Dot 68882 DS1

ENERGY DISSIPATION OPTIMIZATION
FOR CIRCULAR CULVERTS
David M. Admiraal (PI) and Chi Zhang

F
I
N Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
A
L University of Nebraska – Lincoln
R Lincoln, NE 68588-0531
E
P
O
R
T
Sponsored By
Nebraska Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of
Transportation Federal Highway Administration
9/5/2023
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.
FY21(009)
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
Energy Dissipation Optimization for Circular Culverts 9/5/2023
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

David M. Admiraal
Chi Zhang
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Nebraska – Lincoln 11. Contract
Lincoln, NE 68588-0531 FY21(009)
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Nebraska Department of Transportation Final Report
Research Section 7/1/2020 – 9/5/2023
1400 Nebraska Parkway 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Lincoln, NE 68502
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
Two types of energy dissipation devices at circular culvert outlets were investigated: full-length weirs and staggered weirs.
Related literature was reviewed; a model broken-back circular culvert and dissipation basin was built; instrumentation was
installed to measure discharge, piezometric head, and velocities; and four sizes of full-length and staggered weirs were tested over
a range of discharges and tailwaters. Weir heights ranged from D/8 to 4D/8, in which D was the culvert diameter. The two weir
types were subjected to two styles of tests: (1) tests unaffected by tailwater and (2) tailwater-influenced tests. For tall full-length
weirs (3D/8 and 4D/8), basin outlet depths could be reasonably predicted with a simple weir equation, general assumptions about
the upstream flow, and the energy equation with no head losses. For shorter weirs (D/8 and 2D/8), the flow skimmed the weir and
the weir equation was invalid, especially for high discharges. In these cases, the weirs were not effective energy dissipators. For
the tallest weirs, the ratio of outlet energy and the critical depth was roughly constant. The outlet specific energy was about 3.2
and 2.9 times the critical depth for weir heights of 4D/8 and 3D/8, respectively. Similar results were found for the staggered weir,
but specific energy was found to be 2.7 and 2.9 times the critical depth for weir heights of 4D/8 and 3D/8, respectively. Results
can be used to determine dissipation basin outlet velocities for incoming runout Froude numbers in the range of 3.8 to 4.6 for full-
length and staggered weirs with heights ranging from D/8 to 4D/8.
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Energy dissipation, Culvert outlet, Broken-back culvert, Scour No restrictions. This document is available through the
prevention, Weirs, Staggered Weirs, Baffles National Technical Information Service.
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of 21. No. of Pages 22. Price
Unclassified this page) 182
Unclassified
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
ii
DISCLAIMER
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy
of the information presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies
neither of the Nebraska Department of Transportations nor the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. This report
does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers’ names, which may
appear in this report, are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report.
The United States (U.S.) government and the State of Nebraska do not endorse products or manufacturers.
This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under SPR-FY21(009).
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Highway Administration.”
iii
ABSTRACT
The principal goal of the current research is to develop and improve weir-based energy dissipator
designs for circular culverts. In particular, design information is needed for energy dissipation
devices at the outlets of circular culverts; in the present case we are interested in full-length weirs
and staggered weirs. A great deal of research on weir energy dissipators for rectangular culverts
has already been conducted (e.g., Hotchkiss and Larson, 2005). However, there is far less design
information for weir-style energy dissipators for circular culverts. The flow behavior for this
type of conveyance is significantly different than in rectangular culverts.
The tests reported in this document were intended to facilitate the development of a design
procedure for weir energy dissipators downstream of circular culverts. With that in mind, a
review of related literature was completed and reported; a test facility was carefully designed and
constructed to collect flow information in a basin downstream of a model broken-back circular
culvert; instrumentation was installed to measure discharge, piezometric head, and velocities;
and four sizes of full-length and staggered weirs were tested over a range of discharges and
tailwaters. The tested weir heights ranged from D/8 to 4D/8, in which D is the culvert diameter.
The two weir styles were subjected to two types of tests: (1) tests in which the weirs were
unaffected by tailwater and (2) tailwater-influenced tests. Data were processed to assess energy
dissipation and hydraulic jump position associated with each dissipator configuration.
Dissipation basin outlet depths predicted with a simple weir equation, some general assumptions
about the flow upstream of the weir, and the energy equation with no head losses were
reasonably close to measured outlet depths for the tallest full-length weirs (weirs with heights of
3D/8 and 4D/8). For the shorter weirs (weirs with heights of D/8 and 2D/8), the flow appeared
to skim the weir and the weir equation was invalid, especially for high discharges. In these
cases, the weirs were not effective energy dissipators. For the two tallest full-length weirs, the
ratio of the outlet energy and the critical depth was roughly constant over the range of discharges
tested. The outlet specific energy for the tallest weir (4D/8) was found to be 3.2 times the critical
depth. For the second tallest weir (3D/8) it was found to be 2.9 times the critical depth. Similar
results were found for the staggered weir, but the optimal weir was the tallest weir (4D/8), for
which the specific energy was found to be 2.7 times the critical depth. The specific energy for
the second tallest weir (3D/8) was found to be 2.9 times the critical depth.
We attribute these differences to the fact that for the full-length weir, once optimal dissipation is
achieved, increasing the height of the weir will only reduce total energy dissipation of the
weir/expansion/culvert system; the same is not necessarily true for the staggered weir, for which
some flow does not pass over the weir. This leads us to believe that that the geometry of the
staggered weir can be altered to optimize its design – perhaps something similar to a baffle
system. Both weir types reduce the outlet energy significantly, but there is room for
iv
improvement. Optimal energy dissipation will result in an outlet energy that is as low as 1.5
times the critical depth when there is no tailwater. It would also be beneficial to re-examine
these results over a wider range of Froude numbers than can be provided by the current test setup
without modification.
When installing weirs for dissipation in rectangular channels, it is generally recommended that
the length of the jump upstream of the weir is long enough to ensure that the jump is fully
formed – roughly five times the upper sequent depth of a classical jump. The present
configuration is complicated by the circular culvert cross section and expansion. Forcing the toe
of the jump to approach the culvert break for all tested discharges required the outlet of the
culvert to be submerged to about 1.1D by the tailwater. This result was independent of the weirs
that were tested because at this submergence the weirs had little influence on energy dissipation.
The result was not independent of discharge, and higher discharges than those tested may require
greater submergence. However, raising the weir to achieve full submergence is not advisable
based on the present observations since taller weirs will lead to higher basin outlet velocities.
This is because jumps within the culvert do not appear to dissipate as much energy as is
dissipated when the high velocity flow impacts the weir. In other words, forcing a jump to form
within the runout section does not appear to be optimal for energy dissipation purposes. Testing
taller weirs would help corroborate this observation.
v
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY DISSIPATION IN CULVERTS ....................................................................................................1
1.2 BRIEF SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK .........................................................................................................................1
1.3 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF CURRENT RESEARCH ............................................................................................................1
1.4 REPORT LAYOUT ......................................................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW – ENERGY DISSIPATION IN CULVERTS ........................................................................ 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY DISSIPATION ......................................................................................................................4

2.2 HYDRAULIC JUMPS – RECTANGULAR CHANNELS .............................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Sequent depths............................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Length of the hydraulic jump roller .............................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Length of jump ............................................................................................................................................8
2.2.4 Energy loss and efficiency of a jump .........................................................................................................10
2.2.5 Hydraulic jump types.................................................................................................................................10
2.3 HYDRAULIC JUMPS – CIRCULAR CHANNELS .................................................................................................................11
2.3.1 Critical Flow in Circular Channels ..............................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Sequent Depths in Circular Channels.........................................................................................................14
2.4 SILLS AND DROPS ...................................................................................................................................................15
2.4.1 The sharp‐crested weir..............................................................................................................................15
2.4.2 The abrupt rise ..........................................................................................................................................17
2.4.3 Drop structures..........................................................................................................................................20
2.4.4 Vertical drop followed by a rectangular weir............................................................................................21
2.5 BAFFLE BLOCKS......................................................................................................................................................23
2.6 CHANNEL EXPANSIONS ............................................................................................................................................26
2.7 DESIGN STILLING BASINS .........................................................................................................................................28
2.7.1 Introduction to stilling basins....................................................................................................................28
2.7.2 Stilling basin selection based on Froude number ......................................................................................32
2.8 EROSION DOWNSTREAM OF CULVERT OUTLETS ...........................................................................................................33
2.9 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................34
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHODS ...................................................................................................35

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................35
3.2 FROUDE SIMILARITY CONDITIONS ..............................................................................................................................35
3.3 PROTOTYPE CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................................................36
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................37
3.5 TESTING SECTION DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................40
3.5.1 Testing section design ...............................................................................................................................41
3.5.2 Model scale ...............................................................................................................................................43
3.5.3 Model geometry........................................................................................................................................44
3.5.4 Energy dissipation basin............................................................................................................................46
3.5.5 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................................48
3.6 TESTED DISSIPATION STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................................55
3.6.1 Energy dissipation structure 1 – staggered weir .......................................................................................56
3.6.2 Energy dissipation structure 2 – full‐length weir.......................................................................................56
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3.7 DIMENSIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................................................................................................57
3.8 ENERGY CALCULATION DETAILS.................................................................................................................................61
3.8.1 Specific energy and energy calculations....................................................................................................61
3.8.2 Energy calculations from depth measurements........................................................................................62
3.8.3 Energy calculations from depth and velocity measurements....................................................................64
3.8.4 Additional energy calculation considerations ...........................................................................................65
3.9 CONSISTENCY OF PIEZOMETER AND POINT GAUGE MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................66
3.10 OVERVIEW OF TESTS .............................................................................................................................................68
3.10.1 Baseline tests...........................................................................................................................................68
3.10.2 Tailwater‐independent tests ...................................................................................................................69
3.10.3 Tailwater tests.........................................................................................................................................70
4. RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................71
4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................71

4.2 STAGGERED WEIR RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................71
4.2.1 Initial data .................................................................................................................................................72
4.2.2 Tailwater‐independent results – Prandtl‐based results ............................................................................76
4.2.3 Scale‐independent results .........................................................................................................................79
4.3 FULL WEIR RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................................81
4.3.1 Initial data .................................................................................................................................................81
4.3.2 Tailwater‐independent results – Prandtl‐based results ............................................................................82
4.3.3 Scale‐independent results .........................................................................................................................86
4.4 COMPARATIVE RESULTS...........................................................................................................................................87
4.4.1 Specific energy at the outlet......................................................................................................................87
4.4.2 Tailwater‐influenced results......................................................................................................................91
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ............................................................................94
5.1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................94

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................95
5.3 FUTURE WORK ......................................................................................................................................................96
6. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................98
APPENDIX A COMMUNICATIONS.....................................................................................................................101
APPENDIX B CALCULATING ALTERNATE DEPTHS WITH NO HEAD LOSSES .........................................................104

APPENDIX C CALCULATION OF DISSIPATION BASIN OUTLET DEPTH AND VELOCITY ..........................................107
APPENDIX D POINT GAUGE AND PIEZOMETER DATUMS ..................................................................................110
APPENDIX E DATA ‐ TAILWATER TESTS – NO WEIRS .........................................................................................112
APPENDIX F DATA ‐ TAILWATER TESTS – STAGGERED WEIRS............................................................................117

APPENDIX G DATA ‐ TAILWATER TESTS – FULL WEIRS ......................................................................................134
APPENDIX H DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – NO WEIRS .............................................................................151
APPENDIX I DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – STAGGERED WEIRS .................................................................153

APPENDIX J DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – FULL WEIRS ............................................................................158
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APPENDIX K DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – NO WEIRS..............................................................................163
APPENDIX L DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – STAGGERED WEIRS ................................................................165
APPENDIX M DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – FULL WEIRS ..........................................................................170
viii
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Energy Dissipation in Culverts

Culverts provide management and conveyance of storm water runoff for roadway systems.
However, short culverts on steep slopes may result in downstream erosion if high-energy
discharge is present at the culvert outlet. Erosion of the stream bed has many adverse impacts:
Lowering of stream water level and groundwater level; damage to infrastructure such as bridges,
culverts, and roadway embankments; and downstream siltation that damages aquatic habitat and
affects water quality. The purpose of an energy dissipator is to dissipate as much flow energy as
possible prior to releasing the flow to downstream areas and to mitigate the adverse impacts of
bed erosion.
Energy dissipation structures are costly, especially when they require a lot of space. Thus,
efforts have been made to reduce the width and length of dissipation basins and to eliminate as
much land use as possible when installing the basins. The overarching aspiration of the present
research is to do just that, to fit maximum energy dissipation in minimum space without
increasing susceptibility of the structure to scour and undermining. The way in which to do this
is to develop more efficient energy dissipators, and that is the reason to investigated weirs and
staggered weirs.
1.2 Brief Summary of Previous Work

Previously, many types of energy dissipators have been used. Peterka (1978) proposed several
stilling basins (USBR Basins Type II – VI) for different structures. HEC-14 (2006) also
identified the Saint Anthony Falls (SAF) Basin. Among the stilling basin types Peterka
proposed, the impact wall stilling basin (USBR Basin Type VI) is of most interest for the scope
of this research because it is an impact-type, box-like energy dissipator for cylindrical pipe
outlets. Sills also can be used to control hydraulic jumps. Forster and Skrinde (1950) used two
types of sills - the sharp-crested weir and the abrupt rise to force a hydraulic jump to dissipate
energy. Larson (2004) used a drop structure followed by a sill. These devices are similar to the
devices described in the present work and are discussed in more detail in the literature review
section. The present research is different from most of these in that the conveyance structure is
cylindrical. This difference in geometry will impact the behavior of associated hydraulic jumps
and expected energy dissipation.
1.3 Goals and Objectives of Current Research

The goal of the current research is to develop and improve weir-based energy dissipator designs
for circular culverts. Research on weir energy dissipators for rectangular culverts has already
been conducted (e.g., Hotchkiss and Larson, 2005) and the design procedure for such dissipators
is included in HEC-14 (2006). However, there is still no formal design procedure for a weir
1
energy dissipator for circular culverts. Circular culverts differ from rectangular culverts in the
sense that there is additional energy loss associated with the transition from the circular pipe to a
rectangular box, and the transition involves changing from a flow with a circular boundary to a
flow with a rectangular boundary.
The laboratory testing in this project focuses on two structures currently used by NDOT: the weir
and the staggered weir. The data from tests reported in this document facilitate the development
of a design procedure for weir energy dissipators downstream of circular culverts. Most
importantly, proper selection of weir height and position will help to optimize energy dissipation.
With that purpose in mind, the following tasks were performed:
1. A test facility was carefully designed and constructed to collect energy dissipation
information in a basin downstream of a broken-back culvert.
2. Instrumentation was installed to measure discharge, piezometric head, and velocities
within the facility.
3. Two types of energy dissipation weirs were tested in the facility: a full-length weir, and a
staggered weir. These weirs were tested using two types of tests – (1) unrestricted outlet
flow tests and (2) tailwater-influenced outlet tests.
4. Data were processed to assess energy dissipation associated with each dissipator
configuration.
The unrestricted flow tests included a wide range of discharges for which the tailwater was set as
low as possible so that it did not affect the outlet depth of the dissipation structure. Such tests are
important because the energy dissipation associated with the dissipation structure configuration
alone can be directly measured using piezometers, velocity and discharge measurements. The
unrestricted flow tests utilized Prandtl measurements at the outlet to provide more accurate
assessment of results because it was recognized that piezometer measurements were not
extremely accurate for the high flow velocities at the dissipation structure outlet. The tailwater
influenced outlet tests were done to observe how the hydraulic jump would behave for different
downstream flow conditions.
The limiting case of the outlet depth of the dissipation basin is critical depth; this is because
tailwater depths cannot be guaranteed for all culvert installations. Thus, designs of dissipation
basins should strive to achieve critical depth at the basin outlet when there are no downstream
controls – lower depths will result in higher outlet energy and higher depths cannot be enforced.
In this work, we strive to provide designs that maximize outlet depth by investigating staggered
and full-length weirs. The results of this investigation are presented in this report. Yet there is
still much improvement that can be gained by optimizing weir geometry in future work.
1.4 Report Layout

This report is arranged into five chapters. Chapter 2 is a detailed literature review on energy
dissipation in culverts. The characteristics of the simplest form of energy dissipation, free
hydraulic jumps, are discussed. Different elements of dissipation geometries are presented.
2
Stilling basins, which combine multiple dissipation elements are examined at the end of the
chapter. Chapter 3 provides a description of the experimental design, including both a
description of the facility itself and the instruments used to collect the data. Chapter 3 also
provides details about the experiments done in the test facility. Chapter 4 presents results of the
experiments. In Chapter 5, conclusions of the study and information about how the results can
be incorporated into culvert design are provided. There are also some suggestions concerning
future testing options and procedures.
3
2. Literature Review – Energy Dissipation in Culverts
2.1 Introduction to Energy Dissipation

In order to prevent damage to streams and structures downstream of culverts, energy dissipation
devices are required. Such devices have been studied for many years in the context of roadway
culverts, storm sewers, dam spillways, and other conveyance systems. Many types of structures
have been developed to date. Some of these can be categorized as shown in Figure 2.1.
Categories include free hydraulic jumps over aprons, impact baffles, sills and weirs, drops,
plunge basins, counterflow, flip buckets and design basins.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
Figure 2.1 Examples of energy dissipation structures, including: (a) free hydraulic jump, (b)
baffles, (c) sills, (d) drops, (e) plunge basins, (f) counterflow mechanisms, (g) flip buckets, and
(h) design basins.
Free jumps are the simplest way to dissipate energy. An apron is usually required to prevent
erosion of the bed beneath a jump. When an apron is required to prevent erosion, it is important
4
to keep the jump situated above the apron. With free jumps there is a lack of control of when
and where the jump forms because the formation of the jump is dependent on downstream
conditions. Most energy dissipation methods make use of hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy
but utilize additional devices to stabilize the position of the jump and to guarantee its formation.
Baffles are one of the most commonly found energy dissipation methods. When high energy
flow impacts baffles, the baffles have three effects. First, they directly dissipate flow energy by
creating friction. Second, they redirect the flow into other flow streams to create shear, thereby
dissipating additional energy. Finally, they reduce the overall velocity of the flow, which can
induce the immediate formation of a hydraulic jump.
Sills function similar to baffles. Unlike baffles, however, the flow cannot go around a sill. Thus,
sills require the flow to travel up and over the sill. One primary function of a sill is to induce
hydraulic jump formation by absorbing some of the initial energy and driving the water surface
upward towards a sequent depth. In stormwater systems, sills generally require weep holes to
allow water to drain when there is little or no flow in the structure. This reduces ice damage in
the winter and stagnant pools in the summer.
Drops dissipate energy primarily by impact and flow recirculation. Entrained air may also help
to indirectly dissipate energy. Plunge basins function in a similar manner. The primary
difference is that drops usually have a non-erodible bed, whereas plunge basins use deep pools so
that shear stresses between the plunging jet and the water pool dissipate the energy. Plunge
basins can be undesirable for ephemeral flows because the pool is stagnant when it is not in use.
Counterflow devices are designed to change the flow direction so that turbulence and shear in the
flow dissipates most of the energy. Passive counterflow devices are similar to baffles, but are
shaped to deflect the flow instead of to impact the flow. Active counterflow methods include the
use of water jets (as opposed to concrete structures) that are directed against the incoming flow
to dissipate energy.
Flip buckets direct part of the flow upwards, helping with the formation of a hydraulic jump.
The bed downstream of a flip bucket must be non-erodible or armored. Design basins make use
of multiple mechanisms to dissipate energy. Most design basins are intended for two-
dimensional open-channel flows.
Energy dissipation structures reduce flow energy in four ways: (1) direct impact and the shear
that results from impingement on a solid surface, (2) inducing shear within a flow by causing
part of the flow to travel in a different direction than another part of the flow, (3) entraining air
(in combination with turbulent motion, two-phase gas liquid mixtures can absorb energy), and
(4) inducing the formation of hydraulic jumps. Note that entraining air, in and of itself, does not
5
dissipate much energy (Vischer, 1995). However, the presence of the air in a highly turbulent
flow can enhance energy absorption.
For the present research, one goal is to provide effective energy dissipation for circular culverts
while minimizing the footprint of the energy dissipation structure. This goal makes it difficult to
use any of the structures that require downstream pools such as plunge basins and flip buckets,
which can require significant space. Furthermore, an uncontrolled jump is not very useful since
downstream tailwater conditions cannot be controlled. The primary mechanisms that are likely
the most useful for the present goal include baffles and impact structures, sills, and possibly
some forms of passive counterflow structures. Drops could also prove useful, but only in
conjunction with other methods since downstream tailwater conditions cannot be controlled.
In this literature review, a general description of the hydraulics of energy dissipation will precede
a section by section introduction to dissipation structures deemed relevant to the present
research. Specific dissipation structures that will be discussed include sills, weirs, drops,
expansions, various types of baffle blocks and stilling basins.
2.2 Hydraulic Jumps – Rectangular Channels

Hydraulic jumps are one of the main flow mechanisms that contribute to energy dissipation. Due
to their importance, hydraulic jumps are briefly discussed in this section. A hydraulic jump
occurs when the free-surface of a supercritical open-channel flow Froude No. 1 rises
abruptly to a subcritical (Froude No. < 1) depth. This occurs when the amount of kinetic energy
dissipated by the supercritical flow cannot be sustained as the flow travels downstream. A
hydraulic jump in a prismatic channel (a channel with uniform channel cross-section and slope)
is defined as a classical hydraulic jump. Figure 2.2 shows a diagram of a classical hydraulic
jump. The upstream and downstream flows have depths of 𝑑 and 𝑑 , respectively. The point
where flow depth starts to rise rapidly is called the jump toe. The reversed flow occurring in the
developed zone is called a roller, and is a primary contributor to energy dissipation (Jesudhas et
al., 2018). For stronger jumps, air entrainment by the roller helps dissipate energy.
6
Figure 2.2 A classical hydraulic jump (after Jesudhas et al.,2018)
2.2.1 Sequent depths

The upstream and downstream flow depths ( 𝑑 and 𝑑 ) of the hydraulic jump are called sequent
depths or sometimes conjugate depths. For a horizontal, prismatic rectangular channel with
negligible friction, the relation between sequent depths can be derived using conservation of
specific force between the upstream and downstream sections:
𝑄 𝑄
𝑧 𝐴 𝑧 𝐴 (2.1)
𝑔𝐴 𝑔𝐴
Where 𝑧 and 𝑧 are centroids of the flow cross-sections at 1 and 2, A1 and A2 are cross sectional
areas of the flow, Q is the discharge, and g is gravitational acceleration. The incoming velocity,
V1, can be computed as Q/A1. For a prismatic rectangular channel, 𝑧̅ and A = by.
Substituting 𝑧 ,𝑧 ,𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 ,𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 , and 𝑄 𝑉 𝑏𝑑 we get:
𝑉 𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏 𝑉 𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
𝑔𝑏𝑑 2 𝑔𝑏𝑑 2
After simplifying,
𝑉 𝑑 𝑉 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑
𝑔 𝑔𝑑 2
7
This equation can be simplified using 𝐹𝑟 , where Fr1 is the incoming Froude Number, to
get the equation:
𝑑 𝑑
2𝐹𝑟 1 ∙ 2𝐹𝑟 0
𝑑 𝑑
One of the roots of this cubic equation is the relationship between the sequent depths.
𝑑 1
1 8𝐹𝑟 1 (2.2)
𝑑 2
Equation 2.2 is called the Belanger equation. Using this equation, the downstream sequent depth
can be calculated if the upstream depth (d1), channel width (b), and discharge (Q) are known. A
similar equation can be used to find the upstream sequent depth if downstream conditions are
known.
2.2.2 Length of the hydraulic jump roller

The length of the roller (𝐿 ) is defined as the distance from the jump toe to the end of the roller.
Hager et al. (1990) developed equations for estimating the length of the roller in a classical
hydraulic jump. The equations are as follows:
𝐹𝑟
𝜆 12 160 tanh , 𝜔 0.10
20 (2.3a)
𝐹𝑟
𝜆 12 100 tanh , 0.10 𝜔 0.7 (2.3b)
12.5
Where the relative length of the roller (r) is given by 𝜆 and the aspect ratio () is found
using 𝜔 , in which b is the width of the channel. This set of equations can help with
estimation of necessary apron lengths.
2.2.3 Length of jump

Peterka (1978) used 6 flumes identified as A through F to obtain a relationship between upstream
Froude number (𝐹 ) and the ratio of length of jump to the downstream depth ( ). In his
experiments, the length of the jump was measured from the front of the jump to a downstream
point where either the high-velocity jet begins to leave the floor or to the point on the surface
immediately downstream from the roller. His experimental results are shown by the data in Fig.
2.3. The widths of flumes A through F are 4.92 ft, 2.00 ft, 1.50 ft, 3.97 ft, 3.97 ft and 1.00 ft,
respectively. Note that in the figure labels, D refers to the depth (d). The curve established by
test data is labeled as “recommended” in the Figure. Peterka also shows the curves obtained by
8
three other groups. The curve obtained by Bakhmeteff and Matzke is labeled as curve one in the
figure. It can be observed that up to 𝐹𝑟 = 2.5, the curve developed by Bakhmeteff and Matzke is
consistent with Peterka’s data. As 𝐹𝑟 increases further, the curve developed by Bakhmeteff and
Matzke provides jump lengths that are much shorter than indicated by Peterka’s data. In order to
experimentally increase the upstream Froude number, the gate used to produce the supercritical
flow must be lowered, reducing discharge and upstream depth. Peterka conjectured that in small
flumes frictional resistance can become significant, resulting in jumps that are shorter than their
equivalents in large flumes. Curve 4 obtained by Zurich laboratory and Curve 3 obtained by the
Technical University of Berlin show the same trends as Peterka’s curve but the predicted jump
lengths are not in agreement with the data – especially the jump lengths predicted by Curve 3.
Different criterion for measuring the length of the jump is the most likely reason for the
discrepancies.
Figure 2.3 Relative jump length as a function of inlet Froude No. (Bradley and Peterka, 1957a)
A curve fit of the data collected by Bradley and Peterka (1957a) yields the relation between
and 𝐹𝑟 as reported by Hagar (1992):
𝐿 𝐹𝑟 1
220 tanh (2.4)
𝑑 22
9
Applying this to Equation 2.2 yields:
𝐹𝑟 1
𝐿 440 tanh
22 (2.5)
𝑑 1 1 8𝐹𝑟
Equation 2.5 represents the recommended curve shown in Fig. 2.3.
2.2.4 Energy loss and efficiency of a jump

Chow (1959) used the difference of the specific energies (E) to derive an equation for energy
loss of the jump:
𝑑 𝑑
∆𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 (2.6)
4𝑑 𝑑
The efficiency of the jump is defined as the ratio of specific energy downstream of the jump to
the specific energy upstream of the jump:
𝐸 8𝐹 1 4𝐹 1 (2.7)
𝐸 8𝐹 2 𝐹
This formula can be used to assess the ability of a jump to dissipate incoming energy. Similar
formulas can be developed for dissipation structures to assess their efficiency.
2.2.5 Hydraulic jump types

Peterka (1978) classified hydraulic jumps into four distinct forms based on the inlet Froude
number. As indicated in Figure 2.4A, for inlet Froude numbers ranging from 1.7 to 2.5, jumps
are classified as pre-jumps. A pre-jump is also referred to as a weak jump by Chow (1959). A
pre-jump has a smooth water surface and fairly uniform velocity distribution. The energy loss
associated with pre-jumps is less than 20%. Jumps with inlet Froude numbers ranging from 2.5
to 4.5, as shown in Figure 2.4B, are referred to as transitional jumps. In a transitional jump, the
incoming jet oscillates from the bottom to the surface over an irregular period. For this reason, a
transitional jump is sometimes referred to as an oscillating jump (E.g., Chow, 1959; Chaudhry,
2007). The oscillation feature of the jet is indicated in the figure. This type of jump should be
avoided to prevent damage to earth banks and riprap. Figure 2.4C depicts jumps resulting from
inlet Froude numbers of 4.5 to 9.0. These jumps are referred to as good jumps (Peterka, 1978) or
steady jumps (Chaudhry, 2007; Chow, 1959). Good jumps are least affected by tailwater
variations. Peterka observed that the downstream extremity of the surface roller practically
coincides with the point at which the high-velocity jet tends to leave the floor. The energy
dissipation associated with good jumps ranges from 45%-70%. Finally, Figure 2.4D shows a
strong jump condition where the inlet Froude number exceeds 9.0. The difference between
sequent depths for this case is very large and the water surface is very rough. Slugs of water roll
down the front face of the jump and fall into the high-velocity jet to generate additional waves
downstream. The energy dissipation associated with strong jumps can be as high as 85%.
10
Figure 2.4 Jump types (after Peterka 1978)
2.3 Hydraulic Jumps – Circular Channels

Past research has mostly been applied to rectangular channels, but in the present research,
circular channels are also of interest.
2.3.1 Critical Flow in Circular Channels

The Froude Number equals one when the velocity of the flow is equal to the velocity of a gravity
wave in the flow. This condition defines the point at which a dynamic change to the flow can or
cannot be felt upstream of where the change occurs. Since important changes in an open channel
flow are transmitted upstream and downstream in the form of gravity waves, if the velocity of
the flow is greater than the velocity of a gravity wave, flow changes cannot be transmitted
upstream. Such a flow is referred to as a supercritical flow and has a Froude Number that is
greater than one.
To better understand critical flow, we introduce flow energy relative to the bed of the channel:
11
𝑉
𝐸 𝑑 𝛼 (2.8)
2𝑔
In which E is the specific energy of the flow, d is flow depth, V is the bulk average velocity of
the cross section (Q/A), g is gravitational acceleration, and  is the Coriolis coefficient. Q is the
discharge in the channel and A is the cross section of the flow area. The Coriolis coefficient is
needed because velocity is not evenly distributed across the cross-section, and parts of the flow
with high velocity carry more energy than parts with low velocity in a nonlinear fashion. This
coefficient is often assumed to be one, but is always greater than one (thought it may be only
slightly higher than one in some cases).
Eq. 2.8 is only valid for open channel flow, and if the flow becomes closed channel, we must
also consider the pressure head to determine the flow energy. In such a case, the flow energy
becomes:
𝑝 𝐷 𝑉
𝐸 𝛼 (2.9)
𝛾 2 2𝑔
Where p is the average pressure in the cross section and D/2 is the elevation of the center of the
channel above the bed (which for circular channels is half the diameter). For open channel
flows, Eq. 2.8 can be rewritten in terms of the cross-sectional area of the flow:
𝑄
𝐸 𝑑 𝛼 (2.10)
2𝑔𝐴
The change in energy with respect to a change in depth is then given by:
d𝐸 𝑄 d𝛼 𝑄 dA
1 𝛼 (2.11)
d𝑑 2𝑔𝐴 d𝑑 𝑔𝐴 d𝑑
The Coriolis Coefficient, , is often assumed to be a constant value of 1.0, and d/dd is
considered to be negligible. Then, as shown by Hagar (2010), Eq. 2.11 becomes:
d𝐸 𝑄 dA
1 (2.12)
d𝑑 𝑔𝐴 d𝑑
The minimum specific energy can be found by setting the derivative in Eq. 2.12 equal to 0. For
this condition, the sum of the potential and kinetic energy is minimized. For depths that are less
than this condition, kinetic energy is dominant, and for depths above this condition, potential
energy is dominant. It can be shown that the condition coincides with a Froude Number equal to
one. Since 1 – dE/dd is the square of the Froude Number (Hagar, 2010), a relation that provides
A as a function of d will allow us to calculate the Froude Number quite readily. For rectangular
channels, A = Td, where T is the top width of the channel. Therefore, for a rectangular channel,
the Froude number is:
12
𝑄 dA 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄⁄𝐴
𝑇 (2.13)
𝑔𝐴 d𝑑 𝑔𝑇 𝑑 𝑔𝐴 𝑑 𝑔𝑑
For a circular channel, the relation between A and d is much more complex; so much so, that
Hagar (2010) suggests using an approximation for the cross-sectional area:
/
4 𝑑 1𝑑 4 𝑑
𝐴 1 𝐷 (2.14)
3 𝐷 4𝐷 25 𝐷
Or
/ / /
4 𝑑 1 𝑑 16 𝑑
𝐴 𝐷 (2.15)
3 𝐷 3 𝐷 75 𝐷
Then
/ / /
dA 2 𝑑 5 𝑑 56 𝑑
𝐷 (2.16)
d𝑑 𝐷 𝐷 6𝐷 𝐷 75𝐷 𝐷
Using the equation for the Froude number:

⃓ / / /
⃓ 𝑑 5 𝑑 56 𝑑
⃓ 𝑄 2 𝐷
𝑄 dA ⃓ 𝐷 6 𝐷 75 𝐷
𝐹 ⃓
⃓
𝑔𝐴 d𝑑 ⃓ (2.17)
⃓
⃓ 4 𝑑 / 1 𝑑 /
16 𝑑 /
⃓𝑔 𝐷
3 𝐷 3 𝐷 75 𝐷
⎷
Which can be simplified to:

⃓ / / /
⃓ 𝑑 5 𝑑 56 𝑑
⃓ 2
𝑄 ⃓ 𝐷 6 𝐷 75 𝐷
𝐹 ⃓
⃓ (2.18)
𝑔𝐷 ⃓
⃓ / / /
⃓4 𝑑 1 𝑑 16 𝑑
⎷3 𝐷 3 𝐷 75 𝐷
Or, as shown by Hagar:
/ 5 𝑑 28 𝑑
3 3 1
12 𝐷 75 𝐷
𝐹 4 2 (2.19)
𝑄 𝑑
𝑔𝐷 𝐷 1𝑑 4 𝑑
1
4𝐷 25 𝐷
As pointed out by Hagar (2010), Eq. 2.19 can be used to show that 𝐹 ∗ is close to
unity for most values of d/D in a circular pipe cross section, such that Eq. 2.19 can be used to
show that the Froude number in a circular cross section can be closely approximated as:
13
𝑄 𝐷 𝑄
𝐹 (2.20)
𝑔𝐷 𝑑 𝑔𝐷𝑑
According to Hagar (2010) Eq. 2.20 is within about 3.4% for most of the useful range of the pipe
cross-section. This also assumes that  is 1 and that the area approximation given by Eq. 2.14 is
exact. Nevertheless, Eq. 2.20 is a reasonable approximation. If  is nonzero and does not vary
quickly with depth, Eq. 2.20 can be modified to be:
𝑄
𝐹
𝑔 (2.21)
𝐷𝑑
𝛼
In the present research, Eq. 2.21 was not used to calculate Froude number. The more widely
used equation: 𝐹 ⁄
was used, in which the characteristic length scale is Dh, the hydraulic depth
in the culvert. While Eq. 2.21 may be more correct, calculated runout Froude numbers were similar to
those calculated with Eq. 2.21 for the range of conditions tested (within about 10 to 20%).
2.3.2 Sequent Depths in Circular Channels

Based on the momentum equation, Stahl and Hagar (1999) found the sequent depth ratio to be
𝑑 .
1.16𝐹 (2.22)
𝑑
Where d2 is the outlet depth of the jump, d1 is the incoming supercritical flow depth, and F1 is
the inlet Froude number based on Eq. 2.20. There are a number of approximations that are
required to arrive at Eq. 2.22, and some of them have significant error. Nonetheless, Eq. 2.22
provides a basis of comparison with experimental data. Stahl and Hagar collected 18 data points
for a range of inlet Froude numbers and only for flows that were not choked (free surface flow at
both the upstream and downstream sequent depths). When plotted, the data demonstrated that
Eq. 2.22 slightly overpredicted the sequent depth ratio and that a more accurate equation was:
𝑑 .
1.00𝐹 (2.23)
𝑑
A nice characteristic of Eq. 2.23 is that for an incoming Froude number of one, the sequent
depths are equal, as expected. As pointed out above, Eq. 2.23 works for free surface flows alone.
Flows that have a free surface at the inlet and are choked at the outlet are more complex.
Lowe et al. (2011) also discuss sequent depths in circular channels as well as in other closed
conduits of different shapes that are typical of culverts and sewers, including rectangular,
circular, elliptical, and pipe arch. The results of Lowe et al. can be used to predict sequent
depths associated with incoming Froude numbers or to assess when an incomplete jump might
form because of the closed nature of the conduit.
14
2.4 Sills and Drops
Sills are walls across a channel that force the flow upwards. Forster and Skrinde (1950) discuss
two types of sills: the sharp-crested weir and the abrupt rise. The sharp-crested weir is also
described by HEC-14. The sharp-crested weir and the abrupt rise are described in more detail in
the next two sections. Drops are sudden reductions in the bed elevation in the direction of flow
and are described in section 2.4.3.
2.4.1 The sharp-crested weir

A sharp-crested weir (See Fig. 2.5) is a thin plate mounted perpendicular to the flow direction
with a sharp, beveled edge at the top of the plate to make the nappe spring clear from the plate.
(Chaudhry, 2007)
Figure 2.5 Geometry of a sharp-crested weir that forces an upstream jump (after Forster and
Skrinde, 1950)
The height of a sharp-crested weir, h, which will cause formation of a hydraulic jump depends on
𝑉 , 𝑑 , 𝑔, 𝑑 and X, where 𝑉 and 𝑑 are the incoming velocity and depth of the upstream flow, g
is the gravitational acceleration, d3 is the depth downstream of the weir, and X is the distance
from the jump toe to the weir. Thus:
ℎ 𝑓 𝑉 , 𝑑 , 𝑔, 𝑑 , 𝑋 (2.24)
Based on these variables, dimensional analysis shows that is a function of 𝐹𝑟 , and .
Theoretically, is considered a constant so it is eliminated in the equation. Tailwater does not
affect the flow pattern as long as 𝑑 𝑑 ℎ , in which case the term can also be
eliminated. Thus, in the simplest form, is a function of 𝐹𝑟 alone:

ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟
𝑑 (2.25)
A theoretical relation between and Fr1 (See (a) in Fig. 2.6) can be developed using the discharge
equation for a weir:
2 /
𝑞 𝐶𝐶𝐶 2𝑔𝐻 (2.26)
3
15
In which q is the discharge per unit width of channel and C1, C2, and C3 are correction
coefficients. Using Fig. 2.6, it can be determined how high the weir must be in order to force a
jump.
Figure 2.6 Variation of relative weir height with Fr (after Forster and Skrinde, 1950)
The experimental apparatus of Forster and Skrinde was designed such that incoming 𝑑 and 𝑉
could be controlled by adjusting an upstream sluice gate and regulating the flow rate. The
downstream depth (𝑑 ) was changed using a steel tailgate. Weir height h was adjusted by
switching between brass plates of different sizes. Four values of ℎ/𝑑 were tested for several
values of Fr1. Water surface profiles were recorded. It was observed that for a constant
ℎ/𝑑 setup, as the Froude number increased, the toe of the jump moved closer towards the weir.
By interpolation, the Fr1 values for 𝑋/𝑑 of 3,5, and 10 were obtained for each ℎ/𝑑 setup and
are shown in Fig. 2.7.
16
Figure 2.7 Experimental variation of relative weir height with Fr1 (after Forster and Skrinde,
1950)
The discrepancy between the theoretical curve and the three experimental curves is due to the
nonuniformity of the velocity distribution just upstream of the weir. As 𝑋/𝑑 increases, and
hence X increases, the velocity approaches closer to uniformity and the theoretical assumption is
more accurate.
Fig. 2.7 is useful for evaluating the effectiveness of existing sharp-crested weirs as well as for
design purposes. For an existing weir, the current operating point can be determined on the graph
after calculating Fr1 and h/d1. If the point lies above the curves, the value of ℎ/𝑑 is too high so
the weir is too high. In this case, the hydraulic jump is forced upstream and will possibly lead to
a drowned jump. For design purposes, it is suggested that the experimental curve 𝑋/𝑑 5 be
used under maximum discharge conditions.
2.4.2 The abrupt rise

An abrupt rise is a sudden rise in the elevation of the bed (see Fig. 2.8). The rise of the bed can
force a hydraulic jump.
17
Figure 2.8 Geometry of an abrupt rise (after Forster and Skrinde, 1950)
As shown in the dimensional analysis in the sharp-crested weir case, is a function of 𝐹𝑟 ,
and . Unlike the sharp-crested weir case where the tailwater depth does not affect the flow
pattern for an unsubmerged weir, the flow pattern is affected by tailwater for all conditions in an
abrupt rise. Thus, the term cannot be eliminated:
ℎ 𝑑
𝑓 𝐹𝑟 , (2.27)
𝑑 𝑑
The theoretical equation for the function can be derived using the momentum equation and the
continuity equation. The momentum equation at d2 and d3 is:
Σ𝐹 𝑃 𝑃 𝐹 𝜌𝑞 𝑉 𝑉 (2.28)
𝛾𝑑 𝛾𝑑 𝛾ℎ
2𝑑 ℎ 𝜌𝑞 𝑉 𝑉 (2.29)
2 2 2
Where 𝑃 and 𝑃 are unit pressure forces acting on the faces of the control volume between 2 and
3, and 𝐹 is the force per unit width exerted by the abrupt rise to the control volume.
Combining with the continuity equation 𝑉 𝑑 𝑉𝑑 𝑉 𝑑 and eliminating 𝑑 , 𝑉 , and 𝑉

gives:
𝑑 1 ℎ ℎ
1 2𝐹𝑟 1 1 8𝐹𝑟 1 (2.30)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑
A curve can be determined for each value of as shown in Fig. 2.9.
18
Figure 2.9 Theoretical variation of relative tailwater depth with Fr1 (after Forster and Skrinde,
1950)
For the experiment, the distance from the jump toe to the rise was maintained to provide
sufficient distance for the jump to complete before the rise. For each run, h/d1 and Fr1 were
fixed. The tailgate was then adjusted to achieve 𝑋 5 ℎ 𝑑 . The resulting experimental data
plots are shown in Fig. 2.10.
Figure 2.10 Experimental variation of relative tailwater depth with Fr1 (after Forster and
Skrinde, 1950)
19
All of the experimental curves are shifted to the right of the corresponding theoretical curve. It is
observed that as h/d1 increases, the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical curves
increases. The discrepancy is due to the nonuniformity of the velocity at the rise. If the
experiment is performed in a way such that c>5 where 𝑋 𝑐 ℎ 𝑑 , the discrepancy decreases
because longer jump lengths (X) allow the velocity distribution to become more uniform.
Like the experimental curves for the weir shown in Fig. 2.7, Fig. 2.10 is useful for both
evaluation of existing structures and for design. For evaluation purposes, if a point lies above the
line 𝑑 𝑑 , then even a drop can maintain a hydraulic jump without the need for a rise, and a
rise only encourages drowning of the jump. If a point lies between the line 𝑑 𝑑 , and 𝑑
𝑑 , then the Froude number and d3/d1 values can be plotted on the graph to determine the rise
height necessary to cause a jump without drowning. For this case, if the rise height h is known
and a point lies above the ℎ/𝑑 curve, then the rise is higher than it needs to be to force a jump.
Likewise, for a given rise height, if a point lies below the ℎ/𝑑 curve, then the rise is too low to
force a jump. If a point plotted in Figure 2.10 lies below 𝑑 𝑑 , the downstream flow remains
supercritical and no hydraulic jump will form.
2.4.3 Drop structures

Drop structures are used in locations where the downstream depth is higher than the sequent depth
for a normal drop (Chow, 1959). In this case, the drop structure absorbs additional energy that a
hydraulic jump cannot absorb.
A straight drop structure consists of an abrupt vertical drop. Fig 2.11 shows the geometry of a
straight drop structure. When the upstream flow reaches the drop, a free-falling nappe is formed.
After the jet hits the bed, the flow becomes supercritical. A hydraulic jump forms downstream.
Here, q is the discharge per unit width for the flow, 𝑦 is the depth upstream of the jump, 𝑦 is
the tailwater depth downstream of the jump, 𝑦 is the depth of the water pool behind the jet, h is
the height of the drop, and 𝐿 is the distance from the drop to the beginning of the jump.
Figure 2.11 Geometry of a straight drop structure (after Chow 1959)
20
The straight drop flow geometries, namely h, 𝐿 , 𝑦 and 𝑦 , are functions of the drop number
(D):
𝑞
𝐷 (2.31)
𝑔ℎ
Where g is the acceleration of gravity. The following geometric relations are also applicable:
𝐿
4.30𝐷 . (2.32a)
ℎ
𝑦 .
1.00𝐷 (2.32b)
ℎ
𝐿 .
0.54𝐷 (2.32c)
ℎ
𝑦 .
1.66𝐷 (2.32d)
ℎ
2.4.4 Vertical drop followed by a rectangular weir
Larson (2004) proposed a vertical drop structure followed by a rectangular weir for dissipating
flow energy (Fig. 2.12). Here, the drop depth is ℎ , the distance from the drop to the weir is 𝐿 ,
the weir height is ℎ . 𝑦 is the approach flow depth, 𝑦 is the flow depth just upstream of the
weir and 𝑦 is the downstream flow depth.
Figure 2.12 Vertical drop followed by rectangular weir (after Larson, 2004)
Larson plotted outlet flow depth against the outlet Froude number and found a relation between
them. The plot is shown in Figure 2.13. A weir height, ℎ , can be determined from Fig. 2.13
using measured outlet conditions.
21
Figure 2.13 Relationship of outlet depth to outlet flow conditions for a drop/weir combination
The distance from the drop to the weir, 𝐿 , is determined using the equation 𝐿 6 𝑦 ℎ .
A drop height, ℎ , can be found from the fitted curve shown in Fig. 2.14.
Figure 2.14 Hydraulic jump geometry (after Larson 2004)
22
2.5 Baffle Blocks
Baffle blocks are identical crenellated elements arranged in rows that are perpendicular to the
direction of flow. They are often placed near the toe of a jump, serving as impact elements to
shorten the length of a stilling basin and to reduce tailwater depth (Hager 1992). HEC-14 has
incorporated baffle blocks in many basin designs, for example Basin II and III designs include
baffle blocks. These designs are further discussed in section 2.7.
Baffle blocks are similar to sills except that flow is forced around as well as over the blocks.
According to Hagar (1992), while they are considered to be better than sills, they are more
expensive to construct. Figure 2.15 shows a typical sill arrangement.
Figure 2.15 Flow over and around sills (Hagar, 1992)
Rand (1996, 1970) conducted experiments with one row of baffle blocks (see Fig. 2.16). In the
experiment, baffle block geometry was defined based on the height of the block (s), width of the
block perpendicular to the flow (W), and spacing between blocks (E). The blocks were spaced in
a way such that the width of the block was equal to the spacing (𝑊 𝐸). The blockage (𝐸 ) was
defined as follows, and a blockage value of 0.5 is used:
𝑊
𝐸 (2.33)
𝐸 𝑊
In Fig. 2.16, 𝐷 is the depth of the supercritical flow entering at section A, D is the depth of tail
water, 𝐿 is the total transition length, and 𝐿 is the distance from the entrance section at A to the
baffle blocks.
23
Figure 2.16. Flow over one row of baffle blocks (dentated sill) (after Rand 1966)
Tailwater reduction ∆𝑌 is a parameter corresponding to the effect of baffle blocks on tailwater

reduction:
𝑌 𝑌∗ ∆𝑌 (2.34)
Where 𝑌 𝐷/𝐷 is the sequent depths ratio with the baffle blocks and 𝑌 ∗ 𝐷 /𝐷 is the
sequent depths ratio of a classical hydraulic jump, with 𝐷 being the subcritical classical
hydraulic jump conjugate depth.
Rand (1966) found that the reduction of tailwater is a function of the relative height of blocks
𝑆 𝑠/𝐷 :
∆𝑌 0.67𝑆 . , 𝑘 0;
(2.35)
∆𝑌 0.09𝑆 , 0.1 𝑘 1;
Where k, the position parameter, is defined as 𝑘 with 𝐿 being the hydraulic jump
toe position and 𝐿 ,𝐿 being the minimum and maximum positions of the hydraulic jump
toe.
For shortening the length of the basin, Rand (1966) found that the total transition length with
baffle blocks is shorter than the length of a classical hydraulic jump only at very low k values
(when the toe of the jump is close to the baffle block). In Figure 2.17, the dotted line represents a
classical hydraulic jump. It is observed from the figure that only when k<0.2 do the baffle blocks
have basin shortening effect.
24
Figure 2.17. Length of Baffle block stilling basin (after Rand 1966)
Geometrically, Bradley and Paterka (1957b) and Hagar (1992) suggest that a vertical front face
is best and that a sloped backside is better than vertical for downstream flow development.
Sharp corners on the fronts of baffle blocks help dissipate energy. In the present research, these
are considerations for design of the staggered weir, which is in some ways similar to two rows of
baffle blocks. Bradley and Paterka (1957b) tested numerous baffle block shapes. The most
effective baffle block shape that could be easily constructed consisted of a flat vertical front face
with a sloping back face. They also tested a curved front face with sharp side corners that was
quite effective for a variety of inflows, but it was more difficult to construct. The optimal block
height has been found to be about 1.5 times the inflow depth. Rajaratnam (1964) found that
about 50% flow blockage allows the baffle blocks to perform optimally (a sill has 100% flow
blockage). When multiple rows of baffle blocks are installed, it is the first row that does the
most energy dissipation.
In general, baffle blocks are not recommended for water velocities of higher than about 20 m/s
without special design consideration of the blocks. Otherwise, cavitation can lead to their
destruction.
25
2.6 Channel Expansions
In general, diverging channels result in energy loss. Energy dissipation is enhanced by channel
expansions; that is, transitions from smaller to larger cross sections. An abrupt expansion and a
tapered expansion are shown in Figure 2.18. In subcritical channels, Sturm (2010) gives the
head loss (hL) due to an expansion as:
1 1 𝑄
ℎ 𝐾 (2.36)
𝐴 𝐴 2𝑔
In which A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas upstream and downstream of the expansion,
respectively, Q is the discharge, and KL is a head loss coefficient. Sturm says that an abrupt
expansion dissipates the most energy. This occurs because of flow separation that occurs
downstream of the expansion, as depicted in Figure 2.18a. Viscous dissipation within the
separation zone reduces flow energy significantly.
(a)
1 2 Separation zones
(b)
1 2
Figure 2.18 Plan views of channel expansions: (a) abrupt expansion and (b) tapered expansion.
For an abrupt expansion in a rectangular channel with a fixed bed elevation and an inlet Froude
number less than 0.5, the loss coefficient increases as the ratio of the downstream area to the
upstream area (A2/A1) increases, with a maximum value of one for an infinitely wide outlet. If
the outlet is tapered, as shown in Figure 2.18b, the loss coefficient may be significantly lower
than for an abrupt expansion, depending on the angle of expansion.
In an expansion, when a sub- or supercritical flow enters the tailwater channel, the flow will
expand until it occupies the full width of the channel. Bremen (1990) and Bremen and Hager
(1993) discuss three types of jumps in a sudden expanding channel based on the location of the
jump toe: R-jump, S-jump and T-jump.
26
Fig. 2.19a shows an R-jump (or repelled hydraulic jump). An R-jump is a hydraulic jump for
which the toe of the jump is located downstream of the expansion at point P. The point of
impingement (P) is shown in Fig. 2.19a. The front of the jump is linear at the center portion and
oblique at the sides. As the tailwater rises and the outer two fronts approach point P, the R- jump
breaks down and a cyclic phenomenon appears.
Fig. 2.19(b) shows an S-jump (or spatial hydraulic jump). As mentioned above, a cyclic
phenomenon may appear after the tailwater rises beyond the limits of an R-jump. This cyclic
behavior includes oscillation of the water current from side to side within the expansion. The
flow in an S-jump is highly non-uniform. Poor mixing is observed since the incoming flow does
not expand very much in the tailwater channel. Bremen described the pattern as a surface jet
rather than a jump.
Fig. 2.19(c) shows a T- jump (or transitional hydraulic jump). When the tailwater rises beyond
that required for an S-jump, the toe of the jump moves upstream into the approaching channel. A
T- jump is a hydraulic for which the toe of the jump is located at the approaching channel. As the
toe moves upstream, backward flow and jump asymmetry decreases to show more resemblance
to a classical hydraulic jump.
Figure 2.19 types of jump in a sudden expansion channel (after Hagar 1992)
The parameter Ψ is defined in Breman’s work:

𝑌∗ 𝑌
Ψ (2.37)
𝑌∗ 1
where Y* is the sequent depth ratio for a classical jump and Y is the sequent depth ratio for the
expansion.
Ψ depends on the expansion ratio and the toe position parameter:

1
Ψ Ψ B, X 1 ∗ 1 tanh 1.9X (2.38)
√𝐵
Here, the expansion ratio (B) is defined as the ratio of the width of tailwater channel and the
approaching channel. The toe position parameter is 𝑋 ∗ , where 𝑥 is the distance from the
jump toe to the expansion section and 𝐿∗ is the length of roller of the classical jump. From Eq.
27
2.38 it can be observed that as the tailwater increases, the toe of the jump moves upstream from
the expansion section.
2.7 Design Stilling Basins
2.7.1 Introduction to stilling basins

In this section, five stilling basins are discussed: Types II, III, IV, and VI proposed by Peterka
(1978) and the Saint Anthony Falls basin (SAF) described in HEC-14 (2006). In general, stilling
basins are complex combinations of baffles, sills, flip buckets and other energy dissipation
elements. The stilling basins described here have been tested extensively and have been widely
used in the field. Most of them have been designed with large flows in mind and require
significant space, but they give a broader idea of the different combinations of elements that can
lead to effective energy dissipation.
2.7.1.1 Type II basin

In Section 2 of Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators, Peterka (1978)
recommends stilling basins for high dams, earth dam spillways and large canal structures.
Peterka suggests a basin which is effective for incoming flow Froude numbers of 4 and greater
called a Type II basin. (see Fig. 2.20) This type of basin consists of chute blocks and a dentated
sill for dissipating energy. The chute blocks are placed at the end of the chute for the purpose of
disrupting the jet to form energy dissipating eddies and thus decrease the length of the hydraulic
jump. For choosing the size of the chute blocks, it is recommended that the height, width and
spacing should equal the depth of incoming flow, 𝐷 . A dentated sill is recommended at the end
of the apron. For choosing the size of the dentated sill, it is recommended that the height of the
sill be equal to 0.2𝐷 and the spacing and width of the blocks equal to 0.15𝐷 , where 𝐷 is the
sequent tailwater depth. Although intermediate baffle piers are used in some existing basins,
Peterka does not recommend their use.
Figure 2.20 Type II Basin (after Peterka 1978)
28
2.7.1.2 Type III basin
presents short stilling basins for canal structures, small outlet works, and small spillways
Peterka suggests a Type III basin for moderate or low upstream velocities (Fig. 2.21) The
maximum velocity of the incoming flow for this type of basin should be 50-60 ft/sec with a
discharge per unit width of less than 200 ft2/sec. A Type III basin consists of chute blocks at the
end of the chute to stabilize the jump, baffle piers in the middle of the apron for primary energy
dissipation and an end sill at the end of the apron for scour control.
Figure 2.21 Type III Basin (after Peterka 1978)
2.7.1.3 Type IV basin

presents a stilling basin for canal structures, outlet works and diversion dams. Peterka suggests
using a Type IV basin for Froude numbers between 2.5 and 4.5. As discussed earlier in 2.2.5, the
jumps in this Froude number range are transitional and have oscillating jets. The oscillating jets
create destructive waves that damage downstream structures. Thus, the main purpose of this type
of stilling basin for transitional jumps is to suppress the waves. Peterka designed the Type IV
basin in a way such that the waves were suppressed at the source. Deflector blocks placed on the
chute direct the jets into the roller and strengthen them. (see Fig. 2.22). The deflector blocks have
a recommended width of 0.75𝐷 , spacing of 1.875𝐷 , and horizontal top length of at least 2𝐷 ,
where 𝐷 is the upstream flow depth. The slope of the upper surface of the block should be 5
degrees in the downstream direction.
29
Figure 2.22 Type IV Basin (after Peterka 1978)
2.7.1.4 Type VI basin

presents a stilling basin for pipe or open channel outlets. The Type VI basin is designed for low
inlet velocities of up to 30 ft/sec and discharges of up to 339 ft3/sec (see Fig. 2.23). This impact-
type energy dissipator consists of an inlet pipe, a stilling basin with a vertical hanging baffle, an
alternate end sill, and 45-degree side walls at the outlet.
The advantages of the Type VI basin are as follows. First, the vertical hanging baffle provides
greater energy dissipation than a hydraulic jump does by creating vertical eddies as the flow
strikes the baffle. Second, although there is an upper limit of the design discharge for Type VI
basins, multiple units can be constructed in parallel to accommodate the need for discharges
exceeding the upper limit. Third, the vertical hanging baffle simplifies the analysis and design
process. Independent of upstream flow conditions (different depths and velocities in the supply
pipe, different pipe sizes, or even the use of an open channel instead of a pipe), the flow exiting
the structure will have nearly the same behavior, dependent only on the flow rate. Fourth,
notches added to the baffle for self-cleaning purposes reduce sediment clogging in the basin as
the sediment will be removed by concentrated jets created by the notches.
30
Figure 2.23 Type VI Basin (after Peterka 1978)
2.7.1.5 Saint Anthony Falls basin (SAF)

The Saint Anthony Falls basin (SAF) was developed at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory. It consists of chute blocks, baffle blocks and an end sill (Fig. 2.24). This type of
basin is used for small structures such as spillways, outlet works, and canals. The design of the
basin is closely prescribed (HEC-14, 2006) as follows:
The basin width, 𝑊 is equal to the culvert width for box culverts. For circular culverts, 𝑊 is
taken as the larger of the culvert diameter or
𝑄
𝑊 1.7𝐷 (2.39)
𝑔 . 𝐷 .
where 𝐷 is the diameter of the culvert. The conjugate depth, C is a function of Froude number:
𝐹𝑟
𝐶 1.1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1.7 𝐹𝑟 5.5
120
𝐶 0.85 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 5.5 𝐹𝑟 11 (2.40)
𝐹𝑟
𝐶 1.0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 11 𝐹𝑟 17
800
The length of the basin 𝐿 is

4.5𝑦
𝐿 (2.41)
𝐶𝐹𝑟 .
For chute blocks, the height of chute blocks (ℎ is equal to 𝑦 ; The number of chute blocks
(𝑁 ) is 𝑁 ; The width of chute blocks (𝑊 ) and spacing of chute blocks (𝑊 ) are 𝑊
.
𝑊 . The height of baffle blocks (ℎ ) is equal to 𝑦 ; The number of baffle blocks (𝑁 ) is
31
𝑁 ; The width of baffle blocks (𝑊 )and spacing of baffle blocks (𝑊 ) are 𝑊 𝑊
.
. Here, 𝑊 is the basin width at the baffle row. The baffle blocks should be placed such that
the distance from the downstream face of the chute blocks to the upstream face of the baffle
blocks is , and the minimum distance between the outermost baffle blocks and the side wall
.
must be greater than . For the end sill, the height (ℎ ) should be ℎ .
Figure 2.24 SAF basin (after HEC-14)
2.7.2 Stilling basin selection based on Froude number

As discussed in Section 2.2.5, hydraulic jumps behave differently based on Froude number
ranges. Consequently, selecting a suitable basin type is important for maximizing energy
dissipation efficiency.
The US Bureau of Reclamation (1987) discusses basin selection for different Froude numbers.
For Froude numbers between 1.7 and 2.5, the jump type is pre-jump. Baffles or sills are not
required for this case. For Froude numbers between 2.5 and 4.5, the jump type is transitional.
Stilling basins are ineffective for transitional jumps. However, the Type IV basin should be used
32
if a stilling basin is needed. If used for a transitional jump, an auxiliary wave suppressor is
needed because the waves cannot be fully dampened solely by a type IV basin. It is suggested
that basin geometry can be manipulated to prevent the Froude number from falling into this
range. By widening the basin, the depth of the upstream flow will be reduced, causing an
increase in Froude number so that the jump type changes from a transitional to a good jump. For
Froude numbers between 4.5 and 9.0, a true hydraulic jump will form. For an incoming velocity
of less than 60 ft/s, it is suggested that a Type III basin should be used. The velocity limit
accounts for the susceptibility of chute blocks and baffle piers to damage from impingement and
cavitation. For an incoming velocity exceeding 60 ft/s, a Type II basin is recommended.
HEC-14 also discusses basin selection for different Froude numbers. For Froude numbers
between 2.5 and 4.5, the recommendation is the same as the US Bureau of Reclamation
recommendation that a Type IV basin should be used. For Froude numbers between 4.5 and 17,
a Type III basin is applicable. And for Froude numbers between 1.7 and 17, an SAF basin is also
applicable.
2.8 Erosion Downstream of Culvert Outlets

Emami and Schleiss (2010) researched the development of localized scour holes on natural
mobile beds at culvert outlets. They built a hydraulic model test facility to evaluate natural bed
erosion without any protection measures. The model consisted of a horizontal 10cm diameter
pipe connected to a pump, an alluvial bed, a tailwater flip gate for tailwater level control, and a
basin with a sharp-crest weir for discharge measurement. A total of 7 tests were performed with
different experimental characteristics like discharge, outlet jet velocity and tailwater depth.
Dimensional analysis showed that any geometric dimension (width, length, or depth) of the scour
hole (Y) was a function of both densimetric Froude number (𝐹 ) and the ratio of tailwater depth
to pipe diameter ( ). Scour profile characteristics were observed and compared for both high
and low tailwater depth. For high tailwater depth (1.0< <1.1), the location of maximum
erosion depth occurred at about 40% of the maximum scour length distance and the scour depth
at the pipe outlet was about 25% of the maximum scour depth. For low tailwater depth
(0.1< <0.2), the maximum erosion depth was located at about 30% of the maximum scour
length distance and the scour depth at the pipe outlet was about 75% of the maximum scour
depth. The analysis of the experimental data shows that there is a logarithmic regression
relationship between scour hole geometry and densimetric Froude number.
Abt et al. (1996) worked to enhance of the culvert outlet scour estimation equations of HEC-14.
In the 1983 version of HEC-14, the general equation for estimating the scour geometry is:
33
𝑄 𝑡
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝛼 (2.42)
𝑡
𝑔 𝐷
Depending on the material type, nominal grain size and desired scour hole dimension, the
appropriate coefficients and exponents for the equation are selected from relevant tables. Abt et
al. provide an improved, simplified general equation for estimating scour geometry and also take
culvert slope and drop height into consideration with the addition of two coefficients (Cs and Ch,
respectively). Three coefficients and exponents (𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃 are used for estimating four different
scour hole dimensions. The dimensions of scour attributed to varying pipe slopes and drop
heights are normalized to 0% slope condition and 0 drop height condition, respectively, and
coefficients (𝐶 ,𝐶 ) are incorporated into the general equation. The new equation is:
𝛼 𝑄 𝑡
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝐶 𝐶 (2.43)
𝜎 / / 𝑡
𝑔 𝑅
Here,  is the bed material gradation and Rh is the hydraulic radius of the flow. The constant to is
316.
2.9 Conclusions
Based on the results of Rand (1966, 1970), it may be best to put the sill close to the outlet of the
culvert to have the biggest impact on shortening the length of any jumps that form in the
dissipation basin. However, there is a significant difference between the work of Rand and the
present work in that the present work involves a rapid expansion from a partially filled culvert to
a rectangular dissipation basin.
Based on observations by Hager (1992) and Bradley and Paterka (1957b), sharp corners on the
weirs and staggered weirs will be better for dissipating energy. Fillets and rounding of the front
face is not recommended.
Sharp corners are also recommended for baffle blocks. Literature suggests that the optimal block
height is about 1.5 times the inflow depth for baffle blocks. This may also be true for staggered
weirs which have a layout that is in some ways similar to baffle blocks. Similarly, for design
basins, the height, width and spacing of chute blocks is recommended to be equal to the incoming
flow depth. Optimal opening percentage for rows of baffle blocks is about 50%.
It appears that the Type VI basin is the most relevant type of design basin when considering the
current application. This type of basin is the most similar in geometry to designs necessary for
circular outlets. It may be of interest to explore a similarly styled design in future research.
34
3. Experimental Design and Methods
3.1 Introduction
The objective of the present research is to provide design guidance for energy dissipation
structures at the outlets of circular culverts. The experimental design for testing different
dissipation methods relies on Froude Similarity, which is briefly described in this chapter. The
experimental setup is based on typical design conditions. These design conditions are described
in the prototype considerations section of this chapter. After the design conditions are explained,
the chapter contains a discussion of the actual model geometries selected for the research. Then,
the instrumentation used to collect measurements is discussed. The structures added to the
dissipation basin to increase energy dissipation are also detailed. Finally, a dimensional analysis
of the system is presented to identify important defining parameters.
3.2 Froude Similarity Conditions

In Froude-based similitude, only the Froude number and the Euler number are constrained to be
the same in the model and the prototype. This type of similitude prevails if viscous forces,
surface tension forces, and compressibility forces are negligible compared to gravitational forces.
In such a case, Reynolds Number, Mach Number, and Weber Number effects are ignored. For
the present research, any concerns that viscous forces are relevant can be more thoroughly
addressed by estimating Reynolds Numbers. However, the roughness of concrete structures is
significant, the velocities tested in the facility are high, the viscosity of water is low, and the
distances over which energy is dissipated are short; all of these factors support the
implementation of a Froude model with negligible viscous effects.
Froude based models result in fixed ratios of corresponding model and prototype variables. By
making model and prototype Froude numbers equal, the ratios in Table 3.1 can be derived as a
function of model scale, Lm/Lp, in which Lm and Lp are equivalent lengths in the model and
prototype, respectively. For example, if the model pipe diameter is 12 inches and the prototype
pipe diameter is 48 inches, the scale is 12/48 = 1/4.
The subscripts m and p in Table 3.1 refer to model and prototype. Thus, if a 1/4 scale Froude
model is used, the velocity in the model will be one half of the velocity in the prototype. Fixed
scale ratios of parameters for scales of 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6 are shown in Table 3.1 for comparison.
It is anticipated that the scale of the current model will approximately fall within this range of
scales (1/4 – 1/6), depending on the size of the prototype culvert. It is allowable for the model
scale to be smaller (e.g., 1/10 or even 1/25), but larger differences between the model and
prototype sizes reduce the accuracy of the model. For a thorough discussion of physical models,
see ASCE-97 (2000).
35
Table 3.1 Parameter Ratios based on Froude Similitude
Calculated Fixed Scale Ratios
Parameter Description Ratio 1/4 Scale 1/5 Scale 1/6 Scale
𝑉 𝐿
Velocity Ratio 0.50 0.45 0.41
𝑉 𝐿
/
𝑄 𝐿
Discharge Ratio 0.0313 0.0179 0.0113
𝑄 𝐿
𝑛 /
𝐿
𝑛 Manning Roughness Ratio 0.79 0.76 0.74
𝐿
∆𝑝 𝐿
Pressure Ratio 0.25 0.20 0.17
∆𝑝 𝐿
𝐹 𝐿
Force Ratio 0.0156 0.0080 0.0046
𝐹 𝐿
3.3 Prototype Considerations

The intent of the current research is to simulate conditions that are representative of typical
culvert designs. In light of this intent, typical culvert conditions have been provided by NDOT
to aid with decisions about an appropriate scale and appropriate model geometries. In this
section, these conditions are discussed. We begin with a discussion of the types of pipe material
and pipe installations utilized by NDOT.
First, NDOT primarily utilizes two types of pipes: Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) and
Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP). It would be useful to simulate both of these types of pipes
because they have different roughness behavior. However, flow in CMP can be quite complex –
especially when full, because the roughness elements are organized and can cause flow rotation
(Silberman, 1970). Flow rotation influences the effective pipe roughness. In discussions with
NDOT (Appendix A), it was apparent that testing RCP was more important to NDOT than
testing CMP, primarily because RCP has lower wall roughness and will result in the highest
outlet velocities. Thus, the first priority of the present research was to test pipes with uniform
roughness that simulate RCP. Perhaps CMP can be tested in a future model, but this will require
some fairly sophisticated model pipe design considerations, something that was not feasible for
the present study.
Second, NDOT is interested in two types of pipe installations: broken back installations and
straight pipe installations. Again, the broken back installations have priority over straight pipe
installations, so broken back installations were tested, but the results are relevant to both types of
installations as long as pipe outlet conditions are similar.
36
An example broken back culvert installation is shown in Figure 3.1. This is a 48-inch diameter
broken back culvert with a total drop of 14 feet between the inlet an outlet. The runout section is
24 feet long and is horizontal. NDOT provided details of fifteen such sample culverts to aid in
selection of baseline conditions. The culvert design details provided by NDOT include the
culverts described in Table 3.2.
Based on the information in Table 3.2, it was decided in consultation with NDOT that
representative conditions of a prototype culvert include a 48-inch diameter Reinforced Concrete
Pipe (RCP) culvert with a maximum discharge of about 100 ft3/s and a horizontal runout section
that is about 24 to 32 feet (six to eight diameters) in length. Nevertheless, model results can be
scaled to represent prototypes of different sizes.
3.4 Experimental Layout Overview

The experimental layout, shown in Figure 3.2, includes the testing section, the design of which is
described in the next section, and all of the support equipment, including the supply pump and
the v-notch weir for flow rate measurement. The overall layout is described in this section.
The experimental layout consists of a storage tank, a constant-head tank, a head box, a broken-
back culvert, a tail box, and a V-notch weir box. The storage tank stores and recycles the water
flowing through the entire system. Water in the storage tank is pumped into the constant-head
tank by a pump with a maximum flow rate of about 85 L/s (3 ft3/s). The constant-head tank uses
weirs to ensure that the water going into the head box has a constant head. Flow into the head
box is controlled using a butterfly valve. Four weirs are installed in the constant-head tank so
that excess water recirculates to the storage tank without passing through the testing section. The
water that is directed to the head box travels through the simulated broken-back culvert to the tail
box. The dissipation basin in which the dissipation structures are installed is located within the
tail box. Four drains at the bottom of the tail box convey water from the tail box to the v-notch
weir. The tailwater depth can be adjusted by an adjustable gate upstream of the tail box floor
drains. Water is conveyed into the V-notch weir by two pipes connecting the tail box and the V-
notch weir. After the water travels over the V-notch weir, it flows back into the storage tank to
be recirculated. Figure 3.3 provides a three-dimensional view of the testing section without the
dissipation basin in place.
Some changes were made to the structure after the first phase of testing. The primary change
was the addition of two floor drains to the tail box to increase the amount of flow that could be
carried from the tail box to the V-notch weir. The primary purpose of this change was to reduce
the tailwater levels in the tail box for high discharge flows so that tailwater influences could be
eliminated in the dissipation basin.
37
38
Figure 3.1 Example circular culvert designs provided by NDOT (2020). This is project culvert 11718-347.
Table 3.2 Typical circular culvert designs provided by NDOT (2020)
ID Design Inlet Outlet Runout Runout
(CN: Station)Diam. Runout Storm Design Q Elev. Elev. Drop Slope Slope Length
3
(in) Type (yr) (ft /s) (ft-msl) (ft-msl) (ft)
11895: 1038 24(30)† CMP 25 11.2 1048.2 1042.0 (1048.2-1042.1)/51 0.0042 24
11718: 510 30 RCP 50 27.2 1476.0 1467.1 (1476.0-1467.1)/90 0 15
11718: 350 42 RCP 50 58.7 1467.1 1457.9 (1467.1-1457.9)/80 0 24
†
11718: 523 42 RCP 50 39.4 1460.5 1452.1 (1460.5-1452.1)/92 0 16
11718: 202 48 RCP 50 83.9 1471.3 1457.2 (1471.3-1457.2)/88 0 26
11718: 347 48 RCP 50 76 1464.6 1450.8 (1464.6-1450.8)/98 0 24
11718: 584 48 RCP 50 41.8 1429.5 1424.2 (1429.5-1424.2)/79 0 15
004-127: 127 54 CMP 25 134 1490.9 1484.2 (1490.8-1484.7)/32 0.0104 48
39
13303: 672 54 CMP 50 126.5 1290.6 1281.00 (1290.6-1281.0)/84†† 0 20

12988: 1309 60 RCP 50 177 1022.14 1000.96 (1021.17-1000.96)/48 0 30
11718: 13 60 RCP 50 149.6 1416.6 1413.1 (1416.6-1413.1)/69 0 25
11718: 256 60 RCP 50 116.2 1486.3 1481.1 (1486.3-1481.1)/67 0 22
11895: 1410 66 RCP 25 178.4 1143.0 1130.6 (1143.0-1130.8)/104 0.0033 60
11718: 341 72 RCP 50 188.6 1463.3 1459.1 (1463.3-1459.1)/65 0 26
11718: 482 72 RCP 50 230 1468.7 1466.0 (1468.7-1466.0)/66 0 25
Note: Grayed culverts appear to have horizontal bends in them (see plan views)
†
Error in special plans or in originally provided information
††
Uncertain if 84 ft length includes horizontal inlet head race.
Testing Section
Constant- head tank

Dissipation
Basin
Head Box
Tail Box
`
Storage
tank V-notch
weir
Figure 3.2 System layout plan view (including the testing section)
Figure 3.3 Testing section
3.5 Testing Section Description

As mentioned earlier, the model is a Froude-based model of the prototype. Aside from the
energy dissipation structures, the same testing facility is used for all experiments described in
this report. In this section, the testing section design is described in detail. This is followed by
discussion of model scale, model geometry, the energy dissipation basin, and instrumentation.
40
3.5.1 Testing section design
The main testing section consists of the head tank, a pipe model, the energy dissipation basin,
and the tailwater tank. A flow measurement weir is located downstream of the tailwater tank.
As shown in Figure 3.4, three configurations were considered when designing the test facility:
1. An uncontrolled broken-back culvert,
2. A gate-controlled broken-back culvert, and
3. A gate-controlled straight culvert.
Each configuration has advantages and disadvantages. Table 3.3 is a side-by-side comparison of
the three configurations.
Table 3.3 shows that the geometry of the Type I configuration is the most similar to real broken-
back culvert geometries. However, only one drop angle can be simulated without incurring
considerable increases in cost. The Type III facility is best for control of flow behavior because
the gate allows selection of a wide range of inlet Froude numbers for the same discharge. The
Type I configuration is controlled entirely by discharge, and with no gate, only one inflow state
will be possible for each discharge. The Type II facility is also good for controlling flow
behavior, but length of the drop may reduce some of that control. The Type III facility is
susceptible to drowning of the inlet because the invert is horizontal; neither of the facilities with
drops is susceptible to drowning of the inlet or control gate. Highest inlet Froude numbers can
be achieved with the Type II facility because it has the greatest potential elevation between the
head tank surface and the outlet invert. The greater elevation difference results in higher kinetic
energies at the outlet. The Type III facility is the easiest to construct.
Table 3.3 Comparison of Test Facility Functionality
Type I Type II Type III
Similarity to Real Geometry Best† Median† Worst

Control of Flow Behavior Worst Median Best
Susceptibility to Inflow Drowning N/A N/A Worst
Highest Inlet Froude No. Worst Best Median
Ease of Construction Median Worst Best
†Note, however, that only one drop angle is simulated
In consultation with NDOT, it was decided to implement a gate-controlled broken-back facility

with a drop angle of 15 degrees for testing dissipation structures. 15 degrees was deemed to be
the greatest angle that would likely be used in typical designs. It was concluded that such a
facility would provide the greatest range of testing capabilities while also being similar to typical
configurations of broken-back structures.
41
(a)
Head Tank
Test Basin
Model Pipe
(b)
Head gate
Head Tank
42
Test Basin
Model Pipe
(c)
Head gate
Head Tank
Test Basin
Model Pipe
Figure 3.4 Test basin layouts considered: (a) uncontrolled broken back, (b) gate-controlled broken back, and (c) gate-controlled.
It was later found in testing that the gate-controlled configuration was not feasible as planned
(Fig. 3.5). The flow coming out from the gate does not attach to the bed of the culvert. Because
of this, Type I configuration was used for all tests. Modifications to the inlet may have improved
inlet conditions for gate-controlled applications, but required modifications were more extensive
than was possible within available time constraints.
Figure 3.5 Gate controlled flow behavior
3.5.2 Model scale

