Stage 6

Mathematics

Unit 3

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

Rounding off

To make calculations easier, numbers are often rounded off. That is, they are expressed as tens,
hundreds, thousands etc. When rounding off to the nearest ten look at the units digit. If it is 5 or
greater than 5, round up to the next 10. If it is less than 5, round down to the given 10’s digit. So
when asked to round off to a specific digit e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands etc. that digit will either
remain the same or be increased by one.

Example 1: Round off the following to the nearest 10

2 662 The units digit is less than 5; the tens digit remains the same 2 660
897 The units digit is greater than 5; round up to the next ten 900
19 999 The units digit is greater than 5; round up to the next ten 20 000

Example 2: Round off to the nearest 100

678 7 is greater than 5; round up to the next 100 700

9 613 1 is less than 5; the hundreds digit remains the same 9 600

Example 3: Round off to the nearest thousand

123 562 The hundreds digit is a 5; you round up to the next thousand 124 000
12 489 The hundreds digit is less than 5; the thousands digit remains the same 12 000

Task 11

1. Round off to the nearest 10:

(a) 123 _____ (b) 96 _____ (c) 902 _____ (d) 5 657 _____

(e) 2 357 _____ (e) 171 _____ (f) 5 488 _____ (g) 5971 _____

2. Round off to the nearest 100:

(a) 543 _____ (b) 1 552 _____ (c) 4 009 _____ (d) 3 555 _____

(e) 6 289 _____ (f) 31 452 _____ (g) 766 _____ (h) 59 415 _____

3. Round off to the nearest 1 000:

(a) 8 765 _____ (b) 919 _____ (c) 89 969 _____ (d) 4 556 _____

(e) 21 344 _____ (f) 883 _____ (g) 12 560 _____ (h) 7 422 _____

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

4. Round off 284 357

(a) to the nearest 10 _____ (b) to the nearest 100 _____

(c) to the nearest 1 000 _____ (d) to the nearest 10 000 _____

(e) to the nearest 100 000 ______

Estimation

When a result is estimated it gives a rounded off figure. This is very useful when checking the
accuracy of your answers.

Example: Estimate the answer to the sum of 245, 99 and 622.

250 + 100 + 620 = 970

≈ is the symbol which stands for ‘approximately equal to’.

Task 12

1. Estimate the sum of 399, 212, and 143. _________________________________

2. Estimate the product of 13 and 216. _________________________________

3. Estimate the difference between 2 836 and 477. _________________________________

4. Estimate the quotient of 8 224 and 388. _________________________________

5. A pizza delivery man earned the following amounts in tips on a particular night: R11,50;
R13,35; R24,80; R5,15 and R20,25. Estimate his takings for the evening.

_________________________________

6. Mrs. Baker baked 148 biscuits. If she packed them into boxes with 11 biscuits in each,
approximately how many boxes would she need? _________________________________

7. A motorist had to cover a distance of 3 784km in two days. If he managed to travel 1624km on
the first day, approximately how far would he have to travel on the second day?

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

8. Determine whether or not the following estimations are accurate or not. Answer T for true or
F for False.

(a) 277 × 14 ≈ 3 000 ________ (b) 286 ÷ 29 ≈ 3 __________

(c) 3 889 + 71 + 204 ≈ 3 900 __________ (d) 5 309 − 388 ≈ 4 900 __________

(e) 7 981 ÷ 379 ≈ 2 __________ (f) 19 × 99 ≈ 2 000 __________

(g) 2 117 − 386 ≈ 800 __________ (h) 52 + 579 + 112 ≈ 700 __________

(i) 41 302 ÷ 109 ≈ 40 000 __________ (i) 94 × 103 ≈ 1 000 __________

Using other methods to perform the four operations and/or

to check the accuracy of answers

• Addition: when adding a long list of numbers, calculate the sum and then add the
numbers in a different order. 23 + 45 + 12 = 80 and 45 + 12 + 23 = 80

• When adding or subtracting, use the inverse operation

300 − 70 = 230
230 + 70 = 300
• When multiplying, check by dividing and when dividing,
check by multiplying. 120 × 9 = 1080
1 080 ÷ 9 = 120

• Multiplication can also be performed by doubling one value

and halving the other. 35 × 16 = 70 × 8 = 560

• Another method of multiplying is to break the number into

specific place values: 284 × 12 = 200 × 12 + 80 × 12 + 4 × 12
= 2 400 + 960 + 48
= 3 408
• When multiplying, one can also use the strategy of rounding off and then adjusting.
Example: 7 × 19
To make the calculation easier one can say 7 × 20 and adjust your answer by
subtracting the extra 7.
7 × 19 = 7 × 20 − 7
= 140 − 7
= 133

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

Task 13

1. Use the inverse operation to check your answers to the following sums:

(a) 245 + 80 = _______________ __________________________________________

(b) 789 − 234 = _______________ __________________________________________

(c) 125 × 4 = _______________ __________________________________________

(d) 360 ÷ 5 = _______________ __________________________________________

2. Use the doubling and halving method to solve these multiplication sums:

(a) 25 × 12 = _____________________ (b) 5 × 62 = ___________________

(c) 120 × 4 = ___________________ (d) 22 × 15 = ___________________

3. Use the strategy of rounding off and adjusting to calculate the following:

(a) 5 × 99 = _____________________ (b) 21 × 9 = __________________

(c) 52 × 6 = _____________________ (d) 28 × 15 = _________________

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

Rules of Divisibility
Divisibility means one number can be evenly divided by another without a remainder. Below is a
table of rules that helps test divisibility without having to do too much calculation.

