Real Numbers

Fractions
 Real Numbers
R={- ∞…-3,-2,-1,0,¼,½,¾,1 √2,√3,2,℮,3, …+∞}

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Q={- ∞…-3,-2,-1,0,¼,½,¾,1,2,3…+∞} Q’={√2,√3,℮, }
Q = “quotient”
Integers
Z={-∞…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3…+∞} Z = “zahlen”
Leonard Euler & Karl
Whole Numbers Friedrich Gauss
W={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…+∞}
Negative numbers –
Leonardo Fibonacci
Natural/Counting Numbers
N = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9...+∞} zero(0) – indians/arabs
 Reflexive Property: Any number is equal to itself.
a=a
5= 5; 3= 3 ;x=x
 Symmetric Property: Order does not matter.
If a = b ,then b = a

If A = LW ; then LW=A

 Transitive Property:
If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

If x = 5 and y = 5; then x = y
If 2m = n and n = 3p; then 2m = 3p
 Addition Property of Equality: If the same number is added
to both sides of an equation, the two sides remain equal.
If a = b, then a+c = b+c

x – 4 + 4= 7+ 4
x=7+4
x = 11
 Multiplication Property of Equality:
If a = b, then ac = bc
1 4x = 12 1 4x = 12 x=3
4 4 4 4
 Substitution Property of Equality:
If a + b = c, and c = 5, then a + b = 5
If 5x + y = 14 and y = 2 ; then 5x + 2 = 14
 Closure Property:
-If A and B are real numbers, then A + B is a unique
real number, and A x B is a unique real number.
a+b=R ; axb=R 3 + 4 = 7 ; 3 x 4 = 12
 Commutative Property:
Any two real numbers can be added/multiplied in any order
and still get the same result.
a+b=b+a ;axb=bxa
3+4= 4+3; 6x3=3x6
 Associative Property:
We can group real numbers in a sum/product in any
order and still get the same result.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) ; (a x b) x c = a x (b x c)
(3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + 5) ; (3 x 4) x 5 = 3 x (4 x 5)
  Inverse Property:
Any real number plus its additive inverse equals 0.
Any real number multiplied by its multiplicative inverse equals 1.
a + (-a) = 0 ; a x 1/
a =1 2 A.I.= –2 M.I.= 5
3 + (–3) = 0 (3 x 1/3 ) = 1 5 5 2
–5 + 5 = 0 – 6 x (–1/6) = 1
Additive inverse = opposite sign
Multiplicative Inverse = reciprocal
 Identity Property:
Any real number added to zero equals the number itself.
Any real number multiplied by one equals the number itself.
a+0=a;a x 1=a I.E.A is zero
3+0=3 3x1=3 I.E.M is one
 Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
a(b + c) = ab + ac
3(x+2)=3x +6
1. 3 + 8 = 8 + 3 is example of which property?
a. Associative Prop. c. Commutative Prop.
b. Identity Prop. d. Inverse Prop.
2. Which property is being illustrated?
4(n + 5) = 4n + 20
a. Associative Prop. c. Commutative Prop.
b. DPMA d. Inverse Prop.
3. Identify the property being illustrated:
2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4
a. Associative Prop. c. Commutative Prop.
b. DPMA d. Inverse Prop.
4. The identity element in multiplication.
a.0 b. 1 c.2 d.3
5. The identity element in addition.
a.0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
6.The prop. that states any number is equal to itself
a. Inverse b. Symmetric c. Reflexive d. Identity
7. 5 + 7 = 12 is true based on ________.
a. Commutative Prop. c. Associative Prop.
b. Closure Prop. d. Identity Prop.
8. Det. which equation illustrates Associative Prop.
a. (2+4)+6=(2+4)+6
b. (2)×(3×y)=(3×y)×(2)
c. 2×(6×3)=(2×6)×3
d.(x+y)(3+9)=(x+y)×3+(x+y)×9
Operation – a procedure or an action which
produces a new value from one or more input
values.
The four fundamental operations on real numbers:
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 is a description of repeated multiplication.
Ex.: 8x8x8x8x8 = 85
exponent
5
base
8
“8 is used five times as a factor”
Write the following using exponents.
37⋅37 = 372
16⋅16⋅16⋅16⋅16 = 165
9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9⋅9 = 910
Write each number without
exponents.
853 = 85⋅85⋅85
47 = 4⋅4⋅4⋅4⋅4⋅4⋅4
1,7392 =1,739⋅1,739
(–2) =-2
2 2