Assuming that the prototype is 48 or 60 inches in diameter with a maximum discharge of 100 to
200 ft3/s, that the drop slope is 15 degrees, and that the runout is horizontal with a length of six to
eight diameters, a reasonable design model scale can be selected. Tables 3.4 and 3.5 show model
selection scales for a 48” and 60” design prototype, respectively. Each table shows model pipe
diameters, discharges, and roughness for 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6 scale models.
Table 3.4 Model variables for 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6 scale models based on a 48” diameter culvert
Model
Parameter Prototype 1/4 Scale 1/5 Scale 1/6 Scale
Diameter 48” 12” 9.6” 8”
Discharge 1 100 ft3/s 3.13 ft3/s 1.79 ft3/s 1.13 ft3/s
Manning Roughness 0.012 0.010 0.009 0.009
43
Table 3.5 Model variables for 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6 scale models based on a 60” diameter culvert
Model
Parameter Prototype 1/4 Scale 1/5 Scale 1/6 Scale
Diameter 60” 15” 12” 10”
Manning Roughness 0.012 0.010 0.009 0.009
The lab can provide about 3 ft3/s of water to the model using the pump that we prefer to use for
this project. Thus, based on supply capabilities, 100 ft3/s can be simulated for all scales for both
prototypes. That is, the model diameter can be anywhere from 8” to 12” for simulating 100 ft3/s
in a 48” prototype and anywhere from 10” to 15” for simulating 100 ft3/s in a 60” prototype. For
simulating 200 ft3/s, only an 8” pipe can be used to simulate flow in the 48” prototype and only a
10” pipe can be used to simulate flow in the 60” prototype. Based on design flows shown in
Table 3.2, 100 ft3/s should be sufficient for studying a 48” culvert and 200 ft3/s should be
sufficient for studying flow in a 60” culvert. Thus, a 10” model diameter was selected to
simulate relevant flows. Although roughness is not expected to significantly affect flow
behavior in the model, estimated model roughness values are similar to that of acrylic (~0.009).
3.5.3 Model geometry

Based on observations made in Section 3.5.1, a gated broken back structure (Type II) was
selected for the model. In consultation with the NDOT Technical Advisory Committee (TAC),
the prototype runout section length was selected to be 24-ft for a 48” diameter culvert. A drop
slope of 15 degrees was also preferred by the TAC to maximize flow velocity at the outlet. The
prototype material was selected to be RCP. In addition to these dimensions, a drop height of one
pipe diameter was chosen to prevent flooding of the upstream forebay gate (if a gate is in use).
A diagram of the model selected for this study is shown in Figure 3.6. Important dimensions
include:
 D – Culvert diameter
 L – Runout length
  – Drop angle
 Y – Drop height
 S – Drop length
The figure also shows some of the important flow dimensions, including:
 H – Head in the head tank
 T – Outlet depth
 h – Gate opening
 d – Upstream supercritical flow depth
44
Forebay Sluice Gate
H
h Culvert
S
Head Box Y D
T
 d
L
45
Tail Box
Figure 3.6 Various test facility dimensions
One dimension that is not shown in the figure that is relevant is the width of the dissipation
structure inside the tailwater tank:
 w – internal width of the dissipation structure
Dimensions of the selected geometry of the model test system are provided in Table 3.6. The
model made use of a 10” diameter acrylic culvert, which provided a wall roughness similar to the
scaled roughness of RCP. Wall roughness effects can be checked, but are expected to be
negligible for the current study. For a 48-inch diameter prototype, the 10-inch model is 1/4.8
scale.
Table 3.6 Model test system geometry.
Parameter Prototype Model
Diameter (D) 48” 10”
Runout Length (L) 24 ft 60”
Drop angle () 15 degrees 15 degrees
Drop height (Y) N/A 10” †
Drop length (S) N/A 38.64”
†Note that the drop height selected is one culvert diameter. This was selected to prevent the control gate from being flooded
during operation. The drop height dictates the drop length when combined with the drop angle.
3.5.4 Energy dissipation basin

The energy dissipation structure model was designed based on preexisting prototypes for 48-inch
pipes (11718:202.1, 11718:347.45 and 11718:548.02). Figures 3.7 and 3.8 are the cross section
and side view of the prototype. D is pipe diameter. W, L and H are the width, length and height
of the basin respectively. W1 is the outer basin width. L1 is the length from the beginning of the
basin to where the wing begins. H1 is the height from the bottom of the basin to the end of the
wing. TH, TW and TB are thicknesses of the headwall, the wingwall and the bed respectively.
Tables 3.7 and 3.8 show the dimensions of prototypes and 1:4.8 scale models. The shape of the
constructed model was based on the scaled prototypes, but it was slightly simplified from the
exact 1:4.8 scale models (see Fig. 3.9). For example, the constructed model has a uniform flat
bed, whereas the prototype has chamfers near the side walls. The dimensions of TH, TW and TB
for the constructed model are slightly different than those of the exact scale models. However,
wall thicknesses have no bearing on the test results since flow is only affected by the internal
dimensions of the structure. Moreover, H1 was set equal to H for all tests; in other words,
although diagonal wings at the ends of the dissipation box sidewalls were removable, they were
not removed for any of the tests. The dissipation box model had simple, rectangular side walls
for all tests.
46
Figure 3.7 Cross section of the dissipation structure prototype
Figure 3.8 Profile of the dissipation structure prototype
Figure 3.9 Energy dissipation box model with sloping side walls. In all testing cases,
rectangular side walls were used.
47
Table 3.7 Dimensions of dissipation structure prototypes
Dimensions (inches)
Prototype D W L H L1 H1 TH TW TB
11718:202.1 48 80 180 60 84 28 8 8 8
11718:347.45 48 80 180 60 84 28 8 8 8
11718:548.02 48 80 180 60 84 28 8 8 8
11718:13.80 60 92 180 78 84 46 10 10 8
11718:256.43 60 92 180 78 84 46 10 10 8
12988:1309.16 60 96 180 78 84 46 8 8 8
Hwy 4: 127.46 54 72 180 66 84 34 8 8 8
Table 3.8 Dimensions of 1:4.8 dissipation structure models

Dimensions (inches)
Model D W L H L1 H1 TH TW TB
11718:202.1 model 10.00 16.67 37.50 12.50 17.50 5.83 1.67 1.67 1.67
11718:347.45 model 10.00 16.67 37.50 12.50 17.50 5.83 1.67 1.67 1.67
11718:548.02 model 10.00 16.67 37.50 12.50 17.50 5.83 1.67 1.67 1.67
Constructed model 10.00 16.67 37.50 13.00 17.50 6.33 0.50 1.50 2.88
At the expansion from the culvert runout section into the dissipation basin, the culvert invert is
flush with the bed of the basin. The bed of the dissipation basin is 6.5 inches higher than the bed
of the tailwater tank so that low tailwater conditions can be tested. The width of the dissipation
basin is 1.67 times the diameter of the culvert, and the flow expands as it exits the runout section.
The model dissipation box was designed such that staggered weirs and full weirs of different
heights could be installed at different distances from the outlet. Only two streamwise positions
were tried and only one position was tested extensively. The geometry and positions of the two
types of weirs is discussed in more detail in chapter 3.6.
3.5.5 Instrumentation
Figure 3.10 shows the layout of instrumentation used for the experiments. The instrumentation
included 22 piezometers (labeled 1-22), six point gauges (labeled A-F), and two Prandtl tubes
(labeled P1 and P2). Later, three additional Prandtl tubes (LDB, CL, RDB) were added at the
end of the dissipation box near point gauge F (Fig. 3.11). In addition to the instrumentation, a v-
notch weir was used to measure the discharge passing through the testing section.
Instrumentation is discussed in detail in this section.
Due to two manometer leaks and interference with some of the dissipation structures, not all of
the 22 piezometers were functional for every test, but the most useful ones were. In addition to
the measurement devices provided in Figures 3.10 and 3.11, the water level in the tailwater tank
(TW) was recorded and flow rate was measured using a V-notch weir.
48
¼’’
varies
17 15/16’’ 18 ⅙’’ 17 ¼’’ 37 ½’’
P1 E F
D
A B C
P2
v
22 21
20
19
18
v
17
10 9 6 5 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12 11 8 7
44
Figure 3.10 Initial layout of piezometers, point gauges, and Prandtl tubes
Figure 3.11 Three additional Prandtl tubes at the end of the dissipation structure
3.5.5.1 Point gauges

Point gauges were installed to measure the depth of water at six locations within the test facility.
Three point gauges (A, B and C) were installed in the horizontal run-out section of the culvert
and three point gauges (D, E and F) were installed in the weir box. Point gauges A, B, C and D
are evenly spaced with nominal 18-inch spacing from A to B, B to C and C to D. The directly
measured spacings are shown in Fig. 3.10. Point gauge D is located immediately downstream of
the dissipation box head wall. Gauge E is located at the downstream edge of the weir or
49
staggered weir, so the position of gauge E is changed when the weir position is changed. Gauge
F is located at the downstream edge of the weir box.
Table 3.9 provides specific information about each of the point gauges, including their positions
(distance upstream of the end of the dissipation structure), their bed elevation relative to the
elevation of point gauge A, and their baseline readings (the readings of the point gauges when
they are at the bed elevation). The position of point gage E is for when the weir is in its
upstream-most position.
Table 3.9 Point gauge information
Bed Baseline
Point Gauge Position Elevation Reading
in (cm) (cm) (cm)
A 90.38 (229.6) -0.04 27.76
B 72.69 (184.6) -0.09 29.16
C 54.75 (139.1) -0.02 28.71
D 36.94 (93.8) 0.11 67.56
E 22.94 (58.3) -0.03 67.19
F 0.19 (0.48) 0.00 67.43
It was necessary to calibrate the point gauges because:

1. The point gauges have arbitrary scales. These scales must be translated so that water
depths and bed elevations can be determined at each position.
2. The datum of the system is at the outlet of the dissipation basin, and all other bed
elevations must be determined relative to this datum.
Next, the process of determining bed elevations and baseline readings for point gauge
measurements is described.
Point gauge calibration

The datum for the system is the bed at point gauge F. Elevations along the culvert runout invert
and the bed of the dissipation basin were nearly the same but varied slightly due to construction
imperfections. Relative elevations of the bed were determined by sealing the tailwater outlets
and filling the downstream end of the system with water. The depth of the non-moving water
above a perfectly horizontal bed will be uniform. Thus, bed elevation can be obtained from the
variation of water depth along the culvert and dissipation basin beds. Bed elevations along the
length of the culvert are reported in Tables 3.9. Bed elevations in the runout section and
dissipation basin had a maximum deviation of 1.1 mm. The datum at the dissipation basin outlet
was the basis for all energy calculations.
Baseline point gauge readings were determined by recording the point gauge reading when the
point gauge was lowered to the bed. The depth at each cross section could then be determined
50
for any test by subtracting the baseline reading from the point gauge reading. Baseline point
gauge readings at the point gauge positions are reported in Table 3.9.
3.5.5.2 Piezometers
Like the point gages, the piezometers have arbitrary scales and rely on the fixed datum at the
dissipation basin outlet. Table 3.10 provides information similar to the information provided for
point gages for each of the piezometers.
Table 3.10 Piezometer Information
Bed Baseline
Piezometer Position Elevation Reading
in (cm) (cm) (cm)
TW N/A N/A N/A
1 4.44 (11.3) 0.00 0.40
2 10.44 (26.5) -0.01 0.40
3 16.44 (41.8) -0.02 0.40
4 22.44 (57.0) -0.03 0.40
5 28.44 (72.2) 0.03 0.40
6 34.44 (87.5) 0.09 0.40
7 40.44 (102.7) 0.09 0.40
8 46.44 (118.0) 0.04 0.40
9 52.44 (133.2) 0.00 0.40
10 58.44 (148.4) -0.04 0.40
11 64.44 (163.7) -0.06 5.84
12 70.44 (178.9) -0.08 5.77
13 76.44 (194.2) -0.08 5.84
14 82.44 (209.4) -0.06 5.74
15 88.44 (224.6) -0.04 5.83
16 94.44 (239.9) -0.04 5.75
17 103.25 (262.3) 3.86 9.53
18 109.25 (277.5) 7.76 13.46
19 115.25 (292.7) 11.65 17.27
20 121.25 (308.0) 15.55 21.21
21 127.25 (323.2) 19.45 25.02
22 133.25 (338.5) 23.35 29.08
Piezometer calibration
Piezometer calibration was necessary to obtain water depths and water surface elevations from
piezometer readings. In our experimental setup, the point gauges were used to measure water
depths directly. To get the water depth at a specific point gauge, the baseline point gauge reading
was subtracted from the gauge reading. For piezometer calibration, the water depth at the point
gauge closest to a piezometer was used as the water depth of that piezometer. The water depth at
point gauge A was used for piezometers 14-16; the water depth at point gauge B was used for
51
piezometers 11-13; The water depth at point gauge C was used for piezometers 7-10; the water
depth at point gauge D was used for piezometers 5-6; the water depth at point gauge E was used
for piezometers 3-4; and the water depth at point gauge F was used for piezometers 1-2. Point
gauge A was used to calculate water depths at piezometers 17-22 in the sloping section. Due to
the inclination of the culvert upstream of the runout section, the bed elevation of the inclined
culvert required additional calculation. Bed elevation differences were subtracted from the water
depth at point gauge A to get the water depth in the inclined section. The design angle of
inclination is 15 degrees. This exact angle was difficult to achieve during construction. The
actual angle of inclination was determined by fitting a linear trendline for baseline readings of
piezometers 17-22 and the distances of piezometer 17-22 from culvert break. The trendline slope
represented the sine of the actual angle of inclination. It was found that the actual angle of
inclination was 14.81 degrees. The actual angle of inclination was then used to calculate the bed
elevations at piezometers 17-22 with respect to the bed of the culvert invert.
A trendline for piezometer readings and water depths for piezometers 1-10 was fitted. The y-
intercept, 0.40 cm, was the baseline of piezometers 1-10, indicating that 0.40 cm should be
subtracted from each piezometer reading to obtain actual water depth. Individual trendlines were
also fitted for piezometers 11-16 since the scale lines were not the same as for piezometers 1-10.
The y-intercepts were the datums for piezometers 11-16. For piezometers 17-22, the piezometer
readings and water depths did not grow at the same rate due to the culvert inclination. The depth
at each cross section can then be determined for any test by subtracting the baseline reading from
the piezometer reading. Baseline piezometer readings at each piezometer position are reported in
Table 3.10.
3.5.5.3 Prandtl tubes

Prandtl tubes are devices used to measure the velocity of water at a fixed point by utilizing the
difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure. Stagnation pressure is the
pressure at the tip of the Prandtl tube, where velocity goes to zero. Static pressure is measured
by holes in the side of the Prandtl tube and is the pressure of the unimpeded flow. Applying the
Bernoulli equation and using the definitions of stagnation and static pressure results in:
𝑃 𝑃
𝑉 2𝑔 2𝑔𝛥ℎ (3.1)
𝛾
where V is the flow velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, 𝑃 is stagnation pressure, P is

static pressure, and ∆ℎ is the difference between stagnation pressure head and static pressure
head.
52
Prandtl tubes used in the experiments were permanently affixed in the same position for all tests.
Initially, two Prandtl tubes (P1 and P2) were installed in the inclined section of the culvert (Fig.
3.5). P1 was located immediately downstream of the entrance to the drop and P2 immediately
upstream of the break in the culvert. Both P1 and P2 were located along the center plane of the
flow and were positioned 3.5 cm above the bed. Later, three Prandtl tubes (LDB, CL, and RDB)
were installed across the downstream end of the dissipation box. These were positioned 1.0 cm
above the bed of the box, with one Prandtl tube at the center plane of the box (CL), and two
Prandtl tubes on either side (LDB and RDB) (Fig. 3.12).
∆ℎ for Prandtl tubes P1 and P2 were measured using manometers; ∆ℎ for Prandtl tubes LDB,
CL, and RDB were found using digital manometers connected to them through stilling tanks that
dampen pressure fluctuations (Fig. 3.13). Air entrainment of the flow in the dissipation basin
caused air bubbles to become trapped in the Prandtl tubes. To prevent the errors caused by air
bubbles, the stilling tanks were filled prior to each test to flush out any air bubbles. Readings
were collected after the water columns in the stilling tanks stabilized.
32.54 cm
21.11 cm
10.00 cm
LDB CL RDB
X1 X2 X3
Figure 3.12 Positions of Prandtl tubes (looking downstream)
53
Figure 3.13 Stilling tanks for Prandtl tubes LDB, CL and RDB
3.5.5.4 V-notch weir and weir equations

A V-notch weir tank was installed downstream of the tail box to measure the discharge passing
through the test section. Discharge coming from the tail box entered the weir tank through four
pipes. Diffusers on the ends of the pipes helped to disperse the incoming water jets. The water
then flowed through a large baffle in the center of the weir tank, which helped to break up the
flow. The water traveled over a V-notch weir and was returned to the system supply tank.
Figure 3.14 shows the geometry of the V-notch weir at the outlet of the weir tank.
B = 30 in.
b b
θ = 30⁰
H
P = 12 in.
Figure 3.14 V-notch weir geometry and dimensions
54
A stilling tank was attached to the center of the bottom of the V-notch weir tank. A point gauge
was attached to the side of the tank to measure the water surface elevation in the stilling tank
(and thus in the weir tank). The water surface elevation corresponding to the crest elevation (P)
was measured by reading the point gauge when there was no flow out of the weir tank and the
water level in the tank was up to the crest; this measurement was used as a datum. For all tests,
the flow rate through the test section was set and allowed to reach steady conditions. The water
surface elevation in the weir tank was measured using the point gauge and stilling basin. Then H
was found by subtracting the crest elevation from the point gauge reading. For a partially
contracted V-notch weir, the discharge (Q) in ft3/s is a function of the effective discharge
coefficient (𝐶 ), the weir angle (), and the depth of the water above the crest of the V-notch (H)
in ft (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1997):
𝜃
𝑄 4.28𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐻 𝑘 / (3.2)
2
kh is a function of the weir angle and is 0.007 for a 30-degree weir. The effective discharge
coefficient (𝐶 ) is a function of H/P and P/B. It can be found using Fig. 3.15.
Figure 3.15 Effective discharge coefficient (𝐶 ) as a function of H/P and P/B (British Standard
3680, part 4A, 1971)
3.6 Tested Dissipation Structures

In this section, the energy dissipation structures that were tested in the facility are described in
more detail. Two types of structures were tested over the course of the project: a staggered weir,
and a full-length weir. The two types of weirs were tested primarily at one streamwise position,
but it would be relatively straightforward to adjust streamwise positions in future testing.
55
3.6.1 Energy dissipation structure 1 – staggered weir
The concept of the staggered weir wall was developed to produce the same effect as the weir
wall while reducing sediment buildup and preventing the formation of a stagnant water pool
when the weir was not operating. Originally, the gap between the two rows of the prototype
staggered weir wall was set to six inches to reduce debris entrapment. The distance that was
used in the model was scaled from the 48-inch prototype.
Figure 3.16 shows the geometry of the staggered weir in the model dissipation structure. All
three weir walls (the upstream weir wall and two downstream side weir walls) have identical
thicknesses of 2.08 inches. The width of the upstream weir wall is 8.33 inches and the
downstream weir walls have widths of 5.42 inches. The distance between the headwall and the
upstream face of the upstream weir wall is 12.50 inches. The distance between the two rows of
weir walls is 1.25 inches. Four sets of staggered weirs of different heights were tested: D/8,
2D/8, 3D/8 and 4D/8 where D is the diameter of the culvert model.
x1 x2 x3 Tested Weir
z3 Heights
in. (cm)
1.25 (3.18) 𝐷
z1 w
2.50 (6.35) 𝐷
3.75 (9.53) 𝐷
z2
5.00 (12.70) 𝐷
Description Variable Dimensions

in. (cm)
Pipe diameter D 10.0 (25.4)
Downstream placement of central baffle x1 12.5 (31.8)
Weir thickness x2 2.08 (5.3)
Baffle offset x3 1.25 (3.2)
Central baffle width z1 8.33 (21.2)
Baffle overlap z2 1.25 (3.2)
Downstream baffle width z3 5.42 (13.8)
Dissipation basin width w 16.67 (42.3)
Dissipation basin length L 37.5 (95.3)
Figure 3.16 Plan view of model staggered weir in the dissipation box
3.6.2 Energy dissipation structure 2 – full-length weir

The second structure tested in the test facility was a full-length weir. Figure 3.17 shows the
geometry of the full-length weir in the dissipation structure model. The width of the weir is the
56
same as the width of the dissipation structure model, 16.67 in. The thickness of the weir is 2.08
inches, and the front face of the weir was located 12.5 inches downstream of the headwall. Like
the staggered weirs, four full-length weirs with different heights were used in the tests. The
heights of the full-length weirs that were tested were: 1/8D, 2/8D, 3/8D and 4/8D where D is the
diameter of the culvert model. Additional geometric information is provided in Figure 3.17.
Tested Weir
x1 x2 Heights
in. (cm)
w 1.25 (3.18) 𝐷
2.50 (6.35) 𝐷
3.75 (9.53) 𝐷
5.00 (12.70) 𝐷
Description Variable Value

in. (cm)
Pipe diameter D 10.0 (25.4)
Downstream placement of weir x1 12.5 (31.8)
Weir thickness x2 2.08 (5.3)
Dissipation basin width w 16.67 (42.3)
Dissipation basin length L 37.5 (95.3)
Figure 3.17 Plan view of model weir in the model dissipation structure
3.7 Dimensional Considerations

A simple dimensional analysis of the present configuration is provided here for the energy
dissipation structures. The most important variables in the present analysis include geometric
dimensions, flow variables, and fluid properties. Geometric dimensions are depicted in Figure
3.6. A list of the most important variables, including geometric dimensions, flow variables, and
fluid properties includes: culvert diameter (D), depth in the runout section (d), depth at the
dissipation basin outlet (T), basin width (w), basin length (L), weir height (h), discharge (Q),
kinematic viscosity (), density (), and gravitational acceleration (g).
3.7.1.1 Dissipation basin outlet depth

The outlet depth of the dissipation structure when there is no weir is related to the discharge, the
depth in the culvert, the diameter of the culvert, the width of the structure, the gravitational
acceleration, the viscosity of the water, and the density of the water.

𝑇 𝑓 𝑄, 𝑑, 𝐷, 𝑤, 𝑔, 𝜇, 𝜌 (3.3)
57
By dimensional analysis, this can be resolved into five dimensionless parameters:
𝑇 𝑄 𝑑 𝑤 𝜌𝑄
𝑓 / /
, , , (3.4)
𝐷 𝑔 𝑑 𝐷 𝐷 𝜇𝑑
The relation suggests that the dimensionless outlet depth (T/D) is a function of runout Froude
Number (Fr), the depth to diameter ratio in the runout section, the width to diameter ratio of the
dissipation basin, and the Reynolds number in the runout section. For high Reynolds numbers,
flow behavior is generally independent of Reynolds number, and for the present tests, w/D is a
fixed value. Thus, T/D is then a function of d/D and Q/(g1/2d5/2):
𝑇 𝑄 𝑑
𝑓 / /
, (3.5)
𝐷 𝑔 𝑑 𝐷
The Coriolis coefficient, , also affects the Froude number, so a standard Froude number is used
in place of the one shown in equation 3.5. The standard Froude number is based on the velocity
in the runout section and the hydraulic depth:
𝑉
𝐹𝑟
𝐷 (3.6)
𝑔
𝛼
Where Dh = A/Tw. A is the flow cross sectional area, and Tw is the top width. A is directly
related to d2, and Dh is directly related to d, so the Froude number defined by equation 3.6 in
place of Q/(g1/2d5/2) fully captures the same important flow behavior.
3.7.1.2 Weir dimensional considerations

For the weirs, important variables also include the distance of the weir from the dissipation box
head wall (x1) and the weir height (h):

𝑇 𝑓 𝑄, 𝑑, 𝐷, 𝑤, 𝑔, 𝜈, 𝜌, ℎ, 𝑥 (3.7)
Incorporating these variables into the dimensional analysis results in the following parameter set:
𝑇 𝑑 ℎ 𝑥
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , , (3.8)
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
The parameter x1/D does not change for the present experiments so:
𝑇 𝑑 ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.9)
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
58
3.7.1.3 Energy considerations
By assessing the energy upstream and downstream of a dissipation structure, one can determine
the energy absorbed by the structure for different flows. The variables required to determine
change in specific energy include both inflow and outflow variables:

Δ𝐸 𝑓 𝑄, 𝑑, 𝑇,  ,  , 𝑔, (3.10)
Where change in specific energy is defined as:
𝑄 𝑄
Δ𝐸  𝑑  𝑇 (3.11)
2𝑔𝐴 2𝑔𝐴
1 and 2 are velocity correction (Coriolis) coefficients. These are often assumed to be 1.0.
However, in the present case, 1 and 2 are likely greater than 1 due to uneven distribution of
velocity at the inflow and outflow cross sections. It may be difficult to determine the exact
Coriolis coefficient, but literature provides some estimates that will likely improve results. A1
and A2 are cross sectional areas of the flow upstream and downstream of the dissipation
structure, respectively. In the present case, A2 is simply wT; A1 is a more complicated function of
the runout depth.
A dimensionless form of E will be used in this report, E/yc, where yc is the critical depth at the
dissipation box outlet, so that it is easy to estimate E for scaled structures. E does not add any
additional variables to the dimensional analysis because it is fully dependent on the variables
shown in Equations 3.3 and 3.7 (ignoring variability of ). As shown by Equation 3.11, E is
mostly dependent on the runout depth, the dissipation basin outlet depth, and the discharge. We
can use it to replace the tailwater depth in Equation 3.9, so it can be analyzed as a function of
runout Froude number, runout depth, and weir height:
Δ𝐸 𝑑 ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.12)
𝑦 𝐷 𝐷
In similar fashion, outlet energy can also be calculated as a function of the runout section
variables, and may be useful for flow behavior predictions:
𝐸 𝑑 ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.13)
𝑦 𝐷 𝐷
59
3.7.1.4 Outlet momentum considerations
The outlet momentum from the dissipation box is useful if forces on weirs are needed. No
measurements of forces were done in the current research, and this section is provided primarily
for reference purposes. For predicting erosion at outlets, momentum might also provide a useful
substitute for specific energy because specific energy consists of both potential energy and
kinetic energy, and erosion is mostly associated with kinetic energy. Momentum is a function of
the discharge, outlet depth, and flow density:

𝑀 𝑓 𝑄, 𝑇, 𝑤, 𝜌, 𝑔 (3.14)
It is defined as:
𝑀 𝜌 𝑄 ⁄A (3.15)
Like specific energy, the outlet momentum is a function of outlet tailwater depth and can replace
tailwater depth as the dependent variable. No independent variables are added to Equation 3.7
by the introduction of momentum. Thus, the outlet momentum (M2) can be introduced as:
𝑑 ℎ
𝑀 𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.16)
𝐷 𝐷
Following Sturm (2010), momentum can be made dimensionless using the critical depth and the
width of the dissipation box:
𝑀 𝑑 ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.17)
𝜌𝑔𝑤𝑦 𝐷 𝐷
Density cancels out because all of the flows of interest are water (assuming that density
variations due to aeration are negligible).
It is also useful to consider momentum and pressure differentials on the model weirs, since these
provide a measure of the forces on the weirs, but a closer look reveals that this is complicated for
the present geometry. If the momentum equation is considered for a prismatic channel in which
shear stresses are negligible, it can be shown that the force on a weir across the channel, Fw, is
simply:
𝐹 ∆ 𝑀 𝛾ℎ 𝐴 (3.18)
Where  is an operator that represents the difference between the downstream and upstream
sections of the system (the difference in momentum and hydrostatic forces between the outlet
60
and the runout section). hc is the location of the centroid of the flow cross section area below the
free surface; it is simply half the depth for rectangular cross sections, but for partly filled circular
culverts it is quite a bit more complex. Equation 3.18 represents a balance between changes in
momentum, the hydrostatic force differential, and the force on the weir. In the present case the
problem is made complex by the expansion at the outlet of the runout section. Reapplying the
momentum equation between the runout section and the dissipation box outlet, the resulting
force is the combined force of the flow on the weir and the head wall:
𝐹 𝐹 ∆ 𝑀 𝛾ℎ 𝐴 (3.19)
The force on the headwall, Fh, is associated with hydrostatic pressure since there is no
momentum flux across the head wall. In this case, Fh = hcwAw, where hcw and Aw are the
centroid and cross section area of the headwall below the water surface at the weir. These two
variables have very complex geometry but can be determined as a function of water depth
measurements immediately upstream of the weir. Then, Equation 3.19 becomes:
𝐹 𝛾ℎ 𝐴 ∆ 𝑀 𝛾ℎ 𝐴 (3.20)
Direct measurements of the force on the model weir would allow examination of the accuracy of
Equation 3.20; while this is outside of the scope of the present study, it is a useful topic for a
future study. A dimensionless version of the force on the head wall is given by Equation 3.21.
𝐹 𝑑 ℎ
𝑓 𝐹𝑟, , (3.21)
𝜌𝑔𝑤𝑦 𝐷 𝐷
3.8 Energy Calculation Details
3.8.1 Specific energy and energy calculations

Specific energy head is the summation of velocity head and streamwise depth:
𝑉
𝐸 𝛼 𝑦 (3.22)
2𝑔
Where 𝛼 is the energy coefficient, V is the bulk average velocity, and y is depth. Bulk average
velocity is calculated as the ratio of flow rate and cross-sectional area.
In the present work, velocity and depth measurements are collected for analysis in relatively
difficult conditions. Upstream data are collected in circular conduits flowing partly full, while
downstream data are collected in a rectangular section. Flow in partly full circular conduits is
61
more complex than in rectangular sections, but for the present flows, data analysis is difficult for
both because: (a) assessment of flow depth is necessary to determine Froude regime and specific
energy, (b) depth measurements are small, leading to a high relative uncertainty of the depth, (c)
the flow is highly turbulent with air entrainment, making depth measurements difficult in most
locations, (d) the flow is supercritical in most sections so that much of the flow energy is
contained in the velocity head term, and (e) it is only practical to collect a limited number of
velocity measurements.
There are two ways to determine specific energy in the test facility: (1) Measure the depth and
compute the velocity from the ratio of discharge and cross-sectional flow area, or (2) Measure
the depth and velocity separately to compute the specific energy. The first method is useful in
areas with no velocity measurements. The second method is useful for areas with shallow depth
and high velocity, because in these areas, small error in depth measurements leads to significant
error in specific energy calculations. These two methods are described here.
In some cases, it may also be necessary to determine total energy because not all bed elevations
in the experimental setup are the same. In such cases, total energy is the sum of bed elevation,
streamwise depth and velocity head. As a reminder, the datum used for total energy calculations
is the bed of the energy dissipation basin.
3.8.2 Energy calculations from depth measurements
3.8.2.1 Streamwise water depth

For piezometers 1-16 and point gauges A-F, streamwise water depths are calculated by
subtracting baseline readings from experimental readings.
For piezometers 17-22 that are located at the inclined section of the culvert, assuming that we
have parallel flow in the inclined section, the pressure at the bed (p) is:
𝑝 𝛾𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (3.23)
where 𝛾 is the specific weight of water, d is the streamwise depth, and 𝜃 is the bed slope angle.
Since pressure is measured with the piezometer:
𝑝 𝛾∆𝑧 (3.24)
where ∆𝑧 is the difference between the test piezometer reading and the piezometer reading when
there is no flow in the testing section but the piezometer is still full of water. Then:
𝛥𝑧
𝑑 (3.25)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
62
If a point gauge is used to measure z, z is the difference between the point gauge reading for
the test and the point gauge reading of the bed.
When the water level in a piezometer exceeds the top of the culvert (i.e., the pipe is full), the
piezometer reading no longer reflects the depth. When the streamwise water depth reading inside
the culvert exceeds the culvert diameter, the actual streamwise water depth is the same as the
culvert diameter. Thus, the maximum streamwise water depth is the inner diameter of the
culvert. Moreover, in the case of a full pipe, total energy calculations require the pressure head
because the flow becomes closed conduit flow. The pressure head can be determined from
piezometer measurements but not from point gauge measurements.
3.8.2.2 Cross-sectional area

In order to determine bulk-average velocity, it was necessary to determine the cross-sectional
area at each location. There are two types of cross sections in the testing section: partially filled
circular cross sections in the culvert and rectangular cross sections in the dissipation basin.
Partially filled circular cross-sectional areas (corresponding to point gauges A-C and piezometers
7-22) can be found using the relation between streamwise water depth and flow cross section
depicted in Figure 3.18. θ and A can be calculated as follows:
𝑟 ℎ
𝜃 2 arccos (3.26)
𝑟
𝑟
𝐴 𝜃 sin 𝜃 (3.27)
2
r
θ
r θ θ
h
Figure 3.18 Geometric determination of flow cross section.
63
As shown in Figure 3.19, in the dissipation basin, the rectangular cross-sectional area
(corresponding to piezometers 1-6 and point gauges D-F) is much simpler and is the product of
water depth and the inside width of the dissipation basin:
𝐴 𝑤∙ℎ (3.28)
For piezometers 3 and 4 and point gauge E, the flow cross-sectional area must also take the weir
type and position into account.
Figure 3.19 Flow cross section of dissipation box.
3.8.3 Energy calculations from depth and velocity measurements
3.8.3.1 Velocity
Flow velocity was measured using two Prandtl tubes installed in the inclined section of the
culvert and three installed at the downstream end of the dissipation basin. The velocity of the
flow at the Prandtl tube tip (u) is calculated as:
𝑢 2𝑔𝛥ℎ (3.29)
Where g is gravitational acceleration and 𝛥ℎ is the difference of the two manometer readings.
3.8.3.2 Velocity corrections

The Prandtl tube measures velocity at a point, but the bulk average velocity is needed for specific
energy calculations. Since Prandtl tube elevations were fixed, velocities measured at the
dissipation basin outlet were adjusted using the power law. Originally, Nikuradse utilized a
power relation to model pipe flow data (Schlichting, 1960), and the relation has been extended
for use in wide open-channel flows as given by Equation 3.30.
𝑢 𝑧 /
(3.30)
𝑢 𝐻
64
𝑧 /
𝑄 𝑢 𝑏𝑑𝑧 7 (3.31)
𝑉 𝐻 𝑢
𝐴 𝑏𝐻 8
In which u is the velocity at elevation z above the bed (measured with the Prandtl tube), and umax
is the velocity at the water surface where z equals the flow depth. The power relation shows that
the velocity at 0.4 times the flow depth equals the bulk average velocity (𝑉 𝑢 .
Furthermore, the average of the velocities measured at 0.2 and 0.8 times the depth also equals the
bulk average velocity. Discharge measurements in rivers typically utilize this observation in
integrating velocity measurements across a river cross section. In the present research, however,
the power law is used to convert velocities measured at an arbitrary fraction of the depth to bulk
average velocities in the rectangular outlet section.
An iterative method is used to calculate the streamwise depth given the measured velocity (u),
the elevation of the tip of the Prandtl tube above the bed (z), and the measured flow rate (Q).
Using an initial guess of the streamwise depth (H) in equation 3.30 yields maximum flow
velocity, and equation 3.31 yields the bulk average velocity. Dividing the flow rate by the bulk
average velocity and dissipation structure inner width yields a new streamwise depth. The
process can be iterated until depth converges.
3.8.4 Additional energy calculation considerations

In most cases, for the calculation of dissipation basin outlet specific energy, the velocity head at
the dissipation basin outlet was determined from the three Prandtl tubes. A weighted average of
the three Prandtl tube readings was used, assuming that the LDB, CL and RDB Prandtl tubes
measure the velocity heads for X1, X2 and X3, correspondingly (Fig. 3.12). Bulk average
velocity and streamwise depth were calculated based the power law. Although energy (or
Coriolis) coefficients are often assumed to be unity, these coefficients can be significantly higher
than unity for open channel flows. For rectangular channels, energy coefficients have been
reported by Chow (1959) to range from 1.10 to 1.20 with an average of  = 1.15. These values
are based on the work of Kolupaila (1956). While there are insufficient spatial velocity data to
verify this coefficient, we assume that  = 1.15 for determination of specific energy at the outlet.
For the calculation of specific energy in the runout section, the depths were higher and directly
measured depths were used to calculate specific energy. We elected to do this in the runout
section because knowledge about the velocity distribution in a partially full circular pipe is not as
prevalent. Nevertheless, Table 3.11 and 3.12 show two references that discuss the Coriolis
coefficient for partially filled culverts. Both references are for relatively low Froude numbers.
In any case, it is not possible for  to be less than 1 and it is unlikely to be more than 1.5. Most
of the runout section depths for the current experiments were in the 5 to 10 cm range, which
corresponds to depths of 0.2D to 0.4D. Based primarily on this depth range and the more recent
work of Sterling (1998) and a depth of about 0.333D, we elected to use a constant value of  of
65
1.25; this value was applied in Froude, energy and velocity head calculations in the partially
filled culvert. The numbers in Tables 3.11 and 3.12 demonstrate that even with perfect local
measurements of depth and velocity, there could be significant uncertainty due to error in the
Coriolis coefficient. It is difficult to overcome this issue, for lack of available information.
Table 3.11 Coriolis coefficients reported by Sterling (1998)
Froude d/D Coriolis
Coef.
0.516 0.333 1.28
0.505 0.506 1.48
0.441 0.666 1.29
0.375 0.826 1.37
Table 3.12 Coriolis coefficients reported by Replogle (1966)

Coriolis Coriolis
Froude d/D Coef. Froude d/D Coef.
0.945 0.333 1.125 0.626 0.332 1.184
0.938 0.500 1.067 0.693 0.498 1.145
0.798 0.683 1.053 1.280 0.651 1.102
0.543 0.678 1.090
3.9 Consistency of Piezometer and Point Gauge Measurements

