Boll. Unione Mat. Ital.

DOI 10.1007/s40574-016-0086-9

Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces

with a graph

Sushanta Kumar Mohanta1

Received: 10 November 2015 / Accepted: 29 May 2016

© Unione Matematica Italiana 2016

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence and
uniqueness of points of coincidence and common fixed points for mappings defined on cone
modular spaces endowed with a graph. Our results will improve and supplement several
recent results in the literature.

Keywords Cone modular · Directed graph · Point of coincidence · Common fixed point

Mathematics Subject Classification 54H25 · 47H10

1 Introduction

In 1950, Nakano [18] introduced the theory of modular spaces in connection with the theory of
order spaces and was redefined and generalized by Musielak and Orlicz [16]. These spaces
were developed following the successful theory of Orlicz spaces [17]. Recently, several
authors reformulated many problems of fixed point theory in modular spaces (see [3,13–
15,22] and references therein). In 2005, Echenique [7] studied fixed point theory by using
graphs. A considerable contribution was made by Jachymski [12] and Beg et al. [5]. After
that a series of articles have been dedicated to the development of fixed point theory in metric
spaces endowed with a graph. In [9], Huang and Zhang introduced the concept of cone metric
spaces as a generalization of metric spaces. Then, based on the notion of cone metric spaces,
Abbas and Jungck [2] proved some important common fixed point theorems in the setting
of cone metric spaces. Very recently, Aghanians et al. [1] studied fixed points for Banach
and Kannan contractions in modular spaces with a graph. Motivated by the ideas given in
[1,2,9], we introduce the concept of cone modular by replacing the set of real numbers with an
ordered real Banach space and discuss the existence and uniqueness of points of coincidence

B Sushanta Kumar Mohanta

smwbes@yahoo.in
1 Department of Mathematics, West Bengal State University, Barasat, 24 Parganas (North), Kolkata,
West Bengal 700126, India

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 S. K. Mohanta

and common fixed points for a pair of mappings in cone modular spaces endowed with a graph
without 2 -condition and Fatou property. As some consequences of our results, we obtain
cone modular version of Banach Contraction Principle, Kannan fixed point theorem, Brian
Fisher fixed point theorem and fixed points of expansive mappings. Finally, some examples
are provided to illustrate our results.

2 Preliminaries

Let E always be a real Banach space with zero element θ and P a subset of E. P is called a
cone if
(i) P is closed, nonempty and P  = {θ };
(ii) ax + by ∈ P for all x, y ∈ P and a, b ∈ R, a, b ≥ 0;
(iii) P ∩ (−P) = {θ }.
For a given cone P ⊆ E, we can define a partial ordering  on E with respect to P by x  y
(equivalently, y  x) if and only if y − x ∈ P. We shall write x ≺ y (equivalently, y x)
if x  y and x  = y, while x y will stand for y − x ∈ int (P), where int (P) denotes
the interior of P. The cone P is called normal if there is a number M > 0 such that for all
x, y ∈ E,
θ  x  y implies x ≤M y .
The least positive number satisfying the above inequality is called the normal constant of P.
Rezapour and Hamlbarani [20] proved that there are no normal cones with normal constant
M < 1 and for each k > 1 there are cones with normal constant M > k.

Definition 2.1 Let X be a real linear space. A mapping ρ : X → E is called a cone modular
on X if it satisfies the following conditions:
(CM1) θ  ρ(x) for all x ∈ X ;
(CM2) ρ(x) = θ if and only if x = θ ;
(CM3) ρ(x) = ρ(−x) for all x ∈ X ;
(CM4) ρ(ax + by)  ρ(x) + ρ(y) for all x, y ∈ X and all a, b ≥ 0 with a + b = 1.
The pair (X, ρ) is called a cone modular space.

The cone modular ρ is called convex if condition (CM4) is strengthened by replacing

with
(C M 4́) ρ(ax + by)  aρ(x) + bρ(y) for all x, y ∈ X and all a, b ≥ 0 with a + b = 1.
It seems important to note that if E = R, then ρ becomes a modular on X . However, it
does not hold true when E  = R. Thus, the class of cone modular spaces is effectively larger
than that of modular spaces.

Remark 2.2 It follows from condition (CM4) that

(i) If a and b are real numbers with | a |≤| b |, then ρ(ax) n  ρ(bx) for all x ∈ X .
1 , a2 , . . . ,an are
(ii) If a n nonnegative real numbers with i=1 ai = 1, then
n
ρ i=1 ai x i  i=1 ρ(x i ) where x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ∈ X .

Example 2.3 Let X be any real normed linear space with norm · , E = R2 , the Euclidean
plane and P = {(x, y) : x, y ≥ 0}. Define ρ : X → E by ρ(x) = ( x , α x ) where
α ≥ 0 is a constant. Then (X, ρ) is a cone modular space.

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

Example 2.4 Let X = R, E = R2 , P = {(x, y) : x, y ≥ 0}. Define ρ : X → E by

ρ(x) = x 2 , αx 2 where α ≥ 0 is a constant. Then (X, ρ) is a cone modular space.