+4 = -4
Even Number
 A whole number that ends with 0,2,4,6,8.
 A whole number that is divisible by two.
Odd Number
 A whole number that ends with 1,3,5,7,9.
 A whole number that is not divisible by 2.
 Factor
 A factor is any of the whole numbers used in
multiplication to form a product.
Multiples
 Multiples of a number can be obtained by
multiplying the set of counting numbers to the
given number.
Illustration:
18 - The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.
18 has exactly six factors.
The multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72 and so on.
18 has infinite number of multiples.
  Composite Numbers
-numbers with two or more pairs of factors.
Ex. 6,8,9,12,14,15,20,24…
6 = 1x6 ; 2x3 Factors of 6 are 1,2,3,6
9 = 1x9 ; 3x3 Factors of 9 are 1,3,9
12 = 1x12 ; 2x6 ; 3x4 ;
Factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6,12
 Prime Numbers
-numbers with only one pair of factors.
The number itself and one.
Ex. 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29…
2 = 1x2 ; Factors of 2 are 1and 2
3 = 1x3 ; Factors of 3 are 1and 3
5 = 1x5 ; Factors of 5 are 1and 5
 GCF between two numbers is the highest or
biggest number which can be used as a
common divisor of the numerator and
denominator of a fraction.

 Find the GCF of 12 and 24.

 Find the GCF of 180 and 168.

 Process of factoring numbers using prime numbers

12 24

2 6 2 12

2 3 2 6

2 3
12 = 2 x 2 x 3 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
12 = 22 x 3 24 = 23 x 3
GCF 22x 3 =12
 180 168

2 90 2 84

2 45 2 42

3 15 2 21

3 5 3 7
180 = 22 x 32 x 5 168 = 23 x 3 x 7
GCF : 22 x 3= 12
 LCM of two numbers is the smallest number
which is exactly divisible by the given
numbers.

 Find the LCM of 2 and 5.

 Find the Least Common Multiple of 24

and 30.
 LCM of 2 and 5
2={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30…}
5={5,10,15,20,25,30…}

LCM of 24 and 30
24={24,48,72,96,120,144,168,192…}
30={30,60,90,120,150,180,210…}
 Process of factoring numbers using prime numbers

30 24

2 15 2 12

3 5 2 6

2 3
30 = 2 x 3 x 5 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
24 = 23 x 3
LCM: 23x 3x 5 =120
A. Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of
the numbers.
1) 35 and 175
2) 65 and 15
B. Find the LCM of the following numbers.
3) 8 and 12
4) 6 and 15
A whole number is divisible by
2- if it is even.
3- if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
4- if its last two digits form a number
that is divisible by 4.
If the last two digits are zeros.
5- if its last digit is 0 or 5.
A whole number is divisible by
6- if it is both divisible by 2 and 3.
8- if its last three digits form a number
that is divisible by 8.
If the last three digits are zeros.
9- if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
10- if the last digit is 0.
 A whole number is divisible by 7
• Take the number and multiply each
digit beginning on the right hand
side(ones/units) by 1,3,2,6,4,5.
• Repeat this sequence if necessary.
• Add the products.
• If the sum is divisible by 7 – so as the
number.
Example: Is 2016 divisible by 7?

