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    09.02.2024 NVL Coalesce Notepad

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    dillipkumarchoudhury78
    The document discusses various SQL functions like NVL, NVL2, COALESCE, CONCAT etc. and how to use them. It also talks about aliasing columns and tables. Various queries are shown to demonstrate the concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    09.02.2024 NVL Coalesce Notepad

    Uploaded by

    dillipkumarchoudhury78
    8 views5 pages
    The document discusses various SQL functions like NVL, NVL2, COALESCE, CONCAT etc. and how to use them. It also talks about aliasing columns and tables. Various queries are shown to demonstrate the concepts.

    Original Title

    09.02.2024 NVL COALESCE NOTEPAD

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    The document discusses various SQL functions like NVL, NVL2, COALESCE, CONCAT etc. and how to use them. It also talks about aliasing columns and tables. Various queries are shown to demonstrate the concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    8 views5 pages

    09.02.2024 NVL Coalesce Notepad

    Uploaded by

    dillipkumarchoudhury78
    The document discusses various SQL functions like NVL, NVL2, COALESCE, CONCAT etc. and how to use them. It also talks about aliasing columns and tables. Various queries are shown to demonstrate the concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    SELECT * FROM DEPT;

    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    SELECT * FROM student19;


    INSERT INTO student19 VALUES (2,'SHYAM',NULL,'','01014');

    SELECT * FROM student19;

    NULL:-
    UNKNOW VALUE
    UNDEFINED VALUE
    ITS ABSENCE OF DATA

    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE MGR = NULL;


    SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NULL;

    Q:- DISPLAY EMPLOYEE INFORMATION WHERE THERE IS NO REPORTING MANAGER?

    SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NULL;

    Q:- DISPLAY EMPLOYEE INFORMATION WHERE EMPLOYEES ARE GETTING NO COMMISSION?


    SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL;

    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    CREATE TABLE STUDENT_DDL (ROLLNO NUMBER, NAME VARCHAR2(10));


    INSERT INTO STUDENT_DDL VALUES (1,'RAM');
    INSERT INTO STUDENT_DDL VALUES (2,'LAXMAN');
    COMMIT;
    SELECT * FROM STUDENT_DDL;

    CREATE TABLE "STUDENT_DDL"


    ( "ROLLNO" NUMBER,
    "NAME" VARCHAR2(10 BYTE)
    );

    SELECT dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','STUDENT_DDL') FROM DUAL;

    SELECT dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','EMP')
    FROM DUAL;

    CREATE TABLE "STUDENT_DDL"


    ( "ROLLNO" NUMBER,
    "NAME" VARCHAR2(10 BYTE)
    );

    Insert into STUDENT_DDL (ROLLNO,NAME) values (1,'RAM');


    Insert into STUDENT_DDL (ROLLNO,NAME) values (2,'LAXMAN');

    SELECT * FROM STUDENT_DDL;

    Q:-DISPLAY EMPNO, ENAME, SAL FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES?

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMP;


    FUNCTION:- FUNCTION IS A DATABASE OBJECT WHICH IS USED TO RETURN(SEND) SOME VALUES

    IT IS TWO TYPE
    1. SINGLE ROW FUNCTION
    2. MULTIROW FUNCTION/AGGREGATE FUNCTION

    SINGLE ROW FUNCTION:- THIS FUNCTION WORKS ON EACH ROW OF A TABLE


    AND RETURN A SINGLE VALUE

    ORACLE HAS PREDEFINED SOME FUNCTIONS


    1. NVL FUNCTION

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL ,COMM, SAL + COMM FROM EMP;

    SELECT COMM, NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;


    SELECT COMM, NVL(COMM,100) FROM EMP;
    DESC EMP;

    SELECT COMM, NVL(COMM,'RAM') FROM EMP;


    SELECT NAME, NVL(NAME,'KRISHNA') FROM STUDENT_DDL;
    SELECT NAME, NVL(NAME,1000) FROM STUDENT_DDL;

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL, COMM, SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;

    COLUMN OR EXPRESSION
    SELECT NVL(NULL,100) FROM DUAL;
    SELECT NVL('SCOTT',100) FROM DUAL;
    SELECT NVL(200,100) FROM DUAL;
    SELECT NVL(100,100) FROM DUAL;
    SELECT NVL(100) FROM DUAL;--ORA-00909: invalid number of arguments

    SELECT 100 FROM DUAL;

    SELECT 'SCOTT' FROM DUAL;

    SELECT 'ENAME' FROM EMP;