Definition 2.5 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space, x ∈ X and (xn ) a sequence in X . Then
(i) (xn ) ρ-converges to x whenever for every c ∈ E with θ c there is a natural number
n 0 such that ρ(xn − x) c for all n ≥ n 0 . We denote this by ρ − lim xn = x or
n→∞
xn → x as n → ∞.
(ii) (xn ) is a ρ-Cauchy sequence whenever for every c ∈ E with θ c there is a natural
number n 0 such that ρ(xm − xn ) c for all m, n ≥ n 0 .
(iii) (X, ρ) is a ρ-complete cone modular space if every ρ-Cauchy sequence is ρ-convergent.
(iv) The cone modular ρ is said to satisfy the 2 -condition if 2xn → θ as n → ∞ whenever
xn → θ as n → ∞.
(v) The cone modular ρ is said to have the Fatou property if
ρ(x − y)  lim in fρ(xn − yn ) whenever xn → x and yn → y as n → ∞.
n→∞

Remark 2.6 It is seen that each sequence in a cone modular space can be ρ-convergent to
at most one point. Because, if xn → x and yn → y, then for a given θ c, there exists a
natural number n 0 such that ρ(xn − x) c
2 and ρ(x n − y) c
2 for all n ≥ n 0 . Then,
   
1 1 1 1
ρ x + (−y) = ρ (x − xn ) + (xn − y)
2 2 2 2
 ρ(x − xn ) + ρ(xn − y)
c c
+ , f or all n ≥ n 0
2 2
= c, f or all n ≥ n 0
Thus,
 
1 1 c
ρ x + (−y) , f or all m ≥ 1.
2 2 m
 
So, mc − ρ 21 x + 21 (−y) ∈ P, for all m ≥ 1. Since mc → θ as m → ∞ and P is closed,
1   
−ρ 2 x + 21 (−y) ∈ P. Again, ρ 21 x + 21 (−y) ∈ P. As P ∩ (−P) = {θ }, it follows that
 
ρ 21 x + 21 (−y) = θ . This gives that, 21 x + 21 (−y) = θ and hence, x = y.

Lemma 2.7 [21] Let E be a real Banach space with a cone P. Then
(i) If a b and b c, then a c.
(ii) If a  b and b c, then a c.

Lemma 2.8 [9] Let E be a real Banach space with cone P. Then one has the following.
(i) If θ c, then there exists δ > 0 such that b < δ implies b c.
(ii) If an , bn are sequences in E such that an → a, bn → b and an  bn for all n ≥ 1,
then a  b.

Proposition 2.9 [10] If E is a real Banach space with cone P and if a  λa where a ∈ P
and 0 ≤ λ < 1 then a = θ .

Definition 2.10 [2] Let T and S be self mappings of a set X . If y = T x = Sx for some x in
X , then x is called a coincidence point of T and S and y is called a point of coincidence of
T and S.

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 S. K. Mohanta

Definition 2.11 [11] The mappings T, S : X → X are weakly compatible, if for every
x ∈ X , the following holds:
T (Sx) = S(T x) whenever Sx = T x.
Proposition 2.12 [2] Let S and T be weakly compatible selfmaps of a nonempty set X . If S
and T have a unique point of coincidence y = Sx = T x, then y is the unique common fixed
point of S and T .
Definition 2.13 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space. A mapping f : X → X is called
expansive if there exist positive numbers k, a, b with k > 1 and a < b such that
ρ(a( f x − f y))  k ρ(b(x − y))
for all x, y ∈ X .
We next review some basic notions in graph theory.
Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space and  = {(x, x) : x ∈ X }. Consider a directed graph
(digraph) G such that the set V (G) of its vertices coincides with X , and the set E(G) of
its edges contains all loops, i.e., E(G) ⊇ . We also assume that G has no parallel edges.
Under these assumptions, we can identify G with the pair (V (G), E(G)). By G −1 we denote
the graph obtained from G by reversing the direction of edges i.e., E(G −1 ) = {(x, y) ∈
X × X : (y, x) ∈ E(G)}. Let G̃ denote the undirected graph obtained from G by ignoring
the direction of edges. Actually, it will be more convenient for us to treat G̃ as a directed
graph for which the set of its edges is symmetric. Under this convention,
E(G̃) = E(G) ∪ E(G −1 ).
Our graph theory notations and terminology are standard and can be found in all graph
theory books, like [4,6,8]. If x, y are vertices of the digraph G, then a path in G from x to
y of length n (n ∈ N) is a sequence (xi )i=0n of n + 1 vertices such that x0 = x, xn = y and
(xi−1 , xi ) ∈ E(G) for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. A graph G is connected if there is a path between
any two vertices of G. G is weakly connected if G̃ is connected.
Definition 2.14 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space with a graph G. A mapping f : X → X
is called a Banach G − ρ-contraction if there exist positive numbers k, a, b with k < 1 and
a < b such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(x − y)) (2.1)
for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G).
If we take G = G 0 , the complete graph (X, X × X ), then condition (2.1) holds for all
x, y ∈ X and f is called a Banach ρ-contraction.
It is valuable to note that a Banach G − ρ-contraction need not be a Banach ρ-contraction
(see Remark 3.29).
Definition 2.15 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space with a graph G. A mapping f : X → X
is called a Kannan G − ρ-contraction if there exist positive numbers k, l, a1 , a2 , b with
k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and a2 ≤ b such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − x)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − y)) (2.2)
for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G).
If we take G = G 0 , then condition (2.2) holds for all x, y ∈ X and f is called a Kannan
ρ-contraction.

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

A Kannan G − ρ-contraction need not be a Kannan ρ-contraction (see Remark 3.31).

Definition 2.16 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space with a graph G. A mapping f : X → X
is called a Fisher G − ρ-contraction if there exist positive numbers k, l, a1 , a2 , b with
k + l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b4 and a2 ≤ b2 such that

ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − y)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − x)) (2.3)

for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G).

If we take G = G 0 , then condition (2.3) holds for all x, y ∈ X and f is called a Fisher
ρ-contraction.

Remark 2.17 It is worthmentioning that in Definitions 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, f may not preserve
the edges of G. But according to Aghanians et al. [1], Banach G −ρ-contractions and Kannan
G − ρ-contractions must preserve the edges of G.

3 Main results

Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G and f, g : X → X be such
that f (X ) ⊆ g(X ).
If x0 ∈ X is arbitrary, then there exists an element x1 ∈ X such that f x0 = gx1 ,
since f (X ) ⊆ g(X ). Proceeding in this way, we can construct a sequence (gx n ) such that
gxn = f xn−1 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

Definition 3.1 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G and f, g :
X → X be such that f (X ) ⊆ g(X ). We define C g f the set of all elements x0 of X such
that (gxn , gxm ) ∈ E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . and for every sequence (gx n ) such that
gxn = f xn−1 .

