Typical and Atypical... Ildren 1

Typical and Atypical
Development among
Children
T a b l e o f
C o n t e n t s
01 03
Child Development Typical and Atypical
and its Importance Development
02
Child Development
Theories
04 Psychological
Development Theory
05
04
Cognitive Development Stages in Child
Domains of Theory
Development
Development
Infancy
Physical Early Childhood
Social and Emotional Middle Childhood
Language Adolescence
Cognitive
Objectives
This chapter intends to help you develop the
following competencies
● Identify typical and Atypical milestones

in the various stages if child
development; and
● Differentiate typical and atypical
development of children in various
stages of their development
Introduction
● Have you ever wondered how
children develop? Maybe at one time
you have compared your
development with the sibling or
cousin of yours.
● Children do not grow at the same
rate at the same time. Knowing their
capabilities can help you better as
their teacher. Find out more about
their development as this chapter
focuses on the typical and atypical
development among children from
infancy to adolescence.
I. CHILDREN
DEVELOPMENT AND
ITS IMPORTANCE
• To ensure that a child meets his/her
development milestones, it is crucial
to observe and monitor his/her
development. For others, checking
the milestones can help detect any
difficulties at a particular stage.
• Intervention can then be given which
can help in the development of a
child. Usually, it is the parents,
teachers, and pediatricians who use
the checklists.
II. CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
During the early 20th century, interest in child
development began, specifically, that which
focused on detecting abnormalities. Certain
theories were discovered based on this
interest to appreciate the growth that children
experience from birth to adolescence.
A . Psychosocial Development
Theory of Erik Erikson
• This is an eight-stage theory that describes the changes goes
through in a lifetime. The main focus of Erikson's theory is the
conflicts or crisis on experiences through social interaction.
• Starting from birth, each person is faced with a conflict that
needs to be resolved since it has an impact on the function of
the succeeding stages. If one successfully overcomes the crisis
of each stage, a psychological virtue emerges.
Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Infant • Teenager
• Toddler • Young adult
• Pre-schooler • Middle-age adult
• Grade-schooler • Older adult
B. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY OF JEAN PIAGET
• This theory is concerned with the thought processes of a person and
how they are used to understand and interact with the environment.
Piaget's theory focuses on children's intellectual development and
has four stages. From birth to two year old, a child's
knowledge is limited to his or her use of
A. Sensorimotor stage - senses
From two to six years old, a child learns through
B. Preoperational Stage -the use of language. However, mental
manipulation of information does not take place
yet.
C. Concrete OperationalFrom 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think

Stage- logically and have better understanding of
mental operations. However, abstract
concepts are still difficult to understand.
D. Formal Operational From 12 years old to adulthood, a person has

Stage- the ability to think in abstract concepts.
C. Sociocultural Theory of D. Social Learning Theory
Lev Vygotsky of Albert Bandura
• This theory believes that

children learn actively through • This theory believes that
hands on experiences learning takes place
Vygotsky highlights the through observation And
importance of other people modeling. As a child
such parents, caregivers, and observes the actions of
peers in the development of the people in his or her
children. Culture plays an environment, new
integral role as well interaction information is acquired
with others allows learning to and new skills are
be integrated in the child's developed
understanding of the world.
III. TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL
DEVELOPMENT
• The development of a child usually follows a predictable
pattern There are certain skills and abilities that are
observed to gauge a child's development are called
developmental milestones Examples of these sitting.
babbling, and following directions. However, each child is
unique. With this, not all reach a milestone at the same
time, thus the terms typical and atypical development
• The term typical development refers to the normal

progression where children grow by acquiring knowledge,
skills, and behavior called developmental milestones at a
certain time frame
• Atypical development is a term used when development

does not follow the normal course. More so, a child is
developing atypically when he/she reaches a milestone
earlier or later than other children his/her age.
There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or
atypically. However, there are three commonly accepted principles of
child development that one should look into.
2.
1. 3.
Rate of Development Development
development occurs in a takes place
differs among relatively orderly gradually
children process
IV. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
● The developmental milestones are categorized into four domain namely, physical, social and
emotional, language, and cognitive. changes such as size and strength. The development
occurs in both gross and if motor skills.
● The development at the senses and their uses are also part of the physical domain Which is
influenced by illness and nutrition. A child's experience, expression, and management of
emotions along with the ability to establish positive relationships with others refer to the
social-emotional domain. This includes both the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes
that take place in a child.
● The language domain refers to the process of acquiring language in consistent order without
the need for explicit teaching from the environment Construction of thought process which
includes remembering, problem solving and decision making refers to the cognitive domain.
V. STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
● Stages, along with age are used as ranges to
mark significant periods in a human development
timeline. In each stage, growth and development
occur in the four domains mentioned above.
The stages are as follows:
A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)
B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)
C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)
D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Pause and
Ponder
Before we go to the typical and atypical developmental
milestones, let us pause and ponder about the
following questions below.
1. Do you have a baby brother or sister? What was

he/she like while growing up?
2. When you were in grade school, what were the
similarities and differences between you and your
classmates?
3. As an adolescent, what are the changes that you
have noticed within you?
Typical and Atypical development during infancy
Typical and Atypical development during Early
Childhood
Typical and Atypical development during middle
childhood
Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years) is a stage that brings various changes in a child's life. Independence is a
characteristic that children in this stage asserts. Developing friendships is another milestone that is evident.
In stage, children should be given tasks to develop their sense of responsibility to further their growing
independence.
• Adolescence (12 to 18 years) is the period where puberty begins. By the end of this
stage, most will have completed puberty. The child is now called a teen during this
stage. The teen is becoming more vocal about his/her opinions due to the
development of a unique personality. Peer pressure, however, will be present, which is
why guidance from parents and guardians is very much needed.
Behaviors that are atypical
should be observed keenly
and recorded carefully. At
times, the recorded
observations might just be
isolated events with no
significant impact on later
development. However, they
might also be early warning
signs of needs. The observed
patterns will be useful to
confirm if there is such a
need.
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Typical and Atypical

● Identify typical and Atypical milestones

Stages of Psychosocial Development

C. Concrete OperationalFrom 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think

D. Formal Operational From 12 years old to adulthood, a person has

• This theory believes that

• The term typical development refers to the normal

• Atypical development is a term used when development

The stages are as follows:

A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)

B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)

C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)

D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

1. Do you have a baby brother or sister? What was

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