and reversing of stereotypes in fairy tales).
ideas and feelings (eg new games, song
lyrics). • By using action, dialogue, description and
commentary, reveals character, establishes
• Brings differing ideas and issues together in the setting and develops the story in creative
texts (eg magazine articles, discussion writing.
essays).
• Brings differing ideas and issues together in
Writes a range of factual texts to convey texts such as magazine articles and
information: explanatory essays, with correct
• Uses visuals and designs (such as graphs and register jtone.
tables), where appropriate (eg eye-witness
account, letter of complaint, letter to the Writes a range of factual texts to convey
press). information:
• Uses appropriate visuals and designs
• Writes balanced and objective reports on (eg e-mail, faxes, memoranda, eye-witness
challenging issues such as HIV/AIDS and account, newspaper reports, curriculum
environmental issues (eg recount of events, vitae, agenda and minutes of meeting).
reports on research in all learning
programmes).
311
Grade 7
• Uses other texts as models for writing.
• Develops a topic by selecting relevant information from

relevant sources.
• Produces increasingly complex drafts.
• Considers the reader, and revises for style, structure

and accuracy.
• In revision, eliminates bias and stereotyping.
• Revises, edits and proofreads own writing and writing

of others.
• Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings of others

during the process, and affirms their efforts.
• Develops his/her own personal style through critical

analysis of own and others' work.
• Produces final product and reflects.
Demonstrates knowledge of these aspects of

language in context:
• Spells high frequency words (eg creates own lists, uses
dictionary and thesaurus).
• Extends knowledge of word formation (eg suffixes and

prefixes).
312.
• Produces multi-media texts (eg pamphlets • Writes balanced and objective reports on
and posters). challenging issues such as HIV/AIDS and
environmental issues (eg book or film review,
Uses the writing process in all written reports on research in all learning
texts: programmes).
• Develops ideas through brainstorming,
mind-maps, flow-charts and lists. • Converts information by producing visual
material such as advertisements and posters
• Plans and develops a topic by selecting (includes tables and graphs where
relevant information and organising ideas appropriate).
after consulting a wide range of relevant
sources. Uses the writing process in all written
texts:
• Uses other texts as models for writing. • Develops ideas through brainstorming,
mind-maps, flow-charts and lists.
• Produces increasingly complex drafts.
• Uses a wide knowledge of other texts as
• Considers the reader, and revises for style, models for writing.
structure and accuracy.
• Shows expertise in producing increasingly
• In revision, eliminates bias and stereotyping. complex drafts.
• Revises, edits and proofreads own writing • Analyses the effect on the reader, and revises
and writing of others. for style, structure and accuracy.
• Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings of • In revision, eliminates bias and stereotyping.
others during the process, and affirms their
efforts. • Revises, edits and proofreads own writing
and writing of others.
• Develops his/her own personal style through
critical analysis of own and others' work. • Shows sensitivity to the rights and feelings of
others during the process, and affirms their
• Produces final product and reflects. efforts.
• Develops vocabulary on a daily basis - keeps own

personal dictionary, particularly of words across the
curriculum.
• Works with word classes (eg adjectives, adverbs).
• Changes forms of words (eg noun to verb).
• Uses words that link with other words and link

sentences and paragraphs (eg conjunctions and
prepositions).
• Demonstrates critical language awareness (eg does not

use 'he' to refer to all people).
• Uses punctuation to clarify meaning (eg commas,

inverted commas, apostrophe).
• Uses suitable subordinate clauses.
• Clarifies ambiguity (eg unrelated participle).
• Uses variety of sentence lengths and types.
• Uses active and passive for appropriate purposes.
• Changes tenses consistently and appropriately.
• Recognises topic words for paragraphs and thus

identifies main points.
Demonstrates knowledge of the • Develops his/her own personal style through

