Periodic Trends

PERIODIC TRENDS
BY
MS VASUDEV AND YUKESH R
Can you guess this one??
Atomic Size
• The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost
stable electron orbital in an atom that is at equilibrium. The atomic radius tends
to decrease across a period from left to right due to the shrinking of the atom
because of increasing effective nuclear force on the electrons. The atomic radius
usually increases while going down a group due to the addition of a new energy
level (shell which causes shrinkage in the size of the atoms across the period).
However, atomic radii tend to increase diagonally, since the number of electrons
has a larger effect than the sizeable nucleus. For example, lithium (145 picometer)
has a smaller atomic radius than magnesium (150 picometer).
Types of Atomic radii
•There are 4 types of atomic radius:-

•Covalent radius: Half the distance between two atoms of a diatomic
compound, singly bonded.
•Van der Waals radius: Half the distance between the nuclei of atoms of
different molecules in a lattice of covalent molecules.
•Metallic radius: Half the distance between two adjacent nuclei of atoms
in a metallic lattice.
•Ionic radius: Half the distance between two nuclei of elements of an
ionic compound.
The difference between Covalent radii and
Vander Waal's radii
• COVALENT RADII • VANDER WAAL’S RADII
• Covalent bond distance refers to the • While van der Waals radius is used to
distance between the nuclei of two define half of the distance between
bonded atoms. the closest approach of two non-
bonded atoms of a given element.
• Covalent radius is half of the internuclear
separation between the nuclei of two • Only physical force of attraction is
single-bonded atoms of the same species present between the two non bonded
(homonuclear). atoms.
Now try this…..
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract pairs
of electrons in the context of a chemical bond. The type of bond formed is
largely determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms
involved, using the Pauling scale. Trend-wise, as one moves from left to right across
a period in the periodic table, the electronegativity increases due to the stronger
attraction that the atoms obtain as the nuclear charge increases. Moving down in a
group, the electronegativity decreases due to an increase in the distance between
the nucleus and the valence electron shell, thereby decreasing the attraction,
making the atom have less of an attraction for electrons or protons.
Different Scales of electronegativity
• Pauling Scale
• Mulliken Scale
• Allred Rochow Scale
PAULING SCALE OF
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to
explain why the covalent bond between two different atoms (A–B) is
stronger than the average of the A–A and the B–B bonds. According
to valence bond theory, of which Pauling was a notable proponent, this
"additional stabilization" of the heteronuclear bond is due to the
contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding.
Elaboration of Pauling scale
where the dissociation energies, Ed, of the A–B, A–A and B–B bonds are expressed
in electronvolts the factor (eV)−1 being included to ensure a dimensionless result. To
calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, it is necessary to have data on the
dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bond formed by that element. A. L.
Allred updated Pauling's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of
thermodynamic data, and it is these "revised Pauling" values of the electronegativity that are
most often used.
Mulliken Scale
• Robert S. Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization
energy (Ei) and the electron affinity (Ea)should be a measure of the tendency
of an atom to attract electrons. As this definition is not dependent on an
arbitrary relative scale, it has also been termed absolute electronegativity,
with the units of kilojoules per mole or electronvolts.
Allred-Rochow scale of Electronegativity
• A measure that determines the value of electrostatic force exerted by the effective
nuclear charge on the valence electrons. The higher the charge per unit area of
atomic surface the greater the tendency of that atom to attract electrons.
The effective nuclear charge, Zeff, experienced by valence electrons can be
estimated using Slater's rules, while the surface area of an atom in a molecule can
be taken to be proportional to the square of the covalent radius
Ionization Enthalpy
• Ionization Enthalpy is the energy required for the removal of outermost electron
in a neutral and gaseous atom. Down a group on the periodic table, the ionization
energy will likely decrease since the valence electrons are farther away from the
nucleus and experience a weaker attraction to the nucleus's positive charge. There
will be an increase of ionization energy from left to right of a given period and a
decrease from top to bottom. As a rule, it requires far less energy to remove an
outer-shell electron than an inner-shell electron. As a result, the ionization energies
for a given element will increase steadily within a given shell, and when starting on
the next shell down will show a drastic jump in ionization energy.
Electron Affinity
• The Electron affinity of an atom can be described either as the energy released by
an atom when an electron is added to it, conversely as the energy required to
detach an electron from a singly charged anion. The sign of the electron affinity
can be quite confusing, as atoms that become more stable with the addition of an
electron (and so are considered to have a higher electron affinity) show a decrease
in potential energy; i.e. the energy gained by the atom appears to be negative. In
such a case, the atom’s electron affinity is positive. For atoms that become less
stable upon gaining an electron, potential energy increases, which implies that the
atom gains energy. In such a case, the atom's electron affinity is negative.
Difference between I.E and E.A
CAN U FIND HIM?

Periodic Trends

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PERIODIC TRENDS

•There are 4 types of atomic radius:-

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