Q3-W2

Practical Research 1- LAS 2

Name: Grade& Section:

Directions: Read and analyze the article below and then answer the guide
questions that follow. Write your answers in the blank provided or you may use a
separate paper for your answer.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates
tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others
and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing good and
avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced through the application of appropriate
ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human subjects or participants in any research
study is imperative.

Violations of human rights in the name of scientific research have been among the
darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than 400 African American people who
had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness.
Although the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored by United States Public Health
Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public outrage (Caplan, 1992).

Another example of unethical research is the experiment conducted between 1950-1952 in which
more than 1,000 pregnant women were given diethylstilboestrol to prevent miscarriages. These
women were subject to a double-blind study without consent. Only 20 years later, when the children of
these women had high rates of cancer and other abnormalities did the participants learn they were
subjects of these experiments (Capron, 1989).

The nature of ethical problems in qualitative research studies is subtle

and different compared to problems in quantitative research. For example,
potential ethical conflicts exist in regard to how a researcher gains access to a
community group and the effects the researcher may have on participants. The
literature provides few examples of ethical issues in qualitative health research.
Punch (1994) claimed that one hardly ever hears of ethical failures in qualitative
research. However, Batchelor and Briggs (1994) claimed that the failure of
researchers to address ethical issues has resulted in those researchers being
ill-prepared to cope with the unpredictable nature of qualitative research.

Qualitative researchers focus their research on exploring, examining, and

describing people and their natural environments. Embedded in qualitative
research are the concepts of relationships and power between researchers and
participants. The desire to participate in a research study depends upon a
participant’s willingness to share his or her experience. Nurse researchers have
to balance research principles as well as the well-being of clients (Ramos,
1989).
 Qualitative health research is focused on the experiences of people in
relation to health and illness. Yet nurse researchers may find that their roles as
researchers and as clinicians may be in conflict. Qualitative studies are
frequently conducted in settings involving the participation of people in their
everyday environments. Therefore, any research that includes people requires
an awareness of the ethical issues that may be derived from such interactions.
Ethics in health research includes appropriateness of the research design, the
methodological design, and the funding sources, as well as behaviors in
reporting data. The purpose of this paper is to show these and related ethical
issues and ethical principles to be used in qualitative research.

Source: Ethics in Qualitative Research by A. Orb, L. Eisenhauer, and D. Wynaden (2000)

Guide Questions

1. Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?

2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant

women unethical? Why?

3. If you were part of the research teams who conducted the research studies, what

will you do to correct the unethical aspect of the experiments?

Excellent! You did a good job on that task. This time, read
“Your Guide” to know more about the characteristics,
processes and ethics of research.

PIS-ANAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Pis-anan, Sibalom, Antique
 Concept Notes in Practical Research 1
Week 2
Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical-Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical-Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical-Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical-Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Characteristics of the Researcher

1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and
situations around him.

2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right
place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.

4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to
arrive at honest results.

5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches.
The Research Process

Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no

easy way to make certain that you have exhausted every resource and found the
best research. Research is more of an art rather than a science. Below is a
diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing research.

Define Research
Problem

Interpret and
Review the
Report Literature

Analyze Data Formulate the

Hypothesis

Collect Data Design

Step One: Define the Research Problem

The first step in research process is to develop a research

question. This can be a problem that needs to be solved or some piece
of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering this
question will be the focus of the research study.(Offord Centre for Child
Studies, 2017)

Step Two: Review the Literature

The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigating.
This not only provides important background information about the issue
they are researching., but it also tells them what other studies have
already been conducted, how they were designed, and what those
studies found. In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies,
but rather add something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child
Studies, 2017;Cornell University Library,2016)

Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be

investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and
openly stated in reporting the results.

Step Four: Design Research

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose
to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and
logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.

Step Five: Collect Data

The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information
needed to answer the research question. Every study includes the
collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or from
subjects –to answer the research question. (Blankenship,
2010)Depending on the plan of the research, data can be collected in the
form of words on a survey , with a questionnaire, through observations,
or from the literature.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human
Kinetics, 2017)

Step Six: Analyze Data

Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of
research aim and objectives. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have
been collected , these must be analyzed in order to answer the original
research question.
 Step Seven: Interpret and Report
In this final part, you will have to justify why you think that research aims and objectives have
been achieved. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Profread the paper you have created and report the results.
There are different ways to share the results of your research, among them is by publication
either in print or on the internet. Another is by sending or submitting the research report to those
persons concerned or stakeholders such as policy makers, government officials, company or
business executives, etc. Another way to share the results of your research is through a
colloquium where the researcher presents orally the research report to an audience or to the
public.

Ethics of Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is

right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary
definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.

Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to

gathering of data, to the analysis and interpretation and evaluation (oral
examination) of the research.

Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of

research. In addition, it educates and monitors scientists conducting
research to ensure a high ethical standard. The following is a general
summary of some ethical principles:

Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.

Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities.

Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
 Respect for Intellectual Property:
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not
use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit
where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just
your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to

Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex,
race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.

Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science as a whole.

Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects Protection:

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms
and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy.

Source:
What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U.S. National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Research Misconducts

(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data

or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research
record.

(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results,

or words without giving appropriate credit.

Research misconduct does not include honest error or

differences of opinion. Source: Definition of Research Misconduct

The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R.A. 8293

contains provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership.
The term “published works” means works which, with the consent of the
authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these works
can be sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them.
Practical Research 1- LAS 2 Q3-W2

Name: Grade& Section:

Task 1: Check-Up

Directions: Put a smiley “☺” on the space before each statement that
describes plagiarism.

1. Alex puts his name on a quotation of Dan Brown.

2. The author is Mulroney, Dermot but the reference of JC
is Mulroney, Demot.
3. After reading a selection, Ally correctly wrote the contents of
the selection and cited the author.
4. In Jenny’s project, she carefully expressed the ideas of
the author and wrote the author’s name.
5. Because of lack of time, Pauline omitted some of the
important details from a source in her thesis.

Task 2: 7 Steps

Directions: Identify the stage/step in the research process of the given

scenario. Choose your answers below. Write the letter of
your answer on the space before each scenario.

A. Step One: Define the Problem E. Step Five: Collect Data

B. Step Two: Review Literature F. Step Six: Analyze Data
C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report
D. Step Four: Design Research Data

Scenario 1: Jessie distributed questionnaires to Grade 7 students who have

been bullied and at risk of dropping out.

Scenario 2: Bella shared her research findings to the Supreme Student

Council so that they can help to address the problem.

Scenario 3: Don was a victim of body shaming so he personally chose

body shaming as his research topic.
Scenario 4: Kristine visited the municipal library to look for previous
studies about the research she’s working on.

Scenario 5: Cris decided to make a case study because he wanted to

know the experiences of typhoon Tisoy survivors and how
they recover from the physical devastation and haunting
memories brought about by the typhoon.
Scenario 6: Val summarizes the data he collected. He interpreted the data
and looked for patterns, relationships and trends among the data.

Scenario 7: Rose has already her research title. She’s now making
prediction of the outcome of her study.
____________________________________________________________________

Task 3:

Directions: Identify what characteristic of research is being described in

each item. Write the letter of your answer on the blank provided before
each number.

A. Empirical C. Cyclical E. Critical G. Replicability

B. Logical D. Analytical F. Methodical
1. Research requires expertise and competence.
2. Research is based upon observable experience.
3. Research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning.
4. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
5. Research procedures are repeated to arrive at a definite result.
6. Research attempts to find objective, unbiased
solution to the problem.
7. Research employs carefully designed procedures
and rigorous analysis.