Pelita Perkebunan 39(1)

Attitude and 56 —67

2023,towards
perception
ISSN: 0215-0212 / e-ISSN: 2406-9574
coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai
DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v39i1.543

Attitude and Perception towards Coffee Consumption Effects:

Insights from College Students in Mumbai
Divya Vijithaswan Nair1) and Tanzim Shahabuddin Shaikh 2)
1)
Department of Community Medicine, Topiwala National Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Charitable Hospital,
Mumbai Central, Maharashtra, India
2)
Department of Statistics, Bandodkar College of Science (Autonomous), Maharashtra, Thane, India
*)
Corresponding author: divya.nair421@gmail.com
Received: 3 April 2023 / Accepted: 17 April 2023

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. It is highly consumed
among many parts of India. Various studies concentrate on t h e effects of
consuming coffee and consumer’s behavior in purchasing products related to
coffee. Less studies focus on their effect among college students. Therefore, the aim
of this study was to determine the coffee consumption habits and the perception of
its effect among college students in Mumbai. The study was performed using convenient
sampling method with a sample size of 234 students studying in different colleges
from Mumbai. This study collected information about the characteristics of the
students participated, coffee intake habits and the perception of its effect on
consuming coffee. The majority of those students consume coffee. Using factor
analysis, the major factors affecting the consumption of coffee on daily basis was
identified. The consumption of coffee was more during their i m p o r t a n t
academic activities such as project work or examination days. Due to the burden
of exams and o b t a i n b e s t score in exams, students consume coffee to increase
their study hours and academic performance.

Keywo rds: Coffee, perception, examination, factor analysis, Mumbai

INTRODUCTION In 2017–2018, it was reported that the

global production of coffee beans has reached
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks to the peak and achieved around USD 200
consumed in the world. It is considered that billion yearly. The highest consumption was
coffee serves as the major tool in the delivery reported in Europe of approximately 10 kg of
of caffeine followed by tea and many energy coffee per year per person (Czarniecka-
drinks (Schubert et al., 2017). Caffeine Skubina et al., 2021). According to Statista
consumption by college students has drasti- Research, coffee consumption in India amounted
cally increasing day by day and of which to 1.21 million bags (@60 kg) during the
majority of students prefer drinking coffee financial year of 2022. India ranked seventh
than tea. Coffee is one of the major source of in export volumes worldwide and third in Asia
caffeine. It is a type of psychoactive after Vietnam and Indonesia. Many studies
substance that comes from the reveals that coffee market is widely expanding
pharmacological class of methyxanthines among Asian countries (Ramli et al., 2019). It is
(Ramli et al., 2019). mentioned that in Malaysia drinking coffee has
become a part of their culture and

56 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 56

 Nair & Shaikh

now many Western countries like United States Although various studies on coffee intake
started following the same culture (Ramli et al., were published but still there is lack of
2019). research related to the consumption of
Previous study (Cano-Marquina et al., coffee by college students. The coffee
2013) concentrated on the effect of coffee consumption habits and the perception of its
consumption to consumers health and the effects among college students differ from
presence of caffeine in the coffee person to person. Nowadays, young
(Geleijnse, 2008). Biologically, coffee also students prefer to consume coffee to get
shows significant effect on cellular level them out of stress and give relaxation to their
(Czarniecka-Skubina et al., 2021). The mind and body. Drinking coffee is a part of their
consumption of coffee has been found to
lifestyle. Their party, their enjoyment always
increase dramatically among adolescents and
young adults. Their perception towards starts and ends with a coffee. Their debate
coffee may lead to addiction which may cause with friends, long lasting projects and many
several negative effects on their health. It is more things are interrelated with coffee.
tremendously proved that excessive They themselves unconscious that coffee has
consumption of coffee may have negative became a part of their life. The excessive
long term effects on their health and if consumption of coffee may cause long term
people consumes five cups or more on a daily side effects. The habit and their perception
basis may show significant n e g a t i v e effect towards consumption of coffee was studied
on their health (Czarniecka-Skubina et al.,
in this research. The available resources
2021).
related to this research were limited and
Nowadays, among young adults, consuming referred to the topic in different perspective.
coffee is considered as the judgement of their This study fills this research gap.
social status. Hanging out with friends
usually ends up in consuming coffee. Because The largest coffee shops chains such
of which, many coffee shops are expanding as Bombay Coffee House, Kcroasters,
their outlets in various parts of the country. Starbucks Coffee, Cafe Coffee Day, are
Previous study (Sousa et al., 2016) confirms that increasing their number of outlets all over
a cup of coffee naturally give pleasure and Mumbai. Irrespective of the rates of coffee,
relaxing sensation to the consumers after students prefer to consume coffee to great
consumption. Consumers find themselves extent. Therefore, this study aimed to
different after consuming coffee or any other determine Mumbai college student’s habit
caffeinated products. Previous study (Sousa towards t h e consumption of coffee and
et al., 2016) says that the consumers consume their perception towards t h e effects on
coffee with certain foods such as bakery coffee intake. The second aim was to
products. Additionally, it has even reported that understand the reason behind not consuming
consumption of caffeinated beverages or coffee coffee on daily basis. This study classifies the
plays a vital role in appetite control (Schubert et respondents as coffee drinkers who have
al., 2017). It was also observed that coffee consumed coffee at least once in the previous
consumed in between 3–4.5 hours before a meal 12 months (Loftfield et al., 2016) otherwise
had minimal influence on food, while caffeine they are considered as non-coffee drinkers.
consumed 0.5–4 hours before a meal may The daily coffee drinkers are defined as
cause acute energy intake (Schubert et al., those who considered consuming coffee once
2017). per day in the previous 12 months. The
objectives of

