Database normalization exam questions and answers

Describe database normalization. Database normalization questions.

Normalization exam questions and answers. Database normalization questions and answers.

1. We would say that {A1, A2, …, An}+ is the set of all attributes of R if and only if (A1, A2, …, An) is a ____________ for R. [a] Primary key [b] Candidate key [c] Super key [d] All of the above Answer: [d] All of the above If the closure of set of attributes includes all attributes then we would say that the set of attributes in
question forms the key. 2. Consider a relation R(A, B, C, D, E) with FDs {A → BC, CD → E, B → D, E → A}. Are the relations R1(A, B, C) and R2(A, D, E) resulted in a lossless join decomposition of R? Answer: YES A decomposition of R into R1 and R2 is said to be lossless join decomposition if either of the following two conditions hold; R1 ⋂ R2 → R1 R1
⋂ R2 → R2 As per the given question, (ABC) ⋂ (ADE) = A. A is the candidate key for R1 from the FD A → BC, hence the first condition holds. So, the decomposition is lossless join decomposition. 3. Consider a relation R(A, B, C, D, E) with FDs {A → BC, CD → E, B → D, E → A}. Are the relations R1(A, B, C) and R2(C, D, E) resulted in a lossless join
decomposition of R? Answer: NO Refer answer 2 above for rules As per the given question, (ABC) ⋂ (CDE) = C. From the given FDs it is clear that C alone does not uniquely identify any attributes of R. C is not a candidate key for either of the relations. So, the decomposition is not lossless join decomposition. 4. Let us suppose that relations R and S
have r and s number of tuples (records) respectively. What are the minimum and maximum numbers of tuples that R ⋈ S have? [a] 0, rs [b] 1, rs [c] r-s, rs [d] r-s, r+s Answer: [a] 0, rs The operation R Natural Join S results in any tuple if at least one record of R and one record of S satisfy the join condition.
Minimum – If no records satisfy the join condition, the result will be 0 (Zero). Maximum – If all the records of R can be joined with all the records of S, then the result will be r*s.

5. Assume a relation R(A, B, C) with the records (1, 2, 3), (4, 2, 3), (5, 3, 3), (5, 3, 4). Which of the following FDs is/are true? [a] A → B [b] BC → A [c] B → C [d] None of the above. Answer: [a] A → B Normal Forms «Prev Next»Werbungreport this adreport this adEach question is worth one point. Select the best
answer or answers for each question.Database Normalization Database Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database so that it is easy to access and update. Normalization is a crucial part of database design, as it helps to reduce data redundancy and improve the efficiency of database operations. When interviewing for a position that
requires knowledge of database design, you may be asked questions about normalization. In this article, we review some of the most common questions about database normalization and how to answer them. Here are 20 commonly asked Database Normalization interview questions and answers to prepare you for your interview: Database
normalization is the process of organizing data in a database so that it is easy to access and update. Normalization typically involves creating separate tables for each type of data, and then linking these tables together using keys. This ensures that data is not duplicated, and that all data is accessible.Functional dependencies are important in database
normalization because they help to identify relationships between attributes in a database. By understanding the functional dependencies between attributes, you can more easily identify which attributes should be grouped together in which tables. This helps to minimize data redundancy and improve the overall efficiency of the database.There are
four main steps involved in normalizing a database:1. Identify the functional dependencies between attributes in the database.2. Identify any transitive dependencies that may exist.3. Normalize the database by breaking up any attributes that are functionally dependent on more than one other attribute.4. Finally, check to ensure that the database is
in first normal form.Normal forms are a way of organizing data in a database so that it is more efficient and less prone to errors. There are four main normal forms: first, second, third, and fourth. The higher the number, the more strict the normal form is. First normal form simply means that each column in a table contains a single piece of data.
Second normal form requires that all data in a table be related to the table’s primary key. Third normal form requires that all data in a table be related to the table’s primary key and that no data in the table be redundant. Fourth normal form is the most strict and requires that all data in a table be related to the table’s primary key and that no data in
the table be redundant or dependent on any other data in the table.There are many examples of real-world problems that require normalizing a database. One common example is when you have duplicate data in your database. This can cause problems with data integrity and can make it difficult to keep your data accurate. Normalizing your database
can help to eliminate these duplicate data and keep your database more organized. Other examples include when you need to store data in multiple languages or when you need to store data in multiple formats. Normalizing your database can help to make these tasks easier to manage.Redundancy is when you have duplicate data in your database.
This can cause problems because if you need to update that data, you will need to update it in multiple places. This can also lead to inconsistency if the data is not updated in all places. Normalization is the process of designing a database to avoid redundancy.Yes, there is a difference between “normalization” and “database normalization.”
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a way that minimizes redundancy and improves efficiency. Database normalization is a specific form of normalization that is designed specifically for databases. It is a process of organizing data in a database so that it is easy to store, retrieve, and update.Data anomalies can occur when data is stored
in a non-normalized format.

When data is normalized, it is organized into a format that minimizes these anomalies. This helps to keep the data consistent and accurate, and makes it easier to update and query.A functional dependency is a relationship between two attributes in a database. In order for a functional dependency to exist, the value of one attribute must determine the
value of another attribute. For example, if you have a database of employees, then the employee ID number would be a functional dependency of the employee’s name. This is because the employee ID number would determine which employee’s name is being referenced.An index on a table allows the database to quickly find and retrieve data from the
table.

Indexes can be created on one or more columns in a table, and they can be used to speed up queries that involve those columns.Denormalization is the process of adding redundant data to a database in order to improve performance.
This is typically done in cases where the database is being used for read-heavy operations, and the extra data is not likely to cause inconsistency issues.The process of normalizing a database from 1NF to 2NF involves breaking down the data into smaller, more manageable pieces. This is done by creating separate tables for each type of data, and then
linking them together using foreign keys. In order to ensure that the data is properly normalized, all of the tables must meet the requirements for both 1NF and 2NF.Normalizing a database can be a good idea in a number of different business scenarios. For example, if you have a database that is used by multiple departments within a company,
normalizing the database can help to ensure that each department has the data that it needs without having to duplicate data across departments. Additionally, normalizing a database can help to improve performance by reducing the amount of data that needs to be read from the database, and can also help to reduce the risk of data
corruption.Database normalization offers several benefits, chief among them being improved data integrity and reduced data redundancy. When data is stored in normalized form, it is less likely to become corrupted or duplicated, and it is easier to update and query. Normalization also makes it easier to design database applications, since the data is
more organized and consistent.Not normalizing a database can lead to data redundancy and inconsistency, as well as making it more difficult to update and query the data.The three types of anomalies are insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies.An attribute is a piece of data that is associated with a particular entity in a database. Attributes
can be used to describe the entity, or to provide additional information about it.A transitive dependency is when the value of one attribute is dependent on the value of another attribute, which is in turn dependent on the value of a third attribute. In other words, if the value of attribute A is dependent on the value of attribute B, and the value of
attribute B is dependent on the value of attribute C, then there is a transitive dependency between attributes A and C.Determinants are the attributes that determine the value of another attribute. In the context of database normalization, determinants are used to determine which attributes are dependent on others, and which are independent. This
is important in order to properly normalize a database.The best way to remove redundant data from your database is through the process of normalization. Normalization is the process of organizing data into tables and columns in a way that minimizes duplication and redundancy. By properly normalizing your database, you can improve its
performance, reduce the amount of storage space it requires, and make it easier to maintain and update.