If g = I , the identity map on X , then obviously C g f becomes C f which is the collection of

all elements x of X such that ( f n x, f m x) ∈ E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
In this section we always suppose that E is a real Banach space, P is a cone in E with
int (P)  = ∅ and  is the partial ordering on E with respect to P.

Theorem 3.2 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G and the mappings
f, g : X → X satisfy

ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(gx − gy)) (3.1)

for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where 0 < k < 1 and 0 < a < b. Suppose
f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace of X with the following property:
(∗) If (gxn ) is a sequence in X such that βgxn → βx for some β > 0 and (gxn , gxn+1 ) ∈
E(G̃) for all n ≥ 1, then there exists a subsequence (gxn i ) of (gxn ) such that (gxn i , x) ∈
E(G̃) for all i ≥ 1.
Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if C g f  = ∅. Moreover, f and g have a unique
point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the following property:
(∗∗) If x, y are points of coincidence of f and g in X , then (x, y) ∈ E(G̃).
Furthermore, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common
fixed point in X .

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 S. K. Mohanta

Proof Suppose that C g f  = ∅. We choose an x0 ∈ C g f and keep it fixed. Since f (X ) ⊆ g(X ),

there exists a sequence (gxn ) such that gxn = f xn−1 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . and (gxn , gxm ) ∈
E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Let α > 1 be such that ab + α1 = 1.
We shall show that (bgxn ) is ρ-Cauchy in X .
For any natural number n, we have by using condition (3.1) that

ρ(a(gxn − gx0 )) = ρ(a( f xn−1 − gx0 ))

 
a 1
=ρ b ( f xn−1 − f x0 ) + αa ( f x0 − gx0 )
b α
 ρ (b ( f xn−1 − f x0 )) + ρ (αa ( f x0 − gx0 ))
 kρ(a(gxn−1 − gx0 )) + r, (3.2)

where r = ρ (αa (gx1 − gx0 )).

Hence, by repeated use of condition (3.2), we get

ρ (a(gxn − gx0 ))  kρ(a(gxn−1 − gx0 )) + r

 k[kρ(a(gxn−2 − gx0 )) + r ] + r
= k 2 ρ(a(gxn−2 − gx0 )) + kr + r
·
·
·
 k n−1 ρ(a(gx1 − gx0 )) + k n−2 r + · · · + kr + r
 k n−1 ρ(αa(gx1 − gx0 )) + k n−2 r + · · · + kr + r, since α > 1
= k n−1 r + k n−2 r + · · · + kr + r
(1 − k n )r
=
1−k
r
 , (3.3)
1−k
for all n ∈ N.
For m, n ∈ N with m > n, using conditions (3.1) and (3.3), we have

ρ(b(gxm − gxn )) = ρ(b( f xm−1 − f xn−1 ))

 k ρ(a(gxm−1 − gxn−1 ))
 k ρ(b(gxm−1 − gxn−1 ))
 k 2 ρ(a(gxm−2 − gxn−2 ))
·
·
·
 k n ρ(a(gxm−n − gx0 ))
knr
 . (3.4)
1−k
Let θ c be given. Choose δ > 0 such that c + Nδ (θ ) ⊆ P, where Nδ (θ ) = {y ∈ E :
kn r
y < δ}. Also, choose a natural number n 0 such that 1−k ∈ Nδ (θ ) for all n ≥ n 0 . Then,
kn r
1−k c for all n ≥ n 0 .

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Thus, it follows from condition (3.4) that

knr
ρ(b(gxm − gxn ))  c, f or all m > n ≥ n 0 .
1−k
Therefore, (bgxn ) is a ρ-Cauchy sequence in g(X )(since g(X ) is a subspace of X , bgx n ∈
g(X )). As g(X ) is ρ-complete and b > 0, there exists an u ∈ g(X ) such that bgx n → bu =
bgv for some v ∈ X .
As x0 ∈ C g f , it follows that (gxn , gxn+1 ) ∈ E(G̃) for all n ≥ 0, and so by property (∗),
there exists a subsequence (gxn i ) of (gxn ) such that (gxn i , gv) ∈ E(G̃) for all i ≥ 1.
Again, since bgxn → bu = bgv, for a given θ c, there exists a natural number n 1 such
that
c
ρ(b(gxn − gv)) , f or all n ≥ n 1 . (3.5)
1+k
Now using condition (3.5), we find
   
b b b
ρ ( f v − gv) = ρ ( f v − f xn i ) + ( f xn i − gv)
2 2 2
 ρ(b( f v − f xn i )) + ρ(b( f xn i − gv))
 k ρ(a(gxn i − gv)) + ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv))
 k ρ(b(gxn i − gv)) + ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv))
c c
k + , f or all n i ≥ n 1
1+k 1+k
= c, f or all n i ≥ n 1 .
Thus,
 
b c
ρ ( f v − gv) , f or all m ≥ 1.
2 m
So, mc − ρ( b2 ( f v − gv)) ∈ P, for all m ≥ 1. Since mc → θ as m → ∞ and P is closed,
−ρ( b2 ( f v − gv)) ∈ P. Again, ρ( b2 ( f v − gv)) ∈ P. As P ∩ (−P) = {θ }, it follows that
ρ( b2 ( f v − gv)) = θ . This gives that, b2 ( f v − gv) = θ and hence, f v = gv = u since b > 0.
Therefore, u is a point of coincidence of f and g.
The next is to show that the point of coincidence is unique. Assume that there is another
point of coincidence u ∗ in X such that f x = gx = u ∗ for some x ∈ X . By property (∗∗),
we have (u, u ∗ ) ∈ E(G̃). Then,
ρ(b(u − u ∗ )) = ρ(b( f v − f x))
 k ρ(a(gv − gx))
 k ρ(b(u − u ∗ )),
which gives that, u = u ∗ .

