3150710

Computer Networks

Unit-1
Introduction to
Computer Networks &
Internet
 What is Computer Network?
• Computer Network is a system in which multiple
computers are connected to each other to share
information and resources. Network
Wireless
Devices

Computers

Wired
Advantages of Computer Network
File Sharing Flexible Access

Entertainment Better Communication

 Advantages of Computer Network
Internet Access Inexpensive System

Instant and Multiple Access Resource Sharing

Applications of Computer Network
Email Services Teleconferencing

Business & Finance File & Directory Services

& Many More….

 Types of Computer Network
• Computer networks can be categories by their size as
well as their purpose.
• The size of a network can be expressed by the
geographic area.
• Some of the different networks based on size are:
1. Local Area Network - LAN
2. Metropolitan Area Network - MAN
3. Wide Area Network - WAN
 Local Area Network
• A local area network (LAN) is a computer network
that interconnects computers within a limited
area such as a residence, school, laboratory,
university campus or office building.
 Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
interconnects with computer in a metropolitan area like city.
• MAN is a larger than LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
• It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Navagam
Morbi

Rajkot

Shapar
 Wide Area Network
• A wide area network (WAN) is a computer
network that exists over a large-scale
geographical area.
• A WAN connects different networks, including
local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area
networks (MAN).
• It may be located with in a state or a country or it
may be interconnected around the world.
Types of Computer Networks - Summary
Types of Computer Networks - Summary
Basis Of Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Meaning A network that connects It covers relatively large It spans large locality &
a group of computers in region such as cities, connects countries
a small geographical towns together. e.g. Internet
area
Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (VPN)
Design and Easy Difficult Difficult
Maintenance
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long

Speed High Moderate Low

Equipment Used NIC, Switch, Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio
Transmitter & Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km
Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent
 What is Internet?
 The internet is a type of world-wide computer
network.
 The internet is the collection of infinite numbers
of connected computers that are spread across
Mobile Network
the world. Global ISP

PC
Home
Network
server wireless
links Regional ISP

wireless Wired link

laptop

smartphone
router
Network edge & Network core
 The Network Edge
• Computers and other devices are connected at the edge (end) of the
network. Host system, Packet, Connection link, Packet Switch or Router
(Switching), end system.
• These computers are known as hosts
mobile or end systems. Router is known as
network
edge router. Global ISP

Home
Network Regional ISP

Institutional
Network
 Peer to Peer Network (Point to Point
Network)
• Computers are connected together so that users can
share resources and information.

• There is no central server for authenticating users,

each of them works as both client and server.
• e.g. Bit Torrent
 Client – Server Network
• Client: Request servers for a task.
– Generally called desktop PCs or workstations.
• Server: Receive requests from the clients. Process
and response them.
– e.g. Web Server, Email Server
 The Network Core
• Defines the connection of different network segments
together and process to transmit data packets across the
network.
• It is implemented through the use of switching
techniques.
Switched
Networks

Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Networks Networks
 Circuit Switched Network
• A dedicated channel has to be established before the call is made
between users.
• The channel is reserved between the users till the connection is active.
• For half duplex(one way) communication, one channel is allocated and
for full duplex(two way) communication, two channels are allocated.
• It is mainly used for voice communication requiring real time services
without delay.
 Circuit Switched Network – Cont…
• Communication via circuit switching involves
three phases:
1. Circuit Establishment
2. Data Transfer
3. Circuit Disconnect
 Packet Switched Network
• It is not required to establish the connection
initially.
• The connection/channel is available to use by
users. But when traffic or number of users
increases then it will lead to congestion in the
network.
• Packet switched networks are mainly used for
data and voice applications requiring non-real
time scenarios.
 Differences
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
 Dedicated path between  No dedicated path
source and destination
 All packets use same path  Packets travel independently
 Reserve the entire  Does not reserve bandwidth
bandwidth in advance
 Bandwidth wastage  No bandwidth wastage
 No store and forward  Supports store and forward
transmission transmission
Transmission media
 Transmission Media
A transmission media can be defined as any medium that can carry
information from a source to a destination.

Transmission
Media

Guided Media/ Bounded media Unguided Media/

(Wired) Unbounded media (Wireless)

Twisted-Pair Coaxial Fiber Optic Radio Infrared

Microwave
Cable Cable Cable Wave Wave
 Selection of Transmission Media
Design Factors
✔Bandwidth
✔Transmission impairments
✔Interference
✔Number of receivers

24
Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet 24 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Guided Media
• Guided media are those that provide a wired -
channel from one device to another.
• Three Guided media commonly used for data
transmission are:
Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
• Separately insulated
• Twisted together
• It is widely used in different kinds of data and
voice infrastructure.
• The use of two wires twisted together helps to
reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.
• Two types of twisted pair cable:
UTP STP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair) (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Twisted Pair Cable – Cont…
• UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)
– Ordinary telephone wires
– Less expensive
– Weak immunity against noise & interferences
– Most used in two categories: Cat-3 (transmit upto 10Mbps) &
Cat-5(transmit upto 100Mbps, used in LAN)
– Used in laboratory
• STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)
– An extra metallic shield on each pair
– Relatively more expensive
– Better performance than UTP
– Used in exterior network(outside of building).
Coaxial Cable
Insulator

