Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Sulaimani Polytechnic University

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanic and Manufacturing Engineering

Automotive engineering

Prepared By:
…..Ahmed Zrng ….
3rd Stage

6th Semester

(2023 – 2024)
 Content
Subject Page Number
Table of Content 2

Introduction 3

Temperature Measure 5

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Introduction
The automotive industry is undergoing rapid advancements driven by technological innovations.
As mechanical engineers it is essential to understand the fundamental principles underlying these
advancements and their applications.
Understanding these innovations and improvements are crucial for optimizing vehicle
performance, improving fuel efficiency, reducing emissions, and enhancing overall safety.
In this report I aim to present a comprehensive amount of knowledge tutored in the classes.

CAR ENGINE LAYOUTS

Inline engine layout: is where all of the cylinders are in a straight line, hence their name. This
design is very smart since there is only one cylinder head and fewer moving parts when
compared to engines with multiple cylinder heads, when you have less parts there is less chance
of other parts failing, this allows for a less mechanically complex layout.
A. Single piston ex: 1903 Old Mobile curved dash
B. Two piston ex: fiat500
C. Three piston ex: Koenigsegg TFG (600hp)
D. Four piston ex: Toyota Hilux
E. Five piston ex: Hummer H3
F. Six piston ex: Toyota Supra 2Jz
G. Eight piston ex: Alfa Romeo Alfetta 1950 Figure 1: three piston inline engine
V engine layout: is where the engine is split into two cylinders with a common crank shaft at the
bottom of the V. When compared to an inline engine they are shorter in length but they are
wider.

A. V2 ex: Mazda’s first car R360

B. V3 used in motorbikes ex: Honda NS500
C. V4 ex: Porsche 919 hybrid Lmp1
D. V5 used in motorbikes ex: Honda RC211V
E. V6 ex: Toyota Landcruiser 2013
F. V8 ex: Toyota Land Cruiser 5.7 2013
G. V10 ex: Dodge Viper
H. V12 ex: Aston martin Vantage
I. V16 ex: Cadillac V-16 1931
J. V18 ex: Belaz 75600 hauler truck
K. V20 ex: Caterpillar 797 dump truck Figure 2: V10 engine

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VR engine layout: it is a combination between inline engines and V engines layouts. The R in VR
comes from the German word reihenmotor which means inline. With this type of engine you get
the performance of a V engine but package them in a way which would allow them to fit into
compact cars without having to compromise on their size and weight, also you need a single
cylinder head for all cylinders which means usually only two camshafts are used.

A. VR4 ex: Lancia Lambda which had a 20 degree angle layout

B. VR5 ex: Golf 2002
C. VR6 ex: Golf

Figure3: VR6 Golf engine

W engine layout: is a combination of two VR engines which makes a W or double V engine, the
W engine uses three of four cylinder banks running on the same crackshaft.

A. W3 used in motorcycles ex: Feuling W3

B. W6 ex: Rambler Tropin Wagen
C. W8 ex: Volkswagen Passat 2003
D. W12 ex: 2001 audi A8
E. W16 ex: Bugatti Veyron

Figure4: W16 Bugatti engine

boxer engine layout: sometimes called horizontally opposed or flat engine, it has a central
crankshaft with two cylinder banks, the horizontal arrangement gives them a low center of
gravity which helps give you power to your wheels and improves handling, and the engines are
easier to cool because of the spread out design. They used to be air cooled.

A. Two piston ex: Panhaed Hyna X

B. Four piston ex: early models of Beetle
C. Six piston ex: Porsche 911
D. Eight piston ex: Porsche 908

Figure5: six cylinder boxer engine 911

Opposing piston engine layout: has a flat layout and its pistons meet in the middle and do not
have a cylinder head. It has lower emissions.

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Commer TS3 1955 which had two pistons per cylinder and three cylinders total and one
crackshaft as can be seen in the figure6.

Rotary engine: also called wankel type eninge it has no connecting rods and valves, there is a
single piston that revolves around a geared shaft. The inside of this engine is shaped so that the
triangular piston turns and goes through all four cycles that a standard internal combustion
engine would go through. If you want a rotary engine to make more power you have a few ways
to do it, you can use force induction or you can add more rotors.

A. Single rotor ex: Mazda HC luce 1991

B. Double rotor ex: Mazda rx-7
C. Three rotor ex: Mazda 757
D. Four rotor ex: Mazda 787B
Figure7: Mazda RX-7 with double rotor engine

U engine: alson known as the square four, these engines are two separate straight engines
placed side by side and coupled at a shared output shaft, when you look at them from the side it
looks like the letter U. The benefit is that it is able to share common parts with a straight engine,
which it was based off and if there is two crankshafts rotating in opposite direction, the
gyroscopic effect of those rotating components cancel out. So you will have a naturally very
smooth engine.
A. It is used in motor cycles like Suzuki RD500 and the Ariel Square Four. As shown in
figure8.

