UFGS 32 12 15.13 Asphalt Paving For Airfields

**************************************************************************
USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-32 12 15.13 (November 2020)
------------------------------------
Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding
UFGS-32 12 15.13 (November 2017)
UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2022

**************************************************************************
SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS
DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS
SECTION 32 12 15.13
ASPHALT PAVING FOR AIRFIELDS
11/20
PART 1 GENERAL
1.1 FULL PAYMENT

1.1.1 Method of Measurement
1.1.2 Basis of Payment
1.2 PERCENT PAYMENT
1.2.1 Mat and Joint Densities
1.2.2 Pay Factor Based on In-place Density
1.2.3 Payment Adjustment for Smoothness (Final Wearing Surface Only)
1.2.3.1 Profilograph Testing
1.2.4 Laboratory Air Voids and Theoretical Maximum Density
1.2.4.1 Mean Absolute Deviation
1.2.5 Pay Factor Based on Plan Grade
1.3 REFERENCES
1.4 SUBMITTALS
1.5 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL STAFF
1.6 ACCEPTANCE
1.6.1 Acceptability of Work
1.6.2 Acceptance Requirements
1.6.3 Pavement Lots
1.6.4 Sublot Sampling
1.6.5 Additional Sampling and Testing
1.6.6 Theoretical Maximum Density (TMD)
1.6.7 Laboratory Air Voids
1.6.8 In-place Density
1.6.9 Surface Smoothness
1.6.9.1 Smoothness Requirements
1.6.9.1.1 Straightedge Testing
1.6.9.1.2 Profilograph Testing
1.6.9.2 Testing Method
1.6.9.2.3 Bumps ("Must Grind" Areas)
1.6.10 Plan Grade
SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 1

1.6.11 Laboratory Accreditation and Validation
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1.1 Asphalt Mixing Plant
2.1.1.1 Truck Scales
2.1.1.2 Inspection of Plant
2.1.1.3 Storage Silos
2.1.2 Hauling Equipment
2.1.3 Material Transfer Vehicle (MTV)
2.1.4 Asphalt Pavers
2.1.4.1 Receiving Hopper
2.1.4.2 Automatic Grade Controls
2.1.5 Rollers
2.1.6 Diamond Grinding
2.2 AGGREGATES
2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate
2.2.2 Fine Aggregate
2.2.3 Mineral Filler
2.2.4 Aggregate Gradation
2.3 ASPHALT BINDER
2.4 WARM-MIX ASPHALT TECHNOLOGIES/PRODUCTS
2.5 MIX DESIGN
2.5.1 JMF Requirements
2.5.2 Adjustments to JMF
2.6 RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
2.6.1 RAP Aggregates and Asphalt Binder
2.6.2 RAP Mix
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.1 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL

3.1.1 General Quality Control Requirements
3.1.2 Testing Laboratory
3.1.3 Quality Control Testing
3.1.3.1 Asphalt Content
3.1.3.2 Aggregate Properties
3.1.3.3 Temperatures
3.1.3.4 Moisture Content of Aggregate
3.1.3.5 Moisture Content of Mixture
3.1.3.6 Laboratory Air Voids, TMD, and VMA VMA, and Marshall
Stability and Flow
3.1.3.7 In-Place Density
3.1.3.8 Grade and Smoothness
3.1.3.9 Additional Testing
3.1.3.10 QC Monitoring
3.1.4 Sampling
3.1.5 Control Charts
3.2 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT BINDER MATERIAL
3.3 PREPARATION OF MINERAL AGGREGATE
3.4 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURE
3.5 PREPARATION OF THE UNDERLYING SURFACE
3.6 TEST SECTION
3.6.1 Sampling and Testing for Test Section
3.6.2 Additional Test Sections
3.7 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING
3.7.1 Transporting

3.7.2 Placing
3.8 COMPACTION OF MIXTURE
3.8.1 General
3.8.2 Segregation
3.9 JOINTS
3.9.1 Transverse Joints
3.9.2 Longitudinal Joints
3.9.3 Asphalt Pavement-Portland Cement Concrete Joints
-- End of Section Table of Contents --

