PURPCOMM REVIEWER What is inherent in the message?

– message should be understood in the same manner you intend

PRELIMS – the people who send you a message expect that you understand it in
LESSON 1 - THE BASICS OF COMMUNICATION the same way they do
Definition of Communication – all the messages you generate are not shared by others
• Jimenez & Alparo, 2000 - process of sharing infos, ideas, and – the message is open for interpretations
feelings
• Palta, 2007 - process of sending info to oneself or another Communication can be defined as a continuous activity (process) that
entity, usually via a language operates within a certain context (system) in which people exchange
• Pearson, et. al., 2011 - process of using messages to generate words, gestures, and other verbal and nonverbal (symbols) behaviors
meaning that creates and understands information or messages (meaning).
• Baran, 2011 - transmission of message from a source to a
receiver. Elements of Communication: Laswell's Components of
• Wood, 2012 - a systematic (planned) in which people interact Communication
with and through symbols to create meaning – one-way model (Harold Laswell's Components of Communication,
• Ober & Newman, 2013 - the process of sending and receiving 1948)
messages sometimes through spoken and written words, and
sometimes non-verbally.

Four Key Terms of Communication (Wood, 2012)

• Process - dynamic, changes constantly, moves from one place
to another
• System - culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio- Comprehensive Components of Communication Pearson, et. al., 2011)
economic status, age, sex, political affiliation, etc. planned • People - receiver or sender of message
process that is used to interact and understand meanings • Message - ideas, thoughts, feelings, that can be verbal or non-
• Symbols - written words, facial expression, gesture, voice verbal, written or spoken words, phrases, and sentences body
quality or sign language, facial expression, with an assigned feeling.
• Channel (Medium) - the way that the message gets to the
Two Levels of Meanings (Wood, 2014; Pinker, 2008; Watzlawick, person. The way that the message goes from the sender to the
Beavin, and Jackson, 1967) receiver.
• Content Level - literal meaning • Feedback - responses
• Relationship Level - expresses the relationship between • Code - set of symbols but together create meaning.
communicators • Encoding and Decoding - the way of relaying (coding) and
understanding (decoding) the message
• Noise or Barrier - interference, gets in the way of encoding and
decoding; can be physical noise or mental chatter
Communication Models o Internal Noise - happens when sender makes an
• Linear Model - also called the transmission model encoding mistake (e.g., a typo) or the receiver makes a
- sender the receiver only (one-way process) decoding mistake (e.g., misinterpretation)
• Interactive Model - two-way process; involves an interaction o External Noise - an uncontrollable noise/interruption
between sender and receiver (e.g., having a conversation on a busy highway, last
• Transaction Model (Wood, 1997) - portrays the dynamism of letter in the post, failed Internet connection)
human communication. • Receiver - the decoder of the message before it reaches the
destination.
Eight Components of Communication (Shannon and Weaver) • Destination - is the end-point of the communication process,
– a 1949 modification of Laswell’s model by Claude Shannon and the step where the person finally gets the message
Warren Weaver, where they added noise as another component. This e.g., acknowledgement of automated payments
model is still LINEAR in nature with the following components:
Principles of Communication
Communication...
... is goal-oriented
... has various levels
...is complex
... can be learned
... is relational
... is guided by culture

• People - the information source chooses a message to send, Ethical Communicators