57 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 57

 Attitude and perception towards coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai

the study were to understand the characteristics The questionnaire was assessed by deter-
of the respondents; to assess the relation mining its reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha
between consumption of coffee with respect was used to understand the validity of the
to characteristics of the respondents; to monitor questionnaire. The inclusion criteria of students
the coffee intake habit among respondents; were decided based on students age group in
to extract the factors based on their perception between 16 to 30 years who agreed to fill the
towards intake of coffee; to identify the asso- online questionnaire. The exclusion criterion
ciation between coffee intake habits and their was students whose highest qualification is
perception; and to know the reason behind above postgraduate degree.
not consuming coffee on daily basis.
The questionnaire was validated based
on the concept of reliability. It was estimated
on pilot test that participants can finish up
MATERIALS AND METHODS the online survey in 5 to 10 minutes. A link to
the questionnaire using Microsoft forms was
In order to understand the perception sent to various students studying in different
of student’s studying at Mumbai towards colleges in Mumbai. The information collected
coffee consumption. A convenience sampling from students were kept confidential. The
method was used to get the opinions from data collected through Microsoft forms were
the students. The questionnaire consists of exported to Microsoft Excel. As much as
three parts where part A consisted of student’s 251 samples were collected and then
personal details like gender, age (in complete outliers were removed and the respondents
years), economic status, highest qualification, belonging to exclusion criteria were also
and the area they reside where economic status removed. After data cleaning, 234 samples
are categorized using Kuppuswamy scale were collected, this is further used for
(Kumar et al., 2022). In this study the economic analysis.
status of those who belongs to upper class is
considered as affluent, upper middle class as The cleaned data were exported to Statis-
above average, lower middle class as average, tical package for social sciences (SPSS, version
upper lower class as below average and 23, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) for data
lower class as poor. Part B aimed to collect analysis. Some part of data was also analyzed
data based on their habits and preference using Microsoft Excel 2007. The validity test
in consuming coffee. Part C totally aimed of questionnaire was based on Cronbach’s
to understand their attitude and perception alpha as presented in Table 1 where the index
towards consuming coffee on daily basis. was 0.834 which was considered as valid
This part C focused on getting answers from questionnaire since the value of Cronbach’s
students based on five point Likert scale alpha was greater than 0.5.
indicating the highest agreement as “strongly The categorical data were analyzed
agree” and lowest agreement as “strongly using frequency distribution and Graphical
disagree”. representation. The associations were
obtained using Chi-square test of association,
if the properties of Chi-square test fail then
will proceed

Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha for the set of questionnaire

Cronbach’s Alpha Cronbach’s Alpha based on Standardized Items N of Items
0 .8 3 4 * 0 .8 3 1 40
Note: * = valid Questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.5).