Water depth can be directly measured using either the point gauges or piezometers. This is useful
for comparing if the two depths are consistent. There are a number of reasons that the measured
depths may be different, including:
1. The piezometers are not perfectly machined. Although care was taken when the
piezometers were installed, the material is acrylic, and the piezometers may not be
exactly perpendicular to the bed. This can artificially elevate or reduce static pressure
measurements.
2. The flow in the culvert and the dissipation box is not completely uniform. For example,
at the break in slope, the momentum of the water causes spatial oscillation of the
supercritical water surface. This leads to places where the piezometers may read high or
low, depending on if the flow is impinging on the bed or diverging from the bed. This is
especially problematic where the flow is exiting the culvert or going over a weir.
3. In some parts of the flow, there are hydraulic jumps or rapidly changing water surface
conditions. In these areas, it can be difficult to use the point gauges accurately.
4. Both piezometers and point gauges are along the channel centerline, but there are parts of
the culvert and dissipation basin where there is some lateral variation of the water
surface. This is especially true in the dissipation basin when there are no dissipation
structures installed.
In Figure 3.20, point gauge depths are directly compared with piezometer depths for a wide
range of tests, some of which have weirs installed. Depths measured with piezometers 15 and 16
are interpolated for comparison with point gauge A, depths measured with piezometers 12 and
13 are interpolated for comparison with point gauge B, and depths measured with piezometers 9
66
and 10 are interpolated for comparison with point gauge C. The depth from piezometer 6 is
directly compared with the depth from point gauge D, since it is very close to point gage D and
interpolation is impractical at the sudden expansion from the circular culvert to the rectangular
dissipation structure. The depth from piezometer 1 is directly compared with the depth from
point gauge F, since there is no piezometer farther downstream for interpolating. Piezometer 1
and point gauge F are also in close proximity. No comparison is given for point gage E since it is
situated directly above a weir during weir tests.
Figure 3.20 includes data from nine test sets: tests with no weirs, tests with staggered weirs, and
tests with full weirs. Weir heights range from 1/8D to 4/8D in the tests. For each test, eight
different flow rates are used, resulting in a total of 72 conditions. Most of the data points are very
close to the 1:1 trendline, indicating consistency between point gauge readings and piezometer
readings. Data points that fall further from the trendline indicate inconsistency between point
gauge readings and piezometer readings. It is observed that the inconsistency occurs primarily at
point gauges D and F for high flow rates. The inconsistency may be due to the reasons given
above, but point gages D and F are also located in places where accurate measurements are more
difficult – at the outlet of the culvert and at the outlet of the dissipation basin. Neither point
gauges nor piezometers are as accurate in positions where there is significant aeration and
nonuniformity of the flow. The piezometer and point gauge readings are more consistent at other
locations and at lower flow rates, but even in these conditions, the depth measurement accuracy
is on the order of about 1 cm, based on the data in figure 3.20. In general, the point gage
measurements appear to be more reliable than the piezometer measurements for this facility.
30
25
Point gauge depth (cm)
20
15
A
10
B
C
5 D
F
0
0 10 20 30
Piezometer interpolated depth (cm)
Figure 3.20 Plot of piezometer interpolated depth and point gauge depth
67
3.10 Overview of Tests
For the dissipation structures tested, there are three primary causes of energy loss: the dissipation
basin expansion, the structures added to the dissipation basin, and the hydraulic jump and eddies
that form due to tailwater. These three causes need to be isolated to get a better idea of the
effectiveness and optimal geometry of targeted dissipation structures. The tests can be divided
into three types:
 Baseline Tests: Because the dissipation basin is an expansion from a circular culvert to a
rectangular box, there is energy loss associated with the expansion alone. Thus, in order
to better understand the effect of each structure added to the basin, the basin is tested by
itself before introducing any structures. Baseline tests were performed for both tailwater-
independent and tailwater control tests and are included with the data.
 Tailwater-independent Tests: A problem arises when the tailwater is controlled by the
outlet gate in that the energy dissipation of the dissipation structure and the energy
dissipation of the hydraulic jump that forms because of the tailwater cannot be separated.
Consequently, the main tests rely on keeping the tailwater as low as possible so that it
does not impact the exit depth of the dissipation basin. If the flow approaching the outlet
is supercritical, tailwater-independent outlet depth will be less than or equal to critical. In
this case, the closer the outlet depth is to critical, the greater the energy loss caused by the
weir. Alternatively, if the flow in the dissipation basin is subcritical, the water surface
profile will be an H2 curve, and the depth will approach critical at the outlet. Subcritical
flow is ideal because it minimizes exit velocities, but it is also unlikely that a standard
weir configuration will cause this type of profile. Incidentally, subcritical flows were not
observed in the dissipation basin for any of the tailwater-independent tests.
 Tailwater Control Tests: early in the testing process a large number of tests were done
with all weir configurations. For these tests two parameters were varied: the discharge
and the tailwater depth. As the tailwater was increased, the water in the tail tank flooded
the dissipation basin and the runout section of the culvert. Although many data were
collected, they are not used as extensively as the tailwater-independent tests because it is
impossible to separate weir performance from tailwater influence for these tests.
However, the data are used to investigate backwater heights required to force the jump
into the culvert.
Results of the tests are presented in Chapter 4.
3.10.1 Baseline tests

To calculate energy dissipation associated with different weir geometries, the energy at the
downstream end of the dissipation structure when no weir is in place is needed for different flow
rates. Depths measured with piezometers 1 and 2 for eight flow rates when no weir is in place
are shown in Figure 3.21. These two piezometers are located near the end of the dissipation
structure. The plotted model discharges range from 0.60 to 1.79 ft3/s. Nonlinear curve fits of the
depth versus discharge data are shown in Fig. 3.21. The two data points with the highest flow
rate are discarded since the tailwater influences water depth in the dissipation structure at these
68
discharges. Fig. 3.21 shows that the depths in the dissipation are quite low – less than 0.5 cm at
the outlet for the lowest discharges. We found the depths to be slightly higher than reported by
the piezometers (but difficult to accurately measure). Nevertheless, the outlet velocities are swift
and the depths are shallow, especially when no weirs are in place.
4.5
4.0 y = -0.062x2 + 2.6079x
R² = 0.9661
3.5
Outlet depth (cm)
3.0
2.5 Piezometer 1
2.0 Piezometer 2
1.5 P1 discard point
1.0 P2 discard point

y = 0.7272x2 + 0.0993x
0.5 R² = 0.9939
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Discharge(cfs)
Figure 3.21 Plot of outlet depth as a function of discharge with no weir
3.10.2 Tailwater-independent tests

Table 3.13 provides conditions for the tailwater-independent tests, including baseline tests
(YYA), full-length weir tests (YYB-YYE), and staggered weir tests (YZB-YZE). Eight
discharges were tested for each weir type and height, for a total of 72 tests. The eight discharges
ranged from 0.015 to 0.055 m3/s and were selected so that each test series had matching sets of
discharges.
Table 3.13 shows the conditions of the tailwater-independent full-length weir tests. Even though
the range of discharges is fairly wide, the range of Froude numbers is limited by the geometry of
the system. In future studies, modifications to the experimental system can provide a wider
range of both Froude numbers and discharges. These modifications are not extremely difficult,
but they are substantial enough that they could not be employed in the present research; they are
discussed in the conclusions section of this report. Although these tests were designed to be
tailwater independent, the data collected showed that the tests with the two highest discharges
had tailwater influence (this is clearly denoted in figures provided in the results).
69
Table 3.13 also shows the conditions of the tailwater-independent staggered weir tests. Like the
full-length weir tests, the range of Froude numbers is limited by the geometry of the system.
These tests are discarded in scale-independent analyses. Again, the tests with the two highest
discharges did appear to be influenced by the tailwater. These tests are discarded in scale-
independent analyses.
Table 3.13 Summary of tailwater-independent weir tests
Discharges Runout
Series Weir Weir Height Tests (m3/s) Froude Range Notes
YYA None N/A 8 0.017 to 0.053 3.8 to 4.4 Prandtl
YYB Full-Length D/8 8 0.016 to 0.054 3.8 to 4.5 Prandtl
YYC Full-Length 2D/8 8 0.017 to 0.053 4.0 to 4.8 Prandtl
YYD Full-Length 3D/8 8 0.017 to 0.054 3.7 to 4.4 Prandtl
YYE Full-Length 4D/8 8 0.017 to 0.054 3.9 to 4.2 Prandtl
YZB Staggered D/8 8 0.017 to 0.053 3.8 to 4.0 Prandtl
YZC Staggered 2D/8 8 0.017 to 0.053 3.9 to 4.3 Prandtl
YZD Staggered 3D/8 8 0.017 to 0.053 3.8 to 4.3 Prandtl
YZE Staggered 4D/8 8 0.017 to 0.054 3.8 to 4.4 Prandtl
3.10.3 Tailwater tests

The tailwater tests are shown in Table 3.14 and consisted of many more tests (approximately 400
tests) than the tailwater-independent tests. Although baseline tests (tests without weirs in place)
were collected for the tailwater tests, they are not shown in Table 3.14 because they are not used
in any of the analyses presented in the report.
Each tailwater test series consisted of four discharges and eleven or twelve tailwater depths. The
four discharges were carefully set so that the same four discharges were used for each test series.
These four discharges are limited to a smaller range because the tailwater basin could not pass as
much flow when these tests were performed.
Table 3.14 Summary of tailwater-influenced weir tests
Discharges Runout
Series Weir Weir Height Tests (m3/s) Froude Range Notes
A Staggered D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
B Staggered 2D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
C Staggered 3D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
D Staggered 4D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
I Full-Length D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
J Full-Length 2D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
K Full-Length 3D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
L Full-Length 4D/8 ~48 0.017 to 0.039 3.7 to 4.9 Tailwater Control
70
4. Results
4.1 Introduction
The results are divided into three sections: (1) staggered weir results, (2) full-length weir results,
and (3) combined results for comparison purposes. Not all of the data collected were used in the
analyses. Some of the data were found to be unnecessary or unreliable, and here it helped to
have data redundancy to confirm measurements. In some cases, piezometers were in locations
that made their outputs incorrect. For example, piezometers located immediately downstream of
weirs or other abrupt changes in flow direction produced unreliable results. The high velocities
and turbulent aeration observed in the system also made it difficult to read exact depths, whether
by point gauge or by piezometer, in some cases.
Additional data were unused because the tests produced results that made it difficult or
impossible to extract useful information. An example of this is the collection of data with large
tailwaters. When tailwater was controlled, energy losses associated with the weirs could not be
separated from energy losses associated with hydraulic jumps and energy absorbing eddies that
were not directly produced by the weirs.
Therefore, the reported results mainly utilize depth data collected near the start of the runout
section and near the outlet of the dissipation box. In the runout section, it was discovered that
the point gauges were most reliable and easiest to read because of normal pressure effects
induced on the piezometers by the drop structure. In the dissipation box, the two piezometers
closest to the outlet were initially used because the outlet point gauge was difficult to accurately
read. Ultimately, outlet depths were determined indirectly by measuring the outlet velocity using
three transversely located Prandtl tubes. These velocity measurements were found to be
significantly more accurate than depth measurements for the very low depths observed at the
dissipation box outlet. This was not as much of a problem in the runout section, where the
narrower cross-section caused larger water depths.
This chapter begins with a look at staggered weir results using directly measured runout and
outlet depths. Then, using Prandtl tube measurements, staggered results are analyzed in greater
detail. This process is repeated for the full-weir results. Finally, the chapter provides a
comparison of staggered and full-weir performance.
4.2 Staggered Weir Results

In this section, piezometer-based energy dissipation results are presented. These results
demonstrate performance of the staggered weirs based on piezometer and discharge
measurements.
71
4.2.1 Initial data
Data collected for tailwater-independent tests are shown in Figure 4.1, which shows the
dissipation basin outlet depth immediately upstream of the outlet (piezometer 1) and slightly
farther upstream from the outlet (piezometer 2). Significant increases in the outlet depth are
evident at Piezometer 1 for the highest discharge, indicating that the highest discharge tested is
not tailwater-independent. The figures show that the third highest weir results in the highest
outlet depths for the higher discharges. This behavior is apparent for both piezometer 1, which is
at the outlet of the dissipation box, and at piezometer 2.
16 16
ZA_1
14 ZB_1 14
12 ZC_1 12
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
ZD_1
10 ZE_1 10
8 critical 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Discharge (cfs) Discharge (cfs)
Figure 4.1 Plot of streamwise depth vs. discharge for the staggered weir at (a) Piezometer 1 and
(b) Piezometer 2
4.2.1.1 Scale-independent dissipation box outlet depth

The results can be reduced to dimensionless results by appropriately scaling the data as shown in
Section 3.7. This allows the results to be readily applied to structures at prototype scales. Figure
4.2 shows the scale-independent results based on outlet piezometer measurements. The
dimensionless outlet depth y/D is plotted on the y axis instead of T/D because the piezometers
are upstream of the outlet. Also, a Coriolis coefficient was not applied to the Froude number on
the x axis. This will not affect general trends since the best available information would require
application of a constant Coriolis coefficient. Figures 4.2a and 4.2b also indicate that the third
highest weir performs the best.
While analyzing these data, time was spent comparing piezometer measurements to point gauge
measurements near the outlet. In our estimation, both piezometer and point gauge measurements
had an accuracy of about 5 to 10 mm due to the turbulent, highly aerated nature of the flow. For
the shallow outlet depths of 1 to 5 cm, this accuracy led to some concern about the usefulness
and reliability of the measurements. There was also some inconsistency in subsequent
calculations, so Prandtl measurements were included with later tests to improve upon the results
in this section.
72
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
y/D
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Q/(g1/2D5/2)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 ZA_2
y/D
ZB_2
0.3
ZC_2
0.2 ZD_2
ZE_2
0.1
critical
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Q/(g1/2D5/2)
Figure 4.2 Plot of y/D as a function of / / at (a) piezometer 1 and (b) piezometer 2 for the
staggered weir
4.2.1.2 Implementation of Prandtl-tube measurements

As shown in Section 3.7, the specific energy of the flow is a function of both flow velocity and
depth. The flows that are most useful for analysis of weir performance are not influenced by
tailwater and are supercritical at the dissipation basin outlet. For these flows, the velocity head is
significantly larger than the pressure head. For example, Figure 4.3 shows the combined
contributions of pressure head and velocity head for four weir types and heights over a range of
flow rates. In Figure 4.3,  is set equal to 1 for comparison purposes, but it is certainly higher
than this, and the velocity head plays an even more important role than is depicted in the figure.
73
(a) staggered weir, h = D/8 (b) staggered weir, h = 4D/8
(c) full weir, h = D/8 (d) full weir, h = 4D/8
Figure 4.3 Contributions of pressure and velocity head to specific energy for staggered weir: (a)
height = D/8 and (b) height = 4D/8 and full weir: (c) height = D/8 and (d) height = 4D/8.
Clearly, specific energy at the dissipation box outlet is more sensitive to velocity head than to
pressure head. Therefore, in the present case, velocity head measurements are more useful than
depth measurements. Often, depth measurements are used to calculate velocities and specific
energies without a direct measurement of velocity. We are suggesting that for these super
critical flows, it is better to measure velocity and calculate depth and specific energy from the
velocity measurement.
Figure 4.4 shows a comparison of outlet depth calculated with based on Prandtl tube velocity
measurements with outlet depths measured with piezometer 1 (Figure 4.4a), piezometer 2
(Figure 4.4b), and point gauge F (Figure 4.4c). The points shown in the figure are for all of the
datasets collected after the outlet Prandtl tubes were installed. The open circles in the figure
represent the highest discharge, which includes tailwater influence. These points are not
representative of the quality of depth measurements because the rapidly varied conditions that
occur at the outlet when tailwater begins to influence the outlet reduce the accuracy and
reliability of point gauge, piezometer, and Prandtl-tube measurements.
74
Figure 4.4 Comparison of Prandtl-based outlet depth with (a) piezometer 1 depth, (b) piezometer
2 depth, and (c) point gauge F depth.
The two piezometers show significant scatter and an unexpected upwards trend. It is not
surprising that piezometer 2 has higher depths than piezometer 1 because it is 15 cm upstream of
piezometer 1. The slope of both piezometer scatter plots is unexpectedly high. Excluding the
highest discharge tests, depth measurements with the point gauge at F are consistent with
Prandtl-based depths. The point gauge measurements are biased low – likely due to the accuracy
of the point gauge, which we estimate to be about 0.5 to 1.0 cm for the present testing conditions.
Even if the Prandtl-based depths are high by a centimeter, energy and velocity-based calculations
will be good since velocity is directly measured.
75
4.2.2 Tailwater-independent results – Prandtl-based results
Figure 4.5 shows how outlet depth varies with discharge for the staggered weir tests. The critical
depth line (denoted yc) is the highest possible depth at the dissipation basin outlet that can occur
with no tailwater influence. The closer the depth is to this line, the less kinetic energy at the
outlet of the dissipation basin. For the data to the right of the tailwater influence line, the depth
in the tailwater basin is high enough to begin backing up the flow in the dissipation structure.
These data are ignored in the analysis because they contain additional energy dissipation beyond
what the weirs provide.
Based on the Prandtl-tube measurements, the highest and second highest staggered weirs result
in the lowest outlet depths.
Figure 4.5 Outlet depth as a function of discharge (staggered weir tests).
Figure 4.6 shows the specific energy at the outlet of the dissipation basin as a function of
discharge. The effect of tailwater is clearer in this graph, demonstrating rapid fall off in specific
energy as tailwater increases. This happens as water backs up in the dissipation basin and a
hydraulic jump begins to form. A Coriolis coefficient of 1.15 is applied for the velocity head at
the exit of the dissipation basin.
76
Figure 4.6 Specific energy as a function of discharge (staggered weir tests).
Flow through the dissipation basin results in head loss without the introduction of a weir.
Introduction of a weir increases the total head loss. Prior to installing any weirs, eight flow rates
were tested in the dissipation basin to determine head loss as a function of flow rate. The same
eight flow rates were tested for all of the weirs, both staggered and full-length. In this way, the
head loss associated with each weir could be determined by subtracting the head loss measured
for the dissipation basin from the total head loss measured for the weir. Figure 4.7 shows
additive head loss associated with each staggered weir. The maximum measurable head loss that
can be added by the weir is shown by the line dEmax. If the head loss surpasses dEmax, the head
loss caused by the weir is immeasurable because total head loss includes tailwater losses.
Figure 4.8 provides the total head loss resulting from the staggered weir and dissipation basin
combinations. Only one dissipation basin width was tested in the experiments, but based on
previous work, wider dissipation basins will result in additional energy dissipation. Figures 4.5
through 4.8 all show that the tallest staggered weir performs the best in all conditions. Energy
losses are maximized and outlet energy is minimized by the weir that is half of the culvert
diameter.
77
Figure 4.7 Additive head loss as a function of discharge (staggered weir tests).
Figure 4.8 Total head loss as a function of discharge (staggered weir tests).
78
4.2.3 Scale-independent results
Scale-independent results are provided so that results can be easily applied to any culvert size.
Figure 4.9 shows the dimensionless head loss as a function of the runout Froude number. For the
calculation of runout Froude number, a Coriolis coefficient of 1.25 was used for the partially
filled culvert. In the figure, only points that are unaffected by tailwater are shown. The Froude
number range of the data is only from 3.8 to 4.4, due to apparatus design constraints. The
Runout Froude number does not appear to increase monotonically with depth or discharge and is
a function of both. As the discharge increases, so does the depth, and in the complex partially
filled circular cross section, Froude number does not vary much over a wide range of discharges.
The figure shows that the highest dimensionless energy losses are for the two tallest weirs.
Figure 4.9 Total dimensionless head loss as a function of discharge (staggered weir tests).
In tests with the same discharge, the runout Froude numbers should be about the same, but this is
not always the case in Figure 4.9. Runout Froude number is based on discharge and runout
depth and the runout depth is measured as an average of the two upstream-most point gauge
measurements. These measurements have considerable uncertainty because the velocities in the
runout section are very high and make it difficult to identify the exact height of the water surface.
There is a Prandtl tube located immediately upstream of the break in slope in the drop structure.
One possibility is to use this Prandtl tube to estimate the runout Froude number, much like how
the outlet depth was determined in the dissipation basin. The Prandtl tube upstream of the break
will provide a runout velocity that is biased slightly low because it is slightly higher than the
79
runout section. Use of this Prandtl tube is also somewhat complicated because of the non-
uniform velocity distribution in the partially filled circular conduit.
Figure 4.10 shows the dimensionless outlet energy for each of the staggered weir heights. The
two highest staggered weirs both result in dimensionless outlet energies that are constant. For
the second-highest weir, the dimensionless outlet energy is 2.9, and for the highest weir, the
dimensionless outlet energy is 2.7. The other weirs do not appear to have a constant
dimensionless outlet energy for the conditions tested. This may be caused by skimming for the
lowest two weirs. For almost all flowrates and staggered weir heights, the runout depth remains
supercritical at the upstream point gauges. Consequently, the supercritical runout depth is
always between 5 and 10 cm. The weirs have heights of 3.2 cm, 6.4 cm, 9.5 cm, and 12.7 cm.
The two tallest weirs have heights that are similar to the deepest runout depths, while the lowest
two weirs have heights that are less than or similar in size to the shallowest runout depths.
Figure 4.10 Scale-independent outlet energy as a function of outlet Froude number.
Devoid of a hydraulic jump in the runout section, parts of the high velocity flows may not
directly impact the weirs with the lower heights before continuing to the outlet. Thus, it is best
to ensure that the weir wall height exceeds the supercritical runout depth. This aligns with the
recommendation that optimal baffle block height is 1.5 times the incoming flow depth. Also, it
would be useful to have additional tests with lower runout Froude numbers (unfortunately, this
does require some modification to the existing test facility). One final note about this;
particularly for the two lowest staggered weirs, the relation between dimensionless outlet energy
80
and runout Froude number will require more data for a definitive result. The data do not show a
definite trend between the two parameters.
4.3 Full Weir Results

In this section, piezometer-based energy dissipation results are presented. These results
demonstrate performance of the full-length weirs based on piezometer and discharge
measurements.
4.3.1 Initial data

Data collected for tailwater-independent tests are shown in Figure 4.11, which shows the
dissipation basin outlet depth at piezometer 1 and piezometer 2. The effects of tailwater are
evident at piezometer 1 for the highest discharge, as all of the outlet depths increase dramatically
from those of lower discharges. The figures show that the third tallest weir results in the highest
outlet depths for the higher discharges. This behavior is apparent for both piezometer 1, which is
at the outlet of the dissipation box, and at piezometer 2.
16 16
ZA_1
14 YB_1 14
12 YC_1 12
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
YD_1
10 YE_1
10
8 critical 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Discharge (cfs) Discharge (cfs)
Figure 4.11 Plot of streamwise depth vs. discharge for the full-length weir at (a) Piezometer 1
and (b) Piezometer 2
4.3.1.1 Scale-independent dissipation box outlet depth

Dimensionless outlet depth y/D is plotted against Froude number in Figure 4.12. A Coriolis
coefficient was not applied to the Froude numbers used for the x axis. As was the case for the
staggered weir, Figures 4.12a and 4.12b indicate that the third highest full-length weir results in
the lowest outlet depth.
As described for the staggered weir, Prandtl tubes were installed and tailwater-independent tests
were rerun because of concerns about depth measurement accuracy near the outlet of the
dissipation basin. These results are presented in the following sections.
81
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
y/D
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Q/(g1/2D5/2)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
y/D
ZA_2
0.3
YB_2
0.2 YC_2
YD_2
0.1 YE_2
critical
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Q/(g1/2D5/2)
Figure 4.12 Plot of y/D as a function of / / at (a) piezometer 1 and (b) piezometer 2 for the
full-length weir
4.3.2 Tailwater-independent results – Prandtl-based results

Figure 4.13 shows how outlet depth varies with discharge for the staggered weir tests. The
critical depth line (denoted yc) is the highest possible depth at the dissipation basin outlet that can
occur with no tailwater influence. Based on the Prandtl-tube measurements, the highest and
second highest staggered weirs result in the lowest outlet depths. For the full-length weir, the
second highest weir performs better than the highest weir. This may be because the staggered
weir does not force all of the water over the top of the weir. If two full-length weir heights have
roughly the same energy dissipating capacity, the taller weir will result in more outlet energy
because the potential energy of the flow over the top of the taller weir is greater. In the case of
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the staggered weir, additional dissipation occurs downstream of the weir due to the flow through
gaps between the offset weirs. It may be possible to optimize this behavior in future tests by
adjusting the streamwise spacing between the offset weirs.
Figure 4.13 Outlet depth as a function of discharge for the full-length weir tests.
Figure 4.14 shows the specific energy at the outlet as a function of discharge for the full-length
weir. As discussed for Figure 4.13, the outlet specific energy is least for the second highest full-
length weir. At the lowest discharge, the third highest weir appears to become as effective as the
two highest weirs. This supports the idea that the lowest full-length weir that dissipates all of the
incoming kinetic energy is desirable because it creates the least potential energy for the water
conveyed over the weir.
83
Figure 4.14 Specific energy as a function of discharge for the full-length weir tests.
Figure 4.15 shows the head loss added to the dissipation basin by installation of each full-length
weir. The added head loss is remarkably constant for the second-highest weir over most of the
discharge range.
The total head loss is provided as a function of discharge in Figure 4.16. There appears to be an
optimal total head loss for some of the weir heights that occurs somewhere in the middle of the
observed flow rate range. More measurements would be needed to confirm this.
84
Figure 4.15 Additive head loss as a function of discharge for the full-length weir tests.
Figure 4.16 Total head loss as a function of discharge for the full-length weir tests.
85
4.3.3 Scale-independent results
Scale-independent change in specific energy and outlet energy are presented in this section.
Figure 4.17 shows the scale-independent energy loss as a function of Runout Froude. In all
cases, the energy loss increases with runout Froude number.
Figure 4.17 Total energy loss as a function of discharge (full-length weir tests).
Figure 4.18 demonstrates that just like for the staggered weir, the dimensionless outlet energy for
the two highest full-length weirs both have dimensionless outlet energies that are constant over
the range of conditions tested. For the second-highest weir, the dimensionless outlet energy is
again 2.9, and for the highest weir, the dimensionless outlet energy is 3.2.
86
Figure 4.18 Scale-independent outlet energy as a function of outlet Froude number.
4.4 Comparative Results

In this section, results of Sections 4.2 and 4.3 are combined to compare and contrast performance
of the two types of weirs. Outlet characteristics are based on Prandtl measurements.
4.4.1 Specific energy at the outlet

Figure 4.19 shows the specific energy at the outlet of the dissipation basin for the two styles of
weirs that were tested. Symbols that are solid squares represent staggered weir performance, and
symbols that are solid circles represent full-length weir performance. The open square symbols
show performance when no weir is installed. The line identified as Ecrit is the critical specific
energy at the outlet and represents the minimum possible specific energy without tailwater
control.
87
Figure 4.19 Comparison of specific energy at the outlet for the staggered and full weir
Without weirs, the dissipation basin contributes to energy loss because of flow expansion, but
installation of weirs increases the total energy loss in all cases. For almost every case, the
staggered weir performs at least as well as the full-length weir, and in the majority of cases it
performs better. The best performing weir configuration is the staggered weir that is half as high
as the culvert diameter. It is possible that a higher staggered weir will increase energy loss. The
same is not true of the full-length weir, which appears to perform optimally when the weir is 3/8
of the culvert diameter. This may be because higher full-length weirs back up the flow, creating
more potential energy at the weir crest and resulting in more kinetic energy at the outlet. In the
case of the staggered weir, flow does not have to back up as high since there is a way for a
fraction of the flow to go around the weir. This raises the question of whether larger distances
between the sections of the staggered weir could improve energy dissipation by allowing more
flow to travel around the weir instead of over it.
Figure 4.20 depicts a typical water surface profile in the culvert and dissipation basin. Ideally,
the velocity at the outlet is minimized. Subcritical flow is preferred, but the full-length weir,
which causes a hydraulic jump in many situations, forces the flow to pass back through critical,
resulting in supercritical flow at the outlet for all observed test cases. The potential energy
stored behind the weir is reconverted into supercritical kinetic energy as the flow travels over the
weir. An optimized staggered weir may help to alleviate this problem by allowing a portion of
the flow to travel around the weir instead of over it. For this very reason, most dissipation basins
88
use baffle blocks to dissipate energy because they do not force the flow back through critical. It
should be emphasized that in all tests, both full-length and staggered weirs caused a significant
reduction in the flow energy between the runout and the basin outlet. The point here is one of
optimization.
Dissipation Basin
Culvert
Hw
Ew, yw
E1 , y 1 E2 , y 2
Figure 4.20 Profile of the water surface as it passes through a hydraulic jump, discharges over a
full-length weir and reestablishes itself as supercritical flow at the outlet.
In order to better demonstrate the energy storage provided by the weir, the specific energy was
calculated upstream of the weir for varying discharges and weir heights. Several assumptions
were made, including:
1. The specific energy upstream of the weir is the sum of the depth and the velocity head,
using a velocity coefficient of 1.15 for the rectangular dissipation basin.
2. Energy losses from flow over the weir are negligible.
3. The sharp-crested rectangular weir equation is applicable, and a weir coefficient of 0.61
is reasonable across the range of flows and weir heights.
Following these assumptions, the outlet depth can be determined based on the specific energy
upstream of the weir, Ew, and the discharge. More details about this calculation, along with a
closed form solution to the equation for alternate depths, are provided in Appendix B.
Figure 4.21 shows measured dissipation basin outlet depth as a function of discharge for both
types of weirs. Four subfigures are provided; one for each of the four different weir heights.
The line in the figure is the calculated supercritical alternate depth calculated using the weir
equation to calculate the upstream depth, yw, and specific energy, Ew, and following the
assumptions outlined above. Considering only flows that are not influenced by tailwater (to the
left of the dashed line), these figures demonstrate several characteristics of flow over the weirs:
(1) at higher discharges, the alternate depth line consistently overpredicts the outlet depth –
especially at lower weir heights, (2) at low discharges over the highest weirs, the measured data
approach the predicted supercritical outlet depth, and (3) only the staggered weir has any points
that are above the calculated alternate depth line.
The first observation is likely because the weirs are not behaving like weirs at low weir heights
and high discharges. Instead they are sills, and the weir equation is not ideal. Flow is not backed
up behind them and the velocity is not distributed equally across them ( is higher than 1.15).
89
For these conditions, the total energy upstream of the weir is likely higher than predicted by the
weir equation. It would be best to avoid these low weir heights in the prototype because the
lower weirs are not dissipating as much energy as is possible. The second observation is because
at low discharges and high weir heights, the velocities are low and the weir behaves much more
like traditional weirs. Further increases in weir height beyond those tested will likely result in
higher energy at the basin outlet (although some energy dissipation will result from additional
head losses caused by the increased drop height). The third observation is probably because the
staggered weir provides additional head losses beyond those caused by the full-length weir.
Again, it would be worth investigating if different geometries can improve performance of the
staggered weir.
Figure 4.21 Comparison of outlet depths determined from Prandtl measurements with outlet
depth predicted from discharge and weir equation for all four sizes of weirs.
It is worth considering the case of lower Froude numbers in the runout section (for the same
discharge). In this case, the runout depth will increase and runout velocity will decrease. Due to
the lower kinetic energy, assumptions about the inflow velocity distribution will be more
accurate, and it appears likely that the taller weirs will behave similar to what is shown by Figure
4.21. A reasonable upper limit for the runout depth in this case is yw, the sum of the weir height
and the height of the water surface above the weir crest. Tests with lower Froude numbers
would be useful to verify this prediction.
90
Flows with higher Froude numbers will likely result in higher energy dissipation and outlet
depths similar to those observed in the figures for the taller weirs. Again, verification of this
prediction would be helpful by performing tests with higher Froude numbers. The description of
the Type VI dissipation basin provided in Chapter 2 implies that these types of basins result in
similar outlet conditions for a wide range of outlet velocities – a behavior that may also be true
for the taller weirs.
4.4.2 Tailwater-influenced results

A large amount of data were collected for a range of tailwaters. For the most part, these data are
not extensively analyzed in this report because energy losses in such cases are independent of
weir performance. For tailwater control, the exit velocity depends primarily on the tailwater
depth and the discharge. Energy losses are associated with the weir, the expansion, and one or
more jumps. The flow always adjusts so that the combined losses are defined by the incoming
energy and the tailwater elevation. These losses cannot be separated, but they do not necessarily
need to be separated for all forms of analysis. The primary benefit of a full-length weir in this
case is to ensure that a jump occurs well upstream of the outlet.
The tailwater tests allowed us to consider jump position as a function of tailwater depth. In this
section, the position of the jump upstream of the weir is examined for different tailwaters in
order to predict what weir heights are needed if it is necessary to force the jump to occur at the
break in culvert slope. Keep in mind that the behavior of a jump in a circular culvert with an
expansion at the outlet will be very different from the behavior of a classical jump. The
recommendation provided by Forster and Skrinde (1950) that jump length be at least five times
the downstream sequent depth is likely not applicable, because a classical jump cannot form in
the present conditions. Instead, if it is necessary to retain the jump within the culvert, the
recommendation of Larson et al. (2005) to locate the toe of the jump to the break in slope might
be better. However, if the height of the weir is selected to force the jump into the culvert, it
could easily result in reduced overall energy dissipation and higher dissipation basin outlet
velocities. Additional tests with taller weirs could be done to confirm this.
Figure 4.22 shows how jump length varies with tailwater depth for the staggered weir tests. Four
discharges were tested for each staggered weir height, and for each discharge, ten to twelve
tailwater elevations were tested. Figures 4.22a – d show the results for the four different weir
heights. Each graph contains four discharges, and the discharges do not change from weir to
weir (they were carefully set to be the same four discharges for all four test sets). L/D is the
dimensionless distance of the jump from the upstream face of the weir, where D is the culvert
diameter. The position of the break is also shown on the graph. It is always 72.5 inches
upstream of the weir. Notice that there are very few jumps with lengths between 3D and 7D.
The culvert is smooth and offers very little resistance to jump movement. Once a jump clears the
culvert entrance it is very likely to reposition at the culvert break.
91
For the lowest two weirs, some tailwaters and discharges do not cause a jump within the culvert.
These are shown on the graph as L/D = 0. The two highest weirs always produce a jump, both
with and without tailwater, which is why L/D never drops to zero for these two weirs. To force
the jump toe to occur at the break requires a dimensionless tailwater depth of about T/D = 1.1. It
looks like the required T/D could be more than 1.1 for higher discharges. To cause the same
effect as the tailwater when no tailwater is present, the staggered weir has to be tall enough to
drown the culvert. Additional variation of discharge and runout Froude would help to expand
this result.
Figure 4.22 Dimensionless jump length as a function of the dimensionless tailwater depth for
staggered weir heights of: (a) D/8, (b) 2D/8, (c) 3D/8, and (d) 4D/8.
92
The tests were repeated with full-length weirs with similar outcomes. The two tallest full-length
weirs cause longer jumps than the two tallest staggered weirs because they force all of the flow
to go up and over them. However, the dimensionless tailwater depth required to force the jump
to the break is still about 1.1. The highest flow rate over the tallest weir tested results in a culvert
outlet depth that is equivalent to a dimensionless tailwater depth (T/D) of about 0.8. Thus, the
tallest weir tested would have to be raised by about 0.3D to raise the dimensionless depth to 1.1.
That could raise the dissipation basin outlet velocity considerably since the flow over the top of
the weir will have more potential energy.
Figure 4.23 Dimensionless jump length as a function of the dimensionless tailwater depth for
full-length weir heights of: (a) D/8, (b) 2D/8, (c) 3D/8, and (d) 4D/8.
93
5. Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work
5.1 Conclusions
A study of two weir types, staggered and full-length, was completed in an experimental
dissipation basin. Three data sets were collected: two tailwater-independent data sets and one
data set with tailwater influence. The first of the tailwater-independent data sets is not reported
here because the range of discharges that the tailwater tank could convey was found to be limited
and because outlet depth measurements were not found to be accurate enough to complete all of
the analyses. The second tailwater-independent data set was collected after the tailwater tank
was modified to increase discharge measurement range and after Prandtl tubes were installed at
the dissipation basin outlet to improve energy measurements.
In the tailwater-independent tests, data were collected for eight discharges, two weir types and
four weir heights. Initially, the primary measurements included discharge, numerous water
depths using both piezometers and point gages, and drop velocities using two Prandtl tubes.
Data were also collected when no weirs were installed.
It was found that outlet energy could not be accurately determined using depth measurements
because of depth measurement accuracy limitations. These limitations were a result of the
highly turbulent, aerated flow at the outlet and the very small outlet depths. In addition, a large
fraction of the specific energy at the outlet is kinetic. Therefore, tests were repeated after three
Prandtl tubes were installed at the outlet. There were some difficulties associated with using the
Prandtl tubes in the aerated flows, but these were overcome by flushing air bubbles out of the
tubes prior to each velocity measurement.
Comparisons of outlet depths with depths predicted with a simple weir equation and some
general assumptions about the flow upstream of the weir showed that the weir equation does a
reasonably good job of predicting outlet depth for taller full-length weirs for the range of
discharges tested. For shorter weirs, the flow appears to skim the weir and the weir equation
greatly overestimates energy dissipation, especially for high discharges.
Taller weirs are needed to force the upstream development of hydraulic jumps and prevent
skimming over the weir; however, the taller the weir, the more potential energy that is stored
upstream of the weir, energy that is converted back into supercritical kinetic energy as the water
flows over the weir. The optimal full-length weir is one that is just tall enough to back up the
flow into the culvert for the highest flow rate. Although the currently tested staggered weirs had
performance that was similar to full-length weirs, an advantage of the staggered weir is that it
behaves more like a baffle, allowing some of the flow to go around it instead of over it. The
result of this behavior is observed in the slightly lower specific energies observed at the outlet for
the staggered weirs. The staggered weirs had specific energies at the outlet that were equal to or
94
less than those observed for the equivalent full-length weir in nearly all cases. Due to time
constraints, staggered weirs tested in the present research were not optimized to take full
advantage of this behavior.
Although hydraulic jumps can be induced in the model culvert, hydraulic jumps in the circular
culvert are dissimilar to those in prismatic, rectangular culverts. When installing weirs for
dissipation in rectangular channels, it is recommended that the length of the jump upstream of
the weir is long enough to ensure that the jump is fully formed – roughly five times the upper
sequent depth of the jump. The present configuration, however, is complicated by the circular
culvert cross section and the expansion into the dissipation basin, and forcing a jump to form
within the runout section may not always be optimal. Instead, the staggered weir can provide
good energy dissipation if it is used as an impact wall like a Type VI dissipation basin.
In the tailwater-influenced tests, data were collected for four discharges, ten to twelve tailwater
depths, two weir types, and four weir heights. The primary measurements included discharge,
numerous water depths using both piezometers and point gages, the position of the toe of the
hydraulic jump caused by the tailwater and/or weir, and drop velocities using two Prandtl tubes.
Forcing the toe of the jump to approach the culvert break upstream of the runout section for all
tested discharges required the outlet of the culvert to be submerged to about 1.1D. This result
was independent of the weirs that were tested because at this submergence, the weirs have little
influence on the flow. The result was not independent of discharge, and lower discharges
required lower outlet depths to achieve the same jump position. In fact, for the tallest full-length
weir, the lowest discharge resulted in a hydraulic jump toe at the culvert break, independent of
tailwater depth. For the full range of discharges, weir height could be increased to cause the
culvert outlet to be submerged to 1.1D to ensure that the jump toe reaches the break, but this is
not advisable based on the present observations since taller weirs will lead to higher basin outlet
velocities.
5.2 Recommendations
Based on experimental observations, our recommendations include:
1. Staggered weirs are preferred over full-length weirs, not only because of their ability to
pass debris and fully drain, but because they provide enhanced energy dissipation. The
improved dissipation is only slight for the tested geometries (as evidenced in Appendix
C), but could be improved in future work.
2. For the tested geometries and conditions, the optimal observed dimensionless outlet
energy was about three times the critical depth. In this context, the staggered weir
showed a slight improvement over the full-length weir.
3. Reconsider the spacing of the second row of the staggered weir so that there is more flow
area. Six inches is not sufficient for some debris, but more importantly, additional space
will reduce the depth upstream of the weir, reducing the amount of energy left over after
95
weir impact. Additional testing is recommended to optimize the spacing and impact wall
height.
4. For the range of conditions tested, optimal wall height was 3D/8 for the full-length weir
and 4D/8 for the staggered weir. Raising the height of the full-length weir to 4D/8
resulted in a small, but noticeable increase in the specific energy at the outlet. This could
be because increasing the weir height above what is needed to dissipate the runout energy
raises the total energy of the flow before it passes over the weir. Additional testing
would benefit this conclusion.
5. Avoid using weirs that are lower than 3D/8 – at least for the current test range.
Skimming over the tops of the shorter weirs leads to reduced energy dissipation.
6. Forcing the jump into the culvert requires the culvert outlet to be submerged for the full
range of discharges tested. However, this is not advisable and will likely result in an
unnecessary increase in outlet energy.
5.3 Future Work