    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,COMM,COMM , COMM FROM EMP;


    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,COMM,NVL(COMM,100) FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME,SAL ,NVL(COMM,0), SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL, NVL(COMM,0), SAL +NVL(COMM,0)


    FROM EMP WHERE ENAME ='JONES'

    NVL2:-

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,COMM,NVL2(COMM,200,100) FROM EMP;


    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,COMM,NVL2(COMM,SAL+200,SAL +100) FROM EMP;

    1.NVL2 IS USED TO PROVIDE NULL VALUE TO ALTERNATE VALUE


    AND NOT VALUE TO ALTERNATE VALUE
    2. IT IS A SINGLE ROW FUNCTION
    3. IT ACCEPTS 3 PARAMETER , FIRST IS A COLUMN/EXPRESSION ,
    2ND IS ACUAL VALUE FOR NOT NULL, 3RD IS ACTUAL VALUE FOR NULL
    4. DATA TYPE SHOULD MATCH BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS
    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,COMM,NVL2(COMM,200,100) FROM EMP;

    SELECT NVL2('HI','HELLO', 'BYE') FROM DUAL;--OP HELLO


    SELECT NVL2(NULL,'HELLO', 'BYE') FROM DUAL;--OP BYE

    NULLIF:-
    1. NULLIF USED TO COMPARE BETWEEN PARAMETERS IF MATECHS THEN DISPLAY NULL
    IF DOESNT MATCH THEN DISPLAY FIRST PARAMETER VALUE
    2. IT ACCEPTS TWO PARAMETER
    3. IT IS A SINGLE ROW FUNCTION
    4.DATA TYPE SHOULD MATCH BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS

    SELECT NULLIF(100,100) FROM DUAL;--OP NULL


    SELECT NULLIF(200,100) FROM DUAL;-- OP 200
    SELECT ENAME, SAL, COMM ,NULLIF(SAL,COMM) FROM EMP;

    SELECT NULLIF(NULL,NULL) FROM DUAL;--ERROR


    --ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected - got CHAR

    COALESCE:-
    1.COALESCE FUNCTION IS USED TO PROVIDE FIRST NOT NULL VALUE AMONG THE PARAMETERS
    2.WE CAN TAKE N NUMBER OF PARAMETERS
    3.DATA TYPE SHOULD MATCH BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS
    4.IT IS A SINGLE ROW FUNCTION

    SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,100,200,NULL) FROM DUAL;--OP 100


    SELECT COALESCE(400,NULL,200,NULL) FROM DUAL; --OP 400
    SELECT MGR,COMM,SAL, COALESCE(MGR,COMM,SAL) FROM EMP;

    SELECT NVL(NULL,100) FROM DUAL;


    SELECT COALESCE(NULL,100) FROM DUAL;

    SELECT COALESCE(NULL,'ABC', 100) FROM DUAL;


    --ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected CHAR got NUMBER

    INTERVIEW: -DIFF BETWEEN NVL & COALESCE


    ANS: -NVL ACCEPT ONLY TWO PARAMTER BUT COALESCE ACCEPT N NUMBER OF PARAMETERS

    ALIAS NAME:-

    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    Q:- DISPLAY EMPID, EMPLOYEENAME, SALARY, ANNUALSALARY

    SELECT EMPNO EMPID, ENAME AS EMPLOYEENAME, SAL AS SALARY,


    SAL*12 ANNUALSAL
    FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO "EMPID", ENAME AS "EMPLOYEE NAME", SAL AS SALARY,


    SAL*12 "ANNUAL SAL"
    FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO "EMPID", ENAME AS "EMPLOYEE NAME", SAL AS "salary",


    SAL*12 "ANNUAL SAL"
    FROM EMP;

    ALIAS :-
    1. ALIAS IS AN ALTERNATE NAME GIVEN FOR A COLUMN OR TABLE
    2. ALIAS RENAME FOR TEMPORARY PURPOSE

    ALIAS ARE TWO TYPES


    1.COLOUMN ALIAS
    2.TABLE ALIAS

    1.COLOUMN ALIAS:-1. WHEN WE WRITE A NAME NEXT TO THE COLUMN NAME


    IS KNOWN AS COLUMN ALIAS
    2.BETWEEN COLUMN AND ALIAS SEPARATED BY AS KEYWORD
    WHICH IS OPTIONAL
    3.INSTEAD OF AS KEYWORD WE CAN TAKE A SPACE
    4.Alias headings appears in uppercase by default.
    5.TO APPLY SPACE BETWEEN THE ALIAS NAME OR CHANGE THE
    UPPPER CASE TO LOWER CASE WE CAN USE ""(DOUBLE QUOTEATION MARK)
    6.An alias can not be used in where condition
    but can be used in Order by clause