58 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 58

 Nair & Shaikh

to use Continuity Correction for 2 x 2 tables college and degree colleges, living in different
or Fisher’s Exact test for m x n table and area with different economic status. The students
the quantitative data are analyzed using mean were mainly in the age group 16–30 years old,
± standard deviation. To determine the factors who belongs to Mumbai. It was clearly seen
to understand the perception towards effects that the majority were coffee drinker
on consuming coffee, Factor analysis is used (84.2%) as compared with non coffee drinker
to determine the factor which explains the (15.8%). The respondents were females
maximum variation towards the perceptions. (56.0%) and males (42.3%) and some
The Scree plot was used to get an idea about preferred not to say (1.7%). The maximum
the most important factors. number of respondents belongs to age group
16–20 years old (59.0%) and belongs to
The research was concentrated on 95% bachelor degree (35.0%) or Grade 12 (34.6%).
level of confidence, and its significance level The highest group of respondents belonged to
of 5% (p value < 0.05) to interpret the result average economic status (65%) residing in
to reject the hypothesis if p value < 0.05. urban area (91.9%).
It was also seen that the moderately
enough coffee drinkers belongs to female
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION category (55.8%) than male category
(42.2%) as shown in Table 2a. The majority of
Characteristics of Students coffee drinkers also belonged to age group 16–
20 (59.4%). The coffee drinkers were either
The characteristics of the students partici- from Grade 12 (36.0%) and Graduate
pated were presented in Table 2. The study students (35.5%). The economic status of
involved mainly respondents from junior majority of coffee drinkers were average
(64.5%) and residing in urban area (92.4%).

Table 2. Characteristics o f the students participated

Group Number of Percentage of

respondents respondents(%)
D rinking styles Coffee drink er 19 7 8 4 .2
N on coffee drinker 37 1 5 .8
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0
G ender Fem a le 13 1 5 6 .0
Male 99 4 2 .3
Prefer not to sa y 4 1.7
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0
Age 16 – 20 years old 13 8 5 9 .0
21 – 25 years old 89 3 8 .0
26 – 30 years old 7 3.0
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0
Edu ca tion Grade 11 14 6.0
Grade 12 81 3 4 .6
Diploma or Certificate course 3 1.3
Ba chelor degree 82 3 5 .0
Postgraduate degree 54 2 3 .1
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0
Economic Statu s Poo r 7 3.0
Below average 10 4.3
Aver a ge 15 2 6 5 .0
Above average 56 2 3 .9
Affl u e nt 9 3.8
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0
Area Rural 19 8.1
Urba n 21 5 9 1 .9
T ot a l - 23 4 1 0 0 .0

59 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 59

 Attitude and perception towards coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai

Table 2a. Percentagewise d i s t r i b u t i o n of coffee drinkers with respect to gender

Gender
Are you a Coffee drinker? Tot a l
Female Male Prefer not to say
Yes Cou nt 11 0 83 4 19 7
Percenta ge (%) 5 5 .8 4 2 .2 2.0 1 0 0 .0
No Cou nt 21 16 0 37
Percenta ge (%) 5 6 .8 4 3 .2 0.0 1 0 0 .0
T ot a l Cou nt 13 1 99 4 23 4
Percenta ge (%) 5 6 .0 4 2 .3 1.7 1 0 0 .0

