Cells

CELLS
History in cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke used the term cell to refer tiny structures found in organisms. He observed cork
with the use of microscope made by himself. There he saw box-like compartments like cells of old
monasteries. What he saw were the outer boundaries of the dead cell.
1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens maker, made the first compound microscope that is why
he is known as the “father of the microscope”. And the first person to see microscopic organisms. He
discovered protozoans and saw same bacteria some 9 years later.
In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus
Mathias J. Schleiden, German botanist, concluded all plants are made of cells in 1838.
1839, Theodor Schwann, German zoologist, Theorized all animals are also made of cells.
1845, Carl Heinrich Braun stated that cell is the basic unit of life.
In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, a German physician, discovered that cells increased in number by dividing and
forming new cells. There he expounded his famous conclusion: Omni cellula e cellula which means cells
come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Theory
-All living things are composed of cells (according to Schleiden and Schwann)
-Cells are the basic units of structure and functions in living things (according to Braun)
-All cells come from pre-existing cells (according to Virchow)
More About Cells
Two groups of cells
Prokaryotes- “Pro” rimes with no because it has no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes- “Eu” rimes with do because it do have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
But what is organelle?
Organelle-are parts/organs inside the cell that perform an specific function.
Two Types of Cells
1.Animal cells- irregular in shape.
2.Plant cells- are rectangular.
Two Types of Organisms

Unicellular- made of only one cell
Multicellular- made of many cells
Cells are basically composed of water, proteins, RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid),
and several organelles.
Parts of Cells/Organelles and Their Functions
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane- keeps the cell safe against the outside danger. It only allows
specific things to pass and enter or exit in the cell.
Cytoplasm- is a jelly-like substance that holds the organelles.
Nucleus- controls all the activities inside the cell that is why it is called as the “governor of the cell” and
it holds the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
Nucleolus- found inside the nucleus and is the producer of ribosomes.
Mitochondria- is the“powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) or

energy by undergoing in cellular respiration where it converts glucose to ATP.
Endoplasmic Reticulum- “highway of the cell” because this is where proteins, lipids transport
Two types of ER
Rough ER- appears to be rough because of the presence of the ribosomes. Involved in production of
various protein and transportation to the SER.
Smooth ER- appears to be smooth because it has no ribosomes. Involved in synthesis of lipids and
carbohydrates that are used to build plasma membrane.
Ribosomes- are the site of protein synthesis.
Golgi Bodies/Golgi Apparatus- packaging, modifying, transporting proteins and lipids into vesicles for
delivery.
Vacuole- used for storage.
Lysosomes- “suicidal bags” because it contains hydrolytic enzymes, a powerful enzymes that when a
bacteria enter the cell it will eat it then the lysosomes will explode.
Note: all of them are present in both plant and animal cell
Centrioles- looks like yellow bamboos that are stacked together and are perpendicular with another. Can
only be found in animal cell. This plays an important role in cell division.
Cell Wall- Found at the outermost next to the cell membrane and is present only in plant cell. This
serves as another protective barrier and maintains the shape of the cell.
Chloroplast- present only in plant cell. It produce energy by undergoing in a process called
photosynthesis. This contains chlorophyll that has green pigment which is responsible for the green
color of plants.

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CELLS

In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus

-All cells come from pre-existing cells (according to Virchow)

More About Cells

Two groups of cells

But what is organelle?

Organelle-are parts/organs inside the cell that perform an specific function.

Two Types of Cells

1.Animal cells- irregular in shape.

2.Plant cells- are rectangular.

Two Types of Organisms

Multicellular- made of many cells

Parts of Cells/Organelles and Their Functions

Cytoplasm- is a jelly-like substance that holds the organelles.

Nucleolus- found inside the nucleus and is the producer of ribosomes.

Mitochondria- is the“powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) or

Ribosomes- are the site of protein synthesis.

Vacuole- used for storage.

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