Whole numbers Chapter 1

p.8

Investigation: Properties of whole numbers

You need to work in pairs.

1. The commutative property of whole numbers

a) The commutative property is illustrated by the examples below. Not all the statements are
true.

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

4 + 3 = 3 + 4 ____T______ 14 − 6 = 6 − 14 _____F_____

6×3= 3×6 ____T______ 12 ÷ 3 = 3 ÷ 12 _____F_____

𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎 ____T______ 𝑐+𝑑 =𝑑+𝑐 _____T_____

b) For which operations is the statement TRUE? ___+ and ×___

c) Explain, in your own words, what the commutative property of whole numbers is.
Addition and multiplication – you can change the order of the numbers in the
calculation. You cannot do this for subtraction and division

2. The associative property of whole numbers

a) The associative property is illustrated by the examples below. Not all the statements are
true.

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

4 + 3 + 2 = (4 + 3) + 2 = 4 + (3 + 2) _____T_____

14 − 6 − 5 = 14 − (6 − 5) = (14 − 6) − 5 _____F_____

6 × 3 × 2 = (6 × 3) × 2 = 6 × (3 × 2) _____T_____

24 ÷ 4 ÷ 2 = (24 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = 24 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) _____F_____

𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) _____T_____

𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 = (𝑐 + 𝑑) + 𝑒 = 𝑐 + (𝑑 + 𝑒) _____T_____

b) For which operations is the statement TRUE? ___+ and ×___ 

c) Explain, in your own words, what the associative property of whole numbers is.
Addition and multiplication – you can change the order of the numbers in the
calculation. You cannot do this for subtraction and division

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3. The distributive property of whole numbers
a) The distributive property is illustrated by the true examples below. Not all the
statements are true.

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

4 × (3 + 2) = (4 × 3) + (4 × 2) T 
4 − (3 + 2) = (4 − 3) + (4 − 2) F 
4 + (3 + 2) = (4 + 3) + (4 + 2) F 
(16 + 12) ÷ 2 = (16 ÷ 2) + (12 ÷ 2) T 
(16 − 12) ÷ 2 = (16 ÷ 2) − (12 ÷ 2) T 

b) Explain, in your own words, what the distributive property of whole numbers is.
When you have a number that is multiplied by the sum or difference of two more
numbers you multiply the number with EACH of the numbers that are added /
subtracted.

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p.9 Test your understanding
Calculate:
1. 82 × 0 = 0  2. 0 ÷ 82 = 0 

3. 82 ÷ 0 = undefined  4. 82 + 0 = 82 

5. 82 − 0 = 82  6. 82 × 1 = 82 

7. 82 ÷ 1 = 82  8. 82 ÷ 82 = 1 

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Operations

p.11 Test your understanding

Calculate:
1. 15 ÷ 3 × 4 + 5 2. 13 + 10 ÷ 2 + 3 × 6 − 5
= (15 ÷ 3) × 4 + 5 = 13 + (10 ÷ 2) + (3 × 6) − 5
= (5  × 4) + 5 = 13 + 5  + 18  − 5
= 20  + 5 = 31 
= 25 

p.11 Exercise 1.1

1. Use digits to represent the following numbers:
a) One million six hundred and twenty seven thousand four hundred and sixty two
𝟏 𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝟒𝟔𝟐  (1)

b) Seven hundred and two billion nine hundred and ten thousand and fifty two
𝟕𝟎𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟓𝟐  (1)

c) Seventy million nine hundred thousand and two

𝟕𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟐  (1)

2. Arrange the numbers in Question 1 in descending order.

𝟕𝟎𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟓𝟐 ; 𝟕𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟐 ; 𝟏 𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝟒𝟔𝟐  (3)

3. Simplify:
a) 36 − 3 × 6 + 7 b) 150 ÷ 3 × 2 − 24
= 36 − (3 × 6) + 7 = (150 ÷ 3) × 2 − 24
= 36 − 18  + 7 = (50  × 2) − 24
= 25  (2) = 100  − 24
= 76  (3)

c) 60 × 2 + 20 ÷ 4 d) 45 − 63 ÷ 3 ÷ 7 + 2 × 3
= (60 × 2) + (20 ÷ 4) = 45 − (63 ÷ 3) ÷ 7 + (2 × 3)
= 120  + 5  = 45 − (21  ÷ 7) + 6
= 125  (3) = 45 − 3  + 6
= 48  (3)

