WHAT IS RESEACH?

 Systematic investigation (review of the evidence based of the formulated

questions) SOP
 Study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusion.
WHY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT?
 Gathering evidence (Exploratory, discovering, describing, summarizing,
testing, predicting)
 Contribute to developing knowledge in the field of study

HOW TO WRITE RESERCH TITLE:

GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING/FORMULATING RESEARCH TOPIC:

1. Interest in the subject matter
2. Availability of the information
3. Timeliness and relevance
4. Limitation of the subject
5. Personal Resources

(SMART)
SPECIFIC – (goal, variables, and locale)
- as a whole, alam mo dapat ang iyong objectives
- what do you want to attain in your research

MEASURABLE (quantifiable data and results)

- it shoud be applicable in quantitative because pwede antin sukatin

ATTAINABLE- (reasonable and realistic)

- your reseach ay dapat tapos sa oras na ibinigay sayo ng yong adviser

RELEVANT- (APPROPRIATE TO THE CURRENT TIME, PERIOD OR CIRCUMSTANCES)

WHAT ARE RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED

1. Controversial topics
2. Highly technical subjects
3. Hard to investigate
4. Too broad subjects
5. Too narrow subjects
6. Vague subjects

SOURCES:
1. Mass media communication
2. Books
3. Journals
4. Conference Paper
5. Magazines
6. Work Experience
7. Internet

https://schoolar.google.com
https://ejournals.ph

HOW TO MAKE RESEARCH TITLE (BASIC)

TEMPLATE:
1. Research Goal
2. Independent Variables
3. Dependent Variables
4. Locale or Area of research

Research Goal (Ano ang gusto mong Research, Ano ang hinahanap mo)
Ex. The effects
The impact
Factors affecting
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: (ITO ay problema na nakakaapekto sa research mo)
Ex. Covid 19, Mobile Legend

DEPENDENT VARIABLES (ITO ang apektado ng inyong IV, hindi ito pwedeng tumayo ng
sarili nyaNG PAA).

QUESTIONS MUST BE IN ORDER

1. What is your problem?
2. How will you solve the problem?
3. Who are being studied?

@ What is your problem statement?

Ex. The FINANCIAL CHALLENGES OF Police Officers
Key words: financial Challenges

@ How will you solve the problem?

EX. Ask Question about solution of financial
Key words: SOLUTION

@ WHO are being studied?

EX. Police Executive master Sergeant
Key words: Police Executive Master Sergeant assigned in Manila Police District

# VARIABLES (PABAGO-BAGO)

TITLE: Financial Challenges and Solutions of PEMS Assigned in MPD

CONSTRUCTING THE RESEARCH TITLE (QUANTITATIVE )

GOAL Independent Dependent Variables LOCALE/place or
Variables area of research
The direction and IV, are not affected by Are those that affected by The specific area..where
objective of the study any other variables and IV and cannot stand the study to be conducted
can stand alone alone
What do you want to This is usally the focus This includes the areas
discovered and the issue at hand relevant to the
respondent

Covid Academic performance of School

The effect Mobile games selected freshman Barangay
The impact New normal college students Community
The role Online education District
The relationship Blended learning Vocabulary skills
The link Reading compreehension
The correlation Mental health
The perspective] behaviour
The innovation
The development
Awareness
A framework
Challencges
Opportunities

What are the contents of Research?

CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction
2. Statement of the problem
3. Significance of the study
4. Theoretical framework
5. Conceptual framework
6. Scope and delimitation
7. Hypothesis
8. Definition of terms
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
(Foreign and Locale)

CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
 Research Design
 Research Setting
 Respondents and Sampling
 Research Instrument
 Validity and Reliability of Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedures
 Data Analysis
Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
 Problem 1 to 5

Chapter 5
Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations

Bibliography
Appendices
 Letter to respondents
 Questionnaires
 Documents for the data gathering

INTRODUCTION
 Mahirap umpisahan at tapusin
 Do not copy paste-it is your own statement
 The purpose of your introduction is to trigger your reader to read your
research until end.

The introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that answers three important
questions for the reader:
 What is this?
 Why am I reading it?
 What do you want me to think about / consider doing / react to?