Inner
Plastic cover Outer conductor Conductor
(shield)

• Outer conductor is braided shield

• Inner conductor is solid metal
• Separated by insulating material, and whole cover by plastic cover
• Used in television, long distance telephone transmission
• High bandwidth and excellent noise immunity
• 10Mbps is transmission rate.
• Used for both analog and digital data transmission
Fiber Optic Cable
• Glass or plastic core
• Laser or light emitting diode
• Small size & weight
• Used in high bandwidth network
• High data rate & lower attenuation
 Unguided Media
• Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves
without using a physical conductor.
• This type of communication is often referred to as
wireless communication.
1. Radio wave
2. Microwave
3. Infrared Wave
 Radio wave

• Highly regulated
• Omni directional antennas
• Radio waves are used for multicast communications,
such as radio and television, and paging systems
• Penetrate through walls
 Microwave
• Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications
• Microwave communication
• Used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,
satellite networks
• Higher frequency ranges cannot efficiently penetrate
walls
 Infrared wave
• Infrared signals can be used for short-range
communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation
• Used on televisions, VCRs, and stereos all use infrared
communication.
• Relatively directional
• Cheap, easy to build but they do not pass through solid
objects
Network Topologies
 Network Topologies
• Network topology is the arrangement of the various
components(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
• Types of network topologies :
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid
 Bus Topology

• Every computer and network device is connected to single

cable
• It transmits data only in one direction
• Cost effective
• Used in small networks
• Easy to expand joining two cables together
 Ring Topology

• It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another

computer, with the last one connected to the first.
• Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit
by bit.
• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by
adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can
transmit data.
• Cheap to install and expand.
 Star Topology

• Computers are connected to a single central hub through a cable.

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
• Easy to troubleshoot & Easy to setup and modify.
• Only that node is affected which has failed rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
 Mesh Topology

• Point-to-point connection to other devices or fully

connected.
• Traffic is carried only between two connected devices.
• Robust, costly but not flexible.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• More cable resource used in setup.
 Tree Topology

• It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming
a hierarchy.
• Also called hierarchical topology.
• Mostly used in Wide Area Network – WAN.
• Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
 Hybrid Topology

• A network structure whose design contains more

than one topology is said to be hybrid topology.
• It is a combination of two or more topologies.
• Flexible & reliable as error detection and easy to
troubleshoot.
• Scalable as size can be increased easily.
 Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every Each All the All the It has a root
computer computer is computers network node and all
and network connected to are nodes are other nodes
device is another, with connected to connected to are
connected to the last one a single hub each other. connected to
single cable. connected to through a it forming a
the first. cable. hierarchy.
Cost Average Cheap High High High
Used in Small Expand Small Expand Expand
Network Network Network Network Network
Troubleshoot Easy, But Difficult; Easy; Difficult; Easy;
Cables fail Failure of one If the hub Installation Central root
then whole computer fails then the and hub fails,
network fails. disturbs the whole configuration network fails.
whole network is is difficult.
network. down.
 What is Protocol?
• Human Protocol(Language)  Network Protocol
– “what’s the time?”
✔ Set of rules
– “I have a question”
✔ machines rather than humans
– Introduction Talk
✔ all communication activity in Internet
governed by protocols.

Protocol is define format,

order of message sent
and received among
network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission and
reception
Protocol Layers
 Protocols Layers
• To deals with connecting systems that are open for
communication with other systems.
• OSI Layer Model (Open Systems Interconnection)
• Developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) with
seven different layers.
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
How OSI Layer Works?
 Physical Layer

• The physical layer is responsible for movements

of individual bits from one hop (node) to the
next.
 Physical Layer – Cont…
• Carries the bit stream over a physical media.
• Physical Layer is concerned with:
– Interface and Medium like guided cables
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Line configuration
– Physical topology
– Transmission mode
 Data Link Layer

• The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
 Data Link Layer – Cont…
• Data link layer is concerned with:
– Framing – divide bits stream into data unit (frame)
– Physical addressing
– Flow control – avoid over overwhelming
– Error control – bit loses, retransmission
– Access control
 Network Layer

• The network layer is responsible for the delivery

of individual packets from the source host to the
destination host.
 Network Layer – Cont…
• In this layer, packet is combined with header and
data.
• In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the
same network.
• If two different networks are connected then
packet is concern with network layer.
• Network layer is concerned with:
– Logical addressing e.g. 192.168.1.1 (IP Address)
– Routing
 Transport Layer

• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
 Transport Layer – Cont…
• This layer ensures that the whole message arrives
intact and in order.
• Transport layer is concerned with:
• - Port to Port delivery( End to End Delivery)
– Service-point addressing (port address)
– Segmentation and reassembly (In order delivery)
– Connection control(TCP)
– Flow and error control
– Two Protocol used( TCP and UDP)
 Session Layer