1(6) + 3 (1) + 2 (0) + 6(2) =

6 + 3 + 0 + 12
= 21
1. Is 45, 207 divisible by 3?
2. Is 45, 286 divisible by 4?
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS
 Add/Subtract:
1. –25 + 12 = –13
2. –10 – 29 = –39
3. –23 + 32 = +9
4. 21 – 15 = +6
5. 26 + 13 = +39
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS
+1 + 1 = +2 +2 – 1 = +1
Addition/Subtraction:
Like Signs: Add then copy the common sign.
Unlike Signs: Subtract then copy the sign of the
larger number
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS

–5 x 2 = – 10 –5 x –2 = 10
–15 ÷ 3 = – 5 –48 ÷ –12 = 4

Multiplication/Division:
Like Signs: Positive
Unlike Signs: Negative
 P – arenthesis  Please
 E – xponents  Exercise
 M – ultiplication  My
 D – ivision  Dear
 A – ddition  Aunt
 S - ubtraction  Sally
 1. 5 – 2 x 3 + 32 – 16 ÷ 2 x 5 =
= 5 – 2 x 3 + 9 – 16 ÷ 2 x 5
=5–6+9–8x5
= 5 – 6 + 9 – 40
= 5 + 9 – 6 – 40
= 14 – 46
= – 32
 2. 4 x 3 ÷ 2 +7 – 2(5 – 3)+23 =
= 4 x 3 ÷ 2 +7 – 4 + 23
= 4 x 3 ÷ 2 +7 – 4 + 8
= 12 ÷ 2 +7 – 4 + 8
= 6 +7 – 4 + 8
= 6 +7 + 8 – 4
= 21– 4
= 17
  Indicated division
 Comparing two numbers using division.
 One or more of the equal parts into
which a whole is divided.
numerator
vinculum/ a how many of the specified
parts are considered
bar
serves as grouping b
symbol denominator
number of parts the whole quantity
has been divided into.
 One of the main uses of the hyphen is to tell
the reader that two words not ordinarily
joined are to be taken in combination as a
unit. Hyphens are always used for numbers
between and including 21 and 99 (except
those ending in zero).
Write each fraction using whole numbers.
1) Fifty three-hundredths. 50
/300
2) Fifty-three hundredths.
53/
100
3) Four hundred seven-thousandths. 400/
7,000

4) One tenth 1/
10

5) Eleven fourteenths 11/14

Write in words.
1) 21/85 twenty-one eighty – fifths

2) 200/3,000 two hundred three - thousandths

3) 203/1,000 two hundred three thousandths

4) 4/9 four ninths

 Proper Fraction
2/ , 4/9 , 1/2 , 3/4 , 5/6
7

 Improper Fraction
8/ , 4/3 , 5/5 , 3/2 , 5/4
7

 Mixed Number
5 4/9 ,6 1/2 ,2 3/4 ,12/7
 Similar Fraction
2/ , 4/9 , 1/9 , 3/9 , 5/9
9

 Dissimilar Fraction
2/ , 4/9 , 1/2 , 3/4 , 5/6
7
 Improper Fraction to a whole number or
mixed number.
 Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
 Lower Terms fraction to higher terms
fraction.
 Dissimilar fractions to similar fractions.
 Change 25/16 to mixed number

25 ÷ 16 =1 r 9 1 9
16

 Change 4 3/5 to improper fraction

23
4 3 =5 x 4 + 3
5 5
 Raise 3/5 to twenty-fifths
3 x 5 = 15 .

5 5 25
 Solve for N. 3/7 = N/28
3 = N .

7 28
7N = 84
7 7
N = 12
 LCD of two numbers is the smallest number
which is exactly divisible by the denominators
of dissimilar fractions.

 Find the LCD of 2/5 and 1/2.

LCM of 2 and 5 = 10
Is a fraction whose numerator and
denominator have no common factors
except 1.
 If both numerator and denominator are
relatively prime.
2/ , 4/9 , 1/2 , 3/4 , 5/6
7
 Reduce to 12/16 to lowest terms.
12  4 = 3
16 4 4

 Reduce to 17/51 to lowest terms.

