Multiple Access

Multiple Access Techniques
Qs just definition type korben kichu part theke r math ta dekhe niba
Introduction
• Multiple access is a signal transmission situation in
which two or more users wish to simultaneously
communicate with each other using the same
propagation channel.
• This is precisely the uplink transmission situation in a

wireless communications system. In the uplink or
reverse channel, multiple users will want to transmit
information simultaneously.
• Without proper coordination among the transmitting

users, collisions will occur when two or more users
transmit simultaneously. Access methods that incur
collision are referred to as random access and
variants of random access.
• This chapter discusses the throughput characteristics of two
popular random access methods: Aloha and carrier-sense
multiple access (CSMA). Multiple access strategies based on
orthogonality among the competing transmissions are
collision-free. Orthogonality can be in the form of frequency
division, time division or code division. Techniques with built-
in conflict resolution capability presented in this chapter are
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division
multiple access (TDMA) and code-division multiple access
(CDMA). Performance analysis and evaluation of these
conflict-free multiple access methods in terms of spectral effi-
ciency and system capacity are described and discussed.
MULTIPLE ACCESS IN A RADIO CELL
• Two types- conflict free, non-conflict free
• non-conflict free –random access- aloha,

slotted aloha
Aloha systems
• Aloha is a packet switching system.
• The time interval required to transmit one packet is called

a slot. When transmissions from two or more users
overlap, they destroy each other, whether it is complete
overlap or pru1ial overlap.
• The maximum interval over which two packets can

overlap and destroy each other is called the vulnerable
period.
• The mode of random access in which users can transmit
at anytime is called pure Aloha. In a pure Aloha system;
eituk time e jekono 2ta
where the packet length is a fixed constant, the trasnmission
collision hobe
hoilei
vulnerable period is two slot times.

Latency: The time it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination.
Throughput rate: Refers to the amount of data transferred successfully from one point
to another over a communication channel within a given period of time.
• A version in which users are restricted to

transmit only from the instant corresponding to
the slot boundary is referred to as slotted Aloha.
The alignment of transmissions to coincide with
the slot boundary means that packets can only
experience complete overlap, so that the
vulnerable period in slotted Aloha is one slot
time.
• This means that the maximum throughput rate of

slotted Aloha doubles that of pure Aloha.
Conflict free MA techniques
• FDMA-
• In FDMA, the total bandwidth is divided into non-
overlapping frequency subbands. Each user is allocated
a unique frequency subband for the duration of the
connection, whether the connection is in an active or
idle state. Orthogonality among transmitted signals
from different mobile users is achieved by bandpass
filtering in the frequency domain. This type of multiple
access support is narrowband, and is not suitable for
multimedia communications with various transmission
rates. In addition, it incurs a waste of bandwidth when
the user is in a dormant state.
FDMA
• FDMA is relatively simple to implement. However, the power
amplifiers and the power combiners used are nonlinear, and tend to
generate intermodulation frequencies, resulting in intermodulation
distortion. To minimize the effects of intermodulation distortion,
stringent RF filters are required to reject intermodulation distortion. RF
filters are heavy, cumbersome, and costly.
• To provide interference-free transmissions between the uplink and the

downlink channels, the frequency allocations have to be separated by
a sufficient amount. The frequency separation can be achieved using
two antennas operating at different frequencies, or one antenna with
frequency division duplexing. That is, the uplink and downlink channels
of FDMA operate at distinctly different frequency bands. Therefore,
the channel impairments seen at the cell-site receiver are different
from those seen at the receiver of each of the mobile users.
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
CDMA
• See Lathi 4-th edition
Spectral efficiency (SE)
• Because of the severe channel impairment, the spectrum of the wireless
channel is interference limited. Techniques commonly used to enhance the
spectrum utilization in a mobile communication system include
- data compression to reduce the trans mission rate,

- bandwidth reduction.
- channel assignment, and
- choice of multiple access method.
• The overall spectral efficiency of a mobile communication system can be

estimated based on a knowledge of
- channel spacing in kHz,

- cell area in km2,
- frequency reuse factor, and
- multiple access scheme used.
Spectral efficiency MAth er jonno lagbe
• First three factors are attributed to the system parameters.

including the modulation method used. Note that the
modulation scheme used does not depend on the choice
of multiple access technology.
• The overall system spectral efficiency for a mobile
communications system can be expressed as
Spectral efficiency
SE of FDMA system
FDMA based system SE
SE of wideband TDMA TDMA ta skip korsilam ami
SE of narrowband TDMA
Cell capacity of TDMA systems
• The cell capacity is defined as the
maximum number of mobile users that can
be supported simultaneously in each cell.
System SE
Eitao skip korsilam
Cell capacity of DS-CDMA ssytem

Multiple Access

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Multiple Access Techniques

• This is precisely the uplink transmission situation in a

• Without proper coordination among the transmitting

• non-conflict free –random access- aloha,

• The time interval required to transmit one packet is called

• The maximum interval over which two packets can

vulnerable period is two slot times.

• A version in which users are restricted to

• This means that the maximum throughput rate of

• To provide interference-free transmissions between the uplink and the

- data compression to reduce the trans mission rate,

• The overall spectral efficiency of a mobile communication system can be

- channel spacing in kHz,

• First three factors are attributed to the system parameters.

Cell capacity of DS-CDMA ssytem

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