Chapter 03 - Personality
Chapter 03 - Personality
Chapter 03 - Personality
WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
– Came from the Latin word “persona” which means mask. Project the inner areas of psychological experience
which we collectively call our “self.”
– Conglomeration of an individual’s thoughts, feelings, emotions, attitudes, intelligence, interests, and abilities.
– The combination of trait patterns that play a vital role in the behavior, motivations, emotions, and thinking of the
individual, and this trait provides him a unique identity as a person.
– Comprised of a dynamic pattern of behavior, a consistent set of thoughts and feelings that makes one distinct. A
continuous process of learning and re-learning
– Summation of overt and covert behavior. Overt is readily available to the eye and what the person desires others
to see while covert is more than meets the eye and the traits and characteristics are hidden for some reason.
– The combination of the psychological, moral, spiritual, psychological, emotional, and intellectual facets of one’s
individuality. Several perspectives offer a complete explanation as to why people behave in such a manner and
how they develop such personalities during their lives.
2. Behaviorism Theory is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal
mental processes. It originated in the early 20th century and became a dominant force in psychology,
emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in shaping human behavior. Behaviorism rejects
the study of subjective experiences such as thoughts and emotions and instead emphasizes the role of
stimuli and responses in determining behavior.
This was coined by John B. Watson who argued that personality can be determined only through overt
responses
Hence manipulation of the environment may produce certain behavior. Behaviorist like B.F Skinner
believed in the use of rewards whether positive or negative and punishments to produce orderly change
in individual.
Behavior can be learned and conditioned
Behaviorists agreed on the use of rewards and punishments to reinforce and strengthen positive and
negative personality and behavior or the cause and effect relationships
Learned behavior may be sourced from one’s heredity or shaped by experience that is stimulated by the
environment (B. F Skinner)
3. Humanistic Theory: This perspective, exemplified by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focuses on
self-actualization and personal growth. It highlights the importance of individual choice and free will in
shaping personality.
-Humanists proposed a theory that rests on the ‘person’ and the ‘self.’
-Carl Rogers focused on the changes and development of personality.
-As asserted in this theory how a person behaves depends upon his reality and not on his environment.
-Parallel to this view is Abraham Maslow’s theory that revolves around human needs (psychological
needs, safety needs, belonging needs, and love needs, esteem needs, needs for self-actualization)
-Shows how an individual’s deficiencies and needs manifest in his behavior and personality.
-The environment in which an individual was raised will determine how satisfaction with his need for
necessities, love, protection, and prestige will direct him toward self-realization.
-Hence, personality becomes a reflection of how one’s needs were fulfilled during his development.
4. Trait Theory: Trait theorists like Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell propose that personality can be
understood through identifying and measuring specific traits. These traits influence behavior across
different situations.
-Posited that personality can be understood as exhibited in one’s common traits or characteristic ways of
behaving
-A certain group of people may have similar traits but these may vary in degree
-Gordon Allport organized the thousands of personality traits into a hierarchy
-Cardinal Traits is what initially comprise the hierarchy which is collectively known as ‘master control’ and
is inclusive of a person’s ruling passion
-Central Traits on the other hand are general characteristics that make up the building blocks shaping
one’s behavior
– Secondary Traits includes preferences and attitudes and in some instances these traits contradict and
become incongruent with the usual behavior of an individual
– Raymond Cattell reduced the total number of human traits from 171 to 16 which includes abstractedness,
warmth, apprehension, emotional stability, liveliness, openness to change, perfectionism, privateness,
intelligence, rule consciousness, tension, sensitivity, social boldness, self reliance, vigilance and
dominance also known as 16PF.
– HANS EYSENCK – trait theorist who emphasized that biological inheritance is the origin of human traits
- believed that personality is determined to a large extent by a person’s genes
- theorized that some people can be conditioned more readily than others because of
inherited differences in their psychological functioning
- categorized people as possessing either extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs.
stability which later was supplemented by a newer element known as psychoticism vs socialization
5. Social-Cognitive Theory: This theory, championed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the interaction
between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior. It highlights the role of observational
learning in shaping personality.
Nature of Personality:
Personality development is influenced by a combination of genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental
factors (nurture). Theories like psychoanalytic theory emphasize the role of innate drives and early experiences
in shaping personality, while humanistic theories focus on personal growth and self-actualization.