EX. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ TEACHING STRATEGIES

AND STUDENTS’ SELF CONFIDENCE AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS

TWO VARIABLES:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE

IV-teachers teaching strategies

DP-Self confidence

How to make an Intro:

1. Discuss about the Independent and Dependent Variables in Present times.

a) Teachers has a vital role in the society, they teaches about facts and develop
skills. They are using their own strategy to reach students mind capacity and to
ensure that the learners are equally treated with different multiple intelligence.
According to Ligson (2020), teaching strategies are those ways on how to deliver
the lessons to the students including way of speaking, materials and attack of the
whole class session.
b) Meanwhile, inside the classroom, students are engaging in process of learning,
they participate by raising their hands to answer some critical questions. Other
 students doesn’t participate because of lack of self confidence. According to
Nobleza and Maca (2021), self confidence is a energy to express own expression
or idea. Every students can express their own idea through different ways like
raising their hands, answering questions, giving feedback etc.
2. What is the issue all about?
a) Inside the classroom, in terms of power expressing owns idea to present in front
of the class or participating in answering the teachers question, there are certain
students who doesn’t engage in participating because they do not have the
confidence to express it. That is why their participation in class is low graded.
b) However, there are participative, but self confidence has a vital role own’s life
especially in everyday living and whenever there is an independent details that a
certain people need to express. Everything starts in home, but most of the time
the teachers are the most person encountered Henry Legaspi (2020). When
student thinks that he/she has correct answer and really understand, it will be the
source of the student’s self confidence.
3. What is the purpose of this study?
The researcher seek to find the solution for this study for the purpose of improving
one’s self confidence and the teacher’s teaching strategies. The purpose of this study
to find if there is a significant relationship between teachers strategy of teaching and
students’ self confidence.
4. Who will benefit in this research?
The researcher believe that this research will contribute to the principles of the
teachers, school administrators and students. There are ideas behind the scenes inside
the classroom that need to be cleared and oriented in problems of the students.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

: LAHAT NG LAMAN ng SOP ay tanong- it is a question form.
o STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ay kinukuha/hinuhugot sa research title,
mga tanong ito na kinukuha sa title para tumulong masagot ang research title

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that

outlines the problem addressed by a study. The statement of the
problem briefly addresses the question: What is the problem that the
research will address?

What are the goals of a statement of the problem?

The ultimate goal of a statement of the problem is to transform a

generalized problem (something that bothers you; a perceived lack) into
a targeted, well-defined problem; one that can be resolved through
focused research and careful decision-making.

Writing a statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the
purpose of the research project you will propose. Often, the statement of
the problem will also serve as the basis for the introductory section of
your final proposal, directing your reader’s attention quickly to the issues
that your proposed project will address and providing the reader with a
concise statement of the proposed project itself.

A statement of problem need not be long and elaborate: one page is

more than enough for a good statement of problem.

What are the key characteristics of a statement of the problem?

A good research problem should have the following characteristics:

 It should address a gap in knowledge.

 It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body
of research
 It should lead to further research
 The problem should render itself to investigation through
collection of data
 It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills,
time, and resources
 The approach towards solving the problem should be ethical
o
GENERAL PROBLEM AND FOLLOWED BY SPECIFIC PROBLEM

SOP MUST BE 3 OR 5 QUESTIONS

HOW TO MAKE RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaires should satisfy the following according to CALMORIN (2011).

1. VALIDITY: It measures what it really needs to measure

Q: How to determine whether questionnaires is valid?
Ans. Need to approach experts of what field and solicit their signatures as
approved questionnaires

Types of Validity:

a. Content Validity: the content of your questions ay dapat tama ayon sa mga
audience mo.
b. Con Current: Nag agree ba siya sa standard or set up
c. Predictive Validity: yong responses ng respondent at predictive-like nuero exam
yan ay predictive.
d. Construct Validity: Questionnaire ay parang kahalintulad ng isang theory, or
yong sagot mo ay naka base sa theory.

2. RELIABILITY:
Q: HOW TO DETERMINE whether your questionnaire is realible?
Ans. Go to mathematician/ statistician to compute your questionnaires.

Techniques in testing reliability

 1. Pre Test method
2. Parallel Form method
3. Split half method
4. Internal Consistency method

3. PRACTICABILITY
Q: How to determine practicability?
Ans. The practicability does not need any test nor experts you can assess your
questionnaires whether its practical.

4. JUSTNESS:
How to determine justness?
Ans. The best way to get justness is to make a TABLE OF SPECIFICATION.
@ YOU can approach an educator to make a table of specification for you. ITO
YONG distribution questionnares para hindi ka maging BIAS KUNG ano dapat
ilagay or itanong sa yong questionnaires, gagawa ka ng TOS para makuha na fair
siya, fair yong dapat mong i-measure.