Therefore, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X .

If f and g are weakly compatible, then by Proposition 2.12, f and g have a unique
common fixed point in X . 

Corollary 3.3 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a graph G
and the mapping f : X → X be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(x − y))

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 S. K. Mohanta

for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G̃), where 0 < k < 1 and 0 < a < b. Suppose the triple
(X, ρ, G) has the following property:
(∗)´ If (xn ) is a sequence in X such that βxn → βx for some β > 0 and (xn , xn+1 ) ∈ E(G̃)
for all n ≥ 1, then there exists a subsequence (x n i ) of (xn ) such that (xn i , x) ∈ E(G̃) for all
i ≥ 1.
Then f has a fixed point in X if C f  = ∅. Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the
graph G has the following property:
(∗ ∗ )´ If x, y are fixed points of f in X , then (x, y) ∈ E(G̃).

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.2 by considering g = I , the identity map
on X . 


Corollary 3.4 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space and the mappings f, g : X → X satisfy

ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(gx − gy))

for all x, y ∈ X , where 0 < k < 1 and 0 < a < b. If f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete
subspace of X , then f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X . Moreover, if f and g
are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common fixed point in X .

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.2 by taking G = G 0 , where G 0 is the
complete graph (X, X × X ). 


The following Corollary is the cone modular version of Banach Contraction Principle.

Corollary 3.5 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and a mapping f : X → X
be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(x − y))
for all x, y ∈ X , where 0 < k < 1 and 0 < a < b. Then f has a unique fixed point u in X
and b f n x → bu for all x ∈ X .

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.2 by taking G = G 0 and g = I . 


The following Corollary gives fixed points of expansive mappings in cone modular spaces.

Corollary 3.6 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and let g : X → X be an
onto mapping satisfying
ρ(a(gx − gy))  αρ(b(x − y))
for all x, y ∈ X , where α > 1 is a constant and 0 < a < b. Then g has a unique fixed point
in X .

Proof The conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.2 by taking G = G 0 and
f = I. 


Corollary 3.7 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G, where ρ is a
convex cone modular, and the mappings f, g : X → X satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(gx − gy)) (3.6)
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k, a and b are positive numbers with
b > max{a, ak}. Suppose f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace of X with the

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

property (∗). Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if C g f  = ∅. Moreover, f and g

have a unique point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the property (∗∗). Furthermore,
if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common fixed point in X .

Proof Let c = max{a, ak}. Since b > max{a, ak}, it follows that c < b. Choose any
β ∈ (c, b). Then by convexity of ρ and condition (3.6), we have

ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(gx − gy))

   
a a
= kρ β(gx − gy) + 1 − θ
β β
a
 k ρ(β(gx − gy))
β
= k1 ρ(β(gx − gy))

for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where 0 < β < b and 0 < k1 = k a
β < 1. The
conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.2. 


Remark 3.8 Corollary 3.3 is a reformulation of Theorem 2.9 [1] in modular spaces to cone
modular spaces by replacing the weak connectedness of G with the condition that if x, y are
fixed points of f then (x, y) ∈ E(G̃). It is valuable to note that the authors of [1] must assume
that f preserves the edges of G̃ to obtain their conclusion. But we have been able to obtain
the same conclusion in cone modular spaces without assuming that condition. Therefore,
Theorem 3.2 may be considered as a generalization of the main part of Theorem 2.9 [1].
By similar arguments, Corollary 3.7 is a generalization of the main part of Corollary 2.12
[1]. Moreover, Corollary 3.5 is the cone modular version of Corollary 2.10 [1] and hence
Corollary 3.4 is a generalization of Corollary 2.10 [1].

Corollary 3.9 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a partial
ordering  and the mapping f : X → X be such that

ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(x − y))

for all x, y ∈ X with x  y or, y  x, where 0 < k < 1 and 0 < a < b. Suppose the triple
(X, ρ, ) has the following property:
(†) If (xn ) is a sequence in X such that βxn → βx for some β > 0 and xn , xn+1 are
comparable for all n ≥ 1, then there exists a subsequence (x n i ) of (xn ) such that xn i , x are
comparable for all i ≥ 1.
If there exists x0 ∈ X such that f n x0 , f m x0 are comparable for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then
f has a fixed point in X . Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the following property
holds:
(††) If x, y are fixed points of f in X , then x, y are comparable.

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.2 by taking g = I and G = G 2 , where
the graph G 2 is defined by E(G 2 ) = {(x, y) ∈ X × X : x  y or y  x}. 


Remark 3.10 In [19], Nieto et al. considered different problems of existence of fixed points
for contraction mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces. Corollary 3.9 is a
reformulation of their result (i.e., Theorem 1.3 quoted in [3]) in cone modular spaces endowed
with a partial ordering. In fact, Corollary 3.9 is obtained with more weaker conditions in
compare to those of Nieto et al. [19].

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 S. K. Mohanta

Theorem 3.11 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G and the map-
pings f, g : X → X satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gx)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gy)) (3.7)
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and a2 ≤ b. Suppose f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace
of X with the property (∗). Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if C g f  = ∅.
Moreover, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the property
(∗∗). Furthermore, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common
fixed point in X .