someone to send it to, and a channel trough which to send it • Well-aware of the consequences of their own thought
e.g., newscaster reading the news • Honest
• Message - communicated from the source to the intended • Value diversity and respect other’s opinions
receiver • Just and fair
e.g., the news itself
• Transmitter - the tool that converts the ideas into signals
e.g., telephone LESSON 2 - MULTICULTURAL COMMUNICATION (CROSS-CULTURAL
• Signal - the message is being transmitted from the transmitter COMMUNICATION)
to the channel, and being received from the channel to the – going beyond boundaries
receiver. – communicating with people of different backgrounds
• Noise - interruption of message while being on its way to the
receiver. " The Cost of Cultural Ignorance"
– Cultural misunderstanding often lead to lost opportunities and
increased levels of tension between people.
– The following examples demonstrate the extent to which cultural cultures stress group cohesion and loyalty, placing greater
ignorance affects communication: emphasis on group rather than individual achievement.
o Showing the soul of a shoe means nothing to observers in the
United States or Europe. In Muslim cultures the gestures are Cultural Dimensions in Communication
perceived as insulting.
1. Individualism Collectivism - PH
o Crossing your legs in the United States indicates you are
relaxed. In Korea it is social faux pas. – Puts premium on the self – Values teamwork and
o Blinking while another person talks is considered normal to – Fulfillment is focused on collaborative work
North Americans; to Taiwanese people, it is considered individual – Dependence on others
impolite. – Independent self – Friendships are
o McDonald's fastfood chain unintentionally offended – Friendships are voluntary and predetermined
thousands of Muslims when it printed an excerpt from the should be fostered – Exclusionism
Koran on its throwaway hamburger bags. Muslims saw this as – Universalism – Latin-Americans, SEAs,
sacrilegious. The mistake could have been avoided if – North Americans Africans
McDonald's had displayed greater sensitivity and awareness. 2. Low-Context Culture High-Context Culture - PH
o The Japanese view the business cards have an extension of a – clear, explicit – subtle, implicit
person, while Americans view it as a business formality and a
– the exact meaning of words is – tend to leave some things
convenience.
important unsaid
o Arabs and South Americans also tend to gesture vigorously
when speaking to others, causing the less physical Americans – North America, Germany – most Asian countries
to construe their behavior as inappropriate and unmannerly. 3. Monochronic Culture Polychronic Culture - PH
It is common in Middle Eastern cultures for both females and – advocates punctuality – multitasking is acceptable and
males to physically exaggerate responses, while in the United – one task at a time normal
States, emotions are more likely to be suppressed. – concerned about not – highly distractible and subject
o In Japan, individuals may try to hide or mask certain emotions. disturbing others to interruptions
It is common among Asian cultures to exhibit reserve and – committed to people and
– committed to the job
emotional restraint. human relationships
– Belgium, Canada,
o Americans place a high value on eye-to-eye communication – Arab, Southern Europe
and tend to distrust those who fail to look at them directly. Netherlands, Sweden, Norway,
The Japanese, in contrast, believe eye contact over a Finland
sustained period of time shows disrespect.
o Arabs maintain direct eye contact with those they interact
with for prolonged periods.
o Americans tend to value personal achievement and
individualism. In contrast, Asian and Native American
 4. Low-Uncertainty Avoidance High-Uncertainty Avoidance everyone shares the same cultural habits, characteristics and
Culture - PH Culture communication traits.