5. MORALITY:
HOW TO DETERMINE MORALITY?
ANS. JUST PUT EMPHASIS IN your questionnaires oR interview that the
respondents identity is treated with confidentiality.

Significance of the study is written as part of the introduction section of a thesis. It provides
details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as what the study will
contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes an explanation of the work's
importance as well as its potential benefits.

The theoretical framework defines the key concepts in your research, proposes relations
between them, and discusses relevant theories based on a literature review.

A strong theoretical framework gives your research direction, allowing you to convincingly
interpret, explain and generalize from your findings.
 II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURES

(THE HEART AND SOUL OF EVERY STUDY)

5 years lang- acceptable

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

If chapter l is about introduction, your introducing about the problem na gusto mong
sasagutin.
 If chapter 2 is Review of Related Literature….ito naman ang susuporta sa
introduction mo, ito ay connected na reviews na mga literature that support sa introduction
na meron problema.
In Chapter 3 (Methodology or methods), ano ang mga bagay na gagamitin or sino
ang mga interviewhin mo, san ka mag interview, san ka mag survey.

PARTS/CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3

1. Research Design
2. Research Locale
3. Participants of the Study
4. Instrumentation
5. Data Gathering Procedures
6. Statistical/Data treatment

1. Research Design (explain the research method used

 QUALITATIVE, QUANTITTIVE OR MIXED METHOD
 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPERIMENTAL/EXPLORATORY

QUALITATIVE- is more a text, salita, interview, perceptions in isang tao thru interview
(idea ng tao)

QUANTITATIVE-dealing with numbers, survey, MEASURABLE

QUALITATIVE:

A. CASE STUDY – a research methodology that helps in exploration of a phenomenon

within some particular context through various data sources and it undertakes the
exploration through variety of lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of the
phenomenon. (Baxter & Jack, 2008)

B. ETHNOGRPHY – interaction of the researcher to the participants in their real life of

environment

C. NARRATIVE INQUIRY- records of experiences of an individual or group revealing

the lived experience of their own, through interview which is then recorded and
ordered into a chronological narrative.

D. PHENOMENOLOGICAL
– it focus on the commonality of a lived experience within a particular group
- Researcher may construct the universal meaning of the event, situation or
experience and arrive at a more propound understanding of the phenomenon.
E. GROUNDED THEORY - sets out to discover or construct theory from data
- Obtained and analysed using comparative analysis (quanti vs quali).

2. Research Locale – this discusses the place or setting of the study, it describes in brief
the place where the study is conducted, only important features which have the
bearing of the present study are included, saan at bakit yan ang napili mong lugar

3. Participants of the study- it describes the following:

a) population
b) sample size
c) sample frame
d) sampling method/technique

POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS:
 tourist, visitors, family, friends, employees, managers
 
4. Sample frame-eg. Tel directory, census list, passenger manifest. Enrollemtn list, hotel
guest list, client data, etc

SAMPLING METHOD:
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING- It is a sampling techniques wherein from a larger
population are chose to represent the whole population then…ex. The participant is
100 kukuha lamang ng 50 to represent the whole 100%...yon ang tinatawag na
probability sampling.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING- Is SAMPLING technique that may or may not
represent the entire populations accuracy. The research could be BIAS, nag research
ka ng meaning ng SIKAT NA ARTISTA, doon na lang din nag research sa mga
sikat.

NEUMAN (2006)
 FOR population under 1000, researchers should sample 30% of the
population
 For population over 10,000, researchers should sample a minimum of 10% of
the population
 For population over 150,000, researchers should sample 1% of the population

SLOVIN’S METHOD
 Determine the size of the study/population- this is easily determined from the scope
and limitation of the study
 Decide the margin of error-5 percent to 10%
 Use the formula (for big population)

N = N
1 + Ne2
n- size of the sample
N- size of the population
e- margin of error

Slovins formula- use to calculated an appropriate sample size from population para malaman
natin ang minimum na number of sample size na kinakailangan out of the
population.
- It is usually imposible to survey every member of a population because of
MONEY, COST, TIME AND EFFORT.

VALIDATION: IT describes what measures you will take to address issues of validity,
realibility and authenticity,
 Pre test – practice at dun mo malalaman sa pre test if maiintidihan ban g respondents
and mga questions or kinakailanganbang tagalugin ang mga tanong on what dialect,
baka manghula lang ang mga respondnets .