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4. Calculate:
a) 643 + 0 = 643  (1) b) 1 × 908 = 908  (1)
c) 5 690 × 0 = 0  (1) d) 3 001 − 1 = 3 000  (1)
e) 0 ÷ 489 = 0  (1) f) 63 ÷ 0 undefined  (1)
g) (47 × 0) − (0 ÷ 63) h) (72 ÷ 1) + (0 × 12)
=0 −0  = 72  + 0 
=0  (3) = 72  (3)

5. The identity element for:

a) addition is ______0______ b) multiplication is ______1______

c) division is ______1______ d) subtraction is ______0______

(4)

TOTAL 33

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Factors, multiples, prime numbers and composite numbers

p.13 Test your understanding

1. Write 294 as a product of its prime factors.
2 294
3 147
7 49
7 7
1

294 = 2×3×7×7
= 2×3×7

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p.14 Exercise 1.2
1. List the multiples of 7. 𝐌𝟕  = {𝟕; 𝟏𝟒; 𝟐𝟏 … }  (2)
2. List the multiples of 6 that are less than 35. 𝐌𝟔  = {𝟔; 𝟏𝟐; 𝟏𝟖; 𝟐𝟒; 𝟑𝟎}  (2)
3. List the set of factors of 21. 𝐅𝟐𝟏  = {𝟏; 𝟑; 𝟕; 𝟐𝟏}  (2)
4. List the prime factors of 42. 𝐅𝟒𝟐  = {𝟐; 𝟑; 𝟕}  (2)
5. Which number is both a factor and multiple of 24? 𝐍  = {𝟐𝟒}  (2)
-1 if there are no {}
6. Express 360 as a product of its prime factors.

5 360
2 72
2 36
Prime 2 18
numbers
3 9
Ladder
3 3
1

360 = 2×2×2×3×3×5 
=2 ×3 ×5  (4)

TOTAL 14

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HCF (highest common factor) and LCM (lowest common multiple)

p.15 Test your understanding

1. Find the HCF and LCM of 36, 18 and 20.
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
20 = 2 × 2 × 5

HCF = 2
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
= 180

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p.15 Exercise 1.3
1. Determine the LCM of the following numbers:
a) 4, 8 and 12 b) 24 and 90
LCM = 24  (1) 24 = 2.2.2.3 
90 = 2.3.3.5 
LCM = 2.2.2.3.3.5 
= 360  (4)

c) 12, 16 and 24 d) 15, 30 and 105

12 = 2.2.3  15 = 3.5 
16 = 2.2.2.2  30 = 2.3.5 
24 = 2.2.2.3  105 = 3.5.7 

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 2  LCM = 3 × 5 × 7 × 2 
= 48  (5) = 210  (5)

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2. Determine the HCF of the following numbers:
a) 12, 16 and 24 b) 42 and 63
12 = 2.2.3  42 = 2.3.7 
16 = 2.2.2.2  63 = 3.3.7 
24 = 2.2.2.3 
HCF = 3 × 7 
HCF = 2 × 2  = 21  (4)
=4  (5)

c) 104 and 143 d) 175, 245 and 1 225

2 104 5 175 5 245
2 52 5 35 7 49
2 26  7 7 7 7
13 13 1 1
1
175 = 5.5.7  245 = 5.7.7 
104 = 2.2.13
143 = 11.13  5 1225
5 245
7 49
HCF = 13  (3) 7 7
1

1 225 = 5.5.7.7 

175 = 5.5.7
245 = 5.7.7
1 225 = 5.5.7.7

HCF =5×7 
= 35  (5)

TOTAL 32

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 Step 3: Apply

p.16 Exercise 1.4

1. Insert brackets to make the following number sentences true:
a) 6 + (24 ÷ 3)  + (7 × 2)  = 28
b) (180 ÷ 9)  − (5 × 4)  + 7 − 3 = 4 (4)

2. Copy and fill in the operation to make the following statements TRUE:
a) 21 . . .÷ . . 3 . . +. . . 4 = 11
b) (12 … − . . 6) … + . . 2 … × . . 1 = 8 (5)

3. Express 1 260 as a product of its prime factors.

2 1260
2 630
1 260 = 2×2×3×3×5×7
5 315
= 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 
3 63 
3 21 (4)
7 7
1