Upon completion of the present research, several potential improvements to the experimental
setup and future energy dissipation structure tests were identified. The experimental setup was
selected early in the project based on a desire to simulate the extreme conditions of broken-back
culverts. In this case, a 15 degree drop angle was selected and a drop height of one pipe
diameter was chosen. The range of runout Froude numbers was about 3.8 to 4.4 for the present
set of experiments. Installation of a gate control was not successful, though relatively
straightforward modifications to the system may be possible to increase the runout Froude
number by another means. In any case, choices in system geometry made it impractical to
simulate low Froude numbers in the runout section and no simple modifications were found to
achieve lower Froude numbers. The following provisions might be considered in future
research:
1. Culvert inlet depth controls can be added to the present experimental culvert to increase
Froude numbers for the same flow rate, thereby making it possible to separate the effects
of runout Froude number from those of runout depth.
2. The range of Froude numbers can be increased by modifying the system so that it does
not include a sloped section. By reducing the drop between the head tank and the tail
tank, lower Froude numbers can be achieved. By constructing a better inlet to the test
section, higher Froude numbers are also possible.
3. The outlet basin can be modified to convey more flow without tailwater influencing the
flow in the dissipation basin. This modification is relatively straightforward but will
require effort to change the height of the dissipation basin and runout pipe. The
modification will result in an increased discharge range for simulating more flows.
4. In future work, it may be possible to directly measure forces on the staggered weirs. Any
design of force measurement techniques will require careful thought.
96
Future research may help to answer additional questions about improving the staggered weir
system. One important question is if additional geometries, such as increasing the spacing
between the staggered weir sections can increase conveyance and reduce outlet energy. Another
important question is how well the weirs perform when the runout section has a much higher
depth. Finally, it may be beneficial to examine existing designs such as the Type VI design
basin to see if it can be an effective tool for storm water culverts, which operate at relatively low
outlet velocities.
97
6. References
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estimation equations”, Transportation Research Record, No. 1523, pp. 178-185.
ASCE-97 (2000) Hydraulic modeling: concepts and practice, Eds.: R. Ettema, R. Arndt, P.
Roberts, and T. Wahl. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 97. 390 pp.
Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A.J. (1957a) “Hydraulic design of stilling basins: hydraulic jumps on
a horizontal apron (Basin I)”, J. Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 83(5).
Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A.J. (1957b) “Hydraulic design of stilling basins: short stilling basin
for canal structures, small outlet works and small spillways (Basin III),” J. Hydraulics
Division, ASCE, 83(5).
Bremen, R. (1990) Expanding stilling basin. Thesis 850, presented to the Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, in partial fulfillment for the requirements of
Doctor of Technical Sciences.
Bremen, R. and Hager, W.H. (1993) “T-jump in abruptly expanding channel,” J. Hydraulic
Research, 31(1), 61-78.
British Standard 3680, part 4A and ISO/TC 113/GT 2 (France-10) 1971
Chaudhry, M. H. (2007). Open-channel flow. Springer Science & Business Media, NY. 523 pp.
Chow, V.T. (1959) Open channel hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, NY. 680 pp.
Emami, S. and Schleiss, A. (2010) "Prediction of localized scour hole on natural mobile bed at
culvert outlets," Geotechnical Special Publication. International Conference on Scour and
Erosion. 844-853. 10.1061/41147(392)84
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269084525
Forster, J.W., and Skrinde, R.A. (1950) "Control of the hydraulic jump by sills" Trans., Amer.
Soc. Civil Engrs., 115(1), 973-1022.
Hager, W. H., Bremen, R., & Kawagoshi, N. (1990) “Classical hydraulic jump: length of
roller,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, 28(5), 591-608.
98
Hagar, W.H. (1992). Energy dissipators and hydraulic jump, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 288 pp.
Hagar, W. (2010) Wastewater Hydraulics – Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed., Springer, Zurich,
Switzerland. 652 pp.
HEC-14 (2006) Hydraulic design of energy dissipators for culverts and channels, HEC Circular
No. 14, 3rd Ed., U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration, Pub.
No. FHWA-NHI-06-086.
Hotchkiss, R. and Larson, E., (2005) "Simple methods for energy dissipation at culvert outlets",
Proceedings of Impacts of Global Climate Change: pp.1-12, DOI: 10.1061/40792(173)443.
Jesudhas, V., Balachandar, R., Roussinova, V., and Barron, R., (2018) "Turbulence
characteristics of classical hydraulic jump using DES." Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 144(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001427.
Larson, E. A. (2004) Energy dissipation in culverts by forcing a hydraulic jump at the outlet.
Master’s thesis. Washington State University
Larson, E., Hotchkiss, R., and Admiraal, D. (2005) “Energy dissipation in culverts by forcing a
hydraulic jump within the barrel,” Transportation Research Record - Journal of the
Transportation Research Board, 1904, 124-132.
Lowe, N. Hotchkiss, R., Nelson, E.J. (2011) “Theoretical determination of sequent depths in
closed conduits,” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(12), 801-810.
NDOT (2020) Personal Communication.
Novak, P., Moffat, A.I.B., Nalluri, C., and Narayanan, R. (2001) Hydraulic structures, 3rd Ed.,
Spon Press, London, 666 pp.
Peterka, A. J. (1978) Hydraulic design of stilling basins and energy dissipator, Engineering
Monograph, No. 25. Bureau of Reclamation, United States Department of the Interior.
Washington, D.C.
Rajaratnam, N. (1964) “The forced hydraulic jump,” Water Power, 16 (Jan) 14-19: 16 (Feb) 61-
65.
99
Rand, W. (1966) “Flow over a dentated sill in an open channel,” Proc. ASCE, J. Hydraulics
Division, 92(HY5), 135-153.
Rand, W. (1970) “Sill-controlled flow transitions and extent of erosion,” Proc. ASCE, J.
hydraulics division, 96(HY4), 927-939.
Replogle, J. and Chow, V. (1966) “Tractive-force distribution in open channels,” Journal of the
Hydraulics Division, 92(HY2), 169-191.
Silberman, E. (1970), “Effect of helix angle on flow in corrugated pipes,” Journal of the
Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 96(11), 2253-2263.
Stahl, H. and Hager, W. H. (1999) “Hydraulic jump in circular pipes,” Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 26, 368-373.
Sterling, M. (1998), A study of boundary shear stress, flow resistance, and the free overfall in
open channels with a circular cross-section, PhD Thesis, School of Civil Engineering,
University of Birmingham, UK.
Sturm, T.W. (2010) Open channel hydraulics, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Education, NY, 546 pp.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1987) Design of small dams, 3rd Ed., U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water Resources Technical Publication, 860 pp.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1997) Water Measurement Manual, 3rd Ed., U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water Resources Technical Publication.
http://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/wmm/index.htm
Vischer, D.L. (1995) Energy dissipators, Eds. D.L. Vischer and W.H. Hager, Chapter 2, pgs 9-
21.
100
Appendix A Communications
101
Dr. Admiraal,
Based on our discussion last week, I’ve attached a spreadsheet that Ben Fischer started. The
spreadsheet lists size, material, and design discharges. You mentioned headwater, tailwater, slopes, exit
slopes, etc. last week. I can continuing collecting that data, but this may give you a start. Based on the
original research completed for the weir wall energy dissipator, which is only applicable for broken back
boxes, this spreadsheet includes weir wall energy dissipators which were applied to broken back
culverts, both round pipe and boxes. There are actually quite a few characteristics we can pull from HY‐8
(FHWA’s free culvert analysis program), so I want to make sure that we collect what you want for each
of the pipes listed in the attached spreadsheet. See a basic screen shot of the culvert summary table and
water surface profile below:
We can also pull the Froude Number, or calculate it based on the diameter and velocity, which I think
will be useful. For the weir wall energy dissipator research completed for the broken back boxes, the
design was only applicable for Froude numbers between 2 and 7, which are referenced in the research
and FHWA’s HEC‐14 (https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/06086/hec14.pdf).
The design files can be obtained, but it can take some searching, and not all design characteristics are
provided on the construction plans. Construction plans include the design discharge, headwater depth,
and drainage area. The new estimated outlet velocities after the energy dissipator are obtained from the
calculation spreadsheet put together to analyze the weir wall.
102
Let me know if the spreadsheet contains exactly what you want, or what we can remove or add. We
could add in the flow types identified as well.
To answer your questions below, it seems like the most popular pipe size is the 48” with a discharge of
around 80 cfs. Pertaining to most commonly used material, we use RCP and CMP depending on whether
we need to jack the pipe under the highway. If we are able to open cut, then we prefer the CMP due to
the increased roughness. I prefer that we look at both types of material, due to the changes in
roughness. If we had to prioritize, I’d prefer to look at RCP because that will give us a worst case
scenario which lead to higher outlet velocities.
The current design of the weir wall structure allows for the weir walls to be placed completely
perpendicular to the direction of flow. For simulation of length of pipe upstream, this depends on the
hydraulic jump that may or may not occur because of the introduced tailwater. I’d have to go through
the weir wall spreadsheet calculations to determine the minimum length from the lower break that was
specified in each case. Let me add that to the spreadsheet, as well as weir wall heights. And finally last
question about broken back and straight, can we do both?
I’ll set up a webex meeting to walk through this after you’ve had a chance to read through this email.
Julie Ramirez
103
Appendix B Calculating Alternate Depths with No Head Losses
104
It is useful to consider how the weirs may affect outlet depths in the dissipation basin. If it is
assumed that energy losses associated with flow over the weir are negligible, the energy equation
can be applied to determine the supercritical outlet depth. This appendix shows how specific
energy can be used to find alternate depths in a rectangular channel when head losses are
negligible. Equation B.1 shows the specific energy (E) as a function of depth (y), discharge (Q),
and the channel width (w):
𝑄
𝑉 𝑤𝑦 (B.1)
𝐸 𝛼 𝑦 𝛼 𝑦
2𝑔 2𝑔
Equation B.1 can be modified to form a cubic equation:
𝑄
𝑦 𝐸𝑦 𝛼 0 (B.2)
2𝑔𝑤
The coefficients in this cubic equation are, a = 1, b = -E, c = 0, and 𝑑 𝛼

As long as the specific energy corresponds to a real open-channel flow, all solutions to Equation
B.2 are real, and Cardano’s formula can be used to solve it. First the equation is changed to the
depressed cubic form, defined as:
𝑡 𝑝𝑡 𝑞 0 (B.3)
Where p and q are defined by:
3𝑎𝑐 𝑏 𝐸
𝑝 (B.4)
3𝑎 3
2𝑏 9𝑎𝑏𝑐 27𝑎 𝑑 𝑄 2𝐸
𝑞 𝛼 (B.5)
27𝑎 2𝑔𝑤 27
The three roots for the depressed cubic form are then given by:
𝑝 1 3𝑞 3 2𝜋𝑘
𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 (B.6)
3 3 2𝑝 𝑝 3
, ,
2𝐸 1 27𝑄
𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 𝛼 2𝜋𝑘 (B.7)
3 3 4𝑔𝑤 𝐸 , ,
105
Finally, the roots are converted to roots of the original equation:
𝑏 𝐸
𝑦 𝑡 𝑡 (B.8)
3𝑎 , , 3 , ,
Equation B.7 can be introduced into Equation B.8 to find the roots of the original cubic equation:
𝐸 2𝐸 1 27𝑄
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 𝛼 2𝜋𝑘 (B.9)
3 3 3 4𝑔𝑤 𝐸 , ,
Equation B.9 can be used to find the alternate depths by entering the appropriate value of k (1, 2,
or 3). Only two of the depths are physically possible, the third will be negative. Equation B.9 is
solved by entering the upstream specific energy in Equation B.9 along with the discharge and
section width. Then, k is cycled to determine the two possible flow depths.
106
Appendix C Calculation of Dissipation Basin Outlet Depth and Velocity
107
This appendix is intended to expand the utility of observed model results. The key equation for
the conversions discussed in this appendix is the conversion from specific energy to depth or
velocity for the rectangular cross section of the outlet of the dissipation basin:
𝑉 𝑄
𝐸  𝑇  𝑇 (C.1)
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑤 𝑇
Where E is specific energy at the outlet, V is bulk average velocity, g is gravitational

acceleration, T is the depth inside the dissipation basin at its outlet, w is the width of the
dissipation basin and Q is discharge. Also recall that  is the Coriolis coefficient and is assumed
to be 1.15 for the rectangular outlet section of the dissipation basin. A second equation that is
helpful is the relation between bulk average velocity and discharge:
𝑄 𝑉𝑤𝑇 (C.2)
Finally, the equation for the critical depth in a rectangular channel is useful for the purpose of
converting dimensionless specific energy to dimensional form:
𝑞 𝛼
𝑦 (C.3)
𝑔
Figure 4.10 and 4.18 provide a good summation of the observed results for this research and
indicate that dimensionless specific energy at the dissipation basin outlet is roughly constant over
the range of Froude numbers observed in the culvert runout section (Approx. 3.8 to 4.4). I would
prefer a wider range of Froude numbers, but the range was limited by our decision to simulate a
drop angle of 15 degrees, something that was not easily adjusted in the facility. Nevertheless,
the baseline dimensionless specific energy for critical depth at the outlet is a constant (1.5) and
the data collected appear to repeat that behavior but at higher values.
For the staggered weir, the minimum value of E/yc was found to be 2.7, while for the full weir,
the minimum value of E/yc was 2.9. In comparison, E/yc was about 5.5 without any weir, and
E/yc is 1.5 if the outlet depth is critical. We can use these measurements to determine equivalent
depths and velocities at the dissipation basin outlet.
As an example, let us select a model discharge of 0.03 m3/s, which is within our range of tested
data. The dissipation basin width (w) is 0.0423 meters. This yields a discharge per unit width
(q) of 0.071 m2/s. The corresponding critical depth is found using C.3 to be 0.08 m (8 cm). Now
we can use equations C.1 and C.2 to find the depth and velocity for all four of the conditions
described in the previous paragraph. For example, if E/yc equals 2.7, E is 0.216 m. Based on
simultaneous solution of equation C.1 and C.2, this results in a depth and velocity of 4.1 cm and
1.72 m/s. Note that C.1 is a cubic equation, the solution of which is discussed in Appendix B.
Repeating this for all four conditions, the results are shown in Table C.1.
108
Table C.1 Examples of basin outlet velocity and depth for a model discharge of 0.03 m3/s.
Condition Outlet Outlet Prototype (48 in) Prototype (48 in)
Depth Velocity Outlet Depth Outlet Velocity
(m) (m/s) (m) (m/s)
E/yc = 2.7 (opt. Stag.) 0.040 1.78 0.19 3.91
E/yc = 2.9 (opt. Full) 0.038 1.87 0.18 4.10
E/yc = 5.5 (no weir) 0.026 2.72 0.12 5.97
E/yc = 1.5 (critical) 0.084 0.85 0.40 1.85
The results shown in Table C.1 are for the optimal staggered weir condition (as tested), the
optimal full weir condition (as tested), when no weir is installed, and if the outlet is at critical
depth. Prototype equivalent values for a 48-inch pipe are determined by scaling the results using
a Froude model approach with the scale at 4.8 (since the model has a 10-inch diameter and the
prototype has a 48-inch diameter). Results will be different for different prototype diameters.
However, the beauty of the dimensionless approach is that the model conditions do not have to
be calculated first. The E/yc parameter is the same for the model and the prototype since it is
dimensionless. If the critical depth at the prototype outlet is found, it can be used to find E for
the prototype and then T and V for the prototype without requiring the extra scaling step. This
can be applied to the prototype values in Table C.1 by first computing the equivalent discharge
of the model (0.03 m3/s in the model is 1.51 m3/s in a 48-inch prototype according to Froude
scaling laws). Scaling everything first and then applying the conditions in the first column of
Table C.1 results in the same prototype depths and velocities as shown in the table.
109
Appendix D Point Gauge and Piezometer Datums
Bed readings and crest readings (zero points) for point gages and piezometers
110
V-Notch Weir Reading
Datum (cm) Description
47.45 Crest Elevation
Point Gages
Point Gage Datum (cm) Description
A 27.76 Bed Elevation
B 29.16 Bed Elevation
C 28.71 Bed Elevation
D 67.56 Bed Elevation
E 67.19 Bed Elevation
F 67.43 Bed Elevation
Piezometers
Piezometer Datum Description
1 0.40 cm Bed Elevation
11 2.30 in Bed Elevation
111
Appendix E Data - Tailwater Tests – No Weirs
Four Discharges
Approximately 12 Tailwaters for Each Discharge
112
Test: Weir Height N/A - Streamwise Position N/A Date: 4/15/2022
Run Z-1-1 Z-1-2 Z-1-3 Z-1-4 Z-1-5 Z-1-6 Z-1-7 Z-1-8 Z-1-9 Z-1-10 Z-1-11 Z-1-12
Time 10:12 10:32 10:46 10:59 11:17 11:44 12:03 12:20 12:35 12:48 13:04 13:18
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.35 78.40 78.39 78.37 78.37 78.39 78.39 78.40 78.38 78.36 78.37 78.38
78.39 78.37 78.35 78.37 78.37 78.39 78.37 78.36 78.38 78.36 78.38 78.37
Temp (C) 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.61
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.12 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.78 0.75
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.47 0.56 0.60
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 33.46 33.93 33.75 33.81 33.44 33.45 43.22 48.73 52.29 full full full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 34.69 34.72 34.80 34.89 34.80 34.87 49.44 52.68 53.60 full full full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 34.24 34.29 34.23 34.36 34.38 39.91 50.24 52.92 53.62 full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 73.58 73.60 73.66 79.05 83.05 86.39 89.81 92.00 94.87 97.41 99.80 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 71.57 71.54 71.40 80.24 81.90 85.96 89.35 91.97 94.58 97.03 99.71 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 68.74 73.10 78.55 80.85 83.83 87.28 89.83 92.35 94.91 97.45 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 5.1 8.6 11.8 14.4 17.2 20 22.5 25.1 27.7 30.2 32.8 33.8
Piezo 1 (cm) 1 2.7 7.6 13.2 16.5 19.8 22.4 25 27.6 30.1 32.7 33.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.6 2.6 4.7 12.9 16 19.7 22.4 25 27.6 30.1 32.7 33.7
Piezo 3 (cm) 3.4 3.4 3.4 12.3 15 19.4 22.3 24.9 27.5 30 32.6 33.6
Piezo 4 (cm)
113
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 6.6 6.5 6.5 12.1 14.5 18.2 22 24.7 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 7 (cm) 5.8 5.8 5.8 8.6 13.2 16.2 22.1 24.8 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9 10.1 13.9 21.9 24.7 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 6 12 21.8 24.7 27.2 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 10 21.5 24.6 27.2 29.7 32.4 33.4
Piezo 11 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.8 10.5 11.8 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 10.2 11.7 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 13 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 9.7 11.4 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9 11.1 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 8.5 10.7 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 7.9 10.2 12.1 13.4 14.7 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.8 9.7 11.3 12.9 14.3 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.9 10.9 12.5 14 14.7
Piezo 19 (in) 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 10.1 11.8 13.6 14.3
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.2 12.9 13.7
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) N/A 33.5±1.5 25±2 2±2 7.5±2.5 16±3 62±2 70±2 75±2 79±2 83.5±2 85.5±2
Notes: Baseline discharge tests - no weirs in place

Time 11:11 11:30 11:44 12:01 12:19 12:38 12:54 13:09 13:24 13:40 13:53 14:05
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.89 75.90 75.91 75.84 75.82 75.77 75.78 75.80 75.73 75.74 75.70 75.71
75.86 75.91 75.89 75.80 75.82 75.73 75.79 75.78 75.76 75.73 75.72 75.80
Temp (C) 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.4
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.16 1.13
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.77 0.80
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.06 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.76 0.74
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.30 0.46 0.51 0.56 0.63 0.65
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 32.49 32.35 32.35 32.38 32.40 38.67 44.98 50.07 full full full full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 34.52 34.52 34.51 34.55 34.52 46.16 50.03 52.87 full full full full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 33.07 33.10 33.13 33.12 33.39 41.61 50.14 52.80 full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 73.64 73.68 77.20 80.67 83.60 86.82 89.10 91.98 94.80 97.16 99.82 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 70.82 70.85 78.45 79.52 82.20 86.24 88.92 91.70 94.25 96.75 99.33 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 68.45 74.73 77.90 80.94 83.91 86.75 89.36 92.12 94.60 97.16 99.62 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.1 8.6 11.4 14.2 17.1 19.7 22.2 24.8 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.3
Piezo 1 (cm) 1.7 3.5 10.1 13.4 16.8 19.6 22.1 24.7 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.2 2.2 10 12.9 16.6 19.6 22.1 24.7 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.2
Piezo 3 (cm) 2.9 2.8 9.8 12.7 16.3 19.5 22 24.7 27.1 29.7 32.2 33.2
Piezo 4 (cm)
114
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 6 6.1 9.4 12.2 14.9 19.2 21.8 24.5 27 29.5 32.1 33.1
Piezo 7 (cm) 5.3 5.3 6.9 10.6 13 19.3 21.9 24.6 27.1 29.5 32.2 33.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.1 5.1 5.2 8.3 11.5 19.1 21.9 24.5 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 8.8 19 21.8 24.5 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.7 18.7 21.7 24.5 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 11 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.3 10.6 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 8.9 10.4 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 8.4 10 11.5 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.6 9.7 11.4 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 6.8 9.4 11.1 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 6.2 9.1 10.8 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 8.3 10.2 11.8 13 14.5 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.9 11.4 12.8 14.3 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.4 10.9 12.5 13.9 14.6
Piezo 20 (in) 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.8 13.5 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.9 13.6
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) N/A 31.5±1 N/A 5±3 14±3 59±1 66±1 73±2 77.5±1.5 82±1 86±1 87.5±1
Notes: Baseline discharge tests - no weirs in place. Z-2-4 downstream pitot tube was off due to debris blockage
Time 15:18 15:32 15:46 15:59 16:13 16:25 16:37 16:50 17:06 17:20 17:35 17:46
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.14 84.13 84.12 84.09 84.10 84.12 84.11 84.11 84.15 84.13 84.13 84.14
84.14 84.16 84.15 84.14 84.19 84.13 84.13 84.15 84.14 84.17 84.13 84.13
Temp (C) 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.9 21.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.20
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.78
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.11 1.02 0.93 0.90
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.27 0.37 0.46 0.50
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.43 74.44 74.50 74.30 78.82 83.53 88.21 93.26 96.10 98.55 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 73.53 73.54 73.35 73.51 85.08 86.72 89.61 92.90 95.34 98.17 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.30 69.40 77.22 82.54 85.20 87.82 90.85 93.69 96.20 98.66 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 5.9 9.3 11.9 15.2 17.9 20.5 23.5 26.3 28.9 31.4 34 34.9
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.8 2.8 6.1 11.1 15.8 19.5 23.1 26.1 28.8 31.3 33.9 34.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.9 4 4 8.5 15 18.4 22.8 26 28.7 31.2 33.8 34.7
Piezo 3 (cm) 5.1 5 4.9 5.8 14.7 17 22.2 25.8 28.5 31.1 33.7 34.6
Piezo 4 (cm)
115
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 14.3 16.9 20.7 25.2 27.9 30.5 33.3 34.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.8 9.2 12 18.3 25 27.9 30.5 33.2 34.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.7 8.3 13.7 24.6 27.8 30.4 33.1 34.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.8 9.4 24.2 27.6 30.3 33.1 34.2
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8 22.5 27.4 30.3 33 34.1
Piezo 11 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 10.4 12.9 14 15.2 15.6
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 9.1 12.6 13.9 15.1 15.5
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7.5 12.1 13.6 15 15.4
Piezo 14 (in) 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.1 11.4 13.5 14.8 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 11.1 13.3 14.7 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 10.9 12.9 14.6 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9.6 11.8 13.7 14.5
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 9 10.9 13.1 13.9
Piezo 19 (in) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.5 12.3 13
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.8 11.8 12 12.6
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0 0 29±1.5 22±2 0 5±2 12±3 43±2 67±2 72.5±1.5 78±1.5 80±2

Time 10:20 10:40 10:54 11:05 11:20 11:35 11:50 12:06 12:20 12:36 12:49 13:00
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.73 86.71 86.69 86.69 86.70 86.74 86.71 86.70 86.74 86.75 86.73 86.75
86.71 86.71 86.71 86.71 86.73 86.73 86.73 86.75 86.75 86.75 86.73 86.76
Temp (C) 21.1 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.31 1.32
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.42 0.53 0.58
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.22 1.12 1.08
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 35.84 35.47 35.69 35.59 35.59 35.59 35.59 35.59 45.55 52.17 full full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 37.84 37.85 37.85 37.86 37.86 37.84 37.65 42.86 Full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 75.09 75.14 75.11 75.25 75.91 82.53 86.09 91.41 96.20 98.75 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 73.68 73.70 73.75 73.86 83.52 87.19 88.90 92.83 95.76 98.24 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 76.55 77.16 78.55 81.20 84.86 87.95 90.62 93.44 96.48 99.11 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 11.1 11.7 12.7 15 18 20.8 23.7 26.5 29.3 31.8 34.4 35.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.6 5.5 6.6 9.4 16 19.1 22.8 26.2 29.1 31.7 34.2 35.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 4.4 4.5 4.6 6.7 15.1 17.9 20.8 26 29 31.5 34.1 35.1
Piezo 3 (cm) 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 14.4 16.4 2.02 25.2 28.8 31.2 33.9 35
Piezo 4 (cm)
116
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1 13.5 16 19.9 24 27.9 30.6 33.4 34.7
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.6 9.9 10.8 15 22.2 27.8 30.4 33.3 34.6
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.9 9 10.4 19.1 27.6 30.3 33.2 34.5
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 14.8 27.2 30.1 33.1 34.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 10.9 26.7 30 33 34.3
Piezo 11 (in) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.8 12.4 13.9 15.1 15.6
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 12 13.7 15 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.3 13.3 14.9 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 10.4 12.9 14.7 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 9.5 12.3 14.4 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 9.4 12.1 14.4 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.9 10.5 13.3 14.2
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.8 12.2 13.4
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.4 12.5
Piezo 20 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.6
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 33±2 31.5±1.5 30±2 26±2 0 3±2 7±2 17.5±2.5 60±2 68±2 74±2 77±2

Appendix F Data - Tailwater Tests – Staggered Weirs
Four Discharges for Each Weir Height
117
Test: Weir Height 1/8D - Streamwise Position A Date: 4/25/2022
Run A-1-1 A-1-2 A-1-3 A-1-4 A-1-5 A-1-6 A-1-7 A-1-8 A-1-9 A-1-10 A-1-11 A-1-12
Time 13:17 13:30 13:45 14:13 14:32 14:59 15:21 15:41 15:55 16:07 16:20 16:29
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.39 78.44 78.4 78.4 78.41 78.4 78.39 78.45 78.43 78.42 78.42 78.43
78.39 78.39 78.44 78.41 78.38 78.43 78.45 78.43 78.41 78.41 78.44 78.42
Temp (C) 16.7 16.9 17 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.3 1.28
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.86
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.3 1.3 1.23 1.13 1.05 1 0.92 0.89
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.35 0.46 0.56 0.62 0.7 0.74
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 35 35.03 35.11 35.11 35.11 35 49.01 52.61 full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.22 73.93 73.96 79.83 83.9 86.52 89.23 91.96 94.52 97.3 99.7 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 75.09 75.62 79.11 81.34 82.39 86.05 89.38 91.9 94.62 96.92 99.42 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.25 75.07 78.45 81.04 84.11 86.93 89.58 92.23 94.81 97.35 99.95 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.3 8.9 11.6 14.3 17.1 19.9 22.5 25 27.6 30.1 32.6 33.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.8 7.7 10.5 13 16.5 19.7 22.4 24.9 27.5 30 32.5 33.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.4 6.7 10.3 12.8 16 19.5 22.4 24.9 27.5 30 32.5 33.5
Piezo 3 (cm) 7.4 8 11.7 13.4 14.9 18.3 20.2 21.7 23.4 25 26.9 27.8
Piezo 4 (cm)
118
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 6.5 7.1 9.4 11.9 13.7 17.9 22 24.6 27.2 29.7 32.2 33.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 6.1 6.2 6.7 8.9 12.7 16.1 22 24.6 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 7.8 13.8 22 24.6 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 10.6 21.9 24.5 27.1 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.5 21.7 24.5 27.1 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 11 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 10.6 11.8 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 10.2 11.6 12.8 13.8 14.9 15.3
Piezo 13 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 9.8 11.3 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9.1 11 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.5 10.6 12.3 13.5 14.8 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 8.1 10.2 12.1 13.3 14.7 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.8 9.5 11.3 12.9 14.3 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.8 10.8 12.5 13.9 14.6
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.1 11.8 13.4 14.2
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.2 12.9 13.7
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0±2 2±2 7±4 17±5 61.5±2 69±2 75±2 79.5±1.5 84±1.5 85.5±1.5
Notes: Debris was caught on downstream pitot tube during A-1-4 and A-1-5
Time 11:05 11:22 11:34 11:49 12:06 12:22 12:40 12:59 13:29 13:47 14:03 14:12
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.15 84.16 84.14 84.16 84.13 84.14 84.17 84.22 84.16 84.15 84.18 84.21
84.14 84.14 84.14 84.17 84.16 84.14 84.17 84.21 84.13 84.19 84.14 84.22
Temp (C) 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.9 20 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.3 1.29 1.3 1.29 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.29 1.3 1.27
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.87
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.22 1.16 1.09 1.05
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.46 0.53 0.62 0.67
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.42 74.42 74.43 74.89 80.3 84.17 87.83 92.91 95.15 97.92 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 77.12 77.16 78.71 82.2 85.21 86.7 89.24 92.81 95.4 97.85 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 71.25 71.6 78.64 81.61 84.5 87.2 90.1 93.34 96.18 98.49 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 3.9 4.1 11.2 13.5 15.9 19.3 23.1 26.1 28.6 31.1 33.7 34.8
Piezo 2 (cm) 6.2 6.4 10.9 12.7 15.1 18.1 22.1 25.3 27.9 30.3 32.8 33.9
Piezo 3 (cm) 7 6.9 9.4 10.6 12 13.8 17.4 21.1 25.5 27.8 30.5 31.9
Piezo 4 (cm)
119
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 7.5 7.5 9.3 11.6 14 16.9 20.7 25.1 27.8 30.4 33.1 34.4
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.1 7 7.6 8.3 9.8 13.2 18.6 25 27.8 30.4 33.1 34.4
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6 8.9 13.7 24.7 27.7 30.4 33.1 34.4
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 9.4 24.3 27.6 30.3 33 34.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.1 23.4 27.4 30.2 32.9 34.3
Piezo 11 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 11.1 12.8 14 15.1 15.6
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 10.4 12.6 13.9 15 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 9.6 12.2 13.7 14.9 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 8.4 11.7 13.5 14.8 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.9 11.2 13.1 14.7 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.1 11 12.9 14.6 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9.5 11.8 13.8 14.6
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 9 10.9 13 13.9
Piezo 19 (in) 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.3 12.1 13.2
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 12 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
Jump Location (in) 0±2 2±1.5 6.5±2.5 14±3 54.5±2.5 67.5±1.5 72.5±1.5 78.5±1.5 80.5±1.5
Time 10:27 10:41 10:57 11:10 11:24 11:42 11:59 12:14 12:29 12:42 12:52 13:03
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.93 75.95 75.93 75.88 75.84 75.89 75.89 75.86 75.86 75.86 75.87 75.82
75.93 75.86 75.87 75.85 75.82 75.89 75.86 75.86 75.86 75.86 75.82 75.86
Temp (C) 20.8 20.9 21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.22 1.18
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.79 0.83
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.11 0.99 0.92 0.88 0.82 0.8
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.37 0.49 0.57 0.62 0.69 0.71
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 73.88 73.77 74.22 80.45 83.45 86.21 89.06 91.68 94.32 96.83 99.4 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 75 75.72 78.71 79.95 82.16 86.29 88.92 91.6 94.15 96.57 99.15 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.35 76.5 78.45 80.82 83.6 86.6 89.38 91.94 94.42 96.9 99.51 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.1 8.5 11.2 14 16.9 19.5 22.1 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.3
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.5 7.7 10.3 13.4 16.5 19.4 22 24.5 27 29.5 32 33.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.3 7 10.3 12.5 16.4 19.4 22 24.5 27 29.5 32 33.2
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.6 7.5 10.3 12.2 15.9 19.3 21.9 24.5 27 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 4 (cm)
120
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 6.2 6.9 9.3 11.5 14.1 19.1 21.8 24.4 26.9 29.4 31.9 33.1
Piezo 7 (cm) 5.7 5.7 6.8 10.1 12.9 19.1 21.8 24.4 26.9 29.4 31.9 33.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.3 5.2 5.2 6.2 11.1 19 21.8 24.4 26.9 29.4 31.9 33.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 7.4 18.7 21.8 24.4 26.9 29.4 31.9 33.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 18.4 21.6 24.3 26.9 29.4 31.9 33.1
Piezo 11 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.2 10.6 11.7 12.8 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 8.7 10.5 11.7 12.7 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8 10.1 11.5 12.6 13.6 14.7 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.3 9.7 11.3 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 6.4 9.4 11.1 12.4 13.5 14.7 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.6 9 10.6 12.3 13.4 14.6 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 8.3 10 11.6 12.9 14.4 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.7 11.3 12.7 14.1 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.3 10.7 12.3 13.8 14.6
Piezo 20 (in) 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 11.6 13.3 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.9 13.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) 0±2 5±3 13±4 55±2 67.5±1.5 72.5±1.5 78±1 82±1 86±1 87.5±1
Notes: A-3-2 debris on downstream pitot tube. Adjusted flow rate at A-3-6
Time 14:48 15:05 15:19 15:34 15:46 15:58 16:14 16:29 16:44 16:59 17:12 17:20
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.69 86.68 86.71 86.7 86.71 86.75 86.77 86.74 86.73 86.74 86.74 86.8
86.72 86.71 86.73 86.76 86.77 86.75 86.71 86.74 86.74 86.74 86.75 86.77
Temp (C) 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 23
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.2 1.21 1.21 1.2
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.8 0.81 0.81 0.8 0.8 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.15 1.02 1
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.26 0.37 0.52 0.54
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 37.98 38.01 38 38 38 38 38 38.18 full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 75 75.26 75.2 75.5 75.51 83.14 87.37 91.37 95.31 97.97 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 77.57 77.7 77.89 82.2 85.39 87.85 90.22 92.78 95.88 98.3 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 72.84 79.33 82.15 82.9 85.25 87.32 90.62 93.6 96.41 99.08 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 5.8 6.4 12 14.3 16.2 19.1 22.9 26.3 29.1 31.7 34.3 35.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.6 7.4 9.6 13.9 15.8 18.2 22.1 26 29 31.6 34.2 35.3
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.4 6.6 6.8 13.7 15.7 17.8 21.4 25.6 28.7 31.4 33.9 35
Piezo 4 (cm)
121
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 8.3 8.4 8.3 11.8 14.2 16.6 19.8 24 27.9 30.6 33.6 34.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.6 7.5 7.5 9.1 10 12.4 15.8 22.2 27.9 30.6 33.5 34.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.9 11.1 19.1 27.8 30.4 33.4 34.7
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.6 9 15.1 27.5 30.3 33.3 34.6
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 11.4 26.9 30 33.2 34.5
Piezo 11 (in) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.8 12.5 13.9 15.2 15.7
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 12.1 13.7 15.1 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.5 13.3 15 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 10.6 12.9 14.8 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 9.6 12.5 14.6 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 9.6 12.3 14.5 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 8 10.7 13.4 14.3
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.9 12.4 13.5
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.6 12.7
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0±2 3.5±2 9.5±2.5 19±3 61.5±1.5 68.5±1.5 75±1.5 78±1
Run B-1-1 B-1-2 B-1-3 B-1-4 B-1-5 B-1-6 B-1-7 B-1-8 B-1-9 B-1-10 B-1-11 B-1-12
Time 11:14 11:50 12:11 12:30 12:47 1:03 1:16 1:40 2:04 2:22 2:47
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.26 84.20 84.11 84.20 84.16 84.14 84.05 84.12 84.13 84.13 84.16
84.20 84.19 84.14 84.20 84.15 84.14 84.05 84.20 84.17 84.17 84.16
Temp (C) 16.3 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.29 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.29 1.26 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 0.49 0.43 0.49 0.48 0.50
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.50 1.32 1.29 1.19 1.11 1.01
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.29 0.33 0.43 0.52 0.63
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 35.40 34.50 35.10 34.80 34.40 35.10 34.34 44.60 52.50 full full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 36.25 36.50 36.40 36.40 36.40 36.30 36.40 53.67 full full full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 36.62 36.90 36.80 36.80 37.40 37.20 41.30 full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.78 74.90 75.00 75.50 82.80 86.20 91.02 94.50 96.90 99.90 0.00
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 82.90 82.80 83.20 83.70 85.50 87.60 91.20 94.11 96.51 99.16 0.00
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 72.30 72.10 80.00 84.60 86.80 89.60 91.90 94.35 97.10 0.00 0.00
Tailwater Depth (cm) 7.9 10.6 13.3 16 18.9 21.7 24.5 27.3 29.9 32.4 35
Piezo 1 (cm) 6.4 6.7 11.5 14.6 18.2 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.6 32.2 34.8
Piezo 2 (cm) 10.2 10.1 11.5 13.4 17.4 20.6 23.9 26.9 29.5 32 34.7
Piezo 3 (cm) 7.7 7.7 10 12.2 16.4 20 23.5 26.7 29.3 31.8 34.4
Piezo 4 (cm)
122
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 11.1 11.1 11.6 12.5 15.3 18.4 22.3 26.4 29 31.6 34.5
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.3 8.2 8.5 8.7 10.8 16.2 21 26.3 29 31.6 34.4
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.3 8.5 11.2 18.1 26.1 28.9 31.5 34.5
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8 8.2 14.2 25.9 28.8 31.4 34.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.9 8 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 10.2 25.7 28.6 31.4 34.4
Piezo 11 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 12 13.3 14.5 15.7
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 11.7 13.1 14.4 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 11 12.8 14.1 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 10.3 12.5 14 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 9.5 12 13.9 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 9.3 11.7 13.6 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7.1 7.1 7.1 7 7 7 7.7 10.4 12.6 14.6
Piezo 18 (in) 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 9.6 11.7 13.9
Piezo 19 (in) 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10 10.9 13.2
Piezo 20 (in) 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.7 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0 0±0 3.5±2 8±2 17±3 60±2 69±2 74.5±2 80±2
Time 9:26 9:59 10:18 10:49 11:06 11:21 11:40 12:02 12:19 12:36 12:49 1:01
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.47 78.46 78.35 78.30 78.35 78.40 78.40 78.40 78.39 78.37 78.37 78.38
78.47 78.43 78.41 78.46 78.41 78.43 78.40 78.40 78.41 78.41 78.40 78.40
Temp (C) 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.07
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.66
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.18 1.17
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.41 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.03
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.02 74.21 75.10 78.70 83.72 87.33 90.21 92.47 95.00 97.31 99.90 0.00
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 79.71 78.98 79.71 80.69 82.50 86.91 89.69 92.32 94.84 97.28 99.80 0.00
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 79.30 76.80 80.12 82.13 84.55 87.15 90.19 92.55 95.18 97.59 100.10 0.00
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.7 9.5 12 14.9 17.6 20.2 22.8 25.4 27.8 30.4 32.9 33.8
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.5 6.4 11.1 14.2 17.1 20 22.7 25.3 27.7 30.3 32.8 33.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 4.8 5.1 9.8 13.4 16.4 19.8 22.6 25.2 27.6 30.2 32.8 33.6
Piezo 3 (cm) 7.1 7.2 8.9 12 15.8 19.6 22.5 25.1 27.5 30.1 32.7 33.5
Piezo 4 (cm)
123
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 10.2 10 10.4 11.9 13.7 18.9 22.4 25 27.4 30 32.6 33.5
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.1 6.9 7.1 8.5 13.3 17.2 22.4 25 27.4 30 32.6 33.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 7.9 16.1 22.4 25 27.4 30 32.6 33.5
Piezo 9 (cm) 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.1 14.2 22.3 24.9 27.4 30 32.6 33.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 11.6 22 24.8 27.3 30 32.6 33.5
Piezo 11 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 10.7 11.9 12.9 13.9 15 15.4
Piezo 12 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 10.3 11.7 12.8 13.9 15 15.4
Piezo 13 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 10 11.5 12.7 13.8 14.9 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9.2 11.2 12.6 13.7 14.9 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 8.8 10.7 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 8.4 10.5 12.1 13.5 14.8 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 7.1 9.8 11.4 12.9 14.5 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 9.1 10.9 12.6 14.1 14.7
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.2 11.9 13.7 14.2
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.3 13.1 13.7
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.2 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0±0 0±0 0±0 2±2 6±2 19±4 62±2 70±2 75±2 80±2 84±2 85±2
Notes: downstream pitot tube came off at B-2-3

