Geography Summary

Geography summary
Countries in the caribbean that has an active volcano

1. St Vincent & the Grenadines - La soufriere
2. Martinique - Mount Pelee
3. Montserrat - The Soufriere Hills
4. Nevis - Nevis Peak
5. Saba - Mount Scenery
6. Greneda - Kick ‘em Jenny
Famous Volcanoes around the world:

1. Japan - Mount Fuji
2. Hawaii - Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea and Kilauea
3. Italy - Mount Vesuvius
4. Costa Rica - Poas
4. Indonesia - Mount Bromo and Krakatoa
5. USA - Mount St. Helens
Importance of volcanoes:
● Creates fertile soil for agriculture
○ Volcanic materials weather into highly fertile soils, supporting
abundant agricultural production.
● Creates foreign exchange from tourism

○ Millions of tourists visit volcanoes annually for photographs of the
stunning scenery, including sunsets and eruptions.
● Creates geothermal energy

○ Geothermal energy uses the earth's trapped heat to generate
electricity, with volcanic geothermal energy utilizing "supercritical
water."
● Creates new lands and Islands
○ Volcanoes create islands such as the lesser antilles of the
caribbean.
○ Tonga located in the pacific ocean was the latest island to be
created on September 27, 2022.
● Harnesses precious stones

○ Rising magma brings valuable minerals to the surface, creating
mining opportunities.
Ways in which volcanoes can be formed:

1. Volcanic Hotspots
2. Subduction zone
3. Divergent plates
Intrusive features:
● Dyke - A vertical intrusion of magma along with bedding planes.
● Sill - A horizontal intrusion of magma along with bedding planes.
● Batholith - A dome or lens-shaped magma feature formed near the

earth's surface, typically found at shallow depths.
● Laccolith - A large chamber of magma that lies deep within the

volcano’s structure
● Crater - Bowl-shaped depression caused by impact or volcanic activity.

● Vent - Opening through which volcanic materials are emitted during an
eruption.
Extrusive features - These are features found outside the volcano’s domain
and are formed by lava when it reaches the earth’s surface.
Types of extrusive features:

● Volcanic cones
● Acidic or basaltic/basic lava
● Lava Plateau
● Pyroclastic materials (ash, cinder, tephra)
● Geyser
Negative impacts of volcanoes on men:

1. Loss of life and injury:
Volcanic eruptions can result in loss of life and injuries due to direct
impacts from pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and volcanic gasses.
2. Destruction of Infrastructure:
Eruptions can destroy buildings, roads, and infrastructure due to lava
flows and ash falls.
3. Climate Impact:
Volcanic eruptions can disrupt weather patterns and agricultural
productivity due to the release of large amounts of ash and sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere.
4. Displacement of Communities:
Volcanic eruptions can force people to leave their homes, causing
community problems.
5. Environmental Impact:
Eruptions can cause long-term environmental damage, leading to food
shortages and economic hardship.
Volcano - Meaning:
● Volcanoes are mountains that link the mantle to the earth’s surface.
Volcano - Formation:
Magma which are semi-molten rocks below the Earth's surface, becomes lava
when it reaches the surface through a vent, forming a volcano with mild or
violent activities.
Volcano Life cycle:

1. Active - These volcanos erupt once every 10 years,
Example: La Soufriere in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
2. Dormant - These volcanoes erupt once every 25 years and are

considered "sleeping." They still show signs of activity like rumbling, mild
earthquakes, smoke, and bubbling springs and rivers.
3. Extinct - These dormant volcanoes haven't erupted in 50 years, showing

no signs of activity, with lush vegetation covering the cone and no
magma in the batholith.
Volcanology:
● Volcanology is the study of volcanoes. It includes the study of magma,
lava, and the features that they produce.
Subduction zone:
● 80% of the world's volcanoes are formed at subduction zones in the
convergent plate margins.
● The subduction zone is when two plates collide with one another.
● The subduction zone includes:

1. The continental crust collides with an oceanic crust.
2. The Oceanic crust collides with another Oceanic crust.
Continental Crust:
● When a continental crust collides with an oceanic crust, the oceanic
crust sinks into the mantle, creating immense pressure that leads to the
birth of a volcano.
● The continental crust is also called SIAL.
Oceanic crust:
● The oceanic crust is also called SIMA.
Divergent plates:
● Another way volcanoes are formed is at divergent plate margins. This is
when two plates move away from each other.
● The batholith is called the magma chamber or the heart of the volcano.
Volcanic Hotspots:
● A volcanic hotspot is an area in the mantle where heat rises as a plume,
melting rock to form magma. This magma then erupts through fissures
to create volcanoes.
Example: Volcanoes of Hawaii - Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea.
Volcanic plug/spine:
● A volcanic spine or plug is formed from solidified magma within the
vent and the spine remains standing after the erosion of the volcanic
cone.
Example: The Pitons in St. Lucia
Caldera/Crater lake:
● Resulting from explosive eruptions, a caldera forms when the volcanic
cone is destroyed, leaving a base that when filled with water, it creates
a crater lake.
Example: Yellowstone National Park, USA
Lava - definition:
● Lava is molten rock from the Earth's mantle that flows onto the surface.
Types of lava:
1. Basic/basaltic:
● Basic lava is thin and runny, that flows for long distances before cooling
and hardening and creating mild eruptions.
2. Acidic lava:
● Acidic lava is thick and viscous, flowing for short distances and causing
violent eruptions with steep cones and various pyroclastic materials.
Examples of pyroclastic materials:

● Ash
● Dust
● Lapilli
● Lava bomb
● Cinder
● Sulpher
● Tuff
Ash and Cinder cone:

● These volcanoes can eject pyroclastic materials up to 7km into the
atmosphere, creating ash and cinder cone volcanoes upon impact.
Example: Mt. Bromo in Indonesia
Composite Volcano:
● These violent volcanoes can destroy 80% of the cone, that creates
massive eruptions, creating pyroclastic clouds that block the sun and
people will have to evacuate. On the side, the composite cone has a
conelet or parasitic cone.
Example: La soufriere in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
The shield volcano:

● the shield volcano are created by basic lava. They are the largest and
the most active volcano in the world, and are found mostly in Hawaii,
Shield volcanoes have mild eruptions and a gentle slope.
Example: Mauna Loa in Hawaii. (The Mauna Loa is the largest, active volcano
in the world.
The Geyser:
● The geyser is also called nature’s kettle.
Example: Old faithful in Yellowstone National Park, USA.
Types of plate margins:

1. Convergent/Destructive
2. Divergent/Constructive
3. Transform/passive/conservative (T.P.C)

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Geography summary

Countries in the caribbean that has an active volcano

Famous Volcanoes around the world:

● Creates foreign exchange from tourism

● Creates geothermal energy

● Harnesses precious stones

Ways in which volcanoes can be formed:

● Sill - A horizontal intrusion of magma along with bedding planes.

● Batholith - A dome or lens-shaped magma feature formed near the

● Laccolith - A large chamber of magma that lies deep within the

● Crater - Bowl-shaped depression caused by impact or volcanic activity.

Types of extrusive features:

● Acidic or basaltic/basic lava

● Pyroclastic materials (ash, cinder, tephra)

Negative impacts of volcanoes on men:

Volcano Life cycle:

2. Dormant - These volcanoes erupt once every 25 years and are

3. Extinct - These dormant volcanoes haven't erupted in 50 years, showing

● The subduction zone includes:

Examples of pyroclastic materials:

Ash and Cinder cone:

The shield volcano:

Types of plate margins:

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