Elements Affecting Personality:
Various factors impact personality according to different theories:
Genetics: Inherited traits play a role in shaping personality.
Environment: Upbringing, culture, and social interactions influence personality development.
Cognitive Processes: Thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions contribute to personality.
Behavioral Patterns: Actions and reactions shape how personality is expressed.
TEMPERAMENTS
1. Melancholic:
Definition: The melancholic temperament is characterized by a thoughtful, analytical, and introspective nature. Individuals
with a melancholic temperament tend to be sensitive, reserved, and prone to introspection and deep emotional experiences.
Explanation: Melancholic individuals are often deep thinkers who are introspective and self-aware. They are often highly
creative and artistic, with a tendency to be perfectionists. While they can be empathetic and compassionate, they may also
be prone to moodiness, anxiety, and depression. Melancholics value meaningful connections and relationships but may
struggle with expressing their emotions openly.
2. Phlegmatic:
Definition: The phlegmatic temperament is characterized by a calm, easygoing, and emotionally stable nature. Individuals
with a phlegmatic temperament tend to be relaxed, patient, and unflappable in stressful situations.
Explanation: Phlegmatic individuals are known for their even-tempered and laid-back demeanor. They are typically easy to
get along with and are good listeners. Phlegmatic are often diplomatic and avoid conflict whenever possible. While they
may appear reserved or unassertive, they are generally reliable, loyal, and steady in their relationships and responsibilities.
3. Sanguine:
Definition: The sanguine temperament is characterized by an outgoing, enthusiastic, and optimistic nature. Individuals with
a sanguine temperament tend to be sociable, energetic, and spontaneous.
Explanation: Sanguine individuals are known for their upbeat and optimistic outlook on life. They are often the life of the
party, with a natural charm and charisma that draws others to them. Sanguinis are typically outgoing and enjoy socializing
and making new connections. While they may be prone to impulsiveness and disorganization, they are also adaptable and
quick to bounce back from setbacks.
4. Choleric:
Definition: The choleric temperament is characterized by a strong-willed, assertive, and goal-oriented nature. Individuals
with a choleric temperament tend to be ambitious, confident, and decisive.
Explanation: Choleric individuals are natural leaders who are driven to achieve their goals and excel in their endeavors.
They are often assertive and take charge in various situations, displaying confidence and determination. Cholerics are
typically decisive and focused on results, often seeking out challenges and opportunities for growth. While they may come
across as dominant or competitive, they are also capable of inspiring and motivating others with their leadership qualities.
These four temperaments, originally proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, represent different personality
types based on underlying biological and psychological factors. While individuals may exhibit characteristics of multiple
temperaments, one temperament typically predominates and influences their behavior, emotions, and interpersonal
relationships.
Nature: Nature refers to the influence of genetics and innate biological factors on an individual's development, traits, and
behaviors. These factors are inherited from biological parents and shape various aspects of an individual's physical and
psychological makeup.
Nurture: Nurture refers to the influence of environmental factors, including upbringing, culture, social interactions, and life
experiences, on an individual's development, traits, and behaviors. These factors shape an individual's personality, beliefs,
values, and skills over time.
Nature Example:
Genetics: Genetic factors play a significant role in determining physical characteristics such as eye color, height, hair
texture, and susceptibility to certain diseases. These traits are inherited from biological parents and are influenced by genetic
variations passed down through generations.
Temperament: Temperament, which refers to an individual's innate behavioral and emotional tendencies, is influenced by
genetic factors. For example, some infants may display a naturally calm and easygoing temperament, while others may be
more irritable or shy from birth.
Intelligence: While intelligence is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, studies have shown that genetic
factors contribute to variations in cognitive abilities among individuals. Traits such as memory, processing speed, and
problem-solving skills may have a genetic basis.
Explanation: Nature emphasizes the role of genetics and biological factors in shaping an individual's physical and
psychological characteristics. These factors are inherited from biological parents and are considered inherent to an
individual's genetic makeup. Nature proponents argue that genetics determine a significant portion of an individual's traits
and behaviors, and that these traits are relatively stable throughout life.
Nurture Example:
Parenting Style: The way parents raise and interact with their children can have a significant impact on their development
and behavior. For example, authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and clear boundaries, is
associated with positive outcomes such as higher self-esteem and academic achievement.
