CHAPTER 5 PED 107

WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
SIAY EXTERNAL CAMPUS

Dacanay, Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
HAND OUTS IN PED 107
FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION
CHAPTER 5: Typical and Atypical Development among Children
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this Chapter, you should be able to:
• identify typical and atypical milestones in the various stages of child development; and;
• differentiate typical and atypical development of children in various stages of their
development.
Discussion:
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE
• To ensure that a child meets his/her developmental milestones, it is crucial to observe and
monitor his/her development. The milestones or developmental skills that need to be
mastered usually at the same rate act as a guide for ideal development. It is done by
checking the progress of a child based on his or her age to see if the child is developing
within expectations.
• For others, checking the milestones can help detect any difficulties at a particular stage.
Intervention can then be given which can help in the development of a child. Usually, it is
the parents, teachers, and pediatricians who use the checklists.
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
• During the early 20th century, interest in child development began,

specifically, that which focused on detecting abnormalities, Certain theories
were discovered based on this interest to appreciate the growth that children
experience from birth to adolescence.
A. Psychosocial Development Theory of Erik Erikson
• This is an eight-stage theory that describes the changes one goes through in a
lifetime. The main focus of Erikson’s theory is the conflicts or crises one
experiences through social interaction. Starting from birth, each person is
faced with a conflict that needs to be resolved since it has an impact on the
function of the succeeding stages. If one successfully overcomes the crisis of
each stage, a psychological virtue emerges.
B. Cognitive Developmental Theory of Jean Piaget
This theory is concerned with the thought processes of a person and
how they are used to understand and interact with the environment. Piaget’s
theory focuses on children’s intellectual development and has four stages.
A. Sensorimotor Stage - From birth to two years old, a child’s
knowledge is limited to his or her use of the senses.
B. Preoperational Stage - From two to six years old, a child learns
through the use of language. However, mental manipulation of
information does not take place yet.
C. Concrete Operational Stage - From 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think

logically and have better understanding of mental operations. However, abstract
concepts are still difficult to understand.
D. Formal Operational Stage - From 12 years old to adulthood, a person has the
ability to think in abstract concepts.
c. Sociocultural Theory of Lev Vygotsky
This theory believes that children learn actively through hands-on experiences.
Vygotsky highlights the importance of other people such as parents, caregivers,
and peers in the development of children.
Culture plays an integral role as well. Interaction with others allows learning to be
integrated in the child’s understanding of the world.
Also included in the theory is the zone of proximal development, which is the
portion in between what one can do on his or her own and with help. Children best
learn when they are in this zone.
D. Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura
This theory believes that learning takes place through observation and modeling.
As a child observes the actions of the people in his or her environment, new
information is acquired and new skills are developed.
TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The term typical development refers to the normal progression where

children grow by acquiring knowledge, skills, and behavior called
developmental milestones at a certain time frame.
• Atypical development is a term used when development does not follow

the normal course. More so, a child is developing atypically when he/ she
reaches a milestone earlier or later than other children his/her age.
• There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or

atypically. However, there are three commonly accepted principles of child
development that one should look into. The principles are as follows:
1. Rate of development differs among children.
2. Development occurs in a relatively orderly process.
3. Development takes place gradually.
DOMAINS OF
DEVELOPMENT
• The developmental milestones are categorized into four domains namely,

physical, social and emotional, language, and cognitive.
• Physical domain refers to the development of physical changes such as size

and strength. The development occurs in both gross and fine motor skills.
The development of the senses and their uses are also part of the physical
domain which is influenced by illness and nutrition.
• A child’s experience, expression, and management of emotions along with

the ability to establish positive relationships with others refer to the social-
emotional domain. This includes both the intrapersonal and interpersonal
processes that take place in a child.
• The language domain refers to the process of acquiring language in a

consistent order without the need for explicit teaching from the environment.
• Construction of thought process which includes remembering, problem-
solving, and decision making refers to the cognitive domain.
STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
• Stages, along with age are used as ranges to mark significant periods in a
human development timeline. In each stage, growth and development occur
in the four domains mentioned above.
The stages are as follows:
• A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)
• B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)
• C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)
• D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
• Infancy (birth to 2 years) - a critical stage in child development because

growth is rapid. Many believe that this stage is the most important stage in
one’s life since the changes that occur in infancy will affect the later stages
of development.
• This stage is also known as the building block for the succeeding stages in
the attainment of crucial knowledge, skills and behaviors. Let us look at the
chart below to see the typical and atypical developmental milestones in the
infancy stage.
•
• Early Childhood (3 to 8 years old) is a period of life with slow growth and
rapid development. Most psychologists label this stage as the exploratory
and questioning stage since the children enjoy discovering new things in
their surroundings. Interactions with family and the people around them will
help shape their, development (see Table 5.2).
Prepared by:
Danny Kim Pigar
Remar Tala
James Mandi
Renvil Loquinte
Rheson Acosta

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WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

SIAY EXTERNAL CAMPUS

CHAPTER 5: Typical and Atypical Development among Children

CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE

CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

• During the early 20th century, interest in child development began,

A. Psychosocial Development Theory of Erik Erikson

This theory is concerned with the thought processes of a person and

theory focuses on children’s intellectual development and has four stages.

A. Sensorimotor Stage - From birth to two years old, a child’s

knowledge is limited to his or her use of the senses.

B. Preoperational Stage - From two to six years old, a child learns

through the use of language. However, mental manipulation of

information does not take place yet.

C. Concrete Operational Stage - From 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think

c. Sociocultural Theory of Lev Vygotsky

D. Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura

TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT

• The term typical development refers to the normal progression where

• Atypical development is a term used when development does not follow

• There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or

1. Rate of development differs among children.

2. Development occurs in a relatively orderly process.

3. Development takes place gradually.

• The developmental milestones are categorized into four domains namely,

• Physical domain refers to the development of physical changes such as size

• A child’s experience, expression, and management of emotions along with

• The language domain refers to the process of acquiring language in a

STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

The stages are as follows:

• A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)

• B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)

• C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)

• D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

• Infancy (birth to 2 years) - a critical stage in child development because

Danny Kim Pigar

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