Time 10:42 11:00 11:17 11:44 12:01 12:17 12:31 12:48 13:04 13:20 13:34 13:45
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.71 86.63 86.71 86.69 86.72 86.70 86.72 86.67 86.72 86.70 86.70 86.71
86.71 86.74 86.67 86.67 86.71 86.70 86.73 86.74 86.73 86.72 86.76 86.76
Temp (C) 20.5 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.1
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.38 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.70
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.47 1.49 1.44 1.33 1.22 1.18
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 75.77 75.96 75.67 75.88 81.90 84.43 88.45 92.59 96.55 99.35 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 83.13 82.89 83.13 83.90 85.47 86.64 89.90 93.24 96.25 98.71 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 71.10 72.65 74.70 83.46 85.69 88.34 91.00 94.12 96.66 99.28 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 11.2 11.8 13.4 15.6 18.3 21.2 24 26.8 29.6 32.1 34.7 35.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 9.4 9.9 11.9 14.1 17.1 20.6 23.5 26.5 29.4 31.9 34.6 35.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 10.5 10.9 11.9 13.3 16.1 20 22.8 26.2 29.1 31.6 34.3 35.2
Piezo 3 (cm) 8.4 8.7 9.8 11.8 14.8 18.9 22.2 25.7 28.8 31.3 33.9 34.7
Piezo 4 (cm)
124
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 11.8 11.7 12.1 12.6 14.6 17.5 20.8 24.5 28.3 31 33.9 34.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.4 10.1 13.3 17.8 23.2 28.2 30.8 33.8 34.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 9.4 13.1 20.2 28 30.7 33.7 34.6
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 9.5 17.1 27.8 30.6 33.6 34.6
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 13.4 27.5 30.3 33.6 34.5
Piezo 11 (in) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 6 12.7 14 15.4 15.8
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 12.3 13.9 15.3 15.7
Piezo 13 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.6 13.5 15 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 11 13.2 14.9 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 10.1 12.6 14.7 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3 10 12.5 14.7 15.5
Piezo 17 (in) 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.2 11 13.5 14.5
Piezo 18 (in) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 10 12.6 13.5
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.7 12.6
Piezo 20 (in) 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0 0 0±0 4±2 11±2 20±3 61±2 69±2 74±2 77±2
Time 14:30 14:48 15:02 15:18 15:32 16:03 16:20 16:37 16:56 17:10 17:22 17:33
V-notch gauge (cm) 76.03 75.93 75.91 75.95 75.91 75.91 75.91 75.89 75.85 75.87 75.87 75.91
75.92 75.94 75.93 75.92 75.90 75.91 75.91 75.89 75.90 75.90 75.90 75.93
Temp (C) 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 21.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.32 1.29
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.95
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.25 0.47 0.58 0.73 0.86 0.99 1.03
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.42 1.25 1.22 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.11
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.86 78.41 78.58 80.77 83.34 86.68 89.17 91.77 94.54 97.00 99.70 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 79.14 79.17 79.09 80.15 82.31 86.73 89.06 91.70 94.32 96.83 99.35 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.90 76.86 79.03 81.55 83.95 86.66 89.32 92.00 94.55 97.10 99.55 N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 2 8.5 11.4 14.1 16.8 19.6 22.2 24.7 27.2 29.8 32.3 33.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.4 6.8 10.8 13.3 16.4 19.6 22.1 24.7 27.2 29.8 32.2 33.3
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.5 6.9 8.9 12.4 16 19.4 22 24.6 27.1 29.7 32.2 33.2
Piezo 4 (cm)
125
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 10 10.2 10.4 11.3 14.1 19.4 22 24.5 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 7 7.1 7.9 10.7 13.2 19.4 22 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.2 5.2 5.3 6 11.2 19.3 22 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 7.9 19.1 21.9 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.2
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.8 18.9 21.8 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.1 33.2
Piezo 11 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.3 10.7 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9 10.5 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.4 10.4 11.6 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.6 9.8 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 6.9 9.4 11.1 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 6 8.9 10.6 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 8.4 10.1 11.7 13 14.4 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 8 9.8 11.4 12.8 14.2 14.9
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.3 10.8 12.4 13.9 14.6
Piezo 20 (in) 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 11.6 13.5 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.9 13.6
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) 1±2 1±2 2±2 4±2 11±4 59±2 67±2 74±2 78±2 81±2 86±2 88±2
Notes: Downstream pitot tube had bubble during B-4-5. Drained.

Run C-1-1 C-1-2 C-1-3 C-1-4 C-1-5 C-1-6 C-1-7 C-1-8 C-1-9 C-1-10 C-1-11 C-1-12
Time 10:10 10:29 10:49 11:08 11:25 11:40 12:06 12:20 12:32 12:44 12:55 13:02
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.43 78.44 78.44 78.42 78.40 78.42 78.40 78.44 78.41 78.41 78.41 78.40
0.00 78.44 78.42 78.40 78.40 78.43 78.41 78.44 78.41 78.41 78.39 78.40
Temp (C) 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.30 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.28 1.26
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.88
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.02 1.04 0.99 0.91 0.88
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.34 0.47 0.55 0.62 0.71 0.74
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 82.65 82.82 83.12 83.86 84.94 87.32 89.83 92.25 94.91 97.43 99.90 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.16 84.15 84.17 83.97 84.36 87.03 89.62 92.12 94.59 97.15 99.55 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.50 76.85 80.00 81.85 84.41 86.84 89.65 92.20 94.77 97.35 99.85 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.7 9.5 12.2 14.7 17.3 19.9 22.5 25 27.6 30 32.6 33.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.2 7.6 11.2 13.3 15.6 18.5 21.7 24.5 27 29.6 32.3 33.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 5 5.8 10.9 13.6 16.2 19.4 22.2 24.8 27.3 29.8 32.3 33.4
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.8 6.8 9.4 12.6 15.8 19.2 22.2 24.7 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 4 (cm)
126
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.9 14.9 18.9 22.5 25 27.5 29.9 32.4 33.5
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.3 11.2 11.7 12.8 13.8 18 22.4 24.9 27.4 29.9 32.4 33.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 6.4 6.3 6.4 7.4 10.4 16.3 22.3 24.9 27.4 29.9 32.4 33.5
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.1 14.4 22.2 24.9 27.4 29.9 32.4 33.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 11.8 22.1 24.8 27.3 29.9 32.4 33.5
Piezo 11 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6.7 10.8 11.9 12.9 13.9 14.9 15.4
Piezo 12 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.9 10.5 11.8 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.4
Piezo 13 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 10 11.5 12.7 13.8 14.9 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9.5 11.3 12.7 13.7 14.8 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9 10.9 12.5 13.6 14.8 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 8.4 10.3 12.2 13.4 14.7 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.1 9.8 11.4 12.9 14.3 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 9.1 11 12.5 14 14.7
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.1 11.8 13.6 14.3
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 11.3 13 13.8
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13 12.9 13.1 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 5±2 6±2 6.5±2 7.5±2.5 9±3 24±7 63.5±1.5 71.5±1.5 76±1 80±1 84±1 85.5±1
Time 10:07 10:27 10:41 11:00 11:28 11:46 12:02 12:19 12:40 12:54 13:05 0:00
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.15 84.14 84.14 84.16 84.18 84.16 84.22 84.20 84.21 84.22 84.22 0.00
84.16 84.16 84.16 84.20 84.19 84.19 84.22 84.19 84.17 84.21 84.23 0.00
Temp (C) 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 21.9 22.0 0.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.30 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.30 0.00
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.00
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.42 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.36 1.27 1.18 1.10 0.00
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.43 0.53 0.63 0.72 0.00
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 35.90 36.19 35.95 36.10 36.10 36.10 36.15 46.92 full full full 0.00
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 36.33 36.32 36.32 36.32 36.32 36.32 36.34 53.79 full full full 0.00
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 36.81 36.81 36.82 36.87 36.86 36.87 44.24 full full full full 0.00
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 82.46 82.57 82.72 83.64 85.24 88.23 92.02 94.12 96.76 99.06 N/A 0.00
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 86.71 86.69 86.75 87.05 87.90 89.70 91.67 94.04 96.50 98.94 N/A 0.00
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.90 78.09 80.90 83.14 85.50 88.95 91.20 94.30 96.74 99.41 N/A 0.00
Tailwater Depth (cm) 7.1 9.9 12.9 15.7 18.3 21.9 24.5 27.1 29.6 32.2 34.7 0
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.2 5.1 11.8 14.9 17.6 21.4 24.1 26.8 29.4 31.9 34.5 0
Piezo 2 (cm) 8 8.1 10.5 13.7 16.7 20.9 23.8 26.6 29.2 31.7 34.2 0
Piezo 3 (cm) 9.4 9.3 10.1 12.6 15.9 20.4 23.6 26.5 29.1 31.7 34.3 0
Piezo 4 (cm)
127
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 15.9 15.9 16.1 16.4 17.6 19.9 23.1 26.7 29.2 31.8 34.5 0
Piezo 7 (cm) 10.2 10.4 10.4 11.4 12.9 17.6 21.6 26.5 29 31.6 34.4 0
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.6 12.7 18.6 26.4 29 31.5 34.4 0
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.9 15.4 26.2 28.9 31.5 34.3 0
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 11.7 25.9 28.8 31.4 34.2 0
Piezo 11 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.7 12.2 13.4 14.5 15.7 0
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 11.9 13.3 14.5 15.6 0
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11.4 12.9 14.3 15.5 0
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 10.7 12.6 14.1 15.5 0
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 9.9 12.3 13.9 15.4 0
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 9.7 12 13.7 15.4 0
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8.1 10.7 12.6 14.6 0
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 9.8 11.9 14 0
Piezo 19 (in) 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10 11.1 13.2 0
Piezo 20 (in) 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.8 12.8 0
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 0
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 0
Jump Location (in) 4±1.5 4±1.5 4.5±2.5 5±2 7.5±2.5 13±3 24±5 63.5±2 70.5±1.5 76±1.5 81±1 0
Notes: C-2-4 downstream pitot tube caught debris

Time 11:02 11:19 11:42 11:59 12:15 12:30 12:52 13:05 13:22 13:35 13:48 13:56
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.68 86.71 86.71 86.71 86.73 86.70 86.70 86.71 86.72 86.70 86.76 86.73
86.67 86.67 86.70 86.72 86.72 86.71 86.74 86.70 86.73 86.73 86.71 86.74
Temp (C) 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.32
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.95
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.33 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.39 1.30 1.22 1.19
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.41 0.53 0.67 0.74
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 83.00 83.45 83.62 83.48 84.20 86.80 89.78 93.04 96.25 98.22 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 87.90 87.94 87.85 88.19 89.04 90.05 91.59 93.55 95.94 98.29 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 72.73 79.24 81.42 83.84 85.85 89.07 91.02 93.36 96.07 98.83 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 10.6 11.6 13.6 16 18.6 21.3 23.8 26.4 29.1 31.7 34.3 35.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 6.1 7.3 11.7 15.1 17.9 20.8 23.4 26.1 28.9 31.3 33.9 35.1
Piezo 2 (cm) 9.6 9.7 10.8 13.7 16.8 20 22.8 25.8 28.5 31 33.6 34.7
Piezo 3 (cm) 10.4 10.4 10.6 12.5 15.9 19.1 22.2 25.5 28.4 31 33.6 34.6
Piezo 4 (cm)
128
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 16.7 16.9 16.9 17.2 18.5 20.1 22.1 24.9 28.5 31 33.8 35.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.9 11.9 11 11.5 12.6 15.6 19.6 23.3 28.2 30.8 33.5 34.9
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.2 11 15.3 20.8 28.1 30.7 33.5 34.9
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.9 11.1 17.5 27.8 30.6 33.4 34.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.2 13.2 27.5 30.4 33.3 34.7
Piezo 11 (in) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 6 12.8 14.1 15.3 15.9
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 12.5 13.9 15.2 15.8
Piezo 13 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.8 13.5 15 15.6
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 11.1 13.3 14.8 15.5
Piezo 15 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 10.3 12.8 14.6 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 10 12.5 14.6 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 8.3 11 13.4 14.6
Piezo 18 (in) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 10.1 12.4 13.6
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.6 12.7
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.5 12.8
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 3.5±1.5 4±1.5 4±2 5±2 6±2 9±3 15±4 24±5 63±2 70±2 75.5±1.5 78.5±1.5
Notes: big bubble in downstream pitot tube at C-3-6, downstream velocity data might be wrong till C-3-6
Time 14:59 15:14 15:27 15:42 15:55 16:10 16:21 16:35 16:48 17:00 17:10 17:19
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.90 75.92 75.90 75.90 75.91 75.90 75.90 75.91 75.91 75.86 75.89 75.88
75.92 75.90 75.90 75.89 75.88 75.90 75.88 75.88 75.89 75.87 75.90 75.86
Temp (C) 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.34 1.30
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.96
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.18 1.05 0.99 0.95 0.90 0.88
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.44 0.57 0.65 0.70 0.78 0.81
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 82.81 82.62 82.66 83.15 84.21 87.21 89.56 92.00 94.75 97.19 99.64 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 82.42 82.17 82.21 82.28 83.61 86.61 89.17 91.72 94.22 96.82 99.32 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.89 76.54 79.05 81.35 83.90 86.84 89.38 92.00 94.44 97.00 99.53 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.6 9.3 11.9 14.4 17 19.5 22.1 24.6 27.1 29.7 32.2 33.2
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.3 9 11.7 14 16.6 19.5 22 24.5 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.3 7.7 10.9 13.5 16.3 19.4 21.9 24.5 26.9 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.2 6.7 9.8 12.9 16.1 19.2 21.9 24.5 26.9 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 4 (cm)
129
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 12.4 12.3 12.4 13.1 15.4 19.6 22.1 24.6 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.5 11.5 11.4 12 13.8 19.6 22 24.6 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.1 7.3 7.5 9.1 11.9 19.5 22 24.6 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.1 8.5 19.4 22 24.6 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.6 19.2 21.9 24.6 27 29.6 32.1 33.1
Piezo 11 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.3 10.6 11.8 12.7 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.7 10.3 11.6 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.9 10 11.4 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 7.3 9.6 11.2 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 6.6 9.1 10.8 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 6 8.5 10.2 11.7 13 14.5 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 8 9.9 11.4 12.8 14.2 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.4 10.8 12.4 13.9 14.6
Piezo 20 (in) 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.6 11.7 13.4 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.8 13.6
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) 7.5±2.5 7±3 7.5±2.5 8.5±2.5 16±5 60±1.5 68.5±1.5 74.5±1.5 78.5±1.5 82±1.5 86±1.5 87.5±1
Run D-1-1 D-1-2 D-1-3 D-1-4 D-1-5 D-1-6 D-1-7 D-1-8 D-1-9 D-1-10 D-1-11 D-1-12
Time 10:21 10:45 11:01 11:16 11:30 11:44 11:58 12:13 12:30 12:45 12:57 13:08
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.19 84.22 84.19 84.23 84.22 84.23 84.20 84.20 84.20 84.20 84.21 84.21
84.21 84.22 84.23 84.24 84.24 84.23 84.26 84.24 84.23 84.24 84.27 84.25
Temp (C) 20.9 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.33 1.25 1.16 1.09 1.06
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.68
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 87.63 87.66 87.81 88.26 88.55 90.22 92.25 94.52 97.21 99.33 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 89.50 89.75 89.75 89.79 90.00 90.50 92.04 93.70 96.02 98.62 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 72.02 76.99 80.59 83.50 85.90 88.25 90.55 93.50 95.85 98.38 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.5 5.3 12.2 15.5 18.1 20.4 23.2 25.8 28.4 31 33.6 34.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.7 8 10.6 14.6 17.4 20.1 22.8 25.7 28.3 30.9 33.5 34.5
Piezo 3 (cm) 10.3 10.2 11.3 13.7 16.5 19.7 22.6 25.5 28.2 30.8 33.4 34.4
Piezo 4 (cm)
130
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 19.4 19.4 19.7 19.7 20.4 21.9 23.4 26.5 28.9 31.4 34 35
Piezo 7 (cm) 15.9 15.7 16 16.4 17.2 19.4 21.9 26.2 28.6 31.2 33.6 34.6
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.8 10.7 10.8 11.2 12.4 16.1 20 26.2 28.6 31.1 33.6 34.6
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.7 11.7 16.6 25.9 28.5 31 33.5 34.6
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8 8.6 13.4 25.6 28.4 30.9 33.5 34.6
Piezo 11 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 6 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.3 15.8
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.4 11.7 13 14.3 15.3 15.7
Piezo 13 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 11.1 12.7 14.1 15.2 15.6
Piezo 14 (in) 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 10.4 12.2 13.9 15.1 15.5
Piezo 15 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 9.7 11.7 13.7 14.9 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 9.4 11.5 13.3 14.9 15.5
Piezo 17 (in) 7.1 7 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.7 10.3 12.3 14.1 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 9.5 11.4 13.4 14.1
Piezo 19 (in) 10 10 9.9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.7 12.6 13.4
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 12.3 13
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2
Jump Location (in) 9±2 9±2 9±2 10±2 11±2 15±2 21±3 61±2 69±2 73±1.5 79.5±1.5 81±1.5
Time 14:00 14:18 14:34 12:00 15:06 15:25 15:43 15:59 16:16 16:28 16:40 16:50
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.41 78.40 78.40 78.40 78.39 78.37 78.38 78.40 78.40 78.42 78.36 78.37
78.40 78.41 78.40 78.39 78.42 78.41 78.40 78.40 78.40 78.37 78.39 78.40
Temp (C) 22.0 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.27 1.16 1.10 1.05 0.97 0.93
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.43 0.55 0.62 0.68 0.72 0.80
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 86.54 86.06 86.06 86.07 87.16 88.54 90.56 93.27 95.25 97.91 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 85.65 85.86 85.75 85.75 86.10 87.57 89.66 92.54 94.75 97.20 99.78 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.97 77.40 79.27 82.04 84.76 87.10 89.79 92.30 94.70 97.30 99.90 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.8 9.6 12.3 14.9 17.4 19.9 22.6 25.1 27.5 30 32.6 33.7
Piezo 1 (cm) 3.2 8.8 12 14.7 17.2 19.7 22.4 25 27.4 29.9 32.5 33.6
Piezo 2 (cm) 4.4 6.2 11.2 14.3 17 19.6 22.3 24.9 27.3 29.9 32.4 33.6
Piezo 3 (cm) 7.7 7.8 10.4 13.4 16.3 19.3 22.1 24.8 27.2 29.8 32.4 33.5
Piezo 4 (cm)
131
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 15.9 16.1 16 16.6 17.9 20.7 23.1 25.4 27.6 30.2 32.6 33.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 14.4 14.5 14.5 14.8 16.7 20.4 23 25.3 27.6 30.1 32.6 33.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 11.9 11.8 11.9 12.7 14.6 19.9 23 25.2 27.6 30.1 32.6 33.7
Piezo 9 (cm) 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.7 11.9 18.9 22.9 25.2 27.6 30.1 32.6 33.6
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 7.5 17.6 22.8 25.1 27.5 30.1 32.6 33.6
Piezo 11 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 7.8 10.9 12 13 14 15 15.4
Piezo 12 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 7 10.7 11.9 12.9 14 15 15.4
Piezo 13 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.9 10.4 11.7 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.4
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 9.9 11.4 12.7 13.8 14.9 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9.4 11 12.4 13.6 14.9 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 9 10.7 12.2 13.4 14.8 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.9 10 11.5 12.9 14.5 15.1
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.9 9.4 11.1 12.6 14.1 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 10.4 12 13.7 14.5
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 11.3 13.1 14
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.6
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 13.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 11±2.5 11±2.5 12±2 14±3 19±4 40±3 65±2 71±2 75±1.5 79.5±1.5 84.5±1.5 85.5±1.5
Notes: D-2-3 debris was caught on downstream pitot tube

Time 10:12 10:47 11:07 11:30 11:48 12:05 12:18 12:33 12:47 13:00 13:11 13:21
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.93 75.91 75.91 75.91 75.89 75.89 75.93 75.91 75.89 75.91 75.94 75.94
75.91 75.91 75.91 75.91 75.90 75.94 75.91 75.95 75.93 75.93 75.94 75.93
Temp (C) 22.2 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.1
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.19 1.16
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.80 0.83
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.05 0.94 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.77
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.26 0.37 0.49 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.68
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 85.25 85.00 85.36 85.56 86.54 87.95 89.61 92.24 94.96 97.37 99.76 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.50 84.47 84.61 84.72 85.34 86.75 89.27 91.85 94.40 96.94 99.50 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.61 76.44 78.95 81.56 84.18 86.31 89.14 91.84 94.46 97.02 99.62 N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.9 8.8 11.6 14.3 16.8 19.5 22 24.5 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.7 7.7 11.1 14.2 16.6 19.4 21.9 24.5 27 29.6 32.2 33.2
Piezo 3 (cm) 6.7 7.8 11.3 14 16.2 19.1 21.8 24.4 27 29.6 32.2 33.2
Piezo 4 (cm)
132
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 16.3 16.4 16.6 17.3 18.2 20.4 22.5 24.9 27.2 29.8 32.4 33.4
Piezo 7 (cm) 14.2 14.9 15.7 16.3 17.9 20.3 22.5 24.9 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 8 (cm) 12.6 12.4 13.3 14.6 17.2 20.2 22.5 24.9 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.1 10.7 11.7 12.6 15.8 20.1 22.4 24.9 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.7 7.1 9.4 10.6 14.1 20 22.3 24.8 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 11 (in) 4.4 4.5 4.6 5.5 7 9.9 10.9 11.9 12.9 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 6.2 9.7 10.8 11.9 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.4 9.2 10.5 11.7 12.7 13.8 14.9 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.1 8.6 10.1 11.5 12.7 13.7 14.9 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 3.9 4 4 3.9 3.9 8 9.7 11.3 12.6 13.6 14.8 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 7.6 9.3 10.9 12.4 13.5 14.8 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.6 8.8 10.3 11.8 13.1 14.6 15.1
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 8.2 10 11.4 12.9 14.4 14.9
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.5 10.9 12.5 14.1 14.7
Piezo 20 (in) 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 11.8 13.6 14.3
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.5 13 13.8
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) 19±5 19±5 20±5 24±6 36±5 62.5±1 69±1.5 75±1 78±1 82±1 86±1 87.5±1
Time 14:15 14:34 14:53 15:10 15:25 15:40 15:55 16:14 16:30 16:48 16:59 17:07
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.69 86.67 86.67 86.69 86.70 86.68 86.72 86.74 86.76 86.76 86.72 86.74
86.69 86.68 86.68 86.69 86.72 86.71 86.76 86.78 86.75 86.77 86.75 86.76
Temp (C) 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.4
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.34 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.48 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.23 1.19
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.48 0.59 0.68 0.74
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 88.45 88.45 88.45 88.50 88.88 90.14 91.87 94.44 97.35 99.41 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 90.59 90.62 90.68 90.81 91.10 92.00 92.69 93.92 96.60 98.87 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 73.26 78.95 81.54 83.43 85.75 88.00 90.44 93.21 96.10 98.60 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 11.2 12 14 16.2 18.8 21.4 24 26.5 29.2 31.7 34.2 35.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 6.3 7.6 12.3 15.3 18.2 20.7 23.4 26.1 28.7 31.3 33.9 34.9
Piezo 2 (cm) 9.2 9.3 11.1 14.4 17.4 20 22.9 25.7 28.5 31.1 33.8 34.9
Piezo 3 (cm) 12.1 11.9 12.4 14 16.6 19.4 22.7 25.6 28.4 31 33.7 34.8
Piezo 4 (cm)
133
Piezo 5 (cm)
Piezo 6 (cm) 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.7 22.9 24.3 26.4 29.3 31.9 34.4 35.7
Piezo 7 (cm) 16.2 16.1 16.2 16.6 17.5 20.1 22.2 25.2 28.8 31.4 33.8 35.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 11.5 11.8 12.1 12 12.9 16.1 19.5 23.2 28.7 31.3 33.8 35.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.4 11.4 15.2 20.4 28.6 31.1 33.7 35
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.1 11.4 17.5 28.3 31 33.6 34.9
Piezo 11 (in) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.9 7.7 13 14.3 15.4 15.9
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 12.8 14.2 15.3 15.8
Piezo 13 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 12.2 13.9 15.1 15.7
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 11.7 13.6 14.9 15.6
Piezo 15 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 10.9 13.2 14.8 15.5
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 10.8 12.9 14.7 15.5
Piezo 17 (in) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 9.2 11.6 13.7 14.6
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 9 10.4 12.7 13.7
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.6 11.8 13
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.5 12.8
Piezo 21 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 9±2 9.5±2.5 9.5±2.5 9.5±2.5 11.5±3.5 14.5±2.5 20±4 27±5 64±2 71±2 76±1 79.5±1.5
Appendix G Data - Tailwater Tests – Full Weirs
Four Discharges for Each Weir Height
134
Test: Full Weir Height 1/8D - Streamwise Position A Date: 6/6/2022
Run I-1-1 I-1-2 I-1-3 I-1-4 I-1-5 I-1-6 I-1-7 I-1-8 I-1-9 I-1-10 I-1-11 I-1-12
Time 13:30 13:41 13:54 14:04 14:16 14:27 14:44 14:59 15:09 15:22 15:34 15:43
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.40 78.37 78.41 78.41 78.39 78.36 78.35 78.33 78.39 78.35 78.37 78.36
78.36 78.34 78.37 78.37 78.38 78.34 78.34 78.35 78.40 78.33 78.35 78.37
Temp (C) 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.25
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.83
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.29 12.90 1.13 1.24 1.12 1.05 0.98 0.92 0.89
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.42 0.31 0.44 0.53 0.61 0.70 0.75
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 73.93 73.93 74.08 74.12 82.21 85.70 89.14 91.92 94.63 96.90 99.50 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 75.02 75.04 78.47 80.28 81.96 85.33 89.02 91.74 94.22 96.80 99.30 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.60 75.30 78.04 80.40 83.15 86.60 89.35 92.17 94.72 97.23 99.80 N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.4 3.9 10.3 13 16.3 19.6 22.3 24.8 27.3 29.8 32.4 33.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.2 3.3 10.2 12.6 15.8 19.4 22.3 24.8 27.3 29.7 32.3 33.4
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
135
Piezo 5 (cm) 11 11 10.7 12 13.4 18.4 22.1 24.7 27.2 29.7 32.2 33.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 6.8 6.8 9.2 11.8 13.8 17.8 22 24.5 27 29.5 32.1 33.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 6.2 6.2 6.6 8.5 12.8 15.7 21.9 24.5 27 29.5 32.1 33.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 8.1 13.3 21.9 24.5 27 29.5 32.1 33.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 10 21.8 24.5 27 29.5 32.1 33.2
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 7 21.7 24.4 26.9 29.5 32.1 33.2
Piezo 11 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 10.6 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 10.2 11.5 12.7 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.7 11.4 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 4 9.1 11 12.4 13.5 14.7 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 8.5 10.5 12.3 13.4 14.6 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 8.1 10.2 12 13.2 14.5 15.1
Piezo 17 (in) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.9 9.5 11.2 12.7 14.2 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.8 10.7 12.4 13.9 14.6
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.1 11.7 13.4 14.2
Piezo 20 (in) 11.1 11 11.1 11.1 11 11 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.4 12.9 13.7
Piezo 21 (in) 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0±0 3±2 7.5±3.5 18±6 63±2 70±2 76±1.5 79±1.5 84±1.5 85.5±1.5
Notes: turned valve up after I-1-2

Time 14:06 14:25 14:36 14:46 14:59 15:12 15:29 15:42 15:54 16:03 16:10 16:18
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.91 75.91 75.86 75.87 75.88 75.90 75.91 75.94 75.92 75.90 75.90 75.89
75.90 75.88 75.84 75.88 75.88 75.89 75.87 75.93 75.90 75.91 75.89 75.91
Temp (C) 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.19
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.78 0.84
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.12 0.98 0.92 0.88 0.82 0.80
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.35 0.49 0.56 0.61 0.67 0.70
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 73.75 73.75 73.70 79.72 82.83 86.48 88.71 91.62 94.14 96.55 98.65 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 75.00 75.00 77.40 79.20 81.60 86.01 88.47 91.45 93.94 96.46 98.46 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 68.63 75.03 77.47 80.84 83.55 86.77 89.10 91.79 94.23 96.75 98.80 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.1 8.7 11.2 13.9 16.8 19.5 22 24.5 26.9 29.4 31.5 33.1
Piezo 1 (cm) 1.4 7.1 10.1 12.9 16.5 19.4 22 24.4 26.9 29.4 31.4 33
Piezo 2 (cm) 1.8 5.7 9.7 12.1 15.6 19.2 21.2 24.3 26.6 29.1 31.1 32.7
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
136
Piezo 5 (cm) 10.1 9.8 10 11.3 14.4 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.8 29.3 31.3 32.9
Piezo 6 (cm) 6.7 7 9.3 11.5 14.2 19.1 21.7 24.3 26.7 29.2 31.2 32.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 5.7 5.7 6.7 10.4 12.8 19.1 21.7 24.3 26.7 29.2 31.2 32.8
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.1 5 5.1 6.6 11 19 21.7 24.3 26.7 29.2 31.2 32.8
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 7 18.8 21.6 24.3 26.7 29.2 31.2 32.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.5 18.4 21.5 24.3 26.7 29.2 31.2 32.8
Piezo 11 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 9.2 10.6 11.7 12.7 13.7 14.5 15.1
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 8.8 10.5 11.6 12.6 13.6 14.5 15.1
Piezo 13 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 8.1 10.1 11.5 12.5 13.6 14.4 15.1
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.2 9.7 11.3 12.4 13.5 14.4 15.1
Piezo 15 (in) 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 6.1 9.3 10.9 12.3 13.4 14.3 15.1
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 5.4 9 10.5 12.2 13.3 14.2 15.1
Piezo 17 (in) 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 8.2 10 11.6 12.9 14 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.6 11.1 12.7 13.7 14.7
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.3 10.6 12.2 13.4 14.5
Piezo 20 (in) 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 11.5 12.9 14
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.6 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15 14.9 15 14.9 14.9 14.9 15 15 14.9 14.9 15
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0±2 5.5±3.5 13±5 58±2 68±2 73±1.5 78±1.5 82±1.5 85±1.5 87±1.5
Notes: debris caught on downstream PT at I-2-6

Time 14:15 14:24 14:32 14:39 14:49 15:09 15:19 15:31 15:48 15:58 16:21 16:27
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.20 84.14 84.18 84.15 84.15 84.18 84.20 84.15 84.16 84.18 84.21 84.21
84.16 84.17 84.16 84.15 84.14 84.18 84.20 84.18 84.21 84.16 84.23 84.21
Temp (C) 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.89 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 1.39 1.31 1.26
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 0.74 0.82 0.88
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.42 74.38 74.41 74.73 74.93 82.94 87.64 91.92 95.20 97.66 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 76.94 76.95 77.00 81.57 83.63 85.42 88.90 92.60 95.15 97.70 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.00 69.87 78.80 81.69 83.81 86.81 90.02 92.87 95.72 98.30 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.1 9.3 12 14.7 17.4 20.2 23.2 25.9 28.5 31 33.6 34.7
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.9 2.8 7.2 13.3 15.7 19.2 22.8 25.8 28.4 31 33.4 34.6
Piezo 2 (cm) 5.4 5.4 5.5 12.8 15.3 18 22.4 25.7 28.3 30.9 33.3 34.5
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
137
Piezo 5 (cm) 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.2 14.8 16.9 20.5 25.3 28 30.5 33.1 34.5
Piezo 6 (cm) 7.9 7.9 7.9 11.2 13.7 16.3 20.8 24.9 27.6 30.1 32.8 34.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.3 9.6 13 17.8 24.5 27.5 30.1 32.7 34.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.5 12.8 23.6 27.4 30.1 32.7 34.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.9 22.1 27.2 30 32.7 34.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 19.6 27 29.9 32.6 34
Piezo 11 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 8.8 12.8 13.9 15 15.6
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 7.5 12.6 13.8 14.9 15.5
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.6 11.9 13.5 14.8 15.4
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 11.5 13.3 14.7 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 11 13 14.5 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 10.7 12.8 14.4 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9.2 11.6 13.4 14.7
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.8 10.8 12.7 14
Piezo 19 (in) 10 9.9 9.9 10 10 10 9.9 9.9 10 10.3 12 13.1
Piezo 20 (in) 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.8 11.7 12 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.2
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0 0±2 2±2 7±3 14±3 39±5 66±2 73±2 77.5±2 80.5±1.5
Notes: I-3-5 air trapped in downstream PT