Furthermore, this study focused on the (84.5%) than males (81.9%). However, there
student’s residential area to evaluate whether was no significant association on frequency
this parameter affect the consumption of of consuming coffee with respect to
coffee. The Fisher’s exact test states that there characteristics of the respondents like
was no association between consumption of gender (p = 0.409), education (p = 0.953),
coffee with respect to the area of the respon- economic status (p = 0.488), age group (p =
dents reside (p value = 0.330). It was also 0.964) and economic status (p = 0.488).
observed that the consumption of coffee had
The habits of consuming coffee were
insignificant association with respect to gen-
categorized based on consuming morning
der (p = 1.000), education (p = 0.068),
time, lunch time, with dinner, during exami-
economic status (p = 0.780) and age group (p
nation days, stressed out, get together with
= 0.261). Furthermore, it is also observed that
friends and r ela tives. The respondents
there is significant association between the
were asked to answer the questions based
consumption of coffee with respect to age
on scaling as never, rarely, often, and always.
group (p = 0.04).
The respondent’s habits of consuming coffee
are presented in Table 3.
Coffee Intake Habits
The students (38.4%) consumed more
The majority of the respondents consume amount of coffee during examination week
coffee and aware of the presence of caffeine and also majority of respondents (43.6%)
in coffee (97.5%). The Figure 1 showed that consumed coffee when visited at friends or
majority of the respondents (83.2%) drink family place. The majority of the respondents
2 cups or less coffee per day followed by (86.8%) said that they never consume coffee
12.7% of respondents drink 3–4 cups of during dinner and at bedtime (75.1%). The
coffee per day. A smaller percentage (4.0%) consumption of coffee was also very less
of respondents consumed more than five during morning break (9.6%).
cups of coffee per day. It was also observed
that, in the age group of 16–20 years majority Perception of Coffee Effects
of the respondents (82.1%) consumed two The perception of the effect on consuming
cups or less coffee followed by the age group coffee was asked from respondents based
26–30 years (80.0%). It was also studied that on five point Likert scale indicating the highest
maximum consumption of coffee (86.7%) was agreement as “ strongly agree” and lowest
among rural area with two cups or less per day. agreement as “strongly disagree” and the
The frequency of consuming two cups or less factors were evaluated based on exploratory
coffee was higher for females factor analysis. It was based on two criteria
suggested

60 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 60

Frequency of consumption Nair & Shaikh
of coffee per day

9 or more 0.5

7-8 0.5

5-6 3.0

3-4 12.7

2 or less 83.2

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
Percentage of respondents

Figure 1. Frequency of consumption of coffee by respondents

Table 3. Percentage distribution of coffee intake habits among respondents

Frequency & percentage distribution of respondents
Coffee intake habits
Group N ev er Ra rely O ft e n Always

Consu ming a fter waking Frequ ency 59 62 35 41

u pin the morning. Percenta ge (%) 2 9 .9 3 1 .5 1 7 .8 2 0 .8
Consuming with brea kfast. Frequ ency 58 44 43 52
Percenta ge (%) 2 9 .4 2 2 .3 2 1 .8 2 6 .4
Consuming du ring Frequ ency 98 52 28 19
Morning break . Percenta ge (%) 4 9 .7 2 6 .4 1 4 .2 9.6
Consuming du ring Frequ ency 82 57 31 27
Afternoon brea k . Percenta ge (%) 4 1 .6 2 8 .9 1 5 .7 1 3 .7
Consuming during dinner. Frequ ency 17 1 18 5 3
Percenta ge (%) 8 6 .8 9.1 2.5 1.5
Consuming during bed time. Frequ ency 14 8 36 11 2
Percenta ge (%) 7 5 .1 1 8 .3 5.6 1.0
Consuming du ring Frequ ency 40 52 56 49
Exa mina tion week . Percenta ge (%) 2 0 .3 2 6 .4 3 8 .4 2 4 .9
Consuming when visited at Frequ ency 23 86 49 39
friends or fa mily place. Percenta ge (%) 1 1 .7 4 3 .6 2 4 .9 1 9 .8
Consuming while stressed out. Frequ ency 64 55 40 38
Percenta ge (%) 3 2 .5 2 7 .9 2 0 .3 1 9 .3

by Costello & Osborne (2019) (i) they should Kaiser’s recommendation (Kaiser, 1974) of 0.5.
have salient factor loadings (>0.40) and (ii) This value was also termed as meritorious
small cross loadings (an item loads at less (Hutcheson, 1999). It was suggested that the
than 0.32 on other factors). sample size was adequate to yield distinct and
MacCallum et al. (1999) had demon- reliable factors.
strated that when communalities after extrac- The Bartlett’s test was performed to test
tion are above 0.5 then a sample size between whether the correlation matrix was
100 and 200 can be adequate. We have a sample sufficiently different from an identity matrix.
of size 197 coffee drinkers with all commu- In this case it is significant, 2 (153) =
nalities above 0.5, and so the sample size is 1592.254 (p <0.001) indicating that the
really adequate. However, the Kaiser-Meyer- correlations within the R – matrix are
Olkin (KMO) test measure of sampling sufficiently different zero to warrant factor
adequacy was 0.878 which was above analysis. In order to extract factors assessing
the perception of effects