INSTRUMENTATION

Survey – is a method of data collection in which an information is gathered through oral or

written questioning.
ORAL Questioning- is known as interviewing
Written Questioning- is accomplish through questionnaires

1. E-survey (GOOGLE FORMS)

2. Self completion questionnaires- respondents and sasagot
3. Interview Completed Questionnaires- matanda ang sasagot at hindi na makabasa,
hindi marunnog magsulat, ikaw ang gagwa, hawak mo ang papel
4. On Site Survey- Ex. On the site
5. En route Survey – hindi ka pinayagan sa loob ng restaurant mag survey, sa labas ka
na lamang mag aabang ng dapat mong bigyan ng survey.
 6. Household survey
7. Triangulation - masarap ba nag pagkain sa restaurant?
Management – yes
Employees - YES
DINERS - ? ……need to verify

DATA GATHERING/COLLECTION

This part will describe how the researcher will conduct the study from seeking
permission to persons in authority, to retrieving the questionnaires (stories kung papaano mo
nasagot)

1. OBSERVATION- the researcher get close enough to study subjects to observe (with
or without participants) to understand what people say and do or to gain knowledge
about the subjects

2. DOCUMENTS- these are the other sources of information about the

subject/participants, such as records, birth certificates and other written works

3. INTERVIEWS-involves by asking questions, listening, and recording answers from

individual/group on a STRUCTURED, SEMI STRUCTURED OR
UNSTRUCTURED

STRUCTURED- your questionnaires are systematic na hindi ka na gagawa pa ng ibang

questions other than what you already prepare.
SEMI-STRUCTURED- you already prepared set of questions, but if need arises pwede ka pa
rin gumawa ng other sets of questions
UNSTRUCTURED- which mean, magaling kng researcher kahit wala kang set of questions
nagagawa mo pa ring magtanong.

4. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION-guided by set of questions and interactive session

with a group of small enough for everyone to have a chance to talk, and large enough
to provide diversity of opinions.

DATA ANALYSIS

IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN the methods applied for analyzing gathered data
Ex.
1. Simple Frequency distribution
2. Mean, Median, mode (likert scale)
3. Cross tabulation
4. Measuring relationship
T Test < 30
Z test > 30
Anova
 Statistical Analysis
Pearson Rho (correlation coefficient)
Spearman Rho (Rank correlation coefficient)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (lottery method, Number method)
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING (FILE METHOD) every 5 th name in the list ikaw ang
nabunot.
3. CLUSTERED SAMPLING-POPULATION is clustered in groups
4. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING-grab sampling
5. PURPOSIVE SAMPLE- JUDGEMENTAL sampling
6. SNOWBALL SAMPLING- KNOWN as referral sampling, from 1 to 2 to many
(nanganganak)
7. EXPERT SAMPLING
8. QUOTA SAMPLING- the researcher calculates a set numbers of participants for
inclusion based on some predetermined variables (gender, age, etc)
 Ex. Sa 100 participants, sino ang bubuo ng 10 na lalaki, babae, bata at matanda.

QUALITATIVE STUDY
o QUANTITY of responses is not an issue but how long you will collect data from the
participants?
o Data should be collected until a QUALITATIVE ISOMORP (two or more entities
come to similar structures)

 WHEN redundancy with respect to information occurs; until new insights are gained,
only confirmation of previous theories. Ex. From 1 to 6 out of 10, almost 6
participants collected same answers, with that considered na yong 7 to 10 .
 The researcher will decide if the answer of the participants is enough because almost
of the answer is PAREHO PAREHO NA.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

1. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE

It is a method of analyzing or representing statistical and a procedure for calculating a

statistic.

TYPES OF STATISTICS
a) DESCRIPTIVE – describes the properties of sample and population data

1. Measures of Frequency – count, percent, frequency

2. Measures of central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode
3. Measures of Dispersation or Variation-Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
4. Measures of Position/location-Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks, Decile

b) INFERENTIAL- uses those properties to test hypotheses and draw conclusions

A. Parametric T test, Z test, f-ratio

B. Non Parametric -pearson r
- chi square
- MC Nemars
- Spearman rho

KINDS AND TYPES OF DATA

Data is a set of values of subjects with respect to QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES

CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA

WHEN is classified according to measurable characteristic such as height, weight IT IS
QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Quantitative- are expressed in terms of number

Classification of Data- based on the height of students in class

SCALE OF DATE
It can be classified as being one of four scales
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval or
4. Ratio

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population is entire group that you want to draw conclusion
Sample-is a specific group that you will collect data

Note: the TOTAL SIZE of the sample is always LESS than the TOAL SIZE of the
population.