Socialization: Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize societal norms, values, and
behaviors through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the broader community. For example, cultural norms
regarding gender roles, communication styles, and social etiquette are learned through socialization experiences.
Education: Education and learning experiences play a crucial role in shaping individuals' knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
For example, access to quality education, supportive teachers, and enriching learning environments can enhance cognitive
development, critical thinking skills, and academic achievement.
Explanation: Nurture emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping an individual's development, traits, and
behaviors. These factors include upbringing, social interactions, cultural influences, and life experiences that occur outside
of genetic inheritance. Nurture proponents argue that environmental factors play a significant role in shaping individuals'
personalities, beliefs, values, and skills, and that these factors can be modified through intervention and experience.
THEREFORE, Nature and nurture interact in complex ways to shape individuals' development, traits, and behaviors. While
genetic factors contribute to inherent characteristics, environmental influences play a crucial role in shaping how these
characteristics are expressed and developed over time. The nature-nurture debate continues to be a topic of interest in
various fields, including psychology, sociology, and education, as researchers seek to understand the interplay between
genetic and environmental factors in human development.
Openness to Experience: This trait refers to a person's willingness to try new things, their creativity, and their ability to
appreciate art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, and abstract concepts.
Conscientiousness: This trait reflects a person's level of organization, self-discipline, and achievement orientation.
Conscientious individuals are typically responsible, dependable, and have a strong sense of duty.
Extraversion: This trait is associated with a person's level of energy, sociability, and assertiveness. Extraverted individuals
tend to be outgoing, and talkative, and enjoy spending time with others.
Agreeableness: This trait reflects a person's level of compassion, cooperation, and empathy. Agreeable individuals are
typically kind, friendly, and concerned about the well-being of others.
Neuroticism: This trait is related to a person's emotional stability and the extent to which they experience negative emotions
like anxiety, anger, and depression. Neurotic individuals are typically more prone to mood swings and emotional instability.
These traits are considered "big" because they are broad and encompass a wide range of personality characteristics. They
are used as a framework for understanding and describing individual personality differences.
In the 1950s, cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R.H. Rosenman conducted a groundbreaking study that explored the
relationship between personality types and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Their research revolutionized the
understanding of the psychosocial factors contributing to heart health and laid the foundation for subsequent studies in the
field of behavioral cardiology.
At the time of Friedman and Rosenman's study, the prevailing belief was that CHD was primarily caused by factors such as
high cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking. However, Friedman and Rosenman suspected that personality traits
and stress might also play a significant role in the development of heart disease.
Key Findings:
Friedman and Rosenman identified two distinct personality types: Type A and Type B.
Type A: Individuals with a Type A personality is described as ambitious, competitive, impatient, and time-conscious. They
often exhibit a sense of urgency and are highly focused on achieving goals.
Type B: Individuals with a Type B personality is characterized by a more relaxed, laid-back demeanor. They are less
competitive, more patient, and tend to experience less stress in their daily lives.
Friedman and Rosenman found a strong correlation between Type A personality traits and an increased risk of coronary
heart disease.
Individuals with Type A personalities were more likely to experience high levels of stress, hostility, and competitiveness,
which were believed to contribute to the development of heart disease.
Health Implications:
The study highlighted the importance of considering psychosocial factors, such as personality traits and stress, in assessing
an individual's risk of heart disease.
It underscored the need for interventions aimed at reducing stress and promoting healthy coping mechanisms to prevent or
manage heart disease.
Behavioral Cardiology:
Friedman and Rosenman's study laid the groundwork for the field of behavioral cardiology, which explores the role of
psychological and behavioral factors in cardiovascular health.
Their research inspired further studies examining the relationship between personality traits, stress, coping strategies, and
cardiovascular outcomes.
The findings of the study led to the development of interventions aimed at reducing stress and modifying Type A behavior
patterns to improve heart health.
Strategies such as stress management techniques, relaxation therapies, and behavioral therapy have been recommended
to individuals at risk of heart disease.
The study conducted by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R.H. Rosenman in the 1950s provided valuable insights
into the relationship between personality types and coronary heart disease. By identifying Type A behavior patterns
as a risk factor for heart disease, their research challenged conventional wisdom and emphasized the importance
of considering psychosocial factors in assessing cardiovascular risk. Their pioneering work continues to inform
research in behavioral cardiology and has contributed to the development of interventions aimed at promoting
heart health and reducing the burden of heart disease.
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