– tolerant of the unpredictable – tends to anticipate a lot

LESSON 3 - VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL MESSAGES
– allows spontaneity – value precision
Verbal Communication - an interaction in which words are used to
– no to rules and regulations and – use precise language and ask a relay a message
questions lot of questions
– Sweden, Denmark, Singapore – Germany, Peru, Belgium Language Variety and Register
5. Low-Power Distance Culture High-Power Distance Culture - Language Register - level and style of spoken and written discourse
PH depending on the context
– equal distribution of power – hierarchal - determines the vocabulary tone, and structure
– use of force reveals failure of of your language
– use of force is the essence of
power Three Types of Language Registers
power
– power, status, and wealth • Formal - structured; the vocabulary is very taken care of
– Status consistency: power
do not need to go together - use of technical jargons are evident
brings status and wealth
– Austria, Finland, Denmark – Arab Countries, China e.g., official speeches, academic essays
• Informal - casual talk with friends; more personal
6. Masculine Culture - PH Feminine Culture
e.g., personal emails, friendly letters, diaries and journals
– people live in order to work – people work in order to live
• Neutral - used to deliver facts and more often used in writings
– careers are compulsory for – careers are optional for
with non-emotional topics
men, optional for women both genders
- common word choices
– lower share of working – higher share of working
women in professional jobs women in professional jobs - best for when you’re trying to sound professional, but
– Mexico, Italy, Japan – Sweden, Denmark, Norway you still want a broader audience to understand what
you’re saying
7. Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation
Culture e.g., advertising, reports, website copy
Culture - PH
– fast return of investment – longer patience Non-Verbal Communication - behavior is used to convey and
– business is separated from – able to juggle leisure and represent meanings
leisure business together - 93% of communication is manifested
– US, Pakistan, Russia – Japan through non-verbal behaviors (Stoker)
- messages are still conveyed even with
• Cultures are planets apart. the absence of speaking.
• Communication is about extending borders.
• Recognize and respond to differences among culture in order to
create meaningful relationships and to remember that not
 Impacts of Globalization on Communication
Manifestations of Non-Verbal Communications (Verderber et al., • Virtual Interaction
2015) – different communication media, how each medium is used
• Body Language • Movements to maximum effect
– technological development being used to overcome
• Posture • Facial Expressions and appearance
distance barriers
• Gesture
Disadvantages of Virtual Interaction
Types of Non-Verbal Communications
o Loss of Personal Connection
• Kinesics - body movement and facial expressions
o Lack of Social Presence
• Proxemics - use of space
o Personal Space - closeness of people; intimacy o Miscommunication and Misinterpretation
o Territorial Space - ownership/occupancy of areas o Technical Difficulties and Reliability Issues
o Acoustic Space - respect of someone's auditory space o Commitment and Satisfaction of Team Members
• Paralanguage - vocal qualities such as pitch, volume, talking • Cultural Awareness in Speech - subtle nuances of people's
speed, rhythm, etc. manner of speech when communicating across cultures
• Cultural Awareness in Body Language - acceptable speaking
• Chronemics - how people use time
distances, conflict styles, eye contact and posture in different
o Monochronic - doing one thing at a time
cultures.
o Polychronic - several events happening simultaneously
• Time Difference - communication and sharing of information
with people across several time zones

LESSON 4 - COMMUNICATION AND COMMUNICATION Impacts of Globalization on Global Communication

Globalization • Availability of Information
– growth of economic, political and cultural assimilation (Gambale – world wide web and other available resources; spread of
et al., 2013) internet usage makes validating of available information
– spreads diversity difficult
– connects people of different cultures which result in the
• Business Conduct
integration of people across the globe (Gambale et al., 2013)
– interconnected with communication – new techniques for business conduct among workers at
– increasing interconnectedness international corporations
– communication and globalization are multifaceted (complex, – longer distance travels are no longer necessary for meeting
comprehensive or multidimensional) with overseas partners.
– allows businesses to promote their products more efficiently
in the international market
 • Social Awareness Essay-writing Tips:
– increased social awareness of people across the world • Decide on the topic
– enables them to share opinions, views, work on projects and • Outline ideas
research different areas • Thesis Statement - offers a concise summary of the topic in
– globalization creates a sense of global society one sentence; usually appears in the introductory part of the
paper
• The Problem
• Introduction
– global communication has not reached the majority of
• Body - short essays must consist at least 5 paragraphs (1 intro,
people on all continents
3 body, 1 conclusion), each one consisting 5 long sentences.
– need of a more extensive application of communication
The body cannot be an even number (to increase the credibility
technologies
of what you are saying)
• Decide on the main points
Mediated Communication - interaction carried out by using • Write the supporting ideas - make sure to avoid plagiarism
information communication technology (ICT)
• Elaborate on the supporting ideas - provide additional context
• Text Messaging • Chatting Online from reliable sources
• Video Conferencing • Posting on Social Media • Conclusion
• Emailing • Editing and Proofreading

LESSON 5 - COMMUNICATION FOR A PURPOSE Purposive Methods of Paragraph Development

