Preliminaries

ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled ____________________ (title), prepared by (name

of the researchers), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course,
Research in Social Studies – FSSE 104, has been examined and approved by
the Committee on Oral Examination.
_______________________
Research Adviser
____________________ ______________________
Panel 1 Panel 2
____________________ ______________________
Panel 1 Panel 2
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course, Research

in Social Studies – FSSE 104.
ERWIN S. ORTIZ, MEd

FSSE-104 Instructor
ERWIN S. ORTIZ, MEd

Chairperson, Teacher Education Department
CHRISTENSAINT E. CULANG, EdD

Dean, Teacher Education
iii
ABSTRACT
IMRACR
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
Recommendations
Antioxidant Activity of Ikmo (Piper betel) Leaf Methanolic Extract
Roy D. K., Kumar V., Raj A., Gimkala A., Madhuvel G., Bachelor of Science in
Biology, Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Lyceum-
Northwestern University, Tapuac District, Dagupan City.
Antioxidants are substances that directly scavenge reactive oxygen

species (ROS) or indirectly act to up-regulate antioxidant defenses or inhibit ROS
production. Piper betel L or commonly known as Ikmo in the Philippines is one of
the invaluable medicinal plants where its leaves have been used for many
medicinal purposes.
This research was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of ikmo(

Piper betel ) methanolic extract using 800 µg/ml, 600 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml
respectively. A phytochemical screening test was conducted to determine the
secondary metabolites present in the leaf extract of betel leaf. The study
employed experimental research method using post-test control group design.
The antioxidant activity of ikmo leaves was determined by computing the
percentage (%) of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging
activity. The data gathered were statistically treated using one-way analysis of
variance at 1% level of significance.
Pure alkaloids, non-hydrolyzable tannins, and fixed and volatile oils were
present in the leaf extract of ikmo. The ikmo leaf methanolic extract showed good
antioxidant activity as compared to the ascorbic acid used. It is recommended
that further studies be conducted to test its efficacy.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the researchers would like to express their sincere
gratitude to their beloved adviser Mr. Erwin S. Ortiz for his continuous support,
patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped
us in all the time of research and writing of thesis. We could not have imagined
having a better advisor and mentor for this study.
The researchers would also like to express their appreciation to the head
of the Natural Sciences department Dr. Nora F. Benavides for her precious time
and effort for checking this manuscript. The researchers would like to extend
their gratitude to the faculty members of the Natural Sciences Department who
have supported the researchers in doing this thesis.
The researchers would like to express their thankfulness towards their
family for the consolation throughout thesis writing. This accomplishment is not
possible without them so heartily thanks to their lovable parents. The researchers
are grateful to Mr. Jose B. Padilla, Mr John Michael P. Panoy, Mr. Mark Anthony
A. Prestoza, Ms. Joan Daryll V. Abellera and Mr. John Paul M. Payopay,
members of the oral defense committee for improving the contents of this
research output.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL SHEET ……...……………………………………………… ii
ABSTRACT …………..…………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………...………………………………………… v
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………….. vii
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….. vii
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION ……………… 1
Rationale and Background of the Study ……………… 1
Conceptual Framework ……………… 3
Research Paradigm ……………… 4
Statement of the Problem ……………… 5
Hypothesis ……………… 6
Significance of the Study ……………… 6
Scope and Delimitation ……………… 7
Definition of Terms ……………… 7
Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………… 9
Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………… 13
Research Design ……………… 13
Sources of Data ……………… 13
Instrumentation and Data Collection ……………… 14
Tools for Data Analysis ……………… 16
Chapter IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………… 18
Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS ……………… 23
Summary ……………… 23
Findings ……………… 24
Conclusion ……………… 24
Recommendations ……………… 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………… 26
APPENDICES ……………… 27
Communication letters
Blank form of Questionnaire
Documentation (pictures)
vi
Curriculum Vitae
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No
No.
1.0 Phytochemical Analysis of Ikmo ( Piper betel ) Methanolic

Extract………………………………………………………………. 18
2.0 Percentage of DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ikmo

(Piper betel) Leaf Methanolic Extract In Three (3)
Concentrations and the positive
control………………………………………………………………… 19
3.1 One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the antioxidant

activity of Ikmo leaf Methanolic extract and positive control at
0.01 level of 20
significance…………………………………………………………..
3.2 Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test for Ikmo Leaf Extract and the three
Concentration Used………………………………………………. 20
4.1 One Way Analysis of Variance Between Concentration and the 21

Positive control Used ……………………………………………….
4.2 Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test For Positive Control And Three
Concentrations………………………………………………………. 22
5.0 Mean percentage antioxidant activity of Ikmo leaves

………………………………………………………………………… 27
6.1 One Way Analysis of Variance between concentration and the

positive control used ………………………………………………... 27
6.2 Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test between concentration And Positive

control ………………………………………………………………... 28
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page No
1 Research Paradigm………………………………………………… 4
2 Piper betel…………………………………………………………… 9
3 Collection of Ikmo leaves………………....................................... 34
4 Air drying of collected Ikmo leaves……………………………….. 34
5 Homogenization of Ikmo leaves ………………………………….. 34
6 Weighing of the powdered ikmo leaves…………………………. 34
7 Maceration of powdered ikmo leaves…………………………….. 35
8 Covering the macerated ikmo leaves…………………………….. 35

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ii

This research entitled ____________________ (title), prepared by (name

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course, Research

ERWIN S. ORTIZ, MEd

ERWIN S. ORTIZ, MEd

CHRISTENSAINT E. CULANG, EdD

Antioxidants are substances that directly scavenge reactive oxygen

This research was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of ikmo(

patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped

having a better advisor and mentor for this study.

have supported the researchers in doing this thesis.

The researchers would like to express their thankfulness towards their

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………... i

1.0 Phytochemical Analysis of Ikmo ( Piper betel ) Methanolic

2.0 Percentage of DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ikmo

3.1 One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the antioxidant

4.1 One Way Analysis of Variance Between Concentration and the 21

5.0 Mean percentage antioxidant activity of Ikmo leaves

6.1 One Way Analysis of Variance between concentration and the

6.2 Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test between concentration And Positive

3 Collection of Ikmo leaves………………....................................... 34

4 Air drying of collected Ikmo leaves……………………………….. 34

5 Homogenization of Ikmo leaves ………………………………….. 34

6 Weighing of the powdered ikmo leaves…………………………. 34

7 Maceration of powdered ikmo leaves…………………………….. 35

8 Covering the macerated ikmo leaves…………………………….. 35

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