Time 13:30 13:41 13:50 13:58 14:10 14:27 14:38 14:49 15:02 15:13 15:21 15:30
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.73 86.71 86.70 86.71 86.73 86.78 86.79 86.80 86.81 86.77 86.73 86.81
86.75 86.74 86.72 86.78 86.80 86.75 86.81 86.80 86.82 86.75 86.79 86.77
Temp (C) 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.33
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.90
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.35 1.25 1.20
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.53 0.64 0.70
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 75.54 75.46 75.46 75.52 75.55 81.22 86.27 90.53 95.01 97.83 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 77.95 77.95 77.92 81.15 83.63 85.65 88.10 91.82 95.10 97.84 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.12 76.15 78.30 81.64 84.00 86.50 89.93 93.21 96.00 98.59 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 10.8 11.4 12.3 15.4 17.7 20.4 23.4 26.3 28.9 31.5 34 35.3
Piezo 1 (cm) 3.7 4.4 5.7 13.7 16 18.6 22.4 26 28.8 31.3 33.9 35.1
Piezo 2 (cm) 6.5 6.4 6.5 13.2 15.4 17.9 21.8 25.6 28.6 31.1 33.6 35
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
138
Piezo 5 (cm) 15.4 15.3 15.4 13.7 15.2 17 20 23.9 28 30.7 33.5 35
Piezo 6 (cm) 8.6 8.5 8.6 11.1 13.1 16.2 19.6 23.6 27.5 30.2 33 34.6
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.9 9.6 12.1 16.3 21.7 27.4 30.1 32.9 34.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 9 11.3 18.2 27.2 30 32.8 34.4
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.1 14 26.9 29.9 32.7 34.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 10.1 26.3 29.6 32.6 34.3
Piezo 11 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 12.2 13.7 15 15.7
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 11.8 13.4 14.9 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 11.1 13.1 14.7 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 10 12.7 14.5 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 9.2 12.3 14.2 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 8.9 12 14.1 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6 10.4 12.8 14.2
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.5 11.9 13.3
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.2 12.4
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.6
Piezo 21 (in) 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Jump Location (in) 0±2 0±2 0±2 0±2 0±2 4.5±2.5 9±3 19±4 59±2 69±2 74.5±1.5 78±2
Notes: I-4-4 downstream PT reading off. Drained. I-4-5 downstream PT has air bubbles. Drained.
Run J-1-1 J-1-2 J-1-3 J-1-4 J-1-5 J-1-6 J-1-7 J-1-8 J-1-9 J-1-10 J-1-11 J-1-12
Time 10:01 10:14 10:24 10:34 10:45 10:56 11:08 11:20 11:30 11:40 11:50 12:01
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.40 78.40 78.40 78.42 78.40 78.39 78.41 78.39 78.41 78.43 78.40 78.40
78.42 78.42 78.40 78.43 78.42 78.38 78.42 78.37 78.41 78.42 78.43 78.40
Temp (C) 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.25
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.85
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.44 0.53 0.59 0.67 0.71
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.12 0.99 0.97 0.90 0.87
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.96 77.95 77.95 78.31 82.90 86.12 89.36 92.03 94.72 97.13 99.60 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 81.15 81.11 80.50 80.85 82.61 85.59 88.75 91.70 94.41 97.00 99.35 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.29 76.04 78.84 81.40 83.85 86.64 89.24 92.13 94.74 97.27 99.80 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.5 9.3 12 14.6 17.2 19.8 22.4 24.9 27.4 29.9 32.5 33.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 1.4 5.3 10.9 13.9 16.5 19.2 22 24.7 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.8 2.5 6.5 9.9 12.2 16 18.4 21 27.2 29.7 32.3 33.4
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
139
Piezo 5 (cm) 15.2 15.3 15.2 16.1 15.6 18.5 22.4 25 27.5 30 32.5 33.7
Piezo 6 (cm) 10.9 10.9 10.8 11.6 13.7 17.9 22.1 24.7 27.2 29.6 32.2 33.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 7.3 7.5 7.4 8.3 12.9 16.4 22.1 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.3
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 7.3 14.2 22.1 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.3
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 11.7 22 24.6 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 8.1 21.8 24.5 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.3
Piezo 11 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 10.7 11.8 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 10.4 11.7 12.7 13.8 14.8 15.3
Piezo 13 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.8 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.7 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4 4 4 4 4.1 4.1 9.2 11.2 12.4 13.6 14.6 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 8.7 10.7 12.3 13.5 14.6 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 8.2 10.2 12.1 13.4 14.6 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 7.1 9.7 11.3 12.8 14.3 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.9 10.8 12.5 13.9 14.6
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.1 11.8 13.5 14.3
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.2 12.9 13.8
Piezo 21 (in) 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.8 13.1 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2
Jump Location (in) 2±1 2±2 2±1 3.5±1.5 7.5±2.5 16±4 64±2 70±2 75±1.5 80±1.5 84±1.5 85.5±1.5
Time 12:40 12:53 13:01 13:11 13:20 13:33 13:41 13:51 13:59 14:08 14:17 14:24
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.93 75.89 75.90 75.93 75.86 75.90 75.87 75.86 75.83 75.85 75.90 75.87
75.88 75.93 75.89 75.87 75.86 75.87 75.87 75.87 75.89 75.88 75.85 75.87
Temp (C) 22.8 22.8 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.4
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.22
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.87
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.40 0.52 0.60 0.65 0.72 0.74
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.16 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.86 0.84
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 79.27 79.12 79.15 80.05 82.87 86.47 89.05 91.57 94.25 96.70 99.35 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 79.77 79.81 79.17 79.55 82.24 85.90 88.67 91.35 93.91 96.61 98.95 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.19 75.90 78.74 81.20 83.70 86.60 89.22 91.81 94.24 96.84 99.32 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.4 9.1 11.7 14.3 16.8 19.4 22 24.5 26.9 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 1 (cm) 1.8 8.1 11.2 13.8 16.4 19.3 21.8 24.3 26.8 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.9 6 10.9 13.4 16.2 19.3 21.9 24.4 26.9 29.3 31.9 32.9
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
140
Piezo 5 (cm) 14.8 14.9 14.7 14.1 14.4 19.6 22.1 24.6 27 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 6 (cm) 10.6 10.7 10.6 11.1 13.8 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.8 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.8 8.9 8.6 10.7 12.6 19.2 21.8 24.3 26.8 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 8 (cm) 5.3 5.2 5.2 6.2 11.1 19.1 21.8 24.3 26.8 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 9 (cm) 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 6 19 21.8 24.3 26.7 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 18.7 21.7 24.3 26.7 29.3 31.8 32.9
Piezo 11 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 9.3 10.6 11.7 12.7 13.7 14.7 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9 10.5 11.7 12.6 13.7 14.7 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.4 10.1 11.5 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.1
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.7 9.8 11.4 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.1
Piezo 15 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 6.7 9.4 11 12.4 13.5 14.6 15.1
Piezo 16 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.9 8.9 10.6 12.3 13.4 14.5 15.1
Piezo 17 (in) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 8.3 10 11.6 12.9 14.3 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.7 11.2 12.7 14.1 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.3 10.7 12.3 13.8 14.5
Piezo 20 (in) 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6 11.6 13.3 14.1
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.8 13.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15 15 15 14.9 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Jump Location (in) 4±2 4±2 4±2 5±2 14±4 60±2 68.5±1.5 74±1.5 78±1.5 82±1.5 85.5±1.5 87±1.5
Time 13:59 14:08 14:17 14:26 14:35 14:44 14:54 15:02 15:18 15:36 15:51 15:59
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.17 84.16 84.16 84.19 84.20 84.21 84.18 84.15 84.22 84.18 84.24 84.21
84.14 84.19 84.18 84.17 84.20 84.20 84.18 84.16 84.20 84.16 84.21 84.23
Temp (C) 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.31 1.22 1.14 1.09
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.71
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 74.80 74.80 74.80 74.80 80.64 84.35 87.63 91.75 95.50 97.96 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.31 84.33 83.80 83.72 84.40 85.80 89.02 91.86 94.95 97.53 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.34 70.42 79.25 82.84 84.78 87.38 90.24 92.27 95.88 98.22 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.6 9.4 12.2 14.9 17.7 20.5 23.3 25.4 28.5 31 33.5 34.7
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.2 4.2 10.1 13.5 16.8 20 22.8 25.2 28.4 31 33.5 34.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.7 7.4 7.8 10.6 14.4 17.4 19.6 18 28.2 30.7 33.2 34.5
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
141
Piezo 5 (cm) 15.7 15.7 15.9 15.8 17.5 20.7 22.1 24.7 28.5 31.1 33.9 35.2
Piezo 6 (cm) 12.4 12.4 12.1 12.5 14.1 17.1 20.4 24 27.7 30.3 32.9 34.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 9.7 13.8 18.7 22.9 27.6 30.2 32.9 34.3
Piezo 8 (cm) 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.6 8.9 14.4 20.8 27.5 30.2 32.9 34.3
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.8 10 17.8 27.4 30.1 32.9 34.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8 14.8 27.2 29.9 32.8 34.2
Piezo 11 (in) 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 7 12.7 13.9 15.1 15.7
Piezo 12 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.7 12.5 13.8 15 15.6
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5 5 4.9 4.9 5 5 5 12.2 13.6 14.8 15.5
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 13.4 14.7 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 11.2 13.2 14.5 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 10.8 12.9 14.4 15.3
Piezo 17 (in) 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 9.5 11.7 13.7 14.6
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.9 10.9 12.9 13.9
Piezo 19 (in) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.4 12.1 13.2
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 12 12.7
Piezo 21 (in) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2
Jump Location (in) 0 0 0 0 4±2 8.5±3 15±3 28±5 67±2 73±2 78.5±2 82±2
Time 13:21 13:34 13:45 13:55 14:07 14:17 14:29 14:43 15:00 15:09 15:25 15:31
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.66 86.64 86.64 86.61 86.67 86.71 86.69 86.66 86.72 86.67 86.67 86.64
86.66 86.62 86.64 86.68 86.68 86.64 86.72 86.72 86.68 86.71 86.65 86.69
Temp (C) 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.93
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.42 0.53 0.64 0.70
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.47 1.43 1.33 1.22 1.17
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 75.68 75.71 75.71 75.70 75.70 82.97 87.25 91.23 95.50 98.20 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.62 84.61 84.62 84.69 84.85 86.31 88.58 92.33 95.40 97.65 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 71.20 77.84 80.18 83.60 86.07 88.08 91.00 93.40 96.33 98.76 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 5.7 5.8 10.2 13.9 16.8 20.2 23 26 28.9 31.4 34 35.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 11.3 11.2 11.7 13.3 15.5 18.7 20.3 21.8 23.3 31.3 33.9 35.1
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
142
Piezo 5 (cm) 17.4 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.4 21.1 22.8 25.1 28.9 31.7 34.5 36
Piezo 6 (cm) 13 12.8 13 13.1 14.3 17 20.2 23.9 27.8 30.5 33.3 34.9
Piezo 7 (cm) 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.4 10.2 12.9 17 22.1 27.7 30.4 33.2 34.8
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 9.2 12.2 18.9 27.5 30.3 33.1 34.7
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 9.2 15.2 27.2 30.2 33.1 34.7
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 11 26.9 30 33 34.6
Piezo 11 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 12.5 13.9 15.1 15.8
Piezo 12 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 12.1 13.7 15 15.7
Piezo 13 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 11.5 13.3 14.8 15.6
Piezo 14 (in) 5 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 10.7 13 14.7 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 9.7 12.5 14.6 15.3
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 9.6 12.2 14.5 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 8 10.7 13.2 14.5
Piezo 18 (in) 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 9.8 12.2 13.5
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 11.5 12.6
Piezo 20 (in) 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.8
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jump Location (in) 0±2 0±2 0±2 0±2 1.5±1.5 6.5±2.5 11.5±3.5 22±5 60±2 70±2 75.5±1.5 79±1.5
Notes: 1 2 3 4 5 22 is read once in the beginning then T is plugged into 22

Run K-1-1 K-1-2 K-1-3 K-1-4 K-1-5 K-1-6 K-1-7 K-1-8 K-1-9 K-1-10 K-1-11 K-1-12
Time 11:57 12:27 12:37 12:47 12:57 13:07 13:24 13:34 13:43 13:52 14:01 14:10
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.40 78.35 78.35 78.37 78.40 78.35 78.34 78.35 78.37 78.36 78.34 78.34
78.35 78.36 78.38 78.39 78.36 78.38 78.37 78.38 78.37 78.35 78.39 78.35
Temp (C) 21.9 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.23
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.82
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.30 0.43 0.53 0.60 0.71 0.77
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.19 1.08 0.98 0.99 0.93 0.92
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 83.62 83.61 83.64 83.64 84.21 86.83 89.71 92.50 94.75 96.98 99.82 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 83.70 83.70 83.50 83.45 83.85 86.51 89.15 91.79 94.29 96.60 99.45 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.01 76.10 78.96 81.90 84.45 87.01 89.44 92.26 94.65 96.84 99.80 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 4.8 5.9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13.9 15 15.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.3 8.4 11.8 14.7 17 19.7 22.3 24.9 27.3 29.5 32.4 33.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 3.9 5.6 11.2 14.3 16.5 19.4 22 24.5 27 29.2 32.1 33.1
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
143
Piezo 5 (cm) 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 17.1 19.8 23 25.4 27.8 29.8 32.7 33.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 15.5 19.4 22.6 25 27.4 29.5 32.4 33.5
Piezo 7 (cm) 13.4 13.4 13.3 13.4 14.1 18.6 22.5 24.9 27.4 29.5 32.4 33.4
Piezo 8 (cm) 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 10.9 16.8 22.5 24.9 27.3 29.4 32.3 33.4
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.2 14.5 22.4 24.9 27.3 29.4 32.3 33.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 12.2 22.2 24.8 27.2 29.4 32.3 33.4
Piezo 11 (in) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 6.1 10.8 11.9 12.9 13.8 14.9 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.4 10.5 11.8 12.8 13.7 14.9 15.3
Piezo 13 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 10.1 11.5 12.7 13.6 14.8 15.3
Piezo 14 (in) 4 4.1 4.1 4 4.1 4.1 9.6 11.3 12.6 13.5 14.8 15.3
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 9.1 11 12.4 13.4 14.7 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 8.7 10.5 12.2 13.3 14.6 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.5 9.8 11.4 12.7 14.3 14.9
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.9 9.2 10.9 12.4 14 14.7
Piezo 19 (in) 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 10.2 11.7 13.6 14.3
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 11.2 13 13.7
Piezo 21 (in) 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 13.1 13.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1
Jump Location (in) 8.5±3.5 8.5±3.5 9±4 9±4 11±3 27±6 64±2 71±2 76±1.5 79.5±1.5 84.5±1.5 86±1.5
Notes: 1 2 4 5 manometer 22 is used for tailwater depth after first measurement.

Time 14:42 14:56 15:08 15:19 15:30 15:42 15:55 16:04 16:15 16:25 16:33 16:41
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.91 75.94 75.90 75.90 75.92 75.87 75.90 75.86 75.88 75.93 75.90 75.91
75.93 75.91 75.89 75.90 75.88 75.88 75.87 75.89 75.90 75.90 75.92 75.90
Temp (C) 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.6 23.6
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.23 1.20
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.85
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.42 0.56 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.80
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.25 1.14 1.00 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.89
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 82.61 82.65 82.65 82.66 83.95 87.16 89.38 92.17 94.60 96.92 99.51 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 81.70 81.69 81.70 81.70 83.18 86.30 88.62 91.58 94.07 96.60 99.14 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 69.80 75.79 78.74 81.32 84.25 86.63 89.22 91.80 94.35 96.91 99.42 N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 2 8.8 11.7 14.3 16.8 19.5 22 24.6 27.1 29.5 32 33.1
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.5 7.7 11.3 14 16.5 19.3 21.8 24.4 27 29.4 32 33
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
144
Piezo 5 (cm) 15.4 15.1 15.1 15.1 16.9 20.2 22.6 24.9 27.3 29.7 32.3 33.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 13.5 13.3 13.4 14 16.6 19.9 22.3 24.7 27.1 29.5 32 33
Piezo 7 (cm) 12.1 12.3 12 12.5 15.7 19.8 22.2 24.6 27.1 29.5 32 33
Piezo 8 (cm) 10 10.2 10.2 10.9 14.2 19.8 22.2 24.6 27.1 29.5 32 33
Piezo 9 (cm) 5.2 5.2 5.3 6.5 12.1 19.7 22.1 24.6 27.1 29.5 32 33
Piezo 10 (cm) 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 10.4 19.5 22 24.6 27 29.5 32 33
Piezo 11 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.9 9.8 10.8 11.9 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.5 10.7 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 9 10.5 11.6 12.7 13.7 14.7 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 8.4 9.9 11.5 12.7 13.7 14.7 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 4 4 4 4 4 7.7 9.5 11.2 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 7.2 9.2 10.8 12.3 13.5 14.6 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.3 8.6 10.3 11.7 13 14.4 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 8.1 9.9 11.4 12.9 14.2 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.5 10.9 12.4 13.9 14.5
Piezo 20 (in) 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 11.8 13.4 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.3 12.4 13 13.6
Piezo 22 (in) 15
Jump Location (in) 10±3 10.5±4.5 10.5±4.5 10.5±4.5 17±5 62±2 68.5±2 74±2 78±1.5 82.5±1.5 86±1.5 87.5±1.5
Time 14:00 14:13 14:26 14:39 14:51 15:04 15:17 15:32 15:46 15:56 16:07 16:15
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.14 84.17 84.16 84.21 84.19 84.15 84.14 84.17 84.15 84.13 84.17 84.14
84.14 84.16 84.18 84.14 84.16 84.18 84.16 84.11 84.14 84.13 84.18 84.16
Temp (C) 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.32
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.38 1.29 1.22 1.14 1.09
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.48 0.56 0.65 0.70
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 34.93 35.13 35.19 35.10 35.16 34.93 35.02 42.45 51.11 Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 36.23 36.22 36.20 36.20 36.20 36.20 36.23 52.17 Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 36.85 36.85 36.85 36.85 36.85 36.85 36.93 52.83 Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 84.51 84.52 84.52 84.52 85.38 87.09 89.50 93.08 95.95 98.24 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 86.70 86.58 86.49 86.50 86.80 88.28 89.81 92.60 95.21 97.90 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.94 71.20 79.83 83.15 85.52 87.60 90.36 93.20 95.74 98.23 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 5 6.1 7.3 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 15.8
Piezo 1 (cm) 3.7 4.5 11.8 15.2 18 20.4 23.1 25.8 28.3 30.8 33.4 34.6
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.6 7.6 10.2 14.2 16.8 19.6 22.5 25.2 27.8 30.3 32.9 34.1
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
145
Piezo 5 (cm) 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.6 20 21.4 23.6 26.8 28.9 31.6 34 35.2
Piezo 6 (cm) 17.7 17.7 17.5 17.5 18.2 19.4 21.7 25.8 28.2 30.7 33.2 34.6
Piezo 7 (cm) 13.9 13.8 14.1 14.1 14.7 16.9 20.3 25.7 28.1 30.6 33.1 34.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 9.1 9 9.1 9.1 9.6 12.1 17.4 25.6 28 30.5 33.1 34.5
Piezo 9 (cm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 8.7 13.3 25.3 27.9 30.4 33 34.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 9.3 24.9 27.7 30.3 32.9 34.4
Piezo 11 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 11.6 12.9 14.1 15.2 15.7
Piezo 12 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 11.2 12.7 14 15.1 15.7
Piezo 13 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 10.5 12.3 13.7 15 15.6
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 9.6 11.9 13.5 14.9 15.5
Piezo 15 (in) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 8.6 11.4 13.3 14.7 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 8.4 11.2 13.1 14.6 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7.3 9.9 11.9 13.8 14.8
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 9.2 11 13.2 14
Piezo 19 (in) 10 9.9 10 9.9 9.9 10 10 9.9 10 10.5 12.3 13.3
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 12.1 12.9
Piezo 21 (in) 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1
Jump Location (in) 8±3 8.5±2.5 8.5±2.5 8.5±2.5 10±3 12±3 20±5 59±2 69±2 74±2 79±2 81.5±1.5
Time 13:33 13:46 13:56 14:09 14:20 14:32 14:43 14:55 15:06 15:17 15:27 15:36
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.75 86.75 86.75 86.77 86.76 86.76 86.81 86.75 86.77 86.78 86.77 86.72
86.74 86.76 86.74 86.80 86.77 86.78 86.79 86.79 86.80 86.86 86.78 86.83
Temp (C) 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.30
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.89
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.44 1.39 1.31 1.22
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.45 0.54 0.65
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 36.45 36.28 36.24 36.15 36.09 36.09 36.09 36.09 36.09 46.98 Full Full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 37.11 37.11 37.11 37.11 37.12 37.09 37.09 37.09 37.09 Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 37.64 37.67 37.68 37.68 37.84 37.85 37.87 37.85 44.92 Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 85.71 85.71 85.90 85.96 86.11 87.27 87.93 90.01 92.26 96.06 98.74 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 86.95 86.95 87.00 86.93 86.97 87.46 88.35 90.00 93.17 95.83 98.14 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.64 78.76 78.92 81.14 83.26 85.85 88.50 90.75 93.26 96.15 98.73 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 6.9 7 6.9 7.6 8.5 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6 13.7 14.6 15.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 5 6.7 6.7 12.2 15.3 18.4 20.9 23.6 26.1 28.8 31.3 34
Piezo 2 (cm) 8.6 8.5 8.6 10.8 14.5 17.6 20.3 23.1 25.8 28.4 30.9 33.6
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
146
Piezo 5 (cm) 19.1 19.6 19.6 19.5 19.5 19.6 21.5 24.2 26.5 29.5 32.2 34.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.9 19.5 20.8 22.4 24.9 28.5 31.1 33.9
Piezo 7 (cm) 14.1 14.1 14.5 14.3 14.4 15.2 17.1 20.5 23.6 28.4 30.9 33.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 9.7 9.8 10.1 9.8 10.1 10.8 12.5 16.7 21 28.2 30.8 33.6
Piezo 9 (cm) 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 9.5 12.3 18.3 28.1 30.6 33.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.5 14.7 27.7 30.3 33.4
Piezo 11 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.1 12.9 14 15.3
Piezo 12 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 12.5 13.9 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 11.9 13.5 15.1
Piezo 14 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 11.3 13.2 15
Piezo 15 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 10.5 12.8 14.7
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.2 12.5 14.7
Piezo 17 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 8.6 11.2 13.5
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 10.2 12.6
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.5 11.8
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2
Jump Location (in) 9±4 9±4 9±3.5 9±4 9±4 10±4 12±3 16.5±5.5 25±6 62.5±2.5 70±2 76±2
Run L-1-1 L-1-2 L-1-3 L-1-4 L-1-5 L-1-6 L-1-7 L-1-8 L-1-9 L-1-10 L-1-11 L-1-12
Time 13:02 13:14 13:23 13:35 13:46 13:55 14:04 14:14 14:24 14:33 14:41 14:49
V-notch gauge (cm) 78.42 78.41 78.39 78.40 78.35 78.43 78.37 78.39 78.39 78.33 78.39 78.38
78.40 78.38 78.36 78.35 78.39 78.37 78.38 78.42 78.33 78.39 78.43 78.40
Temp (C) 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.21
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.82
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.38 0.48 0.55 0.60 0.69 0.72
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.17 1.08 1.02 0.96 0.88 0.86
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 33.48 33.50 33.51 33.50 38.81 42.73 46.18 49.83 Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 45.80 45.80 46.80 46.80 49.26 50.51 51.86 53.60 Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 87.67 87.67 88.03 88.03 88.12 89.42 90.94 92.76 95.20 97.53 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 85.83 85.80 85.81 85.82 86.20 87.82 89.35 91.84 94.42 97.11 99.62 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.40 76.24 79.32 81.70 84.41 87.13 89.50 92.09 94.71 97.24 99.90 N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 4.8 5.9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13.9 15 15.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.2 5.4 11.5 14.1 17.1 19.7 22.2 24.7 27.2 29.7 32.4 33.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.5 2.6 10.4 13.4 17.1 19.1 21.8 24.5 27.1 29.6 32.2 33.4
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
147
Piezo 5 (cm) 20.1 20.5 20.5 20.5 21.5 22.2 23.8 25.9 28 30.3 32.8 33.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 20.1 20.2 20 20.4 21 21.9 23.6 25.6 27.8 30.1 32.7 33.7
Piezo 7 (cm) 19.7 19.8 19.7 20 20.8 21.8 23.5 25.5 27.8 30 32.6 33.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 18.7 19.1 18.8 19.6 20.8 21.8 23.5 25.5 27.7 30 32.6 33.7
Piezo 9 (cm) 17.1 17.6 17.6 18.3 20.4 21.7 23.5 25.5 27.7 30 32.6 33.7
Piezo 10 (cm) 14.6 15.6 15.1 16.3 20 21.6 23.5 25.4 27.6 29.9 32.5 33.6
Piezo 11 (in) 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.6 9.8 10.6 11.3 12.1 13.1 14 15 15.4
Piezo 12 (in) 6.8 6.8 6.8 7 9.3 10.4 11.2 12 13 14 15 15.4
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5.4 5.4 5.4 8.8 9.7 10.8 11.8 12.9 13.9 14.9 15.4
Piezo 14 (in) 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 7.9 9 10.2 11.6 12.8 13.8 14.9 15.4
Piezo 15 (in) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 6.9 8.4 9.9 11.3 12.7 13.7 14.8 15.4
Piezo 16 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.4 11 12.5 13.6 14.8 15.4
Piezo 17 (in) 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.7 8.6 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.5 15.1
Piezo 18 (in) 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.3 9.6 11.1 12.8 14.1 14.9
Piezo 19 (in) 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.5 10.5 12.1 13.7 14.5
Piezo 20 (in) 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 11.6 13.2 13.9
Piezo 21 (in) 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.8
Piezo 22 (in) 15
Jump Location (in) 35±5 35±5 37±5 39±4 57±2 63±2 68±2 72±2 76.5±2 80.5±2 84±2 86±1.5
Time 14:47 15:01 15:10 15:18 15:28 15:41 15:51 16:01 16:10 16:18 16:27 16:33
V-notch gauge (cm) 84.15 84.18 84.16 84.16 84.17 84.19 84.16 84.15 84.15 84.12 84.14 84.17
84.18 84.14 84.13 84.17 84.18 84.16 84.18 84.18 84.20 84.16 84.21 84.14
Temp (C) 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 22.9 23.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.30
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.86
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.66 0.68
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.28 1.20 1.13 1.05 1.03
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 41.34 48.55 Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 36.47 36.47 36.47 36.47 36.47 36.47 50.63 Full Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 37.38 37.37 37.37 37.35 37.35 37.35 53.27 Full Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 89.30 88.84 88.85 88.85 89.51 91.13 92.93 95.03 97.11 99.36 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 89.00 88.86 88.80 88.75 89.31 90.02 91.30 93.59 96.10 98.56 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.96 70.90 79.65 82.80 86.45 88.79 91.30 93.60 92.26 98.87 N/A N/A
Tailwater Depth (cm) 5 6.2 7.3 8.4 9.7 10.7 11.7 12.7 13.6 14.7 15.7 15.9
Piezo 1 (cm) 3.1 4 11.4 14.9 18.7 21.3 23.6 26.2 28.7 31.3 34 34.4
Piezo 2 (cm) 5.4 5 9.7 14.5 18.5 20.6 23.1 25.7 28.5 31.1 33.7 34.1
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
148
Piezo 5 (cm) 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.6 23.6 25.9 28.1 30 32.2 34.6 35.1
Piezo 6 (cm) 21.5 21.2 21.3 21.3 22.1 22.5 25.6 27.5 29.6 32 34.5 35.1
Piezo 7 (cm) 19.8 19.6 19.6 19.6 20.3 20.9 25.4 27.3 29.4 31.7 34.2 34.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 16.9 16.3 16.5 16.6 17 18.5 25.2 27.2 29.4 31.6 34.2 34.7
Piezo 9 (cm) 12.8 12.3 12.2 12.5 13.5 15.2 24.9 27 29.3 31.6 34.2 34.7
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.1 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.9 11.5 24.2 26.7 29.2 31.5 34.1 34.6
Piezo 11 (in) 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.5 11.4 12.6 13.6 14.5 15.6 15.8
Piezo 12 (in) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 11 12.3 13.5 14.5 15.5 15.8
Piezo 13 (in) 5 5 5 5 5 5 10.2 11.9 13.2 14.3 15.4 15.7
Piezo 14 (in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 9.3 11.4 13 14.1 15.3 15.6
Piezo 15 (in) 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 8.4 10.8 12.6 13.9 15.2 15.5
Piezo 16 (in) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 8.1 10.5 12.4 13.8 15.2 15.5
Piezo 17 (in) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7.2 9.1 11.1 12.9 14.5 14.8
Piezo 18 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.8 10.2 12 13.8 14.2
Piezo 19 (in) 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.2 11.1 13.1 13.5
Piezo 20 (in) 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.8 12.6 12.9
Piezo 21 (in) 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4
Piezo 22 (in) 15.2
Jump Location (in) 17±4 17.5±4.5 17±4 17.5±4.5 18±5 22±6 57.5±2.5 66±2 72±2 76±2 81±2 82±2
Time 9:20 9:31 9:41 9:51 9:59 10:08 10:19 10:38 10:48 10:56 11:04 11:10
V-notch gauge (cm) 86.70 86.66 86.66 86.68 86.70 86.70 86.69 86.74 86.79 86.71 86.73 86.64
86.67 86.69 86.67 86.67 86.72 86.69 86.73 86.74 86.73 86.78 86.69 86.66
Temp (C) 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.32 1.34 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.33
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.43 1.37 1.28 1.20 1.17
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.72
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 35.89 35.79 35.79 35.79 35.79 35.79 35.79 43.36 51.20 Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 38.17 38.17 38.17 38.17 38.17 38.17 44.38 Full Full Full Full Full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 90.40 90.35 90.35 90.35 90.35 90.90 92.23 94.85 96.91 99.10 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 90.12 90.10 90.05 90.05 90.10 90.60 91.51 93.70 96.12 98.20 N/A N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 71.68 78.30 80.22 83.01 85.92 88.50 90.74 93.25 95.55 98.53 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.6 5.7 11.5 14.8 18.1 21 23.4 25.8 28.5 31 33.6 34.8
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.7 7.5 9.2 14.1 17.6 20.4 22.3 24.9 27.6 30.3 32.9 33.8
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
149
Piezo 5 (cm) 22.7 21.5 21.5 21.5 22 23.8 24.8 28.3 29.8 32.3 34.7 35.7
Piezo 6 (cm) 22.7 23.1 22.8 23 22.8 23.9 24.5 27.5 29.6 31.9 34.4 35.5
Piezo 7 (cm) 21 21 20.8 20.8 21 21.9 23 27.2 29.2 31.5 34 35.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 17.3 17.4 17.2 17.2 17.4 19 20.2 26.9 29 31.4 33.9 35
Piezo 9 (cm) 13 13.3 13.1 13.2 13.1 15.6 16.6 26.5 28.9 31.3 33.8 34.9
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.6 9.7 11.5 12.4 26 28.6 31.2 33.7 34.8
Piezo 11 (in) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.8 12.1 13.4 14.4 15.4 15.9
Piezo 12 (in) 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 11.6 13.1 14.3 15.3 15.8
Piezo 13 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 10.6 12.4 14 15.2 15.7
Piezo 14 (in) 5 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 9.5 11.8 13.6 15.1 15.6
Piezo 15 (in) 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 8.2 11.2 13.3 14.9 15.5
Piezo 16 (in) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 8.2 11.1 13.2 14.8 15.6
Piezo 17 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5 9.6 11.7 13.6 14.7
Piezo 18 (in) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.2 10.8 12.8 13.8
Piezo 19 (in) 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.6 12.1 12.9
Piezo 20 (in) 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.5 12.9
Piezo 21 (in) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1
Jump Location (in) 17.5±4.5 18±5 16.5±4.5 17.5±4.5 18.5±4.5 19±5 23.5±5.5 58.5±2.5 66.5±2.5 72±2 77±2 79±2
Time 13:54 14:04 14:14 14:22 14:31 14:39 14:51 14:59 15:09 15:16 15:26 15:35
V-notch gauge (cm) 75.95 75.92 75.85 75.85 75.94 75.84 75.87 75.94 75.88 75.88 75.84 75.84
75.89 75.84 75.84 75.91 75.93 75.88 75.94 75.93 75.88 75.88 75.82 75.87
Temp (C) 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.21 1.18
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.82 0.85
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.17 1.06 0.97 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.83
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.35 0.46 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.75
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 48.65 48.65 48.60 48.60 48.60 49.68 51.48 full full full full full
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 87.25 87.25 87.25 87.24 87.32 88.51 90.26 92.48 94.62 97.12 99.70 N/A
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.90 84.90 84.90 84.90 85.01 86.42 89.14 91.61 94.10 96.63 99.32 N/A
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 70.73 76.06 78.72 81.23 84.10 86.52 89.25 91.80 94.35 96.89 99.52 N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 2.3 7.7 11.4 13.9 16.9 19.3 21.9 24.4 27 29.6 32 33
Piezo 2 (cm) 2.3 3.5 10.6 13.3 16.8 18.9 21.7 24.3 26.8 29.5 32 32.9
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
150
Piezo 5 (cm) 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.6 21.5 23.3 25.3 27.5 30 32.4 33.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 20 20 20 20.1 20.3 21.3 23.1 25.2 27.4 29.8 32.3 33.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 19.9 19.9 19.9 20 20.2 21.2 23 25.1 27.3 29.8 32.2 33.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.9 20.2 21.2 23 25.1 27.3 29.8 32.2 33.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.8 20.1 21.1 23 25.1 27.3 29.8 32.2 33.2
Piezo 10 (cm) 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.7 20 20.9 22.9 25 27.3 29.7 32.2 33.2
Piezo 11 (in) 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.3 11.2 12 12.9 13.9 14.9 15.2
Piezo 12 (in) 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 10.2 11.1 12 12.9 13.9 14.9 15.2
Piezo 13 (in) 8.9 9 9 9.1 9.1 9.8 10.8 11.9 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.2
Piezo 14 (in) 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.6 9.4 10.5 11.7 12.7 13.7 14.8 15.2
Piezo 15 (in) 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 8 9 10.2 11.5 12.6 13.6 14.8 15.2
Piezo 16 (in) 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.6 9.7 11.2 12.5 13.4 14.8 15.2
Piezo 17 (in) 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.6 7.7 9.3 10.5 11.9 13.1 14.6 15
Piezo 18 (in) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.7 8.6 10.2 11.5 12.9 14.3 14.8
Piezo 19 (in) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9.1 9.7 11 12.5 14.1 14.6
Piezo 20 (in) 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.6 11.9 13.6 14.2
Piezo 21 (in) 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 13.1 13.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15.1
Jump Location (in) 62±2.5 62.5±2.5 62±2.5 62±2.5 62.5±2.5 66±2 70.5±2.5 75±2 78.5±2 83±2 86±2 87.5±1.5
Appendix H Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – No Weirs
Eight Discharges
151
Run ZA-X-1 ZA-X-2 ZA-X-3 ZA-X-4 ZA-X-5 ZA-X-6 ZA-X-7 ZA-X-8
Time 13:08 13:34 13:53 14:17 14:46 15:15 15:37 16:11
V-notch gauge (cm) 90.98 89.67 87.28 84.75 82.47 80.50 78.54 76.16
Temp (C) 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.3
Prandtl U1 (ft) 0.78 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.44 0.45 0.52 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.58 1.57 1.49 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.63 37.55 36.41 35.70 34.55 34.12 33.73 32.90
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.83 38.35 37.50 36.50 35.93 35.30 34.86 34.46
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.06 38.75 38.02 37.02 36.03 35.27 34.20 33.33
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.02 76.46 75.71 74.43 73.75 73.51 73.58 73.57
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 74.27 74.03 73.63 73.40 73.13 72.65 71.62 70.72
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 77.01 70.31 69.92 69.56 69.21 69.00 68.90 68.65
Tailwater Depth (in) 7.4 5.7 3.7 2 0.9 0 N/A N/A
Piezo 1 (cm) 4.6 2.5 2 1.6 1.3 1 0.8 0.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.6 3 2.5 2.2 1.8
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 8.2 7.6 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.5
Piezo 6 (cm) 8.7 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.4 5.9
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.4 8.2 7.5 6.9 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.3
Piezo 8 (cm) 9.8 9.5 8.6 7.7 6.7 6 5.4 5
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.8 9.4 8.7 7.9 7 6.2 5.4 4.6
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.8 9.3 8.7 7.9 7.2 6.6 6 5.3
Piezo 11 (in) 6 5.8 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.8 5.7 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2 4
Piezo 15 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.5 5 4.6 4.4 4.2 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.3 8 7.5 6.9 6.3 5.9 5.4 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.1 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.4 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.1 10.8 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.3 13 12.5 11.9 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.5 16.1 15.5 14.5 13.9 13.2 12.8 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 14.9
Jump Location (in)
Notes: TW is measured using manometer 22
152
Appendix I Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – Staggered Weirs
Eight Discharges for Each Weir Height
153
Run YB-X-1 YB-X-2 YB-X-3 YB-X-4 YB-X-5 YB-X-6 YB-X-7 YB-X-8
Time 13:39 14:10 14:27 14:47 15:07 15:24 15:44 16:07
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.84 89.92 87.26 84.77 82.66 80.43 78.60 76.34
Temp (C) 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.40 1.41
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.63 1.61 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.35 1.37 1.32
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.70 0.66 0.69
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.85 37.31 36.57 35.48 34.88 33.89 33.96 33.09
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.94 38.36 37.25 36.61 35.97 35.46 34.64 34.55
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.55 38.80 37.95 37.31 36.13 35.21 34.35 33.41
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.42 76.55 75.63 74.75 74.13 73.81 73.72 73.51
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 78.05 77.93 77.52 77.02 76.42 76.35 74.99 75.51
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 81.81 71.03 69.98 69.50 69.56 69.53 69.40 68.95
Tailwater Depth (in) 8.5 5.8 3.8 1.9 0.7 0
Piezo 1 (cm) 11.1 3.6 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.1
Piezo 2 (cm) 7.8 7.3 7.2 6.9 6.6 7.3 6.9 6.2
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 18.2 17.1 15.5 14.5 13.3 12.5 11.7 10.2
Piezo 6 (cm) 9.6 9.1 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.2 6.9 6.4
Piezo 7 (cm) 10 9.3 8.4 7.6 7 6.5 6.2 5.8
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.2 9.5 8.6 7.7 6.8 6.1 5.5 5.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.8 7 6.2 5.5 4.7
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.8 7.1 6.5 6 5.4
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.3
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 6 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 5.9 5.5 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.2 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.6 13.1 12.6 11.9 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.5 15.9 15.3 14.6 14 13.4 13 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.8 15 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15 15
Jump Location (in)
154
Run YC-X-1 YC-X-2 YC-X-3 YC-X-4 YC-X-5 YC-X-6 YC-X-7 YC-X-8
Time 12:07 12:31 14:56 13:11 13:38 13:57 14:18 14:40
V-notch gauge (cm) 92.02 89.80 86.90 85.06 83.00 80.61 78.41 76.48
Temp (C) 20.5 20.6 21.8 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.14 1.15 0.94 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.20
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.80 0.79 1.33 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.32 0.33 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.44 0.38 0.38
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.48 1.47 1.48 1.43 1.42 1.34 1.39 1.39
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.05 37.35 36.21 35.74 34.93 34.23 33.84 32.85
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.13 38.28 37.14 36.45 36.07 35.43 34.58 34.54
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.60 38.75 37.55 37.34 36.44 35.26 34.38 33.30
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 78.03 77.15 75.44 75.11 74.55 74.00 73.14 78.31
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.35 84.30 83.97 83.95 83.22 81.37 80.88 79.91
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 83.72 71.43 70.45 69.65 69.71 69.70 69.26 68.90
Tailwater Depth (in) 8.8 5.6 3.3 1.7 0.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 14.5 5.9 4.3 3.9 2.6 1.7 1.3 1.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 13.1 11.5 9.8 10.4 8.4 7.5 6.3 4.8
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 22.2 19.7 18.1 16 15.4 14.6 15.5 15.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 14.6 13.8 13.1 12.6 12.1 11.6 11.2 10.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.7 10.6 9.5 8.7 8.1 7.8 7.9 8.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.5 9.6 8.5 7.7 7 6.1 5.4 5.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.2 9.4 8.3 7.9 7.2 6.3 5.3 4.7
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.1 9.4 8.4 7.9 7.3 6.6 6 5.4
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.3
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.9 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 7.9 7.2 6.9 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.5 8 7.9 7.2 6.9 6.6 6.2 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.6 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.3 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.1 12.2 12 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.7 14.1 13.5 12.9 12.6
Piezo 22 (in) 14.8 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15 15.1
Jump Location (in) 3±2
155
Run YD-X-1 YD-X-2 YD-X-3 YD-X-4 YD-X-5 YD-X-6 YD-X-7 YD-X-8
Time 13:30 13:50 14:10 14:30 14:48 15:06 15:29 15:52
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.00 89.51 87.03 84.71 82.70 80.30 78.50 76.19
Temp (C) 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.36 1.35 1.36 1.39 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.41
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.59 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.53 36.86 35.68 35.40 34.89 33.96 33.69 33.05
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.45 37.97 37.30 36.47 35.63 35.23 34.83 34.42
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.04 38.64 38.11 37.08 36.30 35.26 34.28 33.27
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 87.80 86.64 85.72 85.13 84.26 83.88 83.70 82.75
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 88.05 87.33 86.83 86.16 85.77 84.95 83.66 82.36
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 72.34 71.38 70.40 69.65 70.13 69.90 69.46 69.10
Tailwater Depth (in) 7 5.1 3.3 1.6 0.3
Piezo 1 (cm) 6.9 5.3 3.9 3.9 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 9.7 9.4 8.5 8.3 7.6 6 4.3 2.3
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 22.2 22 19.7 18.7 17.4 17.5 16.6 14.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 20.8 20.3 18.9 18.3 17.2 15.3 14.3 13.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 16.4 15.4 14.5 14.5 13.9 13.9 13.7 12.6
Piezo 8 (cm) 12.3 11.1 10.1 9.7 8.7 8.4 8.8 9.2
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.9 9.4 8.6 7.8 7.1 6.3 5.6 4.9
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.5 9.1 8.4 7.8 7.1 6.4 5.9 5.2
Piezo 11 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.4 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.2 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.2 8 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.3 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.1 10.8 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.3 13.1 12.5 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.3 16 15.3 14.6 14 13.3 13 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.1 15
Jump Location (in)
156
Run YE-X-1 YE-X-2 YE-X-3 YE-X-4 YE-X-5 YE-X-6 YE-X-7 YE-X-8
Time 11:36 12:04 12:27 12:49 13:11 13:34 14:00 14:21
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.64 89.77 87.01 84.78 82.73 80.40 78.39 76.22
Temp (C) 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.6
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.32 1.34 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.37
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.60 1.58 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.76 37.14 36.12 35.70 35.02 34.00 33.93 39.52
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.34 38.55 37.30 36.57 35.83 35.17 34.94 46.43
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.31 38.74 38.29 37.27 36.50 35.45 45.14 48.09
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 91.53 91.37 89.94 88.91 88.00 87.55 87.25 87.20
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 91.46 90.70 89.55 88.70 87.60 86.04 85.66 84.91
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 81.63 72.10 70.60 70.27 70.16 70.16 69.95 70.03
Tailwater Depth (in) 8 5.5 3.4 1.6 0.4
Piezo 1 (cm) 10.1 4.8 3.6 3.1 2.7 2 1.7 2.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 11.9 10.2 7.6 5.7 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.3
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 21.2 21.1 21.1 22.1 21.6 20.9 20.6 20.6
Piezo 6 (cm) 25.8 24.9 23.3 21.7 20.9 20.1 20.3 20.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 22.3 21.6 20.7 19.9 19.3 19 19.9 20.1
Piezo 8 (cm) 17.5 16.7 16.1 16.2 16.5 16.7 19.3 20.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 13.1 12.1 11.7 12.1 12.6 14.1 17.9 20
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.5 9.7 9.1 8.7 8.7 11.8 15.1 19.8
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.4 7.1 9.8
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 5 6.5 9.4
Piezo 13 (in) 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.8 8.9
Piezo 14 (in) 5.8 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.2 8.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.1 7.5
Piezo 16 (in) 8.8 8.3 7.8 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.3 7
Piezo 17 (in) 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.2 6.2
Piezo 18 (in) 9.4 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.7 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.1 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.5 13.2 12.6 11.9 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.3 16.1 15.3 14.6 14 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 14.9
Jump Location (in)
157
Appendix J Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – Full Weirs
158
Run ZB-X-1 ZB-X-2 ZB-X-3 ZB-X-4 ZB-X-5 ZB-X-6 ZB-X-7 ZB-X-8
Time 14:13 14:38 14:56 15:14 15:42 16:16 16:41 17:03
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.56 89.86 87.19 84.68 82.84 80.55 78.43 76.23
Temp (C) 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 22.0 22.1
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.41 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.44
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.44 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.59 0.49 0.47 0.45
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.54 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.47
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.79 37.28 36.83 35.90 35.35 34.85 34.15 33.13
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.81 38.38 37.16 36.65 35.77 35.07 34.67 34.60
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.07 38.91 38.07 37.14 36.35 35.06 34.23 33.30
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.45 76.62 75.33 74.54 74.12 73.96 73.96 73.94
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 77.82 77.70 77.54 77.01 76.56 75.90 74.94 74.70
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 81.04 73.22 72.53 71.32 71.14 70.66 70.40 69.71
Tailwater Depth (in) 7.8 5.7 3.4 1.7
Piezo 1 (cm) 9.4 5.9 4.9 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.6
Piezo 2 (cm) 8.8 8.2 7.7 6.8 5.7 4.3 3.4 3.2
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 19.6 18.5 16.7 15.4 14.2 12.9 11.7 10.6
Piezo 6 (cm) 9.2 9 8.2 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.3 6.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.7 8.3 7.5 7 6.7 6.3 6 5.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 10 9.6 8.6 7.7 6.9 6.1 5.5 5.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.1 9.6 8.7 8 7.3 6.5 5.6 4.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 10 9.5 8.6 7.9 7.4 6.7 6.1 5.4
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.3
Piezo 14 (in) 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.2 6 5.5 5 4.7 4.3 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.3 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.1 7.7 7.2 6.9 6.6 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.1 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.4 13.1 12.4 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.4 16 15.3 14.6 14.1 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.1 15
Jump Location (in)
159
Run ZC-X-1 ZC-X-2 ZC-X-3 ZC-X-4 ZC-X-5 ZC-X-6 ZC-X-7 ZC-X-8
Time 15:09 15:32 15:53 16:09 16:26 16:42 16:56 17:33
V-notch gauge (cm) 92.05 90.12 87.45 85.10 82.92 80.88 78.44 76.38
Temp (C) 21.5 21.5 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.5
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.95 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.52
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.50
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.84 37.62 36.57 35.54 35.33 34.37 33.86 33.21
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.24 38.25 37.34 36.57 35.91 35.44 34.81 34.48
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.76 38.77 38.03 37.37 36.24 35.49 34.36 33.49
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.97 77.11 76.00 75.06 74.56 74.15 74.14 74.17
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 83.44 83.17 82.83 82.55 82.31 81.66 80.29 79.28
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 80.66 72.08 71.30 70.72 70.18 69.77 69.73 69.34
Tailwater Depth (in) 8.9 5.9 3.7 1.8 0.5 0
Piezo 1 (cm) 15.7 9.6 8.9 6.3 4.3 2.6 1.8 1.4
Piezo 2 (cm) 14.8 11.5 10.6 10.7 9.9 8.1 4.9 3.4
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 23.3 21.5 19.3 17.1 15.9 14.9 14.5 14.6
Piezo 6 (cm) 13.5 12.3 11.7 11.1 10.7 10.3 10.2 10
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.3 10.5 9.4 8.6 7.7 7.3 6.9 7
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.5 9.8 8.8 7.9 7 6.2 5.5 5.1
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.4 9.7 8.8 8.1 7.4 6.6 5.7 4.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 11.2 10.5 9.7 8.9 8.3 6.8 6.1 5.5
Piezo 11 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.3
Piezo 12 (in) 6.3 6 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.5 8 7.4 6.8 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.6 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.6 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.2 12.5 12 11.5 11.4 10.9 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.6 16.1 15.3 14.8 14 13.5 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.8 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 15
Jump Location (in)
160
Run ZD-X-1 ZD-X-2 ZD-X-3 ZD-X-4 ZD-X-5 ZD-X-6 ZD-X-7 ZD-X-8
Time 13:55 14:14 14:36 15:00 15:30 15:55 16:17 16:46
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.75 89.71 87.47 85.09 82.66 80.35 78.53 76.23
Temp (C) 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 22.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.31
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.29 1.29
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.98 37.01 36.56 35.93 34.76 34.36 34.06 33.00
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.44 38.23 37.55 36.91 36.03 35.21 34.88 34.74
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.12 38.47 38.13 37.29 36.00 35.05 34.69 33.34
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 78.45 77.47 76.28 75.30 80.55 80.88 81.55 81.53
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 88.23 87.84 86.61 86.36 85.50 84.71 83.66 82.20
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 82.31 72.92 71.70 70.76 70.42 70.42 70.15 69.90
Piezo 1 (cm) 11.6 7.2 5.8 4.2 3.1 2.6 2.4 2
Piezo 2 (cm) 13.1 11.3 10.3 8.8 7.2 6.5 5.1 3.5
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 19.4 17.7 16.5 14.5 13.2 15.6 15.7 14.1
Piezo 6 (cm) 18.6 17.6 17.2 16.5 15.6 14.6 13.6 12.4
Piezo 7 (cm) 13.1 11.9 11.4 10.6 10.1 10.7 11.1 11.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.7 9.9 9.1 8.1 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.6
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.3 9.6 8.8 8 7.2 6.3 5.7 4.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.2 9.5 8.7 8 7.3 6.7 6.2 5.5
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.3
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.8 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 6 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 8 7.4 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.8 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.6 13.1 12.6 12 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.4 16 15.5 14.7 14 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15 15
Jump Location (in) 2±2 2±2 3±3 4±2 5±2 6±2 6.5±2.5
161
Run ZE-X-1 ZE-X-2 ZE-X-3 ZE-X-4 ZE-X-5 ZE-X-6 ZE-X-7 ZE-X-8
Time 12:49 13:15 13:36 12:57 14:11 14:33 14:58 15:27
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.64 89.68 87.36 84.92 82.67 80.29 78.43 76.02
Temp (C) 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.41 1.42
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.62 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.51
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.50
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.44 37.27 36.32 35.21 34.43 34.00 33.94 33.15
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.05 38.48 37.60 36.52 35.67 35.22 34.83 34.51
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.35 38.78 38.03 37.28 36.23 35.16 34.12 33.44
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 88.23 88.25 86.68 86.41 85.91 85.57 84.91 83.90
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 91.16 90.90 90.30 89.33 88.22 86.41 84.97 83.82
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 80.94 72.91 71.80 71.37 70.95 70.64 70.30 69.94
Piezo 1 (cm) 10.2 6.5 5.1 4.1 3.6 3.2 3 2.4
Piezo 2 (cm) 13.2 11.4 9.7 8.4 6.9 5.2 4.3 3.4
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 19.9 18.8 17.7 17.4 17.3 17.3 16.5 16.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 22.9 22.5 21.3 20.2 18.3 16.8 16.2 16.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 17.6 17.3 16.2 15.8 15.8 15.2 14.2 14
Piezo 8 (cm) 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.5 10.6 11.3 12.2 12
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.5 9.8 9.1 8.4 7.7 7 6.9 9.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.9 9.5 8.7 7.9 7.3 6.6 6.2 6.1
Piezo 11 (in) 6 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.5
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 6 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9
Piezo 15 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.1 4
Piezo 16 (in) 8.3 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.7
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.4 13.2 12.5 12.1 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.4 16.1 15.3 14.7 14.1 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 14.9
Jump Location (in) 10±4 9±3 9.5±3.5 10±3 10.5±3.5 11±3 12±3 20±5
162
Appendix K Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – No Weirs
Eight Discharges
With Prandtl Tubes at Basin Outlet
163
Run YYA-X-1 YYA-X-2 YYA-X-3 YYA-X-4 YYA-X-5 YYA-X-6 YYA-X-7 YYA-X-8
Time 10:44 11:10 11:22 11:59 12:18 12:33 12:52 13:13
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.61 89.83 87.23 84.88 82.59 80.43 78.40 76.36
91.61 89.76 86.98 84.83 82.57 80.43 78.40 76.18
Temp (C) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.20
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.75 37.28 36.68 35.68 34.50 33.86 33.60 33.28
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.11 38.43 37.31 36.50 35.97 35.33 34.94 34.52
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.15 38.85 37.92 37.46 36.00 35.24 34.48 33.27
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.48 76.51 75.03 74.50 74.05 73.83 73.47 73.48
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 74.27 73.80 73.48 73.29 73.17 72.34 71.53 70.82
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 79.82 70.32 69.87 69.64 69.24 69.02 68.82 68.73
Tailwater Depth (in) 15.4 9.9 3.8
Piezo 1 (cm) 8 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7
Piezo 2 (cm) 5.4 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.6
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 8.2 7.5 6.6 6.1 5.4 5 4.6 4.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 9.3 8.9 8.5 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.6 8.1 7.4 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.1 9.5 8.5 7.7 6.7 6 5.4 5
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.5 9.9 9 8.3 7.4 6.5 5.7 5
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.9 9.4 8.5 7.8 7.1 6.4 5.9 5.2
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.3
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.2 7.9 7.2 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.4 4.9
Piezo 17 (in) 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.2 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.3 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.5 13.1 12.4 12 11.6 11.1 10.9 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.4 15.9 15.2 14.6 13.9 13.3 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15 14.9
Jump Location (in)
Basin Outlet Prandtl