Communication 1. Definition - explains meanings, technical terms and jargons
– Express not to impress 2. Classification - breaking down infos for simplification
– Communication is a vital component in fostering productive and 3. Process - series of chronological actions
learning working environment to get things done in the shortest 4. Comparison and Contrast - similarities and differences; level
period of time of comparison is important: compare things with almost
similar entities.
5. Cause and Effect - reason and consequences
Social Communication + Technical Communication = Purposive
6. Narration - tells a story in order of occurrence
Communication
The Essay in a Three-Poled Frame (Adlous Huxley)
MIDTERMS
– essay reference model
LESSON 6 - CONVEYING MESSAGES THROUGH WRITTEN
1. Personal (Autobiographical)
COMMUNICATION - any type of message that utilizes written words
– refers to own experience to convey a message
– mastering the basic structure of written communication is the
– physical dimensions
foundation of effective communication.
e.g., I like that butterfly.
2. Concrete-particular (Objective factual)
– anchors judgement on factual data
 – engages with existing human knowledge, describing the real, 3. Entertainment - have the audience enjoy the speech
tangible world.
– expository dimensions - facts, history, myths, natural cycle Types of Speeches According to Delivery
e.g., how machinery works 1. Reading Manuscript - word-for-word iteration of a written
3. Abstract-universal message
– writer relies on "high abstractions" instead of being personal 2. Memorized Speech - recitation of a written message that the
or factual speaker has committed to memory.
– philosophizes about significance and meaning, universal 3. Impromptu Speech - speech with no advance preparation.
truths and principles 4. Extemporaneous Speech - carefully planned and rehearsed
e.g., discussions of values, morals and ethics. speech, spoken in a conversational manner.