SAMPLE SIZE- measures the number of individual samples measured or observations used
in a survey or experiment.

WHAT IS SAMPLING?
ACCORDING TO Baracero (2016) it is a method or process of selecting respondents
or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study

Types of Sampling

1. Probability Sampling – is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger

population are chosen using a method base on the theory of probability.
- For a participant to be considered as a probability he/she must be selected
using a random selection (bhat, 2019).
- Ito ay pagkuha ng respondent sa pamamagitan ng statistic para hindi
maging BIAS
2. Non Probality Sampling – a sampling technique wherethe samples are gathered in a
process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being
selected.
- diretso ang pagpili ng respondent
- hindi ginagamitanng statistic

Types of Probability Sampling

1) SAMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING – Is a subset of a statistical population in which

each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.
Ex. Write names in paper, fold, put in a box, then randomly select the same

2) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – method which sample members from a larger

population are selected according to random starting point and a fixed, periodic
interval.
Ex. Population 500, sample size 50, get every 10th person in the list
500/50 = 10

3) STRATIFIED SAMPLING – method which the total population is divided into small
groups or STRATA to complete the sampling process.
Ex. Population 500, sample size 50, group the population by age then get the sample
by age.

4) CLUSTER SAMPLING-method where multiple clusters of people are created from a

population where they are indicative of homogeneous characteristics and have an
equal chance of being a part of the sample
Ex. 500, sample size 50, group the population by age, then get the sample of ages,
then you can perform SRS into that group.

HOW TO COMPUTE SAMPLE SIZE

USE Slovin’s formula

Population = 1000
Confidence level = 95%
Or error = 5% OR 0.05

FORMULA n= N_____
1 + Ne 2

n = 1000 /1 + 1000 (0.05)2 

= 1000 /1 + 1000 (0.0025) 
 = 1000/(1 + 2.5 )
= 1000/3.5
= 285.71 or 286

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. QUOTA SAMPLING – non probability sampling technique within the assembled

sample has the same, proportions of individual as the entire population
2. Voluntary Sampling – sampling which people volunteer to participate in a survey
3. Purposive Sampling – one that is selected based on characteristics of a population
and the purpose of the study
4. Availability Sampling – involves selected sample from the population because it is
accessible
5. Snowball Sampling – where research participant recruit other participant for a test or
study.

EXAMPLE:

1. Simple Random Sampling

@@@@@@@
@ @@@@@
@@@@@

Fish Bowl Method

- no pattern involved
- walang control si researcher
2.Systematic Sampling

@ @ @
@ @ @
@ @ @
@ @ @

Pattern
Ex. Randomize from 0 to 9
- bumonot ng number 3

3 33
13 43
23 53

3. Stratified Random Sampling

@@ @ @
@ @ @ @
@ @ @ @
@ @ @ @

1. Equal representation (strata)

2. Proportionalization
Male Female

40% 60%

4.Cluster

1 3

2@ @ 4
 @ @
District 2 to represent 1 2 3 4

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

QUOTA SAMPLING – IT is a proportion of number

1@ 3@
@ @ @
@ @ 2@ @
@
Group 1 get 5
2 get 3
3 get 2
Note: with similarity to stratified, mas may control si researcher, need ni researcher
mapunuan ang quota niya.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

Lumalaki ng lumalaki ang respondents thru such endorsement by your friend

IMPORTANT IN SAMPLING
WALA TALAGANG PINAKATAMA NA SAMPLING TECHNIQUE IT
DEPENDS UPON THE CIRCUMTANCES AT SA RESOURCES NG RESEARCHER.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

Data point

V
VARIABLES
Numeric, measured

QUATITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Names, label, no.
of order

DISCRETE CONTINOUS NOMINAL ORDINAL

-NO OF students -weight, 68, 75 -eye color -customer
in class 30,40 or -height (blk,brwn, blue) service feedback
100 -blood group -rank of students
-distance
-no. of defective -state in class
-temperature -zip code
parts
-no of rood
accidents
INVOICE DATE
INVOICE NO CUSTOMER PRODUCT QUALITY PRICE CUSTOMER
NAME SATISFACTION
101 JOHN LAPTOP 2 75 5
103 MARY TV 3 100 2
NOMINAL DISCRETE CONTINOUS ORDINAL
 VARAIABLES AND CONSTANT

CONSTANT – it is a symbol that has a fixed value

How many minutes are there in 1 hour = 60 (fixed)
How many hour are there in 1 day = 24 (fixed)