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 29.1 34.8 38 37.4 36.05 35.35 34.25 32.85
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
CL Prandtl  (cm) 33 32 38.9 37.6 36.15 35.5 34.7 32.85
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 31.5 37.1 39.5 38.3 37 36.2 34.95 33.55
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05
Notes: Measured Velocity with three Prandtl tubes at outlet
164
Appendix L Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – Staggered Weirs
165
Run YZB-X-1 YZB-X-2 YZB-X-3 YZB-X-4 YZB-X-5 YZB-X-6 YZB-X-7 YZB-X-8
Time 13:03 13:25 13:48 14:03 14:24 14:54 15:23 15:45
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.59 89.75 87.00 84.63 82.89 80.62 78.48 76.01
91.59 89.75 87.02 84.63 82.89 80.61 78.51 76.06
Temp (C) 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 19.0 19.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.37 1.37 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.42
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.02 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.63 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.07 37.28 36.65 35.70 34.97 34.56 34.05 33.25
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.99 38.40 37.33 36.55 36.12 35.42 34.87 34.37
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.32 38.84 38.24 37.21 36.23 35.15 34.08 33.34
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.40 76.56 75.12 74.37 74.28 73.86 73.74 73.85
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 78.00 77.61 77.36 77.13 76.52 75.83 75.21 74.75
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 82.40 72.60 71.26 71.00 70.22 69.82 69.70 69.42
Piezo 1 (cm) 10.6 6 5 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.1 1.5
Piezo 2 (cm) 9.3 8.2 7.5 6.5 5.4 3.8 3 2.7
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 19.6 18.4 16.7 15.3 14.3 12.9 11.8 10.4
Piezo 6 (cm) 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 6.1
Piezo 7 (cm) 8.5 8.1 7.3 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.5
Piezo 8 (cm) 9.9 9.4 8.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 5.4 4.9
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.8 9.3 8.4 7.8 7.1 6.2 5.3 4.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.8 9.2 8.4 7.7 7.1 6.5 5.8 5.1
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.3
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.4 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.4 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.5 13.2 12.4 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.4 16.1 15.2 14.6 14 13.4 13 12.4
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15
Jump Location (in)

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 11.4 17.4 20.35 22.4 22.85 23.05 23.1 22.54
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1
CL Prandtl  (cm) 12.1 18.05 21.5 22.3 21.4 19.15 19 22.37
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.15
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 13.7 18.7 20.05 21.9 21.65 22 21.8 20.12
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.14
166
Run YZC-X-1 YZC-X-2 YZC-X-3 YZC-X-4 YZC-X-5 YZC-X-6 YZC-X-7 YZC-X-8
Time 11:26 11:52 12:08 12:26 12:42 13:01 13:23 13:41
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.82 89.83 87.16 84.93 82.80 80.61 78.48 76.05
91.82 89.79 87.14 84.90 82.77 80.61 78.44 76.13
Temp (C) 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.40 1.39 1.40
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.02 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.63 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.43 1.52
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.46 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.62 0.52
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.32 37.58 36.56 35.83 34.80 34.03 33.74 33.17
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.32 38.46 37.16 36.53 35.77 35.34 34.64 34.51
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.26 38.85 37.74 37.09 36.11 35.15 34.20 33.19
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.90 76.98 75.64 75.17 74.14 74.11 73.72 73.42
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 83.52 82.97 82.86 82.86 82.37 81.41 79.92 79.27
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 77.50 71.92 70.65 70.16 69.74 69.47 69.35 68.89
Piezo 1 (cm) 14.9 9.7 8.2 6.4 4.1 2.3 1.7 1.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 14.1 10.9 10.5 10.2 6.2 7.3 4.3 3
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 22.4 21.2 18.6 16.8 15.8 14.1 14.3 14.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 13.1 12.2 11.6 10.9 10.4 10.2 9.9 9.8
Piezo 7 (cm) 10.8 9.9 9 8.1 7.4 7 6.6 6.7
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.3 9.5 8.5 7.6 6.9 6.1 5.4 5
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.1 9.3 8.5 7.8 7.1 6.2 5.4 4.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.9 9.3 8.4 7.8 7.1 6.5 5.8 5.1
Piezo 11 (in) 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.2 5
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.3 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.3
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.5 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.2 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.6 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.1 12.5 12 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.6
Piezo 21 (in) 16.5 16.1 15.3 14.6 14 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.2 15 15

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 3.6 16.6 21.63 22.15 22.84 22.17 20.17 16.62
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.3 0.27 0.27 0.19 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.12
CL Prandtl  (cm) 5.8 19.25 25.34 27.28 27.62 23.66 19.39 15.28
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.2 0.2 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.18
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 5.47 18.07 21.8 20.79 20.68 20.27 18.72 15.1
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.23 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.15 0.19
167
Run YZD-X-1 YZD-X-2 YZD-X-3 YZD-X-4 YZD-X-5 YZD-X-6 YZD-X-7 YZD-X-8
Time 12:36 13:09 13:29 13:53 14:13 14:47 15:12 15:30
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.73 89.85 87.28 84.93 82.90 80.64 78.37 76.10
91.71 89.70 87.28 84.96 82.87 80.61 78.37 75.95
Temp (C) 19.5 19.5 19.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.12 0.23 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.63 0.59
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.29 1.18 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 0.74 0.76
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 37.97 37.43 36.78 36.04 34.72 34.43 33.96 33.07
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.97 38.50 37.27 36.70 35.94 35.37 34.70 34.36
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 38.95 38.66 37.93 37.28 36.31 35.34 34.34 33.19
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 83.10 82.44 82.28 81.63 81.34 81.35 82.27 82.37
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 88.93 88.02 87.61 86.67 85.63 85.22 83.53 82.41
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 82.52 72.29 71.51 70.79 70.25 70.22 69.40 69.41
Tailwater Depth (in) 15 8.5 3.1
Piezo 1 (cm) 12.1 7.2 5.6 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.3 1.9
Piezo 2 (cm) 13 11.3 10 8.5 7.3 6.2 4.7 3.2
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 18.6 17.3 14.1 13.7 13.8 14.5 15.7 14.3
Piezo 6 (cm) 18.3 17.6 17.1 16.3 15.7 14.7 13.5 12.3
Piezo 7 (cm) 12.9 11.9 11 10.3 10.3 10.5 11.2 11.4
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.4 9.7 8.7 7.8 7 6.3 6 7
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.9 9.3 8.5 7.7 7 6.2 5.3 4.5
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.3 9.7 8.9 7.7 7.1 6.5 5.8 5
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.3
Piezo 13 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.3 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.5 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 7.9 7.4 6.8 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.9
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.6 13.1 12.5 12 11.6 11.3 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.6 16 15.3 14.6 14 13.5 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15
Jump Location (in) 2.5±2.5 2.5±2.5 4±2 5±2 5±2 6±2 7±3

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 5.04 12.61 17.22 17.74 16.12 13.91 12.44 11.47
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.14 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.17 0.12 0.1 0.11
CL Prandtl  (cm) 6.14 14.68 18.27 16.44 15.12 13.83 12.27 11.65
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.28 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.17
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 8.1 16.17 20.37 18.86 17.75 15.37 13.2 12.3
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.37 0.2 0.24 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.12 0.06
168
Run YZC-X-1 YZC-X-2 YZC-X-3 YZC-X-4 YZC-X-5 YZC-X-6 YZC-X-7 YZC-X-8
Time 13:28 13:52 14:10 14:28 14:46 15:03 15:24 15:47
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.99 89.73 87.08 84.97 82.77 80.56 78.65 76.15
91.92 89.63 87.05 84.94 82.75 80.58 78.60 76.11
Temp (C) 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.32 1.34 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.39
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.63 1.61 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.73 37.15 36.78 35.48 34.79 33.91 33.75 33.21
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.55 38.02 37.20 36.48 36.02 35.38 34.85 34.31
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.45 38.73 38.11 37.28 36.37 35.12 34.33 33.98
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 89.20 89.12 87.74 87.08 86.42 85.68 85.11 84.20
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 91.99 91.54 90.35 89.44 88.31 86.77 85.36 83.95
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 83.82 72.32 71.64 71.10 70.85 70.19 70.02 69.44
Tailwater Depth (in) 16 8 2.6
Piezo 1 (cm) 13.3 6.4 5.1 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.3
Piezo 2 (cm) 14.3 11.4 9.4 8 6.8 5.3 4.2 3.3
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 20.4 18.2 17.9 17.5 17.5 17.1 16 16
Piezo 6 (cm) 23.1 22.9 21.2 20 18.4 16.8 16.2 16
Piezo 7 (cm) 17.8 17.1 16.2 15.5 15.7 15.2 14.5 14.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 13.3 12.3 11.2 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.8
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.3 9.7 8.8 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.7 9.3
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.8 9.3 8.4 7.8 7.1 6.5 6 6.3
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.4
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.3 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.3
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.4 7.9 7.3 6.9 6.4 5.9 5.4 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.4 8 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.3 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.8 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.2 12.4 12 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.5 16 15.2 14.6 14 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 14.9
Jump Location (in) 11±3 11±3 10±3 11±3 11.5±3.5 12±4 16±4

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 6.77 14.52 17.88 17.11 15.34 13.82 12.3 10.45
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.18 0.3 0.23 0.29 0.33 0.13 0.29 0.13
CL Prandtl  (cm) 4.01 12.03 14.98 13.73 12.42 11.53 10.76 10.61
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.27 0.26 0.33 0.21 0.22 0.09 0.19 0.2
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 7.19 15.03 18.06 16.88 15.45 13.57 12.09 10.52
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.13 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.16
169
Appendix M Data – Uncontrolled Outlet – Full Weirs
170
Run YYB-X-1 YYB-X-2 YYB-X-3 YYB-X-4 YYB-X-5 YYB-X-6 YYB-X-7 YYB-X-8
Time 11:38 11:56 12:14 12:23 12:37 12:52 13:08 13:25
V-notch gauge (cm) 92.11 89.85 87.09 85.04 82.81 80.68 78.38 75.89
92.17 89.75 87.03 85.01 82.80 80.69 78.34 75.62
Temp (C) 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 20.0 20.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.24 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.21
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.63 37.76 36.73 35.53 34.63 33.91 33.24 32.62
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.35 38.15 37.22 36.54 36.02 35.56 34.82 34.21
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.07 38.57 37.67 37.02 36.23 35.31 33.98 32.98
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.84 76.65 75.58 74.85 74.21 73.67 73.74 73.72
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 78.01 77.53 77.41 77.18 76.61 75.70 75.04 74.71
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 83.42 70.80 69.92 69.85 69.50 69.57 69.30 68.69
Piezo 1 (cm) 13 3.7 2.8 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 0.6
Piezo 2 (cm) 11.3 6.7 6.3 5.4 4.4 3.2 2.7 2.2
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 18.6 16.8 15.4 14.3 13.1 12 10.8 9.7
Piezo 6 (cm) 9.5 9 8.3 7.8 7.4 7 6.6 6.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 9.9 9.3 8.3 7.5 6.9 6.4 6 5.6
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.3 9.4 8.4 7.6 6.8 5.9 5.4 4.8
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.1 9.2 8.4 7.8 7 6.3 5.3 4.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.1 9.2 8.4 7.8 7.1 6.5 5.9 4.9
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.3
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.3 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.5 7.9 7.3 6.9 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.6
Piezo 17 (in) 8.5 8.1 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.9
Piezo 18 (in) 9.6 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.7 7.4
Piezo 19 (in) 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.3 12.4 12.1 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.7 16 15.2 14.7 14 13.4 12.8 12.4
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 15 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.1 15
Jump Location (in)

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 16.69 27.79 31.63 30.9 30.1 29.35 24.41 23.97
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.23 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.41 0.2 0.17
CL Prandtl  (cm) 18.12 30.24 33.58 33.08 31.53 29.69 27.71 27.07
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.2 0.32 0.21 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.15
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 18.31 28.38 31.34 30.03 29.53 28.22 23.99 22.42
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.23 0.3 0.12 0.1 0.1 0.23 0.19 0.22
171
Run YYC-X-1 YYC-X-2 YYC-X-3 YYC-X-4 YYC-X-5 YYC-X-6 YYC-X-7 YYC-X-8
Time 12:33 12:54 13:12 13:25 13:39 13:54 14:12 14:31
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.65 89.73 87.04 84.98 82.83 80.51 78.31 76.03
91.59 89.72 87.05 84.95 82.81 80.51 78.34 75.97
Temp (C) 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.13
Prandtl U2 (ft) 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.74
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.20
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.12 37.32 36.43 35.70 35.13 34.18 33.04 32.76
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.72 38.24 37.08 36.61 35.89 35.54 34.65 34.31
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.13 38.71 38.00 37.35 36.38 35.23 33.97 33.05
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 77.63 76.90 75.72 75.20 74.30 74.05 77.28 78.21
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 84.02 84.11 83.92 83.93 83.40 81.44 80.50 79.50
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 81.40 70.75 70.11 69.57 69.10 68.90 68.53 68.70
Piezo 1 (cm) 12.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 2.7 1.5 1.1 1
Piezo 2 (cm) 12.3 10.6 10.5 9.8 9.2 7.8 6.1 4.1
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 21.2 19.2 17.1 16.3 15.2 14.2 15 14.9
Piezo 6 (cm) 14.2 13.7 12.9 12.4 12 11.5 11.1 10.6
Piezo 7 (cm) 11.3 10.6 9.3 8.6 7.9 7.6 7.7 8.2
Piezo 8 (cm) 10.3 9.5 8.4 7.6 6.8 5.9 5.4 5
Piezo 9 (cm) 9.9 9.2 8.3 7.8 7 6.1 5.2 4.4
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.8 9.1 8.2 7.7 7.1 6.4 5.7 5
Piezo 11 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.3
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.2 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 15 (in) 6.1 6 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.2 8 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.9
Piezo 18 (in) 9.5 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.7 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.5 13 12.5 12 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.5 16 15.2 14.6 14 13.4 12.8 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 15 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.1 15 14.9

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 14.41 22.19 25.23 24.24 21.97 18.35 15.13 12.96
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.27 0.27 0.2 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.28 0.25
CL Prandtl  (cm) 16.8 26.72 31.05 30.3 27.29 21.67 15.92 12.83
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.28 0.26 0.31 0.28 0.24 0.55 0.27 0.26
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 15.52 23.02 24.81 23.55 21.09 18.17 15.25 13.15
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.35 0.35 0.17 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.12 0.14
172
Run YYD-X-1 YYD-X-2 YYD-X-3 YYD-X-4 YYD-X-5 YYD-X-6 YYD-X-7 YYD-X-8
Time 11:02 11:33 11:51 12:07 12:21 12:37 12:52 13:11
V-notch gauge (cm) 92.01 89.80 87.23 85.02 82.85 80.57 78.36 76.13
92.02 89.80 87.20 84.92 82.82 80.56 78.40 76.03
Temp (C) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.25 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.31
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.90
Prandtl D1 (ft) 1.60 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.50 1.49
Prandtl D2 (ft) 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.26 37.35 36.93 35.56 34.79 34.02 33.36 33.18
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 39.22 38.27 37.34 36.62 35.81 35.32 34.82 34.42
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.06 38.80 38.11 37.10 36.03 35.02 34.09 33.43
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 87.50 87.45 85.83 84.67 84.81 84.35 83.68 82.12
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 87.81 87.53 86.91 86.24 85.95 84.55 83.33 81.40
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 83.60 71.58 70.61 70.20 69.70 69.51 69.04 68.94
Piezo 1 (cm) 13.9 5.6 4.1 4 3 2.5 1.7 1.4
Piezo 2 (cm) 13.7 10.5 8.8 8.4 7.8 5.9 3.9 2.2
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 22 20.9 19.3 18.5 17.7 17.5 16.4 14.8
Piezo 6 (cm) 21.7 20.1 18.9 18.1 16.9 15.6 14.2 13.7
Piezo 7 (cm) 16.4 16 14.4 13.9 13.8 13.9 13.4 12.6
Piezo 8 (cm) 12.2 11.6 10.1 9.3 9 8.4 9 9.8
Piezo 9 (cm) 10.2 9.5 8.6 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.5 5.1
Piezo 10 (cm) 9.9 9.1 8.4 7.7 7 6.4 5.8 5.1
Piezo 11 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 5 4.7 4.5 4.2
Piezo 12 (in) 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4
Piezo 13 (in) 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
Piezo 14 (in) 6.4 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 4.3
Piezo 15 (in) 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9
Piezo 16 (in) 8.5 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.8
Piezo 17 (in) 8.5 8.1 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 6
Piezo 18 (in) 9.6 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3 8 7.7 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.7 13.1 12.4 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.6 16 15.3 14.6 14 13.4 12.9 12.5
Piezo 22 (in) 14.9 14.9 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15 15
Jump Location (in) 10±5 9±4 9±4 9±4 9±4 9±3 9±3 10±3

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 8.38 15.66 18.95 17.85 16.86 14.29 13.09 13.02
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.83 0.33 0.21 0.54
CL Prandtl  (cm) 5.25 14.38 18.8 17.54 15.54 13.68 13.68 13.46
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.3 0.24 0.31 0.28 0.38 0.3 0.17 0.27
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 8.71 15.79 18.64 17.15 15.74 13.91 13.36 13.04
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.14 0.16 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.15 0.16 0.23
173
Run YYE-X-1 YYE-X-2 YYE-X-3 YYE-X-4 YYE-X-5 YYE-X-6 YYE-X-7 YYE-X-8
Time 14:38 14:56 15:10 15:26 15:40 16:08 16:25 16:44
V-notch gauge (cm) 91.91 89.78 87.14 84.86 82.73 80.60 78.13 76.03
91.91 89.76 87.04 84.89 82.73 80.54 78.07 75.94
Temp (C) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.0 18.0 18.0
Prandtl U1 (ft) 1.25 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.33
Prandtl U2 (ft) 1.01 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92
Prandtl D1 (ft) 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.52
Prandtl D2 (ft) 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.52 1.51 1.49
Pt. Gauge A (cm) 38.46 37.52 36.68 35.92 34.92 34.15 33.52 40.57
Pt. Gauge B (cm) 38.72 38.04 37.18 36.31 35.81 35.36 39.51 47.01
Pt. Gauge C (cm) 39.37 38.58 37.84 37.12 36.47 35.35 46.58 48.07
Pt. Gauge D (cm) 92.65 92.20 90.34 89.34 89.15 87.97 87.36 87.31
Pt. Gauge E (cm) 91.75 90.60 89.60 89.02 87.86 86.79 85.86 85.19
Pt. Gauge F (cm) 83.60 71.51 70.44 70.06 69.69 69.58 69.44 69.50
Piezo 1 (cm) 13.5 4.8 3.6 2.9 2.6 2 1.6 2.2
Piezo 2 (cm) 13.6 10 7.6 6.1 4.9 2.5 1.8 1.9
Piezo 3 (cm)
Piezo 4 (cm)
Piezo 5 (cm) 20.7 21.3 21.1 20.7 21 20.3 20.1 20.4
Piezo 6 (cm) 26.1 24.8 23.2 21.7 20.7 19.7 20.2 20.2
Piezo 7 (cm) 22.4 21.5 20.9 19.8 19 18.1 19.9 20
Piezo 8 (cm) 18.1 17.3 17.4 15.9 15.6 15.6 19.5 19.9
Piezo 9 (cm) 13.4 13.1 12.8 11.4 12.2 12.2 18 19.8
Piezo 10 (cm) 10.3 9.8 9.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 15.7 19.6
Piezo 11 (in) 6 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.8 7.4 9.7
Piezo 12 (in) 6 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 6.9 9.5
Piezo 13 (in) 6 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 5.2 8.9
Piezo 14 (in) 6.2 6 5.6 5.3 5 4.8 4.5 8.4
Piezo 15 (in) 6.1 5.9 5.4 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 7.5
Piezo 16 (in) 8.3 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.9 5.3 6.9
Piezo 17 (in) 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.2
Piezo 18 (in) 9.4 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.3 8 7.7 7.5
Piezo 19 (in) 11.1 10.9 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.1
Piezo 20 (in) 13.5 13.2 12.4 12 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5
Piezo 21 (in) 16.6 16.1 15.3 14.7 14 13.4 12.8 12.4
Piezo 22 (in) 14.7 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15 15
Jump Location (in) 0 17±5 16±5 16±5 19±5 40±4 60.5±2.5

LDB Prandtl H (cm) 10.19 17.87 20.42 18.69 17.7 16.89 16.19 14.49
LDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.23 0.32 0.51 0.22 0.26 0.35 0.25 0.28
CL Prandtl  (cm) 6.58 15.71 18.54 17.87 16.74 16.56 16.67 15.55
CL (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.2 0.14 0.18 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.1
RDB Prandtl  (cm) 10.44 18.17 20.11 18.5 17.24 16.48 15.68 14.23
RDB (Mx-Mn)/2 (cm) 0.2 0.2 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.06 0.19 0.05
174

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ENERGY DISSIPATION OPTIMIZATION

FOR CIRCULAR CULVERTS

David M. Admiraal (PI) and Chi Zhang

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

2. LITERATURE REVIEW – ENERGY DISSIPATION IN CULVERTS ........................................................................ 4

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY DISSIPATION ......................................................................................................................4

3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHODS ...................................................................................................35

4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................71

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ............................................................................94

5.1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................94

APPENDIX B CALCULATING ALTERNATE DEPTHS WITH NO HEAD LOSSES .........................................................104

APPENDIX F DATA ‐ TAILWATER TESTS – STAGGERED WEIRS............................................................................117

APPENDIX I DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – STAGGERED WEIRS .................................................................153

APPENDIX M DATA – UNCONTROLLED OUTLET – FULL WEIRS ..........................................................................170

1.1 Introduction to Energy Dissipation in Culverts

1.2 Brief Summary of Previous Work

1.3 Goals and Objectives of Current Research

1.4 Report Layout

2.1 Introduction to Energy Dissipation

2.2 Hydraulic Jumps – Rectangular Channels

2.2.1 Sequent depths

2.2.2 Length of the hydraulic jump roller

2.2.3 Length of jump

Equation 2.5 represents the recommended curve shown in Fig. 2.3.

2.2.4 Energy loss and efficiency of a jump

2.2.5 Hydraulic jump types

2.3 Hydraulic Jumps – Circular Channels

2.3.1 Critical Flow in Circular Channels

Using the equation for the Froude number:

Which can be simplified to:

2.3.2 Sequent Depths in Circular Channels

2.4.1 The sharp-crested weir

Theoretically, is considered a constant so it is eliminated in the equation. Tailwater does not

eliminated. Thus, in the simplest form, is a function of 𝐹𝑟 alone:

2.4.2 The abrupt rise

As shown in the dimensional analysis in the sharp-crested weir case, is a function of 𝐹𝑟 ,

Combining with the continuity equation 𝑉 𝑑 𝑉𝑑 𝑉 𝑑 and eliminating 𝑑 , 𝑉 , and 𝑉

A curve can be determined for each value of as shown in Fig. 2.9.

2.4.3 Drop structures

Figure 2.11 Geometry of a straight drop structure (after Chow 1959)

Figure 2.14 Hydraulic jump geometry (after Larson 2004)

Figure 2.15 Flow over and around sills (Hagar, 1992)

Tailwater reduction ∆𝑌 is a parameter corresponding to the effect of baffle blocks on tailwater

The parameter Ψ is defined in Breman’s work:

Ψ depends on the expansion ratio and the toe position parameter:

2.7 Design Stilling Basins

2.7.1 Introduction to stilling basins

2.7.1.1 Type II basin

Figure 2.20 Type II Basin (after Peterka 1978)

Figure 2.21 Type III Basin (after Peterka 1978)

2.7.1.3 Type IV basin

2.7.1.4 Type VI basin

2.7.1.5 Saint Anthony Falls basin (SAF)

The length of the basin 𝐿 is

𝑊 . The height of baffle blocks (ℎ ) is equal to 𝑦 ; The number of baffle blocks (𝑁 ) is

Figure 2.24 SAF basin (after HEC-14)

2.7.2 Stilling basin selection based on Froude number