following aspects of language in context: critical analysis of own and others' work.
• Spells high frequency words:
• Creates own spelling lists. • Produces final product in different formats,
• Uses dictionary and thesaurus. and reflects.
• Learns complex polysyllabic words.
Demonstrates knowledge of these
• Develops vocabulary on a daily basis - keep aspects of language in context:
own personal dictionary, particularly of • Spells all high frequency words from different
words across the curriculum. learning areas:
• Creates own personal spelling list.
• Uses words that link with other words and • Uses dictionary and thesaurus - researches
link sentences and paragraphs details and development of words.
(eg prepositions, conjunctions). • Continues to learn complex polysyllabic
words.
• Demonstrates critical language awareness
(eg that 'we' can be used to position readers: • Develops vocabulary on a daily basis:
" We know that women are more intelligent • Keeps own personal dictionary, particularly
than men."). of words across the full curriculum.
• Uses increased vocabulary to avoid clichés.
• Uses a range of strategies for word formation
(eg adjectives to adverbs). • Recognises connotative meanings, denotative
meanings, implied meaning and multiple
• Uses appropriate figurative language in meanings.
writing.
• Demonstrates understanding of meaning and
• Uses full range of punctuation to clarify style by using appropriate figurative
meaning (eg colons, semi-colons). language.
• Considers the use of subordinate clauses.

~ .•....
Grade 7
• Uses pronouns and conjunctions to link with previous

paragraphs .
• Chooses grammar and vocabulary appropriate to the

text structure (eg in instructions and procedures, uses
imperatives and linking words to sequence
information: "First, take the eggs and break them into a
bowl. Then, using a fork whisk them.").
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za "SIb
• Uses variety of sentence lengths and types, • Uses terms effectively that show the
realising when to use short direct sentences. development of a line of thought
(eg however, consequently, furthermore).
• Explores different ways of using the verb to
influence meaning (eg use of passive in • Uses full range of punctuation to clarify
scientific texts). meaning (eg quotations, italics).
• Uses conditionals and different moods for • Reviews the meaning, clarity and
speculation and hypothesis (eg "if only I were organisation of complex sentences in own
older ..."). writing.
• Uses pronouns and conjunctions to link with • Uses variety of sentence lengths and types.
previous paragraphs.
• Explores different ways of using the verb to
• Chooses grammar and vocabulary influence meaning (eg passive and active).
appropriate to kinds of text (eg in
descriptions of a process, use the passive • Uses tenses to change the focus (eg present
voice to put the thing described in topic tense to show immediate actions).
position: "Gold is mined in South Africa.").
• Uses conditionals and different moods for
speculation and hypothesis (eg "If I were
you, I would ...".).
• Explores the way pronouns, prepositions and

conjunctions can reveal and re-inforce
meaning within and between paragraphs in
different types of text.
• Chooses vocabulary and grammar

appropriate to particular kinds oftexts (eg in
writing poems: uses figurative language,
imagery, and words and sentences that create
rhythm).
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 3\1
f) Grade 7 - .
Researches and processes information:

• Defines the information needed.
• Collects and selects ideas, and puts them in a suitable

format (eg list).
• Listens, reads, views and records main message of texts

(eg note-taking, summarising).
• Changes information from one language into another

(translation).
• Organises information appropriately (eg by time,

importance).
• Compares different points of view, and identifies

differences and similarities.
Reasons:
• Infers and deduces meaning, and explains the
intentions of the author by interpreting written, visual
and aural texts (eg Why did the author write or say
this?)
• Explains cause and effect (eg This happens because ...).
• Expresses and develops a clear personal view.
• Supports an argument with statistical and other

evidence.
Researches and processes information: Researches and processes information:

• Locates and accesses information from a wide • Develops further methods for locating,
variety of sources (eg radio, internet, written evaluating and extracting relevant
texts from libraries, with use of Dewey information (eg uses sources such as e-mail,
classification system, bibliographic reference books, electronic media).
information, glossaries and indexes).
• Develops note-taking and note-making skills
• Experiments with different kinds of (eg sequencing, classifying and organising
note-taking and note-making (eg taking information).
notes under different circumstances, using
abbreviations for speed). • Collates and synthesises information from a
range of sources.
• Extracts and synthesises information, using
listening, reading, writing and viewing skills. • Recognises when a speaker or source is
ambiguous, abuses evidence or makes
• Changes information from one language to unfounded claims.
another (translation).
• Changes information from one language to
Reasons: another (translation).
• Summarises information or ideas by
selecting, generalising, categorising and • Evaluates the quality and accuracy of
editing. information in his/her own writing.
• Explains and discusses cause and effect Reasons:

(eg Why is this the cause of ...?). • Recognises a line of thought within different
types of text.
• Identifies and explains factual information.
• Analyses cause and effect in greater depth.
• Identifies and explains bias and subjectivity.
Grade 7
• Gives a prepared talk or writes a text which is well

introduced, clearly structured and has a convincing
conclusion.
Investigates and explores:

• Questions ideas and theories from across the
curriculum.
• Weighs options by deciding which of 2 alternatives is

the better choice.
• Uses language structures to express complex thought

(eg the use of conditionals: "If resources were shared
fairly, we might have less crime.").
• Works with others to solve problems and make

deductions.
• Changes the mode ofinformation (eg from graphs to

written form).
Thinks creatively:
• Visualises, predicts, fantasises and empathises for sense
and meaning.
• Uses writing to develop ideas (eg journals,

brainstorming techniques, mind-maps).
• Imagines possibilities and alternatives to expand

thinking (hypothesises and speculates).
5. Senior Phase: Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards (Grade 7,9)
• Presents a counter-argument and alternatives • Develops and uses arguments in ways that:
(eg I disagree because .... and I support my • Make the logic clear to the reader or
argument with ...). listener .
• Anticipate responses and objections.
• Questions and infers to solve problems and
improve thinking about complex issues, ideas • Uses factual information and interprets
and emotions (eg human rights issues, statistics with increasing confidence.
environmental issues).
• Uses questions, inference and analysis to
Investigates and explores: develop critical thinking for
• Asks complex questions on national issues problem-solving.
(eg corporal punishment in schools).
Investigates and explores:
• Weighs options by considering a number of • Continues questioning and weighing up
alternatives. options.
• Uses grammatical knowledge to increase • Extends grammar knowledge to increase

complexity of thought (eg moving from complexity of thought (eg sentence analysis -
simple to complex sentences). different types of clauses).
• Does independent research across the • Uses a wide range offormats to plan,
curriculum. organise, edit and present texts.
• Depending on the needs of the task, • Considers different perspectives when

experiments with different approaches to interpreting a text (eg opinions of others).
planning, drafting, checking and revising.
Thinks creatively:
Thinks creatively: • Experiments with unusual sentence
• Develops critical skills by using a wide range structures in literary and factual texts
of reading strategies (eg develops skimming, (eg changes word order for emphasis).
scanning, and careful reading skills).
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 321
Grade 7
~ ...
• Considers differences and use them creatively (eg in

experience, culture, interests and personality).
• Uses language across the curriculum to solve problems

(eg switchs languages).
• Compares how different languages express terms in

different learning areas, and create links to help
understanding and assist in problem-solving.
Analyses and evaluates:

• Reflects critically by sharing ideas and comparing views
with others.
• Reviews the content, strengths and weaknesses of a

text, and gives a thought-through response to it.
• Understands and uses terms for comparison