3 Major Reasons Why Essays are Written: Principles of Effective Speech Delivery
1. Convince 1. Articulation
2. Influence – speaker's skill in pronouncing words
3. Persuade – clear diction effectively transmits the message
2. Modulation
The Opinion Essay presents an argument for these reasons: – speaker's ability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and
1. to convince that one's stand is reasonable timber of one's voice
2. to influence others way of thinking 3. Facial expression, gestures, and movement
3. to persuade audience to change their views – convey emotions and emphasize key points in this speech
4. Stage Presence
The Building Blocks of Formulating an Argument – ability to command attention and engage with the audience
• Claims - verifiable statements through body language.
• Reasons - supports the claims that the audience will accept. 5. Rapport with Audience
• Evidence - examples – speaker's ability to connect with the audience and create a
shared sense of understanding.
6. Silence
LESSON 7 - EXPRESSING ONESELF THROUGH ORAL – allows the audience to process information and create sense
COMMUNICATION of anticipation
Oral Communication in the 21st Century – gives audience time to gather their emotions
– more than just conversation - functional and interactive – overusing can make audience feel uncomfortable
– requires speaking and listening mastery
Ten Commandments of Oral Communication
Types of Speeches According to Purpose (knowing your audience) 1. Believe in what you say
1. Expository or Informative - convey information – helps in communicating with confidence and conviction
2. Persuasive - change the audience's thinking/behavior – audience is more likely to believe what you're saying
2. Believe in the people to whom you speak 10. Say it so people will do it
– acknowledging their intelligence and knowledge – communicate message in a way that motivates audience to
– more likely to listen to their feedback take action
– helps build trust and establish connection – be specific about what you want your audience to do
3. Like what you say – use persuasive language; highlight the benefits of taking
– makes communicating message easier and with confidence. action and use emotional appeals when appropriate
4. Know when to say it – provide a clear call to action, what can they do and ow do
– make sure you are prepared they do it?
– keep your message concise
– be aware of non-verbal cues
5. Know why you say it PREFINALS
– you might be informing, persuading, entertaining, or LESSON 8 - COMMUNICATING IDEAS EFFECTIVELY
inspiring Communication in the 21st Century
– helps tailor message and deliver it effectively and in an • plainly linear, strictly verbal, or written with technology
engaging manner • information can be relayed through infographics and data
6. Know how to say it visualization
– be flexible, adjust your message based on the needs of the o An infographic is a collection of imagery, data visualizations like
audience pie charts and bar graphs, and minimal text that gives an easy-
7. Have fun saying it to-understand overview of a topic.
– help you feel more confident o PowerPoint presentations as visual representation for a
– be yourself: don’t be afraid to let your personality shine scripted topic.
– use humor, but be careful to match it with the audience o Pecha Kucha (Japanese for chit-chat) is a presentation style (20
– be creative: use elements such as stories, analogies or slides, 20 seconds each) that ensures a concise presentation
metaphors delivery of 6 minutes and 40 seconds; started by architects
– practice regularly Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham (2003)
8. Show it as you say it o Infographics and PowerPoint presentations are multimodal,
– use body language meaning they consider multiple forms of communication ((can
– maintain eye contact be aural, linguistic, spatial, or visual) in a single delivery.
– be mindful of facial expression and gestures o Before, the use of infographics used to refer to the use of
– pay attention to your posture (helps establish authority) graphics in newspapers and magazines.
9. Say it so people can own it o Krum, 2014 - 21st century communication defines
– communicate your message in a way that resonates with the infographics as a combination of data visualizations, texts, and
audience and make them feel like they are a part of the images that tells a complete story.
conversation
– use inclusive language, relevant examples
– speak from your heart: be authentic
Five Media Format of Infographics (Krum, 2014) Workplace Dynamics - pattern of communication in workplace;
• Static - most common, simplest format where the design is saved interpersonal relationship
on an image file for easy online distribution or printing 1. Diversity in the Workplace - understanding differences
e.g., presentations or sharing on social media • Multigenerational Workforce
• Zooming - larger designs that convey large amount of information; – employee classification composed of Baby Boomers, Gen
added interactive layer for zooming controls X, Gen Y/Millennials, Gen Z and Gen Alpha
e.g., large design information on a web browser that are – way of communicating based on age
reduced in size so that the entire design can be viewed all at • Organizational Culture
once on the screen. – different cultures depending on workplace organizational
• Animated - creates some motion as the readers watch; makes the chart.
design stand out since it's moving – the way an organization operates, the attitude the
e.g., moving bars in a bar chart, animated characters employees have, and the overall tone and approach to
• Video - ability to be shared anywhere and have the capacity to any given operation.
engage the audience more efficiently. – time culture
e.g., motion graphics on YouTube • Multiplicity of Identities
• Interactive - gives readers some control over the data – differences in gender, ethnicity, language, beliefs, and
visualization. other attributes
e.g., animation effects triggered by the reader clicking and 2. Co-worker Relationship
scrolling – relations with fellow workers
– time spent at work is a factor in the way employees
communicate with each other
LESSON 9 - THE NATURE OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION – informal networking within the workplace creates
Workplace Communication better opportunities to attain long-term communication goals
• the evolution of communication - process of transmitting ideas of the organization
and thoughts through the years for human survival 3. Shared Leadership
• technology contributes to how an individual copes with social – distribution of leadership responsibilities within a
needs through human connection team influences the functionality of its members
– definition of task and relationship roles in workplace
Evolution of Communication requires communication
• Human connection is indispensable (things cannot function 4. Team Building
without it) – formal and informal gatherings help build a strong team
• In professional context, harmonious relations with co-workers is – periodically monitoring, assessment, and evaluation of team
crucial for individual and collective productivity and efficiency. roles, relationship roles, and self-centered roles
• Can be either verbal or nonverbal a. Task Roles - help the team carry out tasks and get work done
b. Relationship Roles - strengthen or maintain team
relationships
 c. Self-centered Roles - interfere with the team's ability to Workplace Communication as Technical and Professional
complete tasks Communication
– Globalization inevitably gives rise to professional communication
which entails technical communication; through professional and
LESSON 10 -TECHNICAL WRITING IN THE WORKPLACE technical communication, organizations across the globe are able to
Technical Writing communicate effectively.
– form of written communication used mainly for production of – Professional communication encompasses written, oral, visual, and
written outputs valuable to an organization. digital communication that may be used in managing information and
– written communication present in all kinds of organizations, jobs, data for business purposes.
and professions – Workplace communication is technical in a work environment
– professional use to convey specialized topics focusing on manufacturing and marketing products and services for
target clients and customers.
Features of Technical Writing (Baraceros, 2011) – Technical jargon is used relative to the field it is intended for.
• Accurate - facts that are completely true and exactly express the – Effective workplace communication brings about more customers or
intention of the written work.
clients and brings profit for the company in the long run.
• Clear - use of simple, concise, specific, and grammatically correct
language structure for readers to easily understand the main
Some examples of technical writing skills are:
message of the whole composition.
• Formal - you cannot just write anything in technical writing • Writing - usage of different writing styles to make complicated
because readers are very critical about the value and credibility ideas easy to understand.
of the output. • Editing - using the knowledge about grammar, spelling, and
• Graphical - illustrations and visual representations help in punctuation to check their own work or the work of other writers
expressing specialized ideas known only to a specific set of people. for mistakes.
• Objective - avoid subjectivity, contents must be straightforward • Technical Skills - wide range of skills in making reports, articles,
and direct. and manuals using word processing software and
• Practical - functions according to purpose. documentation tools that help writers to their jobs well.
• Procedural - provide set of instructions and sequenced
information.
• Specialized - functions within a specific demographic; use of FINALS
jargons or technical terms understood by a specific set of readers. LESSON 11 - WRITING WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION MATERIALS
• Straightforward - does not use figurative language, presents Written Communication in the Workplace
information honestly and directly. – business or workplace correspondence involves 3 factors: sender,
• Authoritative - ability to command or enforce something. message, and receiver
• Presentable - absence of grammatical or typographical errors; – when you write a business letter, read your work as if you are the
undergoes proofreading. target audience and ask yourself if the message appears to be
important and is the message easy to understand?
 Letter of Request - reports situations which demand actions and
Tips for Effective Written Communication in the Workplace decisions to be acted upon. In the workplace, it is a formal letter which
1. Remember the ABCs: requests a specific product or service within the professional business
• A-ccuracy - content must be truthful and accurate context.
• B-revity - sentences must be kept short and direct
• C-larity - precision Memos, Reports, and Other Written Documents in the Workplace
2. Select the format – a written message which serves as a reminder for a particular
3. Standard, prescribed, and acceptable to the institution or matter.
parties in transaction. – relay information to a large number of readers at the same time.
4. Courtesy, use positive words that are provocative not reactive. – a document that records events in the workplace for everyone's
information.
Business Letters
– essential in the workplace especially in the external operations of an Types of Memo
organization 1. Instruction memo – directives that needs to be followed
(e.g., memo to remind employees to strictly follow the
Standard Formats of Business Letters company’s dress code)
• Full-Block - all contents (except for the header which is always 2. Request memo – request for the provisions of facilities and
center aligned) are aligned to the left services
• Modified-Block - header at the center, date and signature right (e.g., request for the use of the conference room for a
aligned, the rest are all aligned to the left meeting)
• Semi-Block - header at the center, date and signature right 3. Announcement memo – notice of an important event
aligned, the rest are all aligned to the left, but every 1st (e.g., hiring, company fire drill)
sentence of the body is indented 4. Transmittal memo – officially announcing the release of a
report
Letter of Inquiry - also known as letter of interest, written to ask for (e.g., memo transmitting the annual report to the manager)
specific information. It should always and promptly be responded to. 5. Authorization memo – granting permission
(e.g., permission to receive a document)
Letter of Claim - usually used in legal matters to assert some kind of
wrongdoing. Format of a Memo