61 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 61

 Attitude and perception towards coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai

on consuming coffee, exploratory factor Perception with Coffee Intake

analysis was used. Table 4 indicates the Habits
exploratory factor analysis to understand the
perception of the effects on consuming coffee. The factor analysis extracted factors
related to academics. Several respondents
It was observed that Kaiser criterion (Kaiser, consume coffee during their examination
1974) of extracting factors with eigenvalues week as their perception is that it will
greater than one was reliable when there are increase study hours and good for
less than 30 variables and even after extracting academics. Table 5 reveals the association
it should be greater than 0.7 and sample size between their perception and coffee intake
somewhere above 250. For this study, the habits.
sample size was 197 coffee drinkers, there
It was observed that during
were 18 variables, and the mean communality was
examination those who always consume
0.666, so extracting five factors was really not coffee agreed that it boost up their energy
fruitful. Figure 2 presents Scree plot which (59.2%). Along with that (57.1%), it was also
was another way of extracting factors and it agreed that consuming coffee relaxes them
showed clear twist at one and five factors and so and as the heredity follows during
using the Scree Plot that one major factor examination week, it often helps them to
could be extracted. stay awake (55.4%). This study predicts
The Scree plot showed inflexion at one that there was significant association
factor, hence the major factor that can be between their coffee intake habits with respect
extracted was related to academics where to their perception. There was strong kind
respondents feel like consuming coff ee of relation between them.
increases their reading power, self – confidence,
recalling power, academic performance, helps in Reasons Not Consuming Coffee Daily
overnight study, improves group work activity,
It was observed from the sample of size
increases study hours, increases IQ, boost 234, 197 (84.2%) were coffee drinkers and
up their energy, makes feel important, to stay 37 (15.8%) of respondents were non coffee
awake and for relaxation. drinkers. Even though there was lesser
number of people who turned up negatively
Table 4. Exploratory factor analysis
P er cept ion Academics Sleep Choice Disease Relax
Coffee consumption increases rea ding power 0 .8 2 0
Coffee consu mption increa ses self-confidence 0 .8 0 3
Coffee consu mption increases recalling power 0 .7 9 1
Coffee consu mption increases a ca demic performa nce 0 .7 7 9
Coffee consu mption helps in overnight stu dy 0 .7 6 5
Consumption of coffee improves grou p work activity 0 .7 3 6
Consumption of coffee increa ses study hours 0 .7 3 2
Coffee consu mption increa ses IQ 0 .7 1 1
Consuming coffee boost up energy 0 .7 0 7
Coffee helps to stay awak e 0 .6 9 2 0 .4 4 7
Consu ming coffee gives rela xa tion 0 .5 9 7 0 .4 1 8
Consuming coffee mak es feel importa nt 0 .5 4 4
Difficulty in fall asleep if consumed du ring day time 0 .5 8 1 0 .4 7 4
Consuming coffee increa ses risk of heart diseases 0 .5 3 4 0 .4 2 3
Consume coffee for the sa ke of friends 0 .7 0 3
Prefer other de-ca ffeina ted drink s to caffeina ted drinks 0 .4 1 3 0 .6 1 3
Consuming coffee for the ta ste 0 .7 1 9
Preferred local brands 0 .6 2 1 0 .4 8 0

62 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 62

 Nair & Shaikh

Scree Plot

6
Eigen value

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Component number

Figure 2. Scree plot for extracting factors

Table 5. Association between perception and coffee intake habits

Consuming coffee during examination week
P er cept ion
Percentage (%) Chi square P value Association is
Coffee consumption increases rea ding power 3 4 .7 5 9.13 9 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Coffee consu mption increa ses self-confidence 3 2 .7 6 0.86 0 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Coffee consu mption increases recalling power 2 2 .4 4 4.19 7 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Coffee consu mption increases a ca demic performa nce 2 4 .5 5 9 .7 0 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Consu mption of coffee improves grou p work a ctivity 3 4 .7 3 3.38 1 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Consumption of coffee increases study hours 4 4 .6 8 3.83 7 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Coffee consu mption increa ses IQ 1 2 .2 3 8.45 8 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Consuming coffee boost up energy 5 9 .2 6 8.87 0 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Coffee helps to stay awak e 5 5 .4 6 8.68 6 0 .0 0 0 Significant
Consu ming coffee gives rela xa tion 5 7 .1 4 1.64 9 0 .0 0 0 Significant

by saying they do not consume coffee on daily given to they don’t like the taste of coffee
basis but they were asked to rank the reasons and third rank (5.1%) was given to that they
of not consuming, and it was observed that don’t like the smell of the coffee. Some even
the respondents gave first rank (6.0%) to expressed their viewpoints that coffee products
not consuming because of health reasons are really expensive.
followed by the second rank (5.6%) was