(eg 'similarly', 'mostly').
• Tests work by sharing it with target audience, and then

refines it.
• Reflects on what is heard to ask questions and

challenge views expressed.
• Acknowledges the views of others, justifies his/her own

views, and modifies them where relevant.
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ~2Z
• Explores how writers change writing • Imagines possibilities and alternatives to

conventions to suit their needs. expand thinking (hypothesises and
speculates).
• Imagines possibilities and alternatives to
expand thinking (hypothesises and • Entertains the reader by developing an
speculates). imaginative treatment of familiar material.
• Writes experimentally to explore ideas, • Changes perspectives by switching familiar

emotions and imaginative experience. roles when doing role-plays.
• Experiments with visual and' sound effects in • Compares how different languages express
a variety of texts (eg advertisements). terms in different learning areas, and creates
links to help understanding and assist in
• Compares how different languages express problem-solving.
terms in all learning areas, and create links
to help understanding and assist in Analyses and evaluates:
problem-solving. • Evaluates reliability and validity of
information from print and other media
Analyses and evaluates: sources (eg on current affairs issues).
• Responds appropriately to the views of others
on important issues such as racism, gender • Reviews own critical reading, writing and
discrimination, environmental issues, and listening skills, habits and experiences, and
respect and tolerance. notes strengths and areas for development.
• Thinks about the reader and re-reads work to • Revises style, structure and accuracy of texts.
revise style, structure and accuracy.
• Reflects, and then asks critical questions and
• Reflects on what is heard, to ask critical challenges views on what is seen, heard and
questions and challenge views. read.
'f) GradE!7 .
Synthesises:
• Evaluates hisfher own contribution and compares it
with the work of others.
• Chooses best features of work of individuals and

synthesises contributions of the group into a whole.
• Works on integrated projects across Learning Areas and

produces a synthesised product.
• Acknowledges the views of others, justifying • Justifies his/her views with supporting
own views and modifying them where evidence.
relevant.
• Modifies own views, where relevant, after
• Reflects on the development of ability as hearing or reading the views of others.
speaker, listener and writer in a range of
different contexts, and identifies areas for Synthesises:
improvement. • Improves own product by revising and
editing.
• Reflects on individual strengths as
contributor in group activities and identifies • Considers group assessment and is open to
opportunities for development. suggested improvements.
Synthesises: • Uses more advanced knowledge from

• Participates in group presentations where all different Learning Areas to produce
individual contributions are valued. synthesised products.
• Uses knowledge from one Learning Area to

improve performance in another to produce
a synthesised product.

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INQAKU NGOKUPHUCULA ULUNTU ELIBHALWE

NGESIXHOSA NGOKOHLOBO LWEGENRE

NANISWA WINNIFRED TSHEFU

Umsebenzi ofakwe njengenxal'enye yeemfundiso zesidanga seMaster of Arts

Umqeqeshi ophambili: Uprof MW Visser

Lo msebenzi uphonononga ukwakhiwa kwe thiyori yegenre ngokuhlalutyiweyo. Itekisi

Imigaqo okanye imimiselo yokubhala iyavavanywa yaye iza kujongana neziphumo

Okokugqibela abafundi bebanga lesixhenxe baza kuba nakho ukukubona ukuvisisana

I am also grateful to a lot of people for their collegial encouragement. I am indebted to

ISAHLUKO 2: UHLALUTYO LWEZIMVO NEEMBONO EZAHLUKENEYO ZABABHALI

3.3.1 Uhlahlelo lobumbo sivakalisi 56

3.6.9 Ushwankkathelo Iwenkcazo yenkcubeko ngobhalo 98

1.1INJONGO KUNYE NENTSINGISELO YOLU FUNDO

Injongo zokubhalwa kwethiyori kukubonisa itekisi zesiXhosa ukuba uhlahlelo Iwetekisi

1.2ISAKHIWO SOBUME BOMSEBENZI

umfundi nenqaku ubuqu. Kulamanqaku kulapho kuxoxwa ngeemeko ezahlukileyo

1.2.1 Inxaxheba yohlahlelo lobhalo kufundo lolwimi

1.2.2 Uhlahlelo lobhalo

Kolu fundo kuza kuhlahlelwa amanqaku amahlanu ephephandaba iBona. Injongo

Kwakhona ukuhlahlela kufundisa abantwana bakwazi ukuzimela ngokuthi bakwazi

1.3 ULUNGISELELO LOFUNDO

Kwisahluko sesithathu uGrabe no Kaplan basichazela ngokubhala kokubanzi besebenzisa