VARIABLES – it is a symbol for an unknown quantity

HOW many days are there in 1 month
-it depends on which month you are referring to, months = 28, 30, 31

ANOTHER SAMPLE

AMUSEMENT PARK

Entry Fee : 50
Rides Fee: Depends on the number of rides
Total Amount Spent: Entry fee + Rides Fee
50 = constant
Rides fee = variable

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

1. Qualitative/categorical 1. ranking/placement 1. the order matters The order matters
2.names, colors, labels, 2. the order matters 2. differences can be Differences are
gender, etc measured (except ratio) measurable (including
ratios)
3. order does not matter 3. differences cannot be 3. NO TRUE “O” Contains “O” starting
measured starting point point

- NOMINAL – survey
1 - red > 5 50% Note: this QUALITATIVE FORMS of data
2 – blue > 3 30% cannot be use in calculation however the
3 – green > 2 20% responses of people to the different color can
10 be use in calculation

ORDINAL

1ST 4.53 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 1ST AND

2ND IS DIFFERENT FROM 2ND AND 3RD
2ND 4.54

3RD 6.02

OR
EXCELLENT 1
GOOD 2 WE cannot really measure the difference
SATISFACTORY 3 between excellent and good however we can
BAD 4 assign them VALUES. THE ORDER MAKE
SENSE.

- The difference between

INTERVAL 30/60/90 can be measured
- No zero “O” starting point
TEMPERATURE 30 deg
30
+
60 = 2
30
 60 deg
90 deg

RATIO – grades
Given: 70 30 56 82 90 For ratio: 90/ 30 = 3
To array : 0 30 56 70 82 90
Add “0” as starting point

SAMPLING TECHNIQUESS
IT is the name or other identification of the specific process by which the entities of the
sample heve been selected.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

IT IS A systematic approach to gather relevant information from a variety of sources
depending on the problem statement., the data collection is broadly classified into two (2)
categories:

TWO CATEGORIES OF DATA COLLECTION

1. PRIMARY-when you have a unique problem and no related research is done on the
subject. Then you need to collect new data. INFORMATION GATHERED
DIRECTLY FROM THE SOURCE.
Ex. You want information on the average time that employees spend in cafeteria.
There is no public data available for these. But you can collect the data through
various methods such as surveys, interviews of employees and by monitoring the
time spent by employees in cafeteria. THIS METHOD IS TIME CONSUMING.
2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION-Use the data which is readily available or
collected by someone else. This data can be found on an open source websites,
youtube, googles, news articles, government census, magazines and so on. LESS
CONSUMING
NOTE; any attributes such as age, weights and heights have numeric values. This
values will analyzed statistically. This data known as QUANTITATIVE DATA.

4 PROCEDURES /METHODS ON DATA COLLECTION

1. Direct
2. Present
3. Analyze
4. Interpret

DATA COLLECTION

1. DIRECT (Interview) normally face to face interview/conversation with the

respondent, during interviews, the interviewer directly record not only the
interviewees responses to a set of questions but also their behaviour such as their
body language,. Interviews maybe STRUCTURED, SEMI STRUCTURED AND
UNSTRUCTURED
- Interaction with the respondent, voice call or video call

STRUCTURED
- Verbally administered questions
- Surface level in depth
- Far faster and more efficient data collection
SEMI STRUCTURED
- allows discussion between the interviewer and interviewee since questions
are open ended, rather than straight forward.
UNSTRUCTURED
- the interviewer has freedon to ask questions that come to mind
- csn be time consuming
-
 2. INDIRECT METHOD (Questionnaires)
This commonly use for service studies. A standardize set of questions are prepared
printed and administered to people of interest, questions may range fro…
a) FIXED-ALTERNATIVE-like multiple choice of questions
b) LIKERT SCALE
c) OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

BECAUSE questionnaires can be reproduce, administration of it done to a larger

group of people

PROS
- Can be administered to a larger group of people
- Lower cost
- Data collected are actionable and easier to analyze

CONS
- Data maybe unrealiable due to dishonest of uninterested respondents
- Questions might be left unanswered

REASON: Researcher orients respondents before giving questionnaires

- Hindi mo pwedeng dagdagan ang tanong kapag nasa respondent na siya.
Kung ano lamang ang tanong sa questionnaires iyon lang din ang
sasagutan

3. OBSERVATION- Best suited for documenting the behavior of the subjects in an

uncontrolled or controlled environment as for the case on laboratories, though
observation the researcher examine thhe phenomenon while occurs.
PROS
- Data are gather directly
- Data maybe superior compared to those gathered from an artificial
environments or experimentation
CONS
- Lack of control to extraneous data

*** Hind mo bibigyan ng questionnaires instead obserbahan mo lang siya, may ipapagawa
ka sa kanya ex. Jumping rope in one minute, obserbahan mo lang ang kanyang mga galaw
-
4. EXPERIMENTATION- this method conducted to laboratories where specimen are
subjected to some aspects of control to find out cause and effect relationship
5. REGISTRATION METHOD- This method requires enactment of law to take effect
because it needs the participation of a large, if not entire population

WHAT TO REMEMBER IN QUESTIONNAIRES?