63 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 63

 Attitude and perception towards coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai

By concluding, it was understood that consumption of coffee may increase because

students studying in colleges from Mumbai there are studies (Lapac et al., 2018) which
prefer consuming coffee with less in says the presence of caffeine works as
amount but the consumption pattern stimulant to the central nervous system. The
increases during their examination days. On medical students (Rajaseharan et al., 2021)
an average, the respondents consume coffee were more affected due to caffeinated drinks
from past five years (mean = 60 months as they have excess amount of exam work
and standard deviation = 82.208). Some and heavy stress. It is studied (Lakshmi et al.,
even specified that they consumed it from 2018) that the majority of medical students
childhood and some said it is their habit from consumed coffee before studying for any
past one decade. Even though with the current exams, the reason behind this was to keep
study it couldn’t say that the consumption them more alert. The consumption of coffee
will cause major effect to their health. during break was found very less (28.9%) than
However, coffee is becoming a major part of other categories. The major factor observed
life among young adults. was consuming coffee boosts their energy.
Strangely, it was also observed that very less
The major idea of the current study was
(27.9%) respondents consume coffee while
to understand the coffee consumption habits
they were stressed out.
and perception of its effects among students
studying in Mumbai. It was found that very The present study was focused on only
large proportion (84.2%) of the respondents college going students, so it might be due to
was coffee user. These findings were almost the factors like stress that consuming coffee
similar to the findings of all other studies during break doesn’t reflects much
(Ramli et al., 2019) describing a high consump- importance. It was also observed that the
tion of coffee among young adults (Kharaba there was no significant association between
et al., 2022). The present study concluded consuming coffee with respect to the
that the majority (83.2%) of the respondents characteristics of the respondents. The
consumes two cups or less amount of coffee major factor that got extracted was related
to academics but along there was some
per day and they prefer drinking coffee during
quite less weightage on diseases and
their exam days as according to them consuming
relaxation.
coffee increases their reading power, recalling
power, academic performance, increases Previous literature (Maqsood et al., 2020)
their study hours and many more. The suggested that moderate way of consuming
respondents have many such perceptions coffee was relative safe, however that higher
towards consuming coffee on a daily basis. consumption of coffee might cause
physiological, psychological and behavioral
Previous studies (Czarniecka-Skubina et
harm. It was even suggested in many studies
al., 2021) stated that consuming coffee more
(Nawrot et al., 2003) that the caffeinated
than five cups per day (Poole et al., 2017) may
coffee takes 40 minutes to show effect on
cause a long-term side effects and may affect
human health (Rodak et al., 2021). The
their health. The present study for the time
caffeine related products allow immense
being doesn’t show any long-term side effects
impact on improving alertness and providing
which may lead to any addiction. There was
mental energy (Smit & Rogers, 2002).
still a possibility if the study concentrates
only on understanding the pattern of coffee It was reflected in our study that maxi-
consumption during examination days. The mum number of students prefer drinking
coffee during examination days as it gives