**************************************************************************
USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-32 12 15.13 (November 2020)
------------------------------------
Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding
UFGS-32 12 15.13 (November 2017)
UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2022

**************************************************************************
SECTION 32 12 15.13
ASPHALT PAVING FOR AIRFIELDS

11/20
**************************************************************************
NOTE: This guide specification covers the
requirements for bituminous intermediate and wearing
courses (central-plant hot-mix and warm-mix) for
airfields using Marshall or Gyratory compaction
method.
Adhere to UFC 1-300-02 Unified Facilities Guide

Specifications (UFGS) Format Standard when editing
this guide specification or preparing new project
specification sections. Do not edit or rewrite the
unbracketed text without the express consent of the
Corps of Engineers Transportation Systems Center
(TSMCX), the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC)
pavement subject matter expert (SME), or the Naval
Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC). Edit
bracketed items by choosing applicable item(s) or
inserting appropriate text.
Comments, suggestions and recommended changes for

this guide specification are welcome and should be
submitted as a Criteria Change Request (CCR).
**************************************************************************
PART 1 GENERAL
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Modifications must be made within bracketed
items to this guide specification during conversion
to a project specification in accordance with the
NOTES which are located throughout the document.
These NOTES are instructions to the designer, and
will not appear in the project specification.
Specifications developed for Corps of Engineers

managed projects must be edited in accordance with
ER 1110-34-1 Engineering and Design Transportation
Systems Mandatory Center of Expertise (Section 11,
12, App A, B, C).

This guide specification only pertains to the
hot-mix and warm-mix asphalt pavement aspects of the
project and not to any surface preparation
requirements dealing with aggregate base courses,
milling, or tack and prime coats. Cover surface
preparation requirements by adding pertinent
sections to the project documents.
This specification utilizes a Quality Assurance and

Quality Control (QA/QC) construction management
philosophy. Quality Assurance refers to the actions
performed by the Government or designated
representative to assure the final product meets the
job requirements. This specification has been
developed for QC testing to be used as a basis of
pay. It is recommended that the Government's QA
testing include a minimum of 5 percent of the QC
tests performed by the Contractor. Results of QC
testing are the basis for pay unless there are
discrepancies between QC and QA testing. Quality
Control also refers to the actions of the Contractor
to monitor the construction and production processes
and to correct these processes when out of control.
Results of QC testing are reported daily on the
process control charts maintained by the
Contractor. Quality Control is covered in paragraph
CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL STAFF and paragraph
CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL.
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1.1 FULL PAYMENT
1.1.1 Method of Measurement
**************************************************************************
NOTE: For unit-price contracts, include first
bracketed statements and delete the second set. For
lump sum contracts, delete the first bracketed
statements and include the second set.
Do not delete PART 1 for lump sum Contracts.

**************************************************************************
[The amount paid for will be the number of metric tons of hot-mixwarm-mix
asphalt pavement mixture used in the accepted work. Hot-mixWarm-mix
asphalt pavement mixture shall be weighed after mixing. No separate
payment will be made for weight of asphalt binder material incorporated
herein.] [Utilize the quantity of hot-mixwarm-mix asphalt pavement, per
ton placed and accepted, for the purposes of assessing the pay factors
stipulated below.]
1.1.2 Basis of Payment
**************************************************************************
NOTE: For unit-price contracts, include first
bracketed statements and delete the second set. For
lump sum contracts, delete the first bracketed
statements and include the second set. Include

prescriptive unit price based on the Government
estimate for payment adjustment. Lump sum contracts
should not be used when the job exceeds 1000 metric
tons tons.
**************************************************************************
[Quantities of hot-mixwarm-mix asphalt pavement, determined as specified