Proof As in Theorem 3.2, we can construct a sequence (gxn ) such that gxn = f xn−1 , n =
1, 2, 3, . . . and (gxn , gxm ) ∈ E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
We shall show that (bgxn ) is ρ-Cauchy in X .
For any natural number n, we have by using condition (3.7) that
ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn )) = ρ(b( f xn − f xn−1 ))
 k ρ(a1 ( f xn − gxn )) + l ρ(a2 ( f xn−1 − gxn−1 ))
 k ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn )) + l ρ(b (gxn − gxn−1 )),
which gives that,
ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn ))  α ρ(b (gxn − gxn−1 )) (3.8)
where α = 1−k
l
∈ (0, 1).
By repeated use of condition (3.8), we obtain
ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn ))  α n ρ(b (gx1 − gx0 )), (3.9)
for all n ∈ N.
For m, n ∈ N, using conditions (3.7) and (3.9), we have
ρ(b(gxm − gxn )) = ρ(b( f xm−1 − f xn−1 ))
 k ρ(a1 ( f xm−1 − gxm−1 )) + l ρ(a2 ( f xn−1 − gxn−1 ))
 k ρ(b(gxm − gxm−1 )) + l ρ(b(gxn − gxn−1 ))
 kα m−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) + lα n−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )). (3.10)
Let θ c be given. Choose δ > 0 such that k+l
c
+ Nδ (θ ) ⊆ P, where Nδ (θ ) = {y ∈
E : y < δ}. Also, choose a natural number n 0 such that α n−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) ∈ Nδ (θ )
for all n ≥ n 0 . Then, α n−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) k+l , for all n ≥ n 0 .
c

Thus, it follows from (3.10) that

ρ(b(gxm − gxn ))  kα m−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) + lα n−1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 ))
kc lc
+ , f or all m, n ≥ n 0
k +l k +l
= c, f or all m, n ≥ n 0 .
Therefore, (bgxn ) is a ρ-Cauchy sequence in g(X ). As g(X ) is ρ-complete and b > 0, there
exists an u ∈ g(X ) such that bgxn → bu = bgv for some v ∈ X . As x0 ∈ C g f , it follows
that (gxn , gxn+1 ) ∈ E(G̃) for all n ≥ 0, and so by property (∗), there exists a subsequence
(gxn i ) of (gxn ) such that (gxn i , gv) ∈ E(G̃) for all i ≥ 1.

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

Again, since bgxn → bu = bgv, for a given θ c, there exists a natural number n 1 such
that
(1 − k)c
ρ(b(gxn+1 − gv)) , f or all n ≥ n 1 . (3.11)
2
Also, since α ∈ (0, 1), there exists a natural number n 2 such that
c
α n+1 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) , f or all n ≥ n 2 . (3.12)
2
Taking m 0 = max {n 1 , n 2 }, the conditions (3.11) and (3.12) hold for n ≥ m 0 .
Now using conditions (3.7), (3.11) and (3.12), we find
   
b b b
ρ ( f v − gv) = ρ ( f v − f xn i ) + ( f xn i − gv)
2 2 2
 ρ(b( f v − f xn i )) + ρ(b( f xn i − gv))
    
 k ρ (a1 ( f v − gv)) + l ρ a2 ( f xn i − gxn i ) + ρ b(gxn i +1 − gv)
 
b    
 kρ ( f v − gv) + l ρ b(gxn i +1 − gxn i ) + ρ b(gxn i +1 − gv) ,
2
which yields
 
b   1  
ρ ( f v − gv)  α ρ b(gxn i +1 − gxn i ) + ρ b(gxn i +1 − gv)
2 1−k
1  
 α n i +1 ρ (b(gx1 − gx0 )) + ρ b(gxn i +1 − gv)
1−k
c c
+ , f or all n i ≥ m 0
2 2
= c, f or all n i ≥ m 0

Thus,
 
b c
ρ ( f v − gv) , f or all m ≥ 1.
2 m
By an argument similar to that used in Theorem 3.2, we have f v = gv = u. Therefore, u is
a point of coincidence of f and g.
Finally, to prove the uniqueness of the point of coincidence, suppose that there is another
point of coincidence u ∗ in X such that f x = gx = u ∗ for some x ∈ X . By property (∗∗),
we have (u, u ∗ ) ∈ E(G̃).
Then,

ρ(b(u − u ∗ )) = ρ(b( f v − f x))

 k ρ(a1 ( f v − gv)) + l ρ(a2 ( f x − gx))
= 0,

which gives that, u = u ∗ .

Therefore, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X .
If f and g are weakly compatible, then by Proposition 2.12, f and g have a unique
common fixed point in X . 


123
 S. K. Mohanta

Corollary 3.12 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a graph G
and the mapping f : X → X be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − x)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − y))
for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and a2 ≤ b. Suppose the triple (X, ρ, G) has the property (∗). ´ Then f
has a fixed point in X if C f  = ∅. Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the graph G
´
has the property (∗ ∗ ).
Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.11 by putting g = I . 

Corollary 3.13 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space and the mappings f, g : X → X
satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gx)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gy))
for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and
a2 ≤ b. If f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace of X , then f and g have a
unique point of coincidence in X . Moreover, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and
g have a unique common fixed point in X .
Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.11 by taking G = G 0 . 

The following Corollary is the cone modular version of Kannan fixed point theorem.
Corollary 3.14 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and a mapping f : X → X
satisfies
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − x)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − y))
for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b
2 and
a2 ≤ b. Then f has a unique fixed point u in X and b f n x → bu for all x ∈ X .
Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.11 by putting G = G 0 and g = I . 

Corollary 3.15 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and let g : X → X be an
onto mapping satisfying
k ρ(a1 (x − gx)) + l ρ(a2 (y − gy))  ρ(b(x − y))
for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b
2 and
a2 ≤ b. Then g has a unique fixed point in X .
Proof The conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.11 by taking G = G 0 and
f = I. 

Corollary 3.16 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G, where ρ is a
convex cone modular, and the mappings f, g : X → X satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gx)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gy)) (3.13)
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
b > 4 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}. Suppose f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace
of X with the property (∗). Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if C g f  = ∅.
Moreover, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the property
(∗∗). Furthermore, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common
fixed point in X .