64 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 64

 Nair & Shaikh

relaxation to them which may be due to the project work or exam days. Finally, one can
impact of caffeine (Cappelletti et al., 2015) even concentrate on future research based
contained in coffee which act as important on coffee consumption motives with respect
tool for concentration, memory enhancement to their lifestyles.
(Lee & Balick, 2006) and physical perfor-
mance (Weinberg & Bealer, 2004). Caffeine
effects on central nervous system for shorter
span but the long term effects remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS
Several literatures suggested wide variety of The coffee consumption was prevalent
association between coffee consumed in among the students studying in Mumbai
early days associated with risk of diseases (84.2%). Our study highlights the
like alzheimer’s (Ribeiro & Sebastião, 2010), consumption of coffee is higher during
cancer (Tavani & Vecchia, 2004) in late life examination days and hence reflect the
(Eskelinen et al., 2009). importance of identifying the long term
The regular consumption (Ding et al., health issues and the uncon ditional overdose
2014) of coffee may cause addiction as it of caffeine. This study could be used as
creates several problems to human health baseline data for research to iden- tify the
but won’t cause any sought of harm to our addiction towards coffee consumption across
society (Satel, 2006). Certain studies also the country.
concentrated on identifying the effect of
caffeinated coffee on children aged between
9 to 11 years which concluded that there
is significant difference with respect to the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
effect of treatment on alertness (Heatherley We express our sincere gratitude to the
et al., 2006). several Statistics Department in Mumbai who
There were limitations in this study. This wholeheartedly supported us to distribute the
study was done on the basis of convenience questionnaire and also helped in getting the
sampling technique, focused on students maximum consistent answers to each and
from Mumbai. Future studies can concen- every question. We also thank the Depart-
trate on various other statistical methods and ment of Community Medicine, T.N.M.C
can compare it with different countries. B.Y.L Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai Central
Coffee consumption behavior among various and Department of Statistics, V.P.M’s B.N
students with respect to various countries Bandodkar College of Science (Autonomous),
may bring a wide change in the conclusion. thank for their support and guidance. We
Furthermore, considering the increasing would also like to thank our family, friends
habits of consuming coffee its long term who helped us a lot in finishing up with this
effects on health can be studied. Further research work.
studies may also focus on giving some best
alternative to coffee while students studying
for their examination. It can also focus on CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
how much amount of caffeine in terms of
coffee is consumed by students during their The authors declare no conflicts of
interests.

65 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 65

 Attitude and perception towards coffee consumption effects: Insights from college students in Mumbai

REFERENCES Kaiser, H.F. (1974). An index of factorial sim-

plicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
Cano-Marquina, A., J.J. Tarín & A. Cano (2013).
The impact of coffee on health. Maturitas, Kharaba, Z.; N. Sammani; S. Ashour; R. Ghemrawi;
75(1), 7–21. A.Z. Al Meslamani; A. Al-Azayzih;
M.A. Buabeid & Y. Alfoteih (2022).
Cappelletti, S.; P. Daria; G. Sani & M.R. Aromatario
Caffeine consumption among various
(2015). Caffeine: Cognitive and physi-
university students in the UAE, exploring
cal performance enhancer or psycho-
the frequencies, different sources and
active drug?. Current Neuropharma-
reporting adverse effects and withdrawal
cology, 13(1), 71–88.
symptoms. Journal of Nutrition and
Costello, A.B. & J. Osborne (2019). Best prac- Metabolism, 2022, 1–7.
tices in exploratory factor analysis:
Kumar, G.; P. Dash; J. Patnaik & G. Pany (2022).
four recommendations for getting the
Socioeconomic status scale-modified
most from your analysis. Practical
kuppuswamy scale for the year 2022.
Assessment, Research, and Evaluation,
International Journal of Community
10(7), 1-4868.
Dentistry, 10(1), 1–6.
Czarniecka-Skubina, E.; M. Pielak; P. Salek;
R.K. Ginter &T. Owczarek (2021). Consumer Lapac, J.N.; J.P.A.D. Cruz & G.M.D. Regalado
choices and habits related to coffee (2018). Effects of Amount of Caffeine
consumption by poles. International Levels on the Test Score of College
Journal of Environmental Research students. PhD Thesis. Silliman University,
and Public Health, 18(8), 3948. Negros Oriental, Philippines.