Adjustment Letter - response to a letter of claim, whether the claims

are welcomed or not. If welcomed, the letter will include offers of
resolution and explanation for it. If not, the claimant is entitled to a
constructive, non-adversarial tone.
The following should be considered in writing a memorandum: – other matters - new matters that may need to be covered in
1. Use of formal or academic language future meetings
2. Clarity – time of adjournment
3. Conciseness – name and signature of the minutes-taker
4. General use of the active voice of the verb – name and signature of the presiding officer
5. Absence of grammar lapse
In preparing the minutes of the meeting, the minutes taker must
Incident Report ensure that the minutes are:
– also called accident report, records the occurrence of an unusual 1. in chronological order
event in the workplace. 2. factual, brief, and free form editorial comments or slanting of
– usually follows a template that comes in forms to be filled out by factual statements.
the witnesses to the incident. 3. the gist or a recording of summary of the meeting and not a
– main components are the problem description, action taken, and transcription of the matters discussed
recommendation. 4. verbatim report of parliamentary points, motion, resolutions,
and points of order.
Minutes of the Meeting
– detailed and descriptive report of a meeting for documentation
purpose
– The Minutes of the Meeting has the following components:
• Introduction:
– name and address of the organization
– type of meeting (special, executive, committee, board,
regular, emergency)
– call to order – time, date, presiding officer
– attendance – for groups less than twenty (20) members,
with both the present, late, and absent included
• Body
– reading, correction, and approval of minutes of the previous
meeting
– business arising from the previous meeting
– new business
• Conclusion
– announcement - time and date of the next meeting