123
Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

Proof Let c = 2 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}. Since b > 4 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}, it follows that
c < b2 . Choose any β ∈ (c, b2 ]. Then by convexity of ρ and condition (3.13), we have
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ (a1 ( f x − gx)) + l ρ (a2 ( f y − gy))
   
a1 a1
= kρ β( f x − gx) + 1 − θ
β β
   
a2 a2
+l ρ β( f y − gy) + 1 − θ
β β
a1 a2
k ρ(β( f x − gx)) + l ρ(β( f y − gy))
β β
= k1 ρ(β( f x − gx)) + l1 ρ(β( f y − gy))
a1 k
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where β ≤ b2 < b and k1 + l1 = β + aβ2 l < 1. The
conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.11. 


Corollary 3.17 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a partial
ordering  and the mapping f : X → X be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − x)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − y))
for all x, y ∈ X with x  y or, y  x, where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and a2 ≤ b. Suppose the triple (X, ρ, ) has the property (†). If there
exists x0 ∈ X such that f n x0 , f m x0 are comparable for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then f has a
fixed point in X . Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the property (††) holds.

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.11 by taking g = I and G = G 2 . 


Remark 3.18 Corollary 3.12 is a reformulation of Theorem 2.13 [1] in modular spaces to
cone modular spaces without assuming that f preserves the edges of G̃ and k < 21 . The
authors of [1] must assume that k < 21 and for all (x, y) ∈ X , there exists z ∈ X such that
(x, z), (y, z) ∈ E(G̃) to obtain unique fixed point of f . But we have been able to obtain
the same conclusion in cone modular spaces by using the property (∗ ∗ ). ´ Since Corollary
3.12 is a particular case of Theorem 3.11, it follows that Theorem 3.11 is a generalization of
the main part of Theorem 2.13 [1]. Moreover, it is easy to observe that Corollaries 3.16 and
3.17 are respectively generalizations of the first assertions of Corollaries 2.16 and 2.15 [1].
Furthermore, Corollary 3.13 is a generalization of Corollary 2.14 [1] in modular spaces to
cone modular spaces.

Theorem 3.19 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G and the map-
pings f, g : X → X satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gy)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gx)) (3.14)
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
k + l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b4 and a2 ≤ b2 . Suppose f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete
subspace of X with the property (∗). Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if
C g f  = ∅. Moreover, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the
property (∗∗). Furthermore, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique
common fixed point in X .

Proof As in Theorem 3.2, we can construct a sequence (gxn ) such that gxn = f xn−1 , n =
1, 2, 3, . . . and (gxn , gxm ) ∈ E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..

123
 S. K. Mohanta

We shall show that (bgxn ) is ρ-Cauchy in X .

For any natural number n, we have by using condition (3.14) that

ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn )) = ρ(b( f xn − f xn−1 ))

 k ρ(a1 ( f xn − gxn−1 )) + l ρ(a2 ( f xn−1 − gxn ))
 
b
 kρ (gxn+1 − gxn−1 )
2
 k ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn ) + k ρ(b(gxn − gxn−1 )),

which gives that,

ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn ))  α ρ(b (gxn − gxn−1 )) (3.15)

where α = 1−k
k
∈ (0, 1), since k < 21 .
By repeated use of condition (3.15), we obtain

ρ(b(gxn+1 − gxn ))  α n ρ(b (gx1 − gx0 )), f or all n ∈ N. (3.16)

For m, n ∈ N, using conditions (3.14) and (3.16), we have

ρ(b(gxm − gxn )) = ρ(b( f xm−1 − f xn−1 ))

 k ρ(a1 ( f xm−1 − gxn−1 )) + l ρ(a2 ( f xn−1 − gxm−1 ))
   
b b
 kρ (gxm − gxn−1 ) + l ρ (gxn − gxm−1 )
2 2
 k[ρ(b(gxm − gxn )) + ρ(b(gxn − gxn−1 ))]
+l[ρ(b(gxn − gxm )) + ρ(b(gxm − gxm−1 ))],

which gives that,

k l
ρ(b(gxm − gxn ))  ρ(b(gxn − gxn−1 )) + ρ(b(gxm − gxm−1 ))
1−k −l 1−k −l
kα n−1 lα m−1
 ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )) + ρ(b(gx1 − gx0 )).
1−k −l 1−k −l

By an argument similar to that used in Theorem 3.11, it follows that (bgxn ) is a ρ-Cauchy
sequence in g(X ). As g(X ) is ρ-complete and b > 0, there exists an u ∈ g(X ) such that
bgxn → bu = bgv for some v ∈ X . Since x0 ∈ C g f , it follows that (gxn , gxn+1 ) ∈ E(G̃)
for all n ≥ 0, and so by property (∗), there exists a subsequence (gxn i ) of (gxn ) such that
(gxn i , gv) ∈ E(G̃) for all i ≥ 1.
Again, since bgxn → bu = bgv, for a given θ c, there exists a natural number n 1 such
that

1−k
ρ(b(gxn − gv)) c, f or all n ≥ n 1 . (3.17)
1+k +l

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

Now using conditions (3.14) and (3.17), we find

 
b
ρ ( f v − gv)  ρ(b( f v − f xn i )) + ρ(b( f xn i − gv))
2
 [k ρ(a1 ( f v − gxn i )) + l ρ(a2 ( f xn i − gv))] + ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv))
 
b
 kρ ( f v − gxn i ) + l ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv)) + ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv))
4
   
b b
k ρ ( f v − gv) + ρ (gv − gxn i )
2 2
+(l + 1) ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv)),
which gives that,
 
b l +1
ρ ( f v − gv)  α ρ(b(gxn i − gv)) + ρ(b(gxn i +1 − gv))
2 1−k
k 1−k l +1 1−k
c+ c, f or all n i ≥ n 1
1−k 1+k +l 1−k 1+k +l
= c, f or all n i ≥ n 1 .
Thus, by an argument similar to that used in Theorem 3.2, we have f v = gv = u. Therefore,
u is a point of coincidence of f and g.
Finally, to prove the uniqueness of point of coincidence, suppose that there is another
point of coincidence u ∗ in X such that f x = gx = u ∗ for some x ∈ X . By property (∗∗),
we have (u, u ∗ ) ∈ E(G̃).
Then,
ρ(b(u − u ∗ )) = ρ(b( f v − f x))
 k ρ(a1 ( f v − gx)) + l ρ(a2 ( f x − gv))
 k ρ(b(u − u ∗ )) + l ρ(b(u ∗ − u))
= (k + l) ρ(b(u ∗ − u)),
which gives that, u = u ∗ .
Therefore, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X .
If f and g are weakly compatible, then by Proposition 2.12, f and g have a unique
common fixed point in X . 


