MULTIPLE

ACCESS
CHANNELI
NG
PROTOCOL
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Multiple Access Protocols
When a sender and receiver have a
dedicated link to transmit data
packets, the data link control is
enough to handle the channel.
Suppose there is no dedicated path
to communicate or transfer the data
between two devices. In that case,
multiple stations access the channel
and simultaneously transmits the
data over the channel. It may create
collision and cross talk. Hence, the
multiple access protocol is required
to reduce the collision and avoid
crosstalk between the channels.
Data Link
Data Link Layer Data Link Control
The data link layer is used in a A data link control is a reliable
computer network to transmit the channel for transmitting data
data between two devices or over a dedicated link using
nodes. It divides the layer into various techniques such as
parts such as data link control and framing, error control and flow
the multiple access control of data packets in the
resolution/protocol. The upper computer network.
layer has the responsibility to flow
control and the error control in the
data link layer, and hence it is
termed as logical of data link
control. Whereas the lower sub-
layer is used to handle and reduce
the collision or multiple access on
a channel. Hence it is termed as
media access control or the
multiple access resolutions.
 Multiple Access
Channeling Protocols

Random Access Controlled Access Channelization

Protocols Protocols Protocols

ALOHA Reservation FDMA

CSMA Polling CDMA

CSMA/CD Token Passing TDMA

CSMA/CA
Channelization Protocols
It is a channelization protocol that
allows the total usable bandwidth in a
shared channel to be shared across
multiple stations based on their time,
distance and codes. It can access all
the stations at the same time to send
the data frames to the channel.

Methods to access the channel

• Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
Channelization Protocols
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
It is a method used to divide the
available bandwidth into equal bands
so that multiple users can send data
through a different frequency to the
subchannel. Each station is reserved
with a particular band to prevent the
crosstalk between the channels and
interferences of stations.

FDMA is a method that lets more one

user to share a single radio frequency
spectrum. This is done by assigning
active users a different frequency
channel. It puts each call on a
separate frequency.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Guard Bands
Between the different used frequency channels is a small amount of bandwidth
not used. This space is called a guard band.

This bandwidth is necessary to cater for instability of the sender, frequency

shifts due to movement (the Doppler effect) and no-ideal filtering.

Guard band

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Channel Assignment
All channels in a cell are available to
all the mobiles. Channel assignment is
carried out on a first-come first-
served basis.

The number of channels, given a

frequency spectrum BT, depends on
the modulation technique and the
guard bands between the channels.
These guard bands can be used to
minimize adjacent channel
interference.
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Main Features
• Continuous transmission
• Narrow bandwidth
• Low overhead
• Simple hardware at mobile unit and BS: (1) no digital processing
needed; (2) ease of framing and synchronization
• FDMA can be used with both analog and digital signal
• FDMA requires high-performing filters in the radio hardware, in
contrast to TDMA and CDMA
• FDMA is not vulnerable to the timing problems that TDMA has
• Due to the frequency filtering, FDMA is not sensitive to near-far
problem
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Advantages
• If channel is not in use, it sits idle
• Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30 kHz)
• Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware standpoint
• Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and the traffic is
uniformly constant
• Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the information bit
rate and using efficient digital code
• No need for network timing
• No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of modulation
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Disadvantages
• The presence of guard bands
• Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference
• Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
• Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability
• Does not differ significantly from analog system
Channelization Protocols
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
In CDMA, all stations can simultaneously send the
data over the same channel. It means that it
allows each station to transmit the data frames
with full frequency on the shared channel at all
times. It does not require the division of
bandwidth on a shared channel based on time
slots. If multiple stations send data to a channel
simultaneously, their data frames are separated
by a unique code sequence. Each station has a
different unique code for transmitting the data
over a shared channel. For example, there are
multiple users in a room that are continuously
speaking. Data is received by the users if only
two-person interact with each other using the
same language. Similarly, in the network, if
different stations communicate with each other
simultaneously with different code language.
Sharing Channel in CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
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Chip
[+1 +1 +1 +1] [+1 -1 +1 -1] [+1 +1 -1 -1] [+1 -1 -1 +1] sequence
s

Data
Representatio Data bit 0 -1 Data bit 1 +1 Silence 0

n in CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Digital Signal created by Four Stations in CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Decoding of the Composite Signal for one in CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
Data Retrieving
Code Division Multiple Access
Advantages
• Potentially larger capacity (more users can communicate
simultaneously)
• If users don’t use the medium all the time (e.g., they are just
reading e-mail), CDMA will allow much more users to communicate
simultaneously. In other words, CDMA will use the resource (the
radio spectrum) more efficiently.
• W-CDMA (3G) bandwidth = 10 MHz
• The transition from one BS to another (handoff) is not abrupt, as in
TDMA, and provides better quality
• No absolute limit on the number of users
• Easy addition of more users
• Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
• Better signal quality
Code Division Multiple Access
Disadvantages

• As the number of users increases, the overall quality of service

decreases
• Self-jamming
• Near-Far-problem arises
Channelization Protocols
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is digital transmission

technology that allows a number of users to access a single radio-
frequency (RF) channel without interference by allocating unique time
slots to each user within each channel.

TDMA divides each cellular channel into three time slots in order to
increase the amountof data that can be carried.
Channelization Protocols
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

The reason for choosing TDMA for all standards was that it enables
some vital features for system operation in an advanced cellular or PCS
environment.

TDMA relies upon the fact that the audio signal has been digitized (i.e.
divided into a number of milliseconds-long packets). It allocates a single
frequency channel for a short time and then moves to another channel.
Time Division Multiple Access
Synchronization in TDMA
• “CLOCK” is required for TDMA
• All transmitters and receivers must
be aware of this “clock” to schedule
their transmissions and receptions,
in order for transmissions to be
synchronized
• In cellular telephone systems, a
clock signal indicates the beginning
of time-slots is transmitted by the
base stations. From this signals,
mobile statios can determine when
their turn comes up.
Time Division Multiple Access
Main Features
• Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users
• Non-continuous transmission which results in low battery
consumption since the subscriber transmitter can be turned off when
not in use.
• Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA.
• TDMA uses different time slots for Tx and Rx, thus duplexers are not
required.
• Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) uses the TDMA
technique.
Time Division Multiple Access
Advantages
• It carry data rates of 64 kbps to 120 Mbps
• It provides the user with extended battery life and talk time
• It is the most cost effective technology to convert an analog system to
digital
• TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that
there will be no interference
• TDMA allows the operator to do services like fax, voice band data, and
SMS as well as bandwidth-intensive application such as multimedia and
video conferencing
Time Division Multiple Access
Disadvantages

• Each user has a predefined time slot. When moving from one cell
to other, if all the time slots in this cell are full, the user might be
disconnected.

• It is subjected to multipath distortion. Example: A signal coming

from a tower to a handset might come from any one of several
directions. It might have bounced off several different buildings
before arriving.
References
Multiple access protocols - aloha, CSMA, CSMA/Ca and CSMA/CD -
javatpoint. www.javatpoint.com. (n.d.).
https://www.javatpoint.com/multiple-access-protocols

Scribd. (n.d.-a). Multiple acces techniques for wireless communication.

Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/477796005/Fdma-Tdma-
Cdma