above, will be paid for at respective contract unit prices or at reduced
prices adjusted in accordance with paragraphs PERCENT PAYMENT and
ACCEPTANCE. Payment will constitute full compensation for furnishing all
materials, equipment, plant, and tools; and for all labor and other
incidentals necessary to complete work required by this section of the
specification.] [The measured quantity of hot-mixedwarm-mixed asphalt
pavement will be paid for and included in the lump sum contract price. If
less than 100 percent payment is due based on the pay factors stipulated
in paragraph PERCENT PAYMENT and ACCEPTANCE, a unit price of [_____] per
ton will be used for purposes of calculating the payment reduction.]
1.2 PERCENT PAYMENT
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The basis of pay testing includes material
tests to determine laboratory air voids, in-place
density, smoothness and plan grade which are needed
to determine percent payment.
**************************************************************************
When a lot of material fails to meet the specification requirements for

100 percent pay as outlined in the following paragraphs, that lot shall be
removed and replaced, or accepted at a reduced price which will be
computed by multiplying the unit price per ton by the lot's pay factor.
The lot pay factor is determined by taking the lowest computed pay factor
based on either laboratory air voids, in-place density, grade or
smoothness (each discussed below). At the end of the project, an average
of all lot pay factors will be calculated. If this average lot pay factor
exceeds 95.0 percent and no individual lot has a pay factor less than 75.0
percent, then the percent payment for the entire project will be 100
percent of the unit bid price. If the average lot pay factor is less than
95.0 percent, then each lot will be paid for at the unit price multiplied
by the lot's pay factor. For any lots which are less than 2000 metric
tons, a weighted lot pay factor will be used to calculate the average lot
pay factor. When work on a lot is required to be terminated before all
sublots are completed, the results from the completed sublots will be
analyzed to determine the percent payment for the lot following the same
procedures and requirements for full lots but with fewer test results.
1.2.1 Mat and Joint Densities
The average in-place mat and joint densities are expressed as a percentage
of the average theoretical maximum density (TMD) for the lot. The average
TMD for each lot will be determined as the average TMD of the four random
samples per lot. The average in-place mat density and joint density for a
lot are determined and compared with Table 1 to calculate a single pay
factor per lot based on in-place density, as described below. All density
results for a lot will be completed and reported within 24 hours after the
construction of that lot. Use the following process to determine the
single pay factor for in-place density:
a. Step 1: Determine the pay factors for mat density and joint density

using Table 1.
b. Step 2: Determine ratio of joint area to mat area. The area

associated with the joint is considered to be 3 m 10 feet wide times
the length of completed longitudinal construction joint in the lot.
This joint area will not exceed the total lot size. The length of
joint to be considered will be that length where a new lane has been
placed against an adjacent lane of asphalt pavement, either any cold
joint against another lot or any other existing asphalt paved
previously. The area associated with the joint is expressed as a
percentage of the total lot.
c. Step 3: Compute the weighted pay factor for the joint using the
formula in the example shown in paragraph PAY FACTOR BASED ON IN-PLACE
DENSITY.
d. Step 4: Where freshly placed asphalt pavement abuts old (not in

contract) asphalt pavement, determine density at the tie-in
longitudinal joint by taking one core per sublot at a random location
for each lot of material placed adjacent to the joint. If Step 4 is
not applicable, move to Step 5. The size of joint area is 3 m 10 feet
wide by the length of the joint being paved. Locate the center of
each of the four cores 150 mm 6 inches from the edge of the existing
pavement. Take each core at a random location along the length of the
joint. The requirements for joint density for this lot, adjacent to
the existing asphalt joint, are the same as that for the mat density
specified in Table 1. For new asphalt pavement-old asphalt (not in
contract) joints at taxiways abutting runways, aprons, or other
taxiways, take two additional randomly located cores along each
taxiway intersection.
e. Step 5: Compare weighted pay factor for joint density to pay factor
for mat density and select the lowest. This selected pay factor is
the pay factor based on density for the lot. When the TMD on both
sides of a longitudinal joint is different, the average of these two
TMD will be used as the TMD needed to calculate the percent joint
density.
When 0 percent payment is determined for mat density, remove and replace
the rejected lot at least 100 mm 4 inches into the cold lane adjacent to
the longitudinal joint. When 0 percent payment is determined for joint
density, remove and replace the rejected longitudinal joint with a 3 m 10
feet wide paving lane that is centered over the joint.
Table 1
Pay Factor Based on In-place Density
Average Mat Density (4 Pay Factor, percent Average Joint Density (4
cores) (Percent of TMD) cores)(Percent of TMD)
94.0 - 96.0 100.0 Above 92.5