Kwesisahluko sizakuthi sijonge yaye sihlalutye izimvo neembono ezahlukeneyo zababhali

U Swales J.M. 1993 kwincwadi yakhe engohlahlelo Iwegenre ngentetho yesixhosa,

I. URichard Rorty (1982) ecatshulwa ngu Aviva Freedman no Peter Medway

yayo. Yenzeka okanye idaleka kwimeko apho isimo sendawo okanye

2.2 IGENRE KUFUNDO NGEMBALI, IINTSOMI NAMAQHALO ABANTU.

Inqgikelelo ye genre ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kufundo ngembali ukususela kwikhulu

U Ben Amos yena uyibona igenre njengecandelo elimisa amahlelo ngamahlelo

2.3 IGENRE KUFUNDO NGONCWADI

Sibonile ukuba ababhali beembali, iintsomi namaqhalo abantu banezizathu ezizezembali

Inkcazo yesithethe segenre iqalisa ulungelwano Iwesicatshulwa. Kwincwadi ezinemfundo

Umzekelo wesibongo esifutshane(Sonnet) siwufumana kwincwadi ebhalwe ngu W.M

1. Ndikhe ndahlangana nabaf 'abade.

2.4 IGENRE KWIZIFUNDO NGOLWIMI

U Saville-Troika(1982) uyibona igenre njengejolisa kuhlobo Iwemo yokunxulumanisa,

Kuyinto engumceli mngeni kengoko okokuba kubekho imibuzo ephakanyiswayo xa

(a) Igenre ezimalunga nokubhaliweyo ziyabonakala yaye ziqingqekile. Kananjalo

2.5 IGENRE KUBUCIKO BOKUBHALA NOKUTHETHA OBUTHI BUBE NEFUTHE

Ukususela kwimihla yo Aristotle uphando nohlalutyo olunobuciko bokubhala nokutheha

Kinneavy: The Aims of Discourse(1971). U Kinneavy uyahlula incoko ibe ngamabakala

(a) Ukuhlalutya iingcinga ezingaqinisekanga nemiqathango eye ivele kwii genre

Xa sijonga ulwimi Iwase maNgesini singaphawula sithi isonethi kuncwadi inemiqolo

4. Kub' umhlaba ufaniswa nabo bona

"Andisifumani isizathu esibangele ukuba uvumele ukunyotywa, yatsho ijaji", ungumfana

Inkcazo zegenre ezingezoncwadi zitsale ingqalelo zombhalo ngokugqwetha iphiramidi

Le ngcingane yokucinga ngokutsha ikhokele okanye ikhatshwa kukwanda kweqela

oko u Odell kunye no Goswamis abahlahli ndlela kwingqokelela ka 1985, WRITING IN

Ufundo Iwegenre luvula iimbono ezintsha ngokusetyenziwa kolwimi. (Miller 1984)

Kubafundisi ntsapho ukungakwazi ukuqonda igenre njengesenzo sasekuhlaleni kujika into

4. Ugxininiso kwinjongo zokuthanda ukuthetha kunye nezenzo zokuthanda ukuhlala

2.7 INKCAZO ESEBENZAYO YEGENRE

2.8 UVAVANYO OLUYINTLOKO LWESIMO OLUTHI LUJIKE INGQOKELELA

U Miller(1984) okanye uMartin(1985) babeka into emisayo yokuqala yobulungu be genre

kanti xa sele uphanda le ntyatyambo kuthethwa ngayo yintombazana.Kwezinye izehlo

Kwimeko yezemfundo igenre enokuthi enokwenzeka ngenjongo zokuxabana yileyo

Into emele, kuzo zonke kodwa ke kwizihlelo ezingaqhelekanga, kukunika iwonga

2.9IMIZEKELISO YEGENRE IYOHLUKA KWIMIZEKELO YAYO

Ubuhlungu begenre busekwe kwinjongo zokuthanda ukuthetha eq.Verbal Communicatoin,