17  17 = 1
51 17 3
 Change 3/4 and 5/6 to similar fractions.
LCD: 12
9/
12 ÷ 4 = 3 x 3 = 9 12

10/
12 ÷ 6 = 2 x 5 = 10 12
Fractions that have the same value are
called equivalent fractions.
A Test for Equivalent Fractions Using the
Cross Product
a = c
b d
ad = bc
These pairs of products are called cross
products.
If the cross products are equal, the
fractions are equivalent.
Determine if the following pairs of
fractions are equivalent.
EX.1
3/4 and 6/8. 3 = 6
Equivalent 4 8
Fractions
24 = 24

EX.2
3/8 and 9/16. 3 = 9
8 16
.

Not Equivalent
Fractions 48 = 72
 Add 2/5 and 1/5
2 + 1 = 3
5 5 5
 Add 2/7 ; 3/7 and 1/7
2 3 1 6
+ + =
7 7 7 7
 Add 5 1/8 and 4 3/8
1 3 4 or 1
5 + 4 = 9 9
8 8 8 2
 Add 3/5 and 5/6
3 5 6(3) +5(5) =18 +25 = 43 or 13
+ = 1
5 6 30 30 30 30

 Add 6 3/10 and 5 2/7

3 2 7(3)+10(2)
6 + 5 = (6+5)
. .

10 7 70
41
11
70
3 + 5 = 18+25 = 43
5 6 30 30
 Subtract 7/9 and 4/9
7 – 4 = 3 or 1
9 9 9 3
 Subtract 4 5/7 and 3 1/7
5 – 1 4
4 3 =1
7 7 7
 Subtract 4 3/8 from 7.
3
7 4 = 6 8 –4 3 = 2 5
–
8 8 8 8
 Subtract 8 3/7 and 3 4/5

83 - 34= 4 22
7 5 35
8–3=5

3 - 4 = 15 - 28 = -13
7 5 35 35

35 – 13 = 22
 a c ac
x =
. . .

b d bd
 Multiply 3/5 and 5/7.
3 x 5 = 15 or 3
. . . .

5 7 35 7
1
3 5 = 3
x
. . .

15 7 7
 a c ac
x =
. . .

b d bd

 Multiply 7 and 6 1/8.

1 = 7 x 49 = 343or 42 7
7x6 8
8 8 8

1 7
7 6 + = 42
8 8
 Multiply 4 2/3 and 3 5/8.
2 x 5 =
4 3
. .

3 8
7
14 x 29 = 203 =16 11
. . .
.

3 8 12 12
4
 Multiply 4 2/3 and 3 5/8.
F-O-I-L

2 x 3+ 5 = 12+ 5 +2 + 5
4+
. . .
.

3 8 2 12
14+ 30+5 .

12
14+2 11 .

12
= 16 11 .

12
 Multiply 40/48 and 72/90.
42 8 1
40 x 72 = 2
. . .

48 909 1 3
6
3
 a c ad
÷ =
. . .

b d bc
a d ad
x =
. . .

b c bc
 Divide 7/8 by 2/5.
7 ÷ 2 =
. .

8 5
7 .
x 5 = 35 .

8 2 16
 Divide 2 1/3 by 4/5.

2 1 ÷ 4 =
. .

3 5
1 x 5 = 7 x 5 = 35
2
. . . . .

3 4 3 4 12
2 x 5 = 10 or 5
. . .
5 + 5 =
. .

4 4 2 2 12
1 x 5 = 5
30+5 = 35
. . .

3 4 12 12 12
 Divide 5 3/8 by 1 1/4.

5 3 ÷1 1 =
. .

8 4
43 x 4 1= 43 or 4 3
. .

2 8 5 10 10
 Find 3/8 of 16/15.

13 2
x 16 = 2
. .

18 155 5
 What number is 9/10 of 5/6 ?
3
n = 9 5 1
.
x .

2 10 62

n= 3 .

4
 11/16 of 8/33 is what number?
1 1
11 x. 8 = n .

2 16 33 3
n= 1 .

6
 What part of 9/14 is 6/7? n= 6 ÷. 9 .

7 14
n x 9 = 6 2 6 142
n= x
. .
. .

14 7 7 93
4 1
n= .