93.9 100.0 92.4
93.8 or 96.1 99.9 92.3
93.7 99.8 92.2
93.6 or 96.2 99.6 92.1

Table 1
Pay Factor Based on In-place Density
Average Mat Density (4 Pay Factor, percent Average Joint Density (4
cores) (Percent of TMD) cores)(Percent of TMD)
93.5 99.4 92.0

93.4 or 96.3 99.1 91.9
93.3 98.7 91.8
93.2 or 96.4 98.3 91.7
93.1 97.8 91.6
93.0 or 96.5 97.3 91.5
92.9 96.3 91.4
92.8 or 96.6 94.1 91.3
92.7 92.2 91.2
92.6 or 96.7 90.3 91.1
92.5 87.9 91.0
92.4 or 96.8 85.7 90.9
92.3 83.3 90.8
92.2 or 96.9 80.6 90.7
92.1 78.0 90.6
92.0 or 97.0 75.0 90.5
below 92.0, above 97.0 0.0 (reject) below 90.5
1.2.2 Pay Factor Based on In-place Density
An example of the computation of a pay factor (in I-P units only) based on
in-place density, is as follows: Assume the following test results for
field density made on the lot: (1) Average mat density = 93.2 percent (of
lab TMD). (2) Average joint density = 91.5 percent (of lab TMD). (3)
Total area of lot = 30,000 square feet. (4) Length of completed
longitudinal construction joint = 2,000 feet.
a. Step 1: Determine pay factor based on mat density and on joint

density, using Table 1:
Mat density of 93.2 percent = 98.3 pay factor.
Joint density of 91.5 percent = 97.3 pay factor.
b. Step 2: Determine ratio of joint area (length of longitudinal joint x

10 feet) to mat area (total paved area in the lot): Multiply the

length of completed longitudinal construction joint by the specified
10 feet width and divide by the mat area (total paved area in the lot).
(2,000 feet x 10 feet)/30000 square feet = 0.6667 ratio of joint area

to mat area (ratio).
c. Step 3: Weighted pay factor (wpf) for joint is determined as indicated

below:
wpf = joint pay factor + (100 - joint pay factor) (1 - ratio) wpf =
97.3 + (100-97.3) (1-0.6667) = 98.2 percent
d. Step 4: Compare weighted pay factor for joint density to pay factor
for mat density and select the smaller:
Pay factor for mat density: 98.3 percent. Weighted pay factor for
joint density: 98.2 percent
Select the smaller of the two values as pay factor based on density:
98.2 percent
1.2.3 Payment Adjustment for Smoothness (Final Wearing Surface Only)
**************************************************************************
NOTE: When Profilograph testing is not required,
delete the following paragraph for pay adjustment
for smoothness. This paragraph may be deleted for
projects where a profilograph cannot record 161
meters 0.10 of a mile in length. Profilograph
testing is required for runways and applicable
taxiway and landing zone pavements.
**************************************************************************
1.2.3.1 Profilograph Testing
Test the entire lot in the longitudinal direction per ASTM E1274. Perform
the longitudinal testing at the centerline of each paving lot and 1/8th
point from each side of the lot. Record the location and data from all
profilograph measurements. Compute the profile index for each pass of the
profilograph (3 per lot) in each 0.1 km0.1 mile segment. The profile index
for each segment is the average of the profile indices for each pass in
each segment. When the average Profile Indices of a lot exceeds the
tolerance specified in paragraph SMOOTHNESS REQUIREMENTS determine pay
factor using Table 2. Correct any small individual area with surface
deviation which exceeds the tolerance specified in paragraph SMOOTHNESS
REQUIREMENTS by more than 79 mm per km 5.0 inches per mile or more, by
grinding to meet the specification requirements in Table 2 or remove and
replace at no additional cost to the Government.
Table 2
Pay Factor for Smoothness
Average of Profile Indices Exceeding Pay Factor, Percent
Tolerance (per lot)
less than or equal to 16 mm km1.0 inch 100.0
per mile