LEARN THESE RULES

No. Is divisible if: Example

128 ∴ Yes
2 the last digit is even (0; 2; 4; 6; 8)
129 ∴ No
381 (3 + 8 + 1 = 12 and 12 ÷ 3 = 4)
∴ Yes
3 the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
217 (2 + 1 + 7 = 10 and 10 ÷ 3 = 3,3)
∴ No
1312 is (12 ÷ 4 = 3) ∴ Yes
4 the last 2 digits are divisible by 4
7019 is not ∴ No
175 ∴ Yes
5 the last digit is 0 or 5
809 ∴ No
114 (1 + 1 + 4 = 6 ; 6 ÷ 2 = 3 ; 6 ÷ 3 = 2)
∴ Yes
6 the number is divisible by both 2 and 3
308 ( 3 + 0 + 8 = 11 and 11÷3=3,3)
∴ No
1629 (1 + 6 + 2 + 9 = 18) ∴ Yes
9 the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
2013 (2 + 0 + 1 + 3 = 6) ∴ No
220 ∴ Yes
10 the number ends in 0
221 ∴ No

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

Task 14

1. Complete the table below by ticking the correct boxes.

Number Divisible by:

2 3 4 5 6 9 10

516

1 870

235

2 862

138

134 118

20 780

1 342

555

624

1440

13

171

45 765

2. Answer True or False to the statements below:

(a) Any number ending in 0 is divisible by both 5 and 10. _______________

(b) Any number ending in 0 is divisible by 2. _______________

(c) If the sum of the digits in a number is equal to 27, it will be divisible by 9. _______________

(d) If the sum of the digits is 5, the number will be divisible by 5. _______________

(e) A number divisible by 5 will be divisible by 10. _______________

(f) If the sum of the digits is 30, the number will be divisible by 3 and 10. _______________

(g) All numbers are divisible by 1. _______________

(h) Any number divisible by 3 will also be divisible by 9. _______________

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

(i) Any number divisible by 4 will also be divisible by 2. _______________

3. Complete the following sentences.

(a) The last digit of all multiples of 10 is _____________________ .

(b) The last digit of all multiples of 5 is either _________________ or _________________.

(c) The last two digits of all multiples of 25 are _______________, _______________, _______________ or
_______________.

(d) The last two digits of all multiples of 50 are ________________, or ________________ .

(e) The last two digits of all multiples of 100 are ________________ .

(f) The last three digits of all multiples of 1 000 are ________________ .

4. Complete the following table. The first one has been done for you.

Number Divisible by:

5 10 25 50 100 1 000
25 √ √
110
425
900
2034
34 625
567 150
234 000
7 020

5. Without doing any calculations, determine the remainder in each of the following division
sums.

(a) 501 ÷ 10 Remainder is _____

(b) 6 003 ÷ 50 Remainder is _____
(c) 76 ÷ 25 Remainder is _____
(d) 110 ÷ 100 Remainder is _____
(e) 5 660 ÷ 1 000 Remainder is _____
(f) 1 508 ÷ 50 Remainder is _____
(g) 528 ÷ 50 Remainder is _____
(h) 3 078 ÷ 100 Remainder is _____

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

(i) 3 456 ÷ 5 Remainder is _____

(j) 4 577 ÷ 50 Remainder is _____

VERY IMPORTANT

Classifying Numbers
Special names are given to certain groups of numbers.

Counting Numbers: The set of numbers starting at 0 and continuing to infinity.

(0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; …)

Natural Numbers: The set of numbers starting at 1 and continuing to infinity.

(1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; … )

Odd Numbers: The set of odd numbers starting at 1 and continuing to infinity. Odd
numbers are not divisible by 2. (1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11; 13; …)

Even Numbers: The set of even numbers starting with 2 and continuing to infinity.
All even numbers are divisible by 2. (2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; …)

Square Numbers: When a number is multiplied by itself, the result is a square

number. For example 5 × 5 = 25. 25 is a square number.
(1; 4; 9; 16; 25; 36; 49; 64; 81; 100 …)

Prime Numbers: Prime numbers only have two factors i.e. 1 and itself. That means
that no other number except 1 and the number itself can divide
into it. (2; 3; 5; 7; 11; 13; 17; 19 23; 29 …)
Note: 2 is the only even prime number.

Composite Numbers: Composite numbers are numbers which have more than two
factors. For example 6 because it is divisible by 1, 2, 3 and 6.
(4; 6; 8; 9; 10; 12; 14; 15; 16; 18 ….)

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STAGE 6 MATHEMATICS Unit 3

Task 15

Using the set of counting numbers < 11, complete the following sentences by filling in the correct
number. Choose carefully as each number can only be used once.

Counting numbers < 11 = (_________________________________________________________)

(a) The third odd number is __________ .

(b) The fourth even number is __________ .

(c) The second prime number is __________ .

(d) The first natural number is __________ .

(e) The fifth composite number is __________ .

(f) The third square number is __________ .

(g) The prime number that lies between 5 and 11 is __________ .

(h) The second composite number is __________ .

(i) The fifth counting number is __________ .

(j) The only even prime number is __________ .

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