• The session layer is responsible for dialog control

and synchronization.
 Session Layer – Cont…
• The session layer allows session establishment
between processes running on different stations.
• It provides:
• Session establishment, maintenance, and
termination: allows two application processes on
• different machines to establish, use and terminate a
connection, called a session.
• Session support: performs the functions that allow
these processes to communicate over the network,
performing security, name recognition, logging, and
so on.
 Presentation Layer

• The presentation layer is responsible for

translation, compression, and encryption.
 Presentation Layer – Cont…
• The presentation layer formats the data to be
presented to the application layer. It can be viewed
as the translator for the network. This layer may
translate data from a format used by receiver.
The presentation layer provides:
• Character code translation: for example, ASCII to
EBCDIC..
• Data compression reduces the number of bits that
need to be transmitted on the network.
• Data encryption: encrypt data for security
purposes. For example, password encryption.
 Application Layer

• The application layer is responsible for providing

services to the user.
 Application Layer – Cont…
• This layer provides various services like:
– Network virtual terminal
– File transfer, access and management
– Mail services
– Directory services
 Summary – OSI Layer
To allow access to
Application network resource
To translate, encrypt
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session and terminate sessions
To provide reliable process-
to-process message
delivery and error recovery Transport
To move packets from
source to destination; To
Network provide internetworking
To organize bits into
frames; To provide hop- Data link
to-hop delivery To transmit bits over a
medium; To provide
Physical
mechanical & electrical
specification
 TCP/IP Reference Model
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

• It was originally defined as having five layers:

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow
cooperating computers to share resources across
the network.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Network
TCP/IP Model Architecture
 Difference
TCP/IP
OSI
(Transmission Control Protocol/
(Open System Interconnection)
Internet Protocol)
It has 7 layers It has 5 layers
OSI provides layer functioning and also TCP/IP model is more based on
defines functions of all the layers protocols and protocols are not
flexible with other layers
In OSI model the transport layer In TCP/IP model the transport layer
guarantees the delivery of packets does not guarantees delivery of
packets
Follows horizontal approach Follows vertical approach
OSI model has a separate presentation TCP/IP doesn’t have a separate
layer presentation layer
OSI is a general model TCP/IP model cannot be used in any
other application
 Difference - Cont…
TCP/IP
OSI
(Transmission Control Protocol/
(Open System Interconnection)
Internet Protocol)
Network layer of OSI model provide both The Network layer in TCP/IP model
connection oriented and connectionless provides connectionless service
service
OSI model has a problem of fitting the TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
protocols in the model
Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are In TCP/IP, replacing protocol is not
easily replaced as the technology changes easy
OSI model defines services, interfaces and In TCP/IP, it is not clearly separated its
protocols very clearly and makes clear services, interfaces and protocols
distinction between them
Protocol Layers: Summary
 Delay, Loss & Throughput
• Delay
– As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subsequent
node (host or router) along this path, the packet suffers from several
types of delays at each node along the path.

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtran + dprop

Where

dnodal = Total Delay

dproc = Processing Delay
dqueue = Queuing Delay
dtran = Transmission Delay
dprop = Propagation Delay
 Delay – Cont…
• Processing Delay (dproc)
– The time required to examine the packets header and
determine where to direct the packet.
– To check bit level error
– Determine output link
– Delay in terms of microseconds
 Delay – Cont…
• Queuing Delay (dqueue)
– A time to wait at output link for transmission.
– Depends on congestion level of router.
– If queue is empty then delay will be zero.
– If queue is full (heavy traffic) then delay will be long.
– Delay in terms of micro second to millisecond.
 Delay – Cont…
• Transmission Delay (dtran = L/R)
– An amount of time required for the router to transmit
the packet.
– Its depends on packet length(L) and transmission
rate(R) of link.
 Delay – Cont…
• Propagation Delay (dprop= d/s)
– A time required to propagate from the beginning of
the link to router B.
– Depends on the length of physical medium(d) link and
propagation speed(s) of link
– Delay in terms of millisecond.
 Packet Loss
• Packet loss is the failure of one or more
transmitted packets to arrive at their destination.
• The loss of data packets depends on the switch
queue/buffer. The loss of data packets increases
with the increases in the traffic intensity.
• It affects the performance
of the network.
 Throughput
• Throughput or Network Throughput is the rate of
successful message delivery over a communication
channel.
• Throughput is measured in bits(data) per second (bit/s
or bps)

server, with link capacity link capacity Client

file of F bits Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
send to client
 History of Computer Networks
• 1961-1972 : The development of Packet
Switching
• 1972-1980 : Proprietary Network and
Internetworking
• 1980-1990 : A Proliferation of Networks
• 1990s : The Internet Explosion
• Recent Developments…
 Outline - Revised
• What is Computer Network? Connected each other
• Advantages of Computer Network
• Applications of Computer Network
• Type of Computer Network LAN, MAN, WAN
• What is Internet? Infinite nos. of connected computers
across the world
• What is Protocol? Set of Rules
• The Network Edge Host-end system & edge router
• The Network Core Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
• Transmission Media Guided- Wired & Unguided-Wireless
• Network Topologies Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, & Hybrid
• Protocol Layers OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
• Delay, Loss & Throughput
Thank You