Figure8: the working mechanism of a U engine

H engine layout: it has a similar concept to the U engine but it is stacked. Its
configuration is aligned so that when you look at them from the side you see the letter H.
It can be put either horizontally or vertically, it has two crankshafts but it is geared
together to have one transmission ex: H16 in 1966 lotus 43 and H4 in Golden Dream
Brough Superior motorbike, as shown in figure9.

Figure9: Horizontal and vertical H engine

These layouts are the way that the piston configurations are put and the design of the cylinder
and the way it is put

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Components of an engine
A. Crankshaft: is the component in an engine where the connecting rods are connected to it
is turned by the combustion happening in the combustion chamber, it converts the liner
motion generated by the engine into rotational motion.
B. Crankcase: is the central component in the engine where it houses the entire crack
mechanism including the pistons, cylinders and connecting rods. Accessories, the
transmission and engine control system with cylinder head are attached to the crankcase.
C. Piston: is a reciprocating component of an engine where the combustion happens on its
top
D. Wrist pin: is the component connecting the connecting rod to the piston
E. Piston rings: in most cars there is three rings the first and second are compression rings
and the third is oil ring, the function of the rings is to seal the combustion chamber and
ensures there is a consistent film of oil across the cylinders working surface. Usually they
are made of materials softer than the piston and cylinder for it to fail first and to achieve a
more economical maintenance if there is a problem.
F. Intake valve: is a valve which brings air or an air-fuel mixture into the combustion
chamber
G. Camshaft: usually located in the head, it has several cams on it and it controls the
opening and the opening and closing of the valves.
H. Spark plug: in gasoline engines ignites the air-fuel mixture by providing a spark
I. Glow plug: in diesel engines heats the air-fuel mixture and encourages efficient
combustion.
J. Exhaust valve: releases burned gases from the cylinder.
K. Cylinder head: located above the cylinder controls air flow
in and out of the cylinder it houses the valves and other
parts of the engine.
L. Head gasket: is a gasket between the cylinder and the head
where it prevents the mixture of oil and coolant, most OEM
head gaskets are MLS(multilayer steel) although available

Figure11: MLS head gasket

 in asbestos material.
M. Connecting rod: transfers motion from the piston to the crankshaft and functions as a
lever arm they have to be made with isotropic materials.
N. Injectors: are nozzles which spray fuel to create the air-fuel mixture and are connected to
fuel injector rail.
O. Oil: reduces friction, cools and cleans the engine. Having a good quality oil an oil filter
can affect the longevity of your engine.
P. VVT sprocket: can be found in most modern vehicles, it is
connected to the camshaft and improves performance and
fuel economy.
Q. Oil control valve: to regulate the supply of oil to the VVT
sprocket to advance or retard the timing by altering the
camshaft angle position.
R. Starter: has a gear that engages and turns the flywheel
which starts the engine when the engine is started.
S. Timing chain or belt: is attached to the camshafts and
crankshaft and must be put in right order for the engine to
function properly.
T. Chain or belt tensioner: tightens the chain or belt so that it
is not loose.
U. Timing cover: sometimes the oil pump is located here, it Figure11: timing components of an
covers the timing components so that oil can circulate and no engine
contaminants can affect its functioning.
V. Drive belt: located on the other side of the engine,
depending on the car it usually drives the alternator, water
pump and air compressor.
W. Water pump: is part of the engine cooling system,
where it cools the engine by pumping coolant form the
engine to the radiator and returning cooled coolant into
the engine. Newer cars usually have an electric water
pump.

Figure12: drive belt and the

accessories it drives

Four stroke engines

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A four stroke engine is called four stroke because four up and down motion is required to
complete the cycle.
1. First stroke intake: the piston starts going downwards as the intake valve opens and air
from the atmosphere and gasoline from the fuel injectors will enter the cylinder.
2. Second stroke compression: the piston travels upward compressing the air and fuel to
make a highly combustible mixture an when the piston reaches top dead center the spark
plug will spark.
3. Third stroke combustion (power): when the spark plug sparked and combust the mixture
the piston will go downward from the expansion of the air and gas mixture.
4. Fourth stroke exhaust: as the piston travels upwards the exhaust valve opens to release
the burned air-fuel mixture.
When the piston reaches the top dead center the intake valve opens and the cycle will allover
again. It takes one up and down motion or two strokes of the piston to create on revolution of the
crankshaft. RPM or revolution per minute is how many times the crankshaft rotates within that
minute.

References
1. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4693Xxxxx

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