1. Source
-researcher made – literatures, studies
-ADAPTED ..modification, changes
-ADOPTED ..standardize
..index of realibility -0.90

2. Validated (researcher made) 3 experts - expertise, experience, validation

-phase validation- form and substance
-construct validation – norms

COMPETENCY COMPTENCIES
4 highly competent Knowledge
3 competent Skills
2 strongly competent Attitudes
1 not competent

QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

 1. STEP 1. PREPARING THE DATA
A) CODING SYSTEM- quantify or change the verbally expressed data into
numerical information

BIOLOGICAL SEX -Male (1)

- Female (2)
For an easier to count, assigned number, but it does not have a numerical value, its
only a numerical representation.

B) DATA TABULATION- FOR easy classification and distribution of numbers

based on a certain criterion, you may have to collate them with the help of a table

TABLE

GENDER MALE 11 46%

FEMALE 13 54%

PERCENTAGE
SUB VARIABLES

FREQUENCY

2. Step 2 – ANALYSING THE DATA

a) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

b) INFERENTIAL STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUE
- Provides a summary of the orderly or sequential data obtained through the
data gathering instrument used.
- It includes three (3) essential parts
1) Frequency Distribution
2) Measure of Central Tendency
3) Variability

1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

MEASUREMENT CODE FREQUENCY PERCENT

SCALE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION

STRONGLY AGREE 1 14 58%

AGREE 2 3 12%
NUETRAL 3 2 8%
DISAGREE 4 1 4%
STRONGLY DISAGREE 5 4 17

Variable code freq. distri

2. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEAN- AVERAGE 
N

MEDIUM –the score in the middle of a data set (ARRAY or ARRANGE  TO )

MODE – the most recurring data (bimodal)

3. MEASURE OF VARIABILITY
Amount of difference –spread
a) Range – Highest score to lowest score
b) Standard Deviation – extend of the data from the MEAN
c) Variance – how far a set of random numbers are spread out
d) QUARTILES
e) LIKERT SCALE
Example

Data item item s. deviation Square of deviation

1 -7 -6 36
2 -7 -5 25
6 -7 -1 1
6 -7 -1 1
8 -7 1 1
6 -7 -1 1
6 -7 -1 1
14 -7 7 49
16 -7 9 81
Total 65 Total 196

Step 1 
N
Step 2  = 65 = 7(mean)
N 9

Step 3 Mean (7)

Step 4 SUM OF SQUARES = 196

Step 5 VARIANCE 196/9= 21.78
STEP 6 STANDARD DEVIATION = 4.67 (SQUAREROOT OF 21.78)

RANGE (High Score – Lowest score )

In 20 items

Ls = 2 17-2 = 15
Hs = 17
No. of students 10 9 scores 2 to 12
1 score 17 (OUTLIERS)

SD =  SD = WIDE DATA SPREAD (heterogenous) MAGKAIBA

SD =  sd = cohesive spread (homogenous) SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER

NOTE: EVEN THOUGH THE MEAN SCORES ARE SAME THERE MIGHT BE SOME
DIFFERENCE WHY? The lower the SD the more homogenous or more unvarying
scores are as to compare to High SD.

- if the SD is small meaning the student scores are really close to MEAN, most of them
performing same, LESS OUTLIERS.