Corollary 3.20 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a graph G
and the mapping f : X → X be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − y)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − x))
for all x, y ∈ X with (x, y) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
´
k + l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b4 and a2 ≤ b2 . Suppose the triple (X, ρ, G) has the property (∗).
Then f has a fixed point in X if C f  = ∅. Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the
´
graph G has the property (∗ ∗ ).

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.19 by putting g = I . 



Corollary 3.21 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space and the mappings f, g : X → X
satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gy)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gx))

123
 S. K. Mohanta

for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k+l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b4
and a2 ≤ b2 . If f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace of X , then f and g have a
unique point of coincidence in X . Moreover, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and
g have a unique common fixed point in X .
Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.19 by taking G = G 0 . 

The following Corollary is the cone modular version of Brian Fisher’s fixed point theorem.
Corollary 3.22 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and a mapping f : X → X
satisfies
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − y)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − x))
for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k+l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b
4
and a2 ≤ b2 . Then f has a unique fixed point u in X and b f n x → bu for all x ∈ X .
Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.19 by considering G = G 0 and g = I .


Corollary 3.23 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space and let g : X → X be an
onto mapping satisfying
k ρ(a1 (x − gy)) + l ρ(a2 (y − gx))  ρ(b(x − y))
for all x, y ∈ X , where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with k+l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b
4
and a2 ≤ b2 . Then g has a unique fixed point in X .
Proof The conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.19 by taking G = G 0 and
f = I. 

Corollary 3.24 Let (X, ρ) be a cone modular space endowed with a graph G, where ρ is a
convex cone modular, and the mappings f, g : X → X satisfy
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gy)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gx)), (3.18)
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
b > 8 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}. Suppose f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) and g(X ) is a ρ-complete subspace
of X with the property (∗). Then f and g have a point of coincidence in X if C g f  = ∅.
Moreover, f and g have a unique point of coincidence in X if the graph G has the property
(∗∗). Furthermore, if f and g are weakly compatible, then f and g have a unique common
fixed point in X .
Proof Let c = 2 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}. Since b > 8 max{a1 , a2 , a1 k, a2 l}, it follows that
c < b4 . Choose any β ∈ (c, b4 ]. Then by convexity of ρ and condition (3.18), we have
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − gy)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − gx))
   
a1 a1
= kρ β( f x − gy) + 1 − θ
β β
   
a2 a2
+l ρ β( f y − gx) + 1 − θ
β β
a1 a2
k ρ(β( f x − gy)) + l ρ(β( f y − gx))
β β
= k1 ρ(β( f x − gy)) + l1 ρ(β( f y − gx))

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

a1 k
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where β ≤ b
4 < b
2 and k1 + l1 = β + aβ2 l < 1 with
k1 < 1
2 since 2a1 k ≤ c < β. The conclusion of the Corollary follows from Theorem 3.19.



Corollary 3.25 Let (X, ρ) be a ρ-complete cone modular space endowed with a partial
ordering  and the mapping f : X → X be such that
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a1 ( f x − y)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − x))
for all x, y ∈ X with x  y or, y  x, where k, l, a1 , a2 and b are positive numbers with
k + l < 1, k < 21 , a1 ≤ b4 and a2 ≤ b2 . Suppose the triple (X, ρ, ) has the property (†).
If there exists x0 ∈ X such that f n x0 , f m x0 are comparable for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., then f
has a fixed point in X . Moreover, f has a unique fixed point in X if the property (††) holds.

Proof The proof can be obtained from Theorem 3.19 by taking g = I and G = G 2 . 


Remark 3.26 Corollary 3.20 is a reformulation of Brian Fisher’s theorem in a setting of cone
modular space endowed with a graph. Moreover, Corollary 3.22 is the cone modular version
of Brian Fisher’s theorem. But Corollarys 3.20 and 3.22 are particular cases of Theorem
3.19. Therefore, Theorem 3.19 is a generalization of Brian Fisher’s theorem in cone modular
spaces endowed with a graph.

We conclude with some examples in favour of our results.

Example 3.27 Let E = l 1 and P = {(xn )n≥1 ∈ E : xn ≥ 0, f or all n} a cone in E. Let

X = R and define ρ : X → E by
 
|x|
ρ(x) =
2n n≥1
for all x ∈ X . Then (X, ρ) is a ρ-complete cone modular space. Let f, g : X → X be
defined by
x 3
fx = , if x =
4 4
3
= 1, i f x =
4
and gx = 2x for all x ∈ X . Obviously, f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) = X .
Let G be a directed graph such that V (G) = X and E(G) =  ∪ {(0, 41n ) : n =
0, 1, 2, . . .}. If x = 0, y = 2.41 n , then gx = 0, gy = 41n and so (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃).
For x = 0, y = 2.41 n , taking k = a = 21 , b = 1, we have
 
1
ρ(b( f x − f y)) = ρ 0 −
2.4n+1
 
1
=
2.4n+1 .2r r ≥1
 
1 1
=
8 4n .2r r ≥1
 
1 1
≺
4 4n .2r r ≥1
= kρ(a(gx − gy)).

