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Lecture-1 Eee

The document provides an introduction to semiconductors including their properties, materials used, energy bands, types of semiconductors, and doping. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and how doping creates an excess or shortage of electrons to form n-type or p-type materials. PN junctions are formed by joining a p-type and n-type material and their properties are also outlined.

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34 views

Lecture-1 Eee

The document provides an introduction to semiconductors including their properties, materials used, energy bands, types of semiconductors, and doping. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and how doping creates an excess or shortage of electrons to form n-type or p-type materials. PN junctions are formed by joining a p-type and n-type material and their properties are also outlined.

Uploaded by

hossennull
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 211: Electronic Devices and Circuits

Lecture: 1 (Introduction to Semiconductor)

Semiconductor:
Semiconductor is the substance which has resistivity (10-4 to 0.5 Ωm) between conductors and
insulators. Example: Ge, Si, C etc.
Properties of Semiconductor:

Bonds in Semiconductor:

Fig. 1
Semiconductor Materials:
• The construction of every discrete (Individual) solid-state (hard crystal structure) electronic
device or integrated circuit begins with a semiconductor material of the highest quality.
• Semiconductors are a special class of elements having a conductivity between that of a
good conductor and that of an insulator.
• The three semiconductors used most frequently in the construction of electronic devices
are Ge, Si, and GaAs.
• It is because the energy required to break their co-valent bonds is very small, being about
0.7 eV for Ge and 1.1 eV for Si.

Energy Band of Semiconductor:

Fig. 2: The energy band diagrams of Ge and Si

Semiconductor’s types / classifications:

There are two basic groups or classifications that can be used to define the different
semiconductor types:
• Intrinsic semiconductor: An intrinsic type of semiconductor material made to be very
pure chemically. As a result, it possesses a very low conductivity level having very few
numbers of charge carriers, namely holes and electrons, which it possesses in equal
quantities.
• Extrinsic semiconcuctor: Extrinsic types of semiconductors are those where a small
amount of impurity has been added to the basic intrinsic material. This 'doping' uses an
element from a different periodic table group and in this way it will either have more or
less electrons in the valence band than the semiconductor itself. This creates either an
excess or shortage of electrons.
Doping:
The process by which an impurity is added to a semiconductor is known as Doping. The amount
and type of impurity which is to be added to the material have to be closely controlled during the
preparation of extrinsic semiconductor. Generally, one impurity atom is added to 108 atoms of a
semiconductor. Depending upon the type of impurity added the extrinsic semiconductor may be
classified as

1. n type semiconductor and


2. p type semiconductor.

n-type semiconductor: An N-type semiconductor material has an excess of electrons. In this


way, free electrons are available within the lattices and their overall movement in one direction
under the influence of a potential difference results in an electric current flow. This in an N-type
semiconductor, the charge carriers are electrons. N-type materials contain an excess of conduction
band electrons.

Fig. 3: Formation of n-type Semiconductor


p-type semiconductor: In a P-type semiconductor material there is a shortage of electrons, i.e.
there are 'holes' in the crystal lattice. Electrons may move from one empty position to another and
in this case, it can be considered that the holes are moving. This can happen under the influence
of a potential difference and the holes can be seen to flow in one direction resulting in an electric
current flow. It is actually harder for holes to move than for free electrons to move and therefore
the mobility of holes is less than that of free electrons. Holes are positively charged carriers. p-
type materials contain an excess of valence band holes.

Fig. 4: Formation of p-type semiconductor

Majority and Minority Carriers:

Fig. 5
• The majority carriers in n-type materials are electrons.
• The majority carriers in p-type materials are holes.
• The minority carriers in n-type materials are holes.
• The minority carriers in p-type materials are electrons.

PN junction:
Properties of PN junction:

Fig. 6: Formation of PN junction

6.

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