QUARTILES

GROUPED

QK = LB + KN - cfb 1
_4_______
fQK
where:
LB – lower boundary of the QK class
N - total frequency
Cfb- commulative freq of the class before QK class
i– interval
k – nth quartile

Problem: calculate Q1 of the mathematics test score of 50 students

Class f LB Cf
interval score
46-50 4 45.5 50
41-45 8 40.5 46
36-40 11 35.5 38
31- 35 9 30.5 27
26-30 12 25.5 18
21-25 6 20.5 6
N=50

To get LB 46/45 = 45.5

6 + 12 = 18
18 + 27 = 27

COMPUTATION”

Q1 = KN/4 = 1(50)/4 = 12.5

Q1 = 12.5
LB = 25.5
Cfb = 6
fQ = 12
i =5

SOLUTION:

Q1=25.5 + 12.5/12 (5) = 28.1

FOR DECILE DK=LB (KN-CfB) i

10_____
fDK

class interval f LB Cf
46-50 4 45.5 50
41-45 8 40.5 46
36-40 11 35.5 38
31-35 9 30.5 27
26-30 12 25.5 18
21-25 16 20.5 6
d7 = KN
10
d7= 7(50) = 35th
10

LB = 35.5
Cfb=27
f =11
i =5

SOLUTION:
D7 = 35.5 + 35-27 (5)
11
D7 = 39.14

FOR UNGROUPED DATA

GIVEN:
9 11 6 10 13 12 11 13 10
17 16 20 19 21 18 13 16 15

FOR ARRAY (ARRANGE)

6 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13
13 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21

FIND:
1. P13
2. Q2
3. D8

P13 = 13 ( 18) = 2.34 = 3rd data

100
P13 = 10

Q2 = 2 (18) =9 9th dat

4
Q2 = 13

D8 = 8 (18) = = 14.4 15th data

10
D8 = 18

HYPOTHESIS

NULL @ ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

1. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS – a supposition or purpose explanation made on the basis of

limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation (oxford dictionary)
- mas madaling tandaan ang SUPPOSITION-wala pang matibay na
evidence but there is enough na PAGPAPALAGAY
- EX. Pagtingin sa ulap na makulimlim, we created supposition na
pweden uulan, although hindi lahat ng panahon umulan.
2. ASSUMPTION – if there is an assumption you need to test
3. ASSERTION
4. CLAIM

Hypothesis testing
Isang pamamaraan ng paggamit ng SAMPLE Na data upang magpasya sa pagitan ng
dalawang magkasalungat na PALAGAY (HYPOTHESIS) TUNGKOL sa isang populasyon.
-meron dalawang magkasalungat ng palagay (hypothesis)
-tinetest natin ng isat isa sa kanila para malaman natin kung sino ang tama sa
kanila.

WHAT IS STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS?

Is A predicition about the possible result of a study
-ito ay ating hula na maaring maging result ng ating research or expirement

TWO TYPES OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES

1. NULL HYPOTHESIS – denoted by Ho
2. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS – denoted by HA

Ex. Do high school students spend a daily average time of 3 hours on mobile legend?
 -ipagpalagay natin na sa tanong na ito, ang dalawang pangkat na isinasaalang-
alang ay mga high school students (POPULATION) at ang pangkat ng 30 high school
students (SAMPLE). NOW, maari nating ihambing ang SAMPLE MEAN na nagmula sa
data ng 30 mag aaral, doon sa POPULATION MEAN; na 3 hours sa isang araw.

Ho (NULL HYPOTHESIS)
The daily average time spent by high school student on mobile legend is 3 hours
a day.
Ho :  = 3

- the null hypothesis is the hypothesis to be tested

- it has a statement of EQUALITY, such as ≤, ≥ or =.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Kabaliktaran sa Ho)

The daily average time spent high high school student on mobile legends is NOT
EQUAL to 3 hours a day.
HA :  ≠ 3
-the average hypothesis, is the hypothesis that has NO statement of equality such as
>,< or ≠.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

ONE TAILED - directional test

- right or left tailed test

KAILAAN GAGAMITIN? (RULES)

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
-GREATER THAN - EXCEEDS
> >
RIGHT
-HIGHER THAN - ABOVE TAILED
-BETTER THAN - INCREASE TEST
-SUPERIOR TO

< <
LEFT
-LESSER THAN -INFERIOR TO TAILED
-SMALLER THAN -LOWER THAN TEST

≠ -NOT EQUAL TO
-DIFFERENT FROM
≠ TWO TAILED
TEST
-NOT THE SAME AS

TIPS ON HOW TO ANSWER THESIS:

1. PREPARE
 Intellectually (either individual or groupings)
 Physically (tulog ng maaga, kumain)
 Spiritually
2. Attitude Check (place yourself in a proper position, the panel are there to help you
and to guide you, ikaw bilang nagpapatulong- accept the critiques and suggestions.
3. Listen Carefully:
 Directly answer the questions
 Less talk less mistake
 Relax
4. Accept the suggestion and recommendation, magpakumbaba at magpasalamat
5. Attitude of gratitude (Acknowledge the effort of the panelist.
6. Token of appreciation