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 S. K. Mohanta

Therefore,
ρ(b( f x − f y))  k ρ(a(gx − gy))
for all x, y ∈ X with (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃), where k = a = 21 , b = 1. We can verify that
0 ∈ C g f . In fact, gxn = f xn−1 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . gives that gx1 = f 0 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 0 and
so gx2 = f x1 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 0. Proceeding in this way, we get gxn = 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
and hence (gxn , gxm ) = (0, 0) ∈ E(G̃) for m, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
Also, any sequence (gxn ) with the property (gxn , gxn+1 ) ∈ E(G̃) must be either a constant
sequence or a sequence of the following form
gxn = 0, i f n is odd
1
= n , i f n is even
4
where the words ’odd’ and ’even’ are interchangeable. Consequently it follows that property
(∗) holds. Furthermore, f and g are weakly compatible. Thus, we have all the conditions of
Theorem 3.2 and 0 is the unique common fixed point of f and g in X .

Remark 3.28 We observe that weak compatibility condition in Theorem 3.2 can neither be
relaxed. In Example 3.27, if we replace g by gx = 2x − 7 for all x ∈ X , then all but weak
compatibility condition of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied. Indeed, f (4) = g(4) = 1 and 4 ∈ C g f
but g( f (4))  = f (g(4)) i.e., f and g are not weakly compatible. We see that 1 is the unique
point of coincidence of f and g without being any common fixed point.

Remark 3.29 In Example 3.27, f is a Banach G − ρ-contraction with constants k = a =

2 , b = 1 but it is not a Banach ρ-contraction. In fact, for x = 4 , y = 1, we have
1 3

  
1
ρ(b( f x − f y)) = ρ b 1 −
4
 
3b
=
4.2r r ≥1
a
k
4.2r r ≥1
= k ρ(a(x − y)),
for any arbitrary positive numbers k, a, b satisfying k < 1 and a < b. This implies that f
is not a Banach ρ-contraction.

Example 3.30 Let E = R2 , the Euclidean plane and P = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x, y ≥ 0} a cone

in E. Let X = R and define ρ : X → E by
ρ(x) = (| x |, α | x |)
for all x ∈ X , where α ≥ 0 is a constant. Then (X, ρ) is a ρ-complete cone modular space.
Let f, g : X → X be defined by
f x = 0, i f x = 3
= 1, i f x =3
and gx = 4x for all x ∈ X . Obviously, f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) = X .
Let G be a directed graph such that V (G) = X and E(G) =  ∪ {(0, 1), (1, 3)}. If
x = 0, y = 14 , then gx = 0, gy = 1 and so (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃).

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Some fixed point theorems in cone modular spaces. . .

Again, if x = 41 , y = 43 , then gx = 1, gy = 3 and so (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃).

Now it is easy to verify that condition (3.7) of Theorem 3.11 holds for all x, y ∈ X with
(gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃). Furthermore, 0 ∈ C g f i.e., C g f  = ∅, f and g are weakly compatible, and
the triple (X, ρ, G) have property (∗). Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 3.11 are satisfied
and 0 is the unique common fixed point of f and g in X .

Remark 3.31 We see that in Example 3.30, f is a Kannan G − ρ-contraction with constants
k = 21 , l = 167
, a1 = 21 , a2 = b = 1. But f is not a Kannan ρ-contraction because, if
k, l, a1 , a2 , b are any arbitrary positive numbers satisfying k + l < 1, a1 ≤ b2 and a2 ≤ b,
then for x = 3, y = 0, we have
k ρ(a1 ( f x − x)) + l ρ(a2 ( f y − y)) = k ρ(a1 ( f 3 − 3)) + l ρ(a2 ( f 0 − 0))
= k a1 (2, 2α)
= 2a1 k(1, α)
≺ b (1, α)
= ρ(b( f 3 − f 0)).

Example 3.32 Let E = R2 , the Euclidean plane and P = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x, y ≥ 0} a cone

in E. Let X = R and define ρ : X → E by
ρ(x) = (| x |, α | x |)
for all x ∈ X , where α ≥ 0 is a constant. Then (X, ρ) is a ρ-complete cone modular space.
Let f, g : X → X be defined by
f x = 1, i f x = 4
= 2, i f x =4
and gx = 2x − 1 for all x ∈ X . Obviously, f (X ) ⊆ g(X ) = X .
Let G be a directed graph such that V (G) = X and E(G) =  ∪ {(1, 2), (2, 4)}. If
x = 1, y = 23 , then gx = 1, gy = 2 and so (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃).
Again, if x = 23 , y = 25 , then gx = 2, gy = 4 and so (gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃).
Now it is easy to verify that condition (3.14) of Theorem 3.19 holds for all x, y ∈ X with
(gx, gy) ∈ E(G̃). Furthermore, 1 ∈ C g f i.e., C g f  = ∅, f and g are weakly compatible, and
the triple (X, ρ, G) have property (∗). Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 3.19 are satisfied
and 1 is the unique common fixed point of f and g in X .

Remark 3.33 In Example 3.32, f is not a Fisher G −ρ-contraction. In fact, for x = 2, y = 4,

we have
ρ(b( f x − f y)) = ρ(b( f 2 − f 4))
= b(1, α).
Therefore,
kρ(a1 ( f x − y)) + lρ(a2 ( f y − x)) = kρ(3a1 ) + lρ(θ )
= 3ka1 (1, α)
3
≺ b(1, α)
8
≺ b(1, α)
= ρ(b( f x − f y)),

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 S. K. Mohanta

for any arbitrary positive numbers k, l, a1 , a2 , b with k + l < 1, k < 1

2, a1 ≤ b
4 and
a2 ≤ b2 . This implies that f is not a Fisher G − ρ-contraction.

Acknowledgments The author is grateful to the referees for their helpful comments.

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