4. Use 𝐴 = {1; 2; 3; 4 … . . 30} and determine all the:

a) Factors of 18. 𝐅𝟏𝟖 = {𝟏; 𝟐; 𝟑; 𝟔; 𝟗; 𝟏𝟖} 
b) Prime factors of 18. 𝐏𝐅𝟏𝟖 = {𝟐; 𝟑} 
c) Multiples of 9. 𝐌𝟗 = {𝟗; 𝟏𝟖; 𝟐𝟕} 
d) Prime numbers. 𝐏𝐍 = {𝟐; 𝟑; 𝟓; 𝟕; 𝟏𝟏; 𝟏𝟑; 𝟏𝟕; 𝟏𝟗; 𝟐𝟑; 𝟐𝟗} 
e) Even prime numbers. 𝐄 = {𝟐} 
f) Composite numbers.
𝐂𝐍 = {𝟒; 𝟔; 𝟖; 𝟗; 𝟏𝟎; 𝟏𝟐; 𝟏𝟒; 𝟏𝟓; 𝟏𝟔; 𝟏𝟖; 𝟐𝟎; 𝟐𝟏; 𝟐𝟐; 𝟐𝟒; 𝟐𝟓; 𝟐𝟔; 𝟐𝟕; 𝟐𝟖; 𝟑𝟎} 

g) The numbers that are neither prime nor composite. 𝐗 = {𝟏}  (14)

5. Write down the multiples of 6 between 35 and 70.

𝐌𝟔 = {𝟑𝟔; 𝟒𝟐; 𝟒𝟖; 𝟓𝟒; 𝟔𝟎; 𝟔𝟔}  (2)

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6. a) Write down the factors of 60.
𝐅𝟔𝟎 = {𝟏; 𝟐; 𝟑; 𝟒; 𝟓; 𝟔; 𝟏𝟎; 𝟏𝟐; 𝟏𝟓; 𝟐𝟎; 𝟑𝟎; 𝟔𝟎} 

b) Write down the prime factors of 60. 𝐏𝐅𝟔𝟎 = {𝟐; 𝟑; 𝟓} 

c) Write down the composite factors of 60.

𝐂𝐅𝟔𝟎 = {𝟒; 𝟔; 𝟏𝟎; 𝟏𝟐; 𝟏𝟓; 𝟐𝟎; 𝟑𝟎; 𝟔𝟎} 

d) Express 60 as a product of its prime factors. 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟓

2 60
2 30
3 15 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐  × 𝟑 × 𝟓 (8)
5 5
1

7. Give the definition of a composite number.

A composite number has more than 2 factors  (2)

8. a) List the composite factors of 36 and 54.

𝐂𝐅𝟑𝟔 = {𝟒; 𝟔; 𝟗; 𝟏𝟐; 𝟏𝟖; 𝟑𝟔}  𝐂𝐅𝟓𝟒 = {𝟔; 𝟗; 𝟏𝟖; 𝟐𝟕; 𝟓𝟒} 

b) Now determine the HCF (highest common factor) of 36 and 54.

HCF 𝟑𝟔 and 𝟓𝟒 = {𝟏𝟖}  (6)

9. a) List the multiples of 12 and 28.

𝐌𝟏𝟐 = {𝟏𝟐; 𝟐𝟒; 𝟑𝟔; 𝟒𝟖; 𝟔𝟎; 𝟖𝟒; … . } 
𝐌𝟐𝟖 = {𝟐𝟖; 𝟓𝟔; 𝟖𝟒; … . } 

b) Now determine the LCM (lowest common multiple) of 12 and 28.

LCM 𝟏𝟐 and 𝟐𝟖 = {𝟖𝟒}  (6)

10. a) Write 5 082 in words.

Five thousand and eighty two (2)

b) Which of the numbers in the list below are factors of 5 082?

2; 3; 4; 5; 10
𝐅𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟐 = {𝟐; 𝟑}  (4)

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11. Is 35 299 divisible by 11? Give a reason for your answer.
Add every 2nd digit 𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟒 𝟓 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟒 
𝟏𝟒 ÷ 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟏  it is divisible by 𝟏𝟏  (2)

12. Replace * with a digit so that:

a) 72 ∗ 14 is divisible by 3. ∗= 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟒 𝒐𝒓𝟕 
b) 384 ∗ 6 is divisible by 4. ∗= 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟗  (2)

13. Determine the number by which 84 must be multiplied to give a product of 336.
336 ÷ 84 = 4  The number is 4  (1)

14. Use the digits 1; 9; 9; 6 – exactly in this order to make the following numbers by inserting
mathematical operators or symbols:
a) 73 𝟏𝟗 + (𝟗 × 𝟔) 
b) 76 𝟏 + (𝟗 × 𝟗) − 𝟔  (2)

TOTAL 62

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