Ding, M.; S.N. Bhupathiraju; A. Satija; R.M. van Lee, R.A. & M.J. Balick (2006). Rx: Caffeine.
Dam & F.B. Hu (2014). Long-term coffee EXPLORE. 2(1),55–59.
consumption and risk of cardiovascular Loftfield, E.; N.D. Freedman; K.W. Dodd;
disease: A systematic review and a dose– E. Vogtmann ; Q. Xiao; R. Sinh a &
response meta-analysis of prospective B.I. Graubard (2016). Coffee drinking
cohort studies. Circulation, 129(6), is widespread in the United States, but
643–59. usual intake varies by key demographic
Eskelinen, M.H.; T. Ngandu; J. Tuomilehto; and lifestyle factors. The Journal of
H. Soininen & M. Kivipelto (2009). Midlife Nutrition, 146(9), 1762–1768.
coffee and tea drinking and the risk of MacCallum, R.C.; K.F. Widaman; S. Zhang &
late-life dementia: A population-based S. Hong (1999). Sample size in factor
CAIDE Study. Journal of Alzheimer’s an alysis.” Psychological Methods,
Disease, 16(1),85–91. 4(1), 84–99.
Geleijnse, M. (2008). Habitual pption and its Maqsood, U.; R. Zahra; M.Z. Latif; H. Athar;
symptoms dur ing pr epar atory an d G.M. Shaikh & S.B. Hassan (2020).
non-preparatory days: A study among Caffeine consumption & perception of
medical studen ts. Biomedical and its effects amongst university students.
Pharmacology Journal, 11(2), 1153–59. Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical
Complex Lahore, 34(4), 46–51.
Heatherley, S.V.; K.M.F. Hancock & P.J. Rogers
(2006). Psych ostimulan t an d oth er Nawrot, P.; S. Jordan; J. Eastwood; J. Rotstein;
effects of caffeine in 9- to 11-year-old A. Hugenholtz & M. Feeley (2003).
children. Journal of Child Psychology Effects of caffeine on human health.
and Psychiatry, 47(2), 135–42. Food Additives and Contaminants,
20(1), 1–30.
Hutcheson, G. (1999). The Multivariate Social
Scientist. SAGE Publications, Ltd., Poole, R.; O.J. Kennedy; P. Roderick; J.A. Fallowfield;
London, England. P.C. Hayes & J. Parkes (2017). Coffee

66 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 66

 Nair & Shaikh

con sumption an d h ealth : Umbrella Shree, L.D.S.; S.C. Abilash & S. Basalingappa
review of meta-analyses of multiple (2018). The rationale of caffeine con-
health outcomes, BMJ j5024. sumption and its symptoms during pre-
paratory and non-preparatory days: A
Rajaseharan, D.; J.E.J. Shanu & S. Thulasiraman
study among medical students. Bio-
(2021). Caffeine dependence among
medical and Pharmacology Journal,
medical interns of a tertiary teaching
11(2), 1153–59.
h ospital. International Journal of
Com muni ty M edic ine and Publ ic Smit, H.J. & P.J. Rogers (2002). Effects of ‘energy’
Health, 8(2), 593. drinks on mood and mental perfor-
mance: Critical methodology. Food
Ramli, A.; N. Alya; V.P.K. Sriperumbuduru;
Quality and Preference, 13(5), 317–26.
H.F. Ghazi & N.J. Dalayi (2019). A study
of caffeine consumption patterns and Sousa, A.G. ; L.M.M. Machado; E.F. da Silva
dependence among management and & T.H.M. da Costa (2016). Personal
science university students. Indian characteristics of coffee consumers and
Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxi- non-consumers, reasons and preferences
cology, 13(1), 101. for foods eaten with coffee among adults
from the Federal District, Brazil. Food
Ribeiro, J.A. & A.M. Sebastião (2010). Caffeine
Science and Technology, 36(3), 432–38.
and adenosine. Journal of Alzheimer’s
Disease 20(s1), S3–15. Tavani, A. & C. La Vecchia (2004). Coffee,
decaffeinated coffee, tea and cancer of
Rodak, K.; I. Kokot & E.M. Kratz (2021). Caffeine
the colon and rectum: A review of epide-
as a factor influencing the functioning
miological studies, 1990–2003. Cancer
of the human body—Friend or foe?
Causes & Control, 15(8), 743–57.
Nutrients, 13(9), 3088.
Weinberg, B.A. & B.K. Bealer (2004). The World of
Satel, S. (2006). Is caffein e addictive?—A
Caffeine: The Scenceand Culture of
review of the literature. The American
the Worl’s Most Pulular Drugd. 1st Edition.
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse,
Routledge Publ.
32(4), 493–502.
Schubert, M.M.; C. Irwin; R.F. Seay; H.E. Clarke; -o0o-
D. Allegro & B. Desbrow (2017). Caffeine,
coffee, and appetite control: A review.
International Journal of Food Sciences
and Nutrition, 68(8), 901–12.

67 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 39, Number 1, April 2023 Edition 67