    SELECT EMPNO "EMPID", ENAME AS "EMPLOYEE NAME", SAL AS "salary",


    SAL*12 "ANNUAL SAL"
    FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME,SAL , DEPTNO SAL


    FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL SALARY FROM EMP WHERE SAL=5000;


    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL SALARY FROM EMP WHERE SALARY=5000;--ERROR

    TABLE ALIAS:-

    SELECT * FROM EMP E;

    SELECT E.ENAME, E.SAL , E.DEPTNO FROM EMP E;--TABLE ALIAS

    SELECT EMP.ENAME, EMP.SAL , EMP.DEPTNO FROM EMP ;

    SELECT E.ENAME, E.SAL , E.DEPTNO FROM EMP E;

    SELECT E.*,E.SAL*12 FROM EMP E;

    SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL, COMM, DEPTNO, SAL*12 FROM EMP;

    SELECT E.*,SAL*12 FROM EMP E;

    Q:- SEND A CSV REPORT OF EMPNO ,EMPLOYEE_NAME,MONTHLY_SALARY,


    QUARTERLY_SALARY ,HALF_YEARLY_SALARY, ANNUAL_SALARY

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME AS EMPLOYEE_NAME, SAL AS MONTHLY_SALARY,


    SAL *3 AS QUARTERLY_SALARY, SAL*6 AS HALFYEARLY_SAL,
    SAL *12 AS ANNUAL_SAL FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME AS EMPLOYEE_NAME,


    SAL + NVL(COMM,0) AS MONTHLY_TOTAL_SALARY,
    (SAL+NVL(COMM,0)) *3 AS QUARTERLY_TOTAL_SALARY,
    (SAL+ NVL(COMM,0)) *6 AS HALFYEARLY_TOTAL_SAL,
    SAL *12 AS ANNUAL_SAL FROM EMP;
    QUARTER:- FINANCIAL QUARTER :- APR- JUN, JULY-SEP, OCT-DEC,
    JAN -MARCH

    CONCATENATION OPERATOR : -COMBINE

    1. USING CONCATENATION OPERATOR WE CAN COMBINE COLUMNS OR EXPRESSIONS


    IN A SINGLE COLOUMN
    2. IT IS REPRESENTED BY DOUBLE VERTICAL BARS (||)
    3. AFTER COMBINE THE RESULTANT COLUMN BEHAVES LIKE A CHARACTER DATA TYPE.

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME , JOB, ENAME || JOB FROM EMP;


    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME , JOB, ENAME||' ' || JOB FROM EMP;

    SELECT EMPNO ,ENAME , JOB, ENAME || ' --> ' || JOB AS EMPLOYEEJOB FROM EMP;

    SELECT 'HI' FROM DUAL;


    SELECT 'HI' FROM EMP;

    SELECT 100||200 + 500 FROM DUAL;

    Q:- DISPLAY "KING IS EARNING MONTHLY SALARY AS 5000"


    "ALLEN IS EARNING MONTHLY SALARY AS 1600"
    "SMITH IS EARNING MONTHLY SALARY AS 2850"

    SELECT ENAME ||' IS EARNING MONTHLY SALARY :- ' || SAL FROM EMP;

    SELECT * FROM EMP;

    ENAME, SALARY

    Q:- KING IS WORKING AS A PRESIDENT


    SELECT ENAME || ' IS WORKING AS A ' || JOB FROM EMP;

    KING'S COMM IS 0
    ALLEN'S COMM IS 300

    SELECT ENAME || '''S COMM IS ' || NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;


    --WITH IN EXPRESSION IF WE WANT TO DISPLAY SINGLE QUOTE THEN TAKE TWICE

    SELECT ENAME || '''''S COMM IS ' || NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;

    SELECT ENAME || '''S COMM IS ' || NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP WHERE ENAME ='KING';

    SELECT 'HI' FROM EMP;

    TASK :- DISPAY EMPID, EMPLOYEENAME, MONTHLYSALARY,


    PF(12 % OF SAL), DA (10 % OF SAL) , HRA (15%OF SAL),
    MONTHLY_GROSS (MONTHLYSALARY + PF + DA + HRA),
    ANNUAL_CTC(MONTHLYSALARY + PF + DA + HRA)*12

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