Table 2
Pay Factor for Smoothness
greater than 16 mm per km1.0 inch per mile 95.0
but less than or equal to 32 mm per
km2.0 inches per mile
but less than 47 mm per km3.0 inches per
mile
but less than 63 mm per km4.0 inches per
mile
greater than 63 mm per km4.0 inches per Remove and Replace at no cost to the
mile Government
1.2.4 Laboratory Air Voids and Theoretical Maximum Density
Laboratory air voids will be calculated in accordance with

ASTM D3203/D3203M by determining the density of each lab compacted
specimen using the laboratory-prepared, thoroughly dry method in
ASTM D2726/D2726M and determining the theoretical maximum density (TMD) of
four of the sublots using ASTM D2041/D2041M. Laboratory air void
calculations for each lot will use the average theoretical maximum density
values obtained for the lot. The mean absolute deviation of the four
laboratory air void contents (one from each sublot) from the JMF air void
content will be evaluated and a pay factor determined from Table 3. All
laboratory air void tests will be completed and reported within 24 hours
after completion of construction of each lot. The TMD is also used for
computation of compaction, as required in paragraph MAT AND JOINT
DENSITIES above.
1.2.4.1 Mean Absolute Deviation
An example of the computation of mean absolute deviation for laboratory

air voids is as follows: Assume that the laboratory air voids are
determined from 4 random samples of a lot (where 3 specimens were
compacted from each sample). The average laboratory air voids for each
sublot sample are determined to be 3.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 3.7. Assume that
the target air voids from the JMF is 4.0. The mean absolute deviation is
then:
Mean Absolute Deviation = (|3.5 - 4.0| + |3.0 - 4.0| + |4.0 - 4.0| + |3.7
- 4.0|)/4
= (0.5 + 1.0 + 0.0 + 0.3)/4 = (1.8)/4 = 0.45
The mean absolute deviation for laboratory air voids is determined to be

0.45. It can be seen from Table 3 that the lot's pay factor based on
laboratory air voids, is 100 percent.
Table 3
Pay Factor Based on Laboratory Air Voids
Mean Absolute Deviation of Lab Air Voids from JMF Pay Factor, Percent
O.60 or less 100

Table 3
Pay Factor Based on Laboratory Air Voids
Mean Absolute Deviation of Lab Air Voids from JMF Pay Factor, Percent
0.61 - 0.80 98
0.81 - 1.00 95
1.01 - 1.20 90
Above 1.20 reject (0)
1.2.5 Pay Factor Based on Plan Grade
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The plan grade requirements specified below
are for the final wearing surface only. If there is
a requirement to test and control the grade and
smoothness for the intermediate courses, for
example, when the intermediate courses will be
exposed to traffic, slight modifications to this
specification will be required.
**************************************************************************
Within 5 working days after completion of a particular lot incorporating

the final wearing course, test the final wearing surface of the pavement
for conformance with specified plan grade requirements. Provide a final
wearing surface of pavement conforming to the elevations and cross
sections shown and not vary more than 9 mm 0.03 foot for runways and
landing zones or 15 mm 0.05 foot for taxiways, aprons and shoulders from
the plan grade established and approved at site of work. Match finished
surfaces at juncture with other pavements with finished surfaces of
abutting pavements. Deviation from the plan elevation will not be
permitted in areas of pavements where closer conformance with planned
elevation is required for the proper functioning of drainage and other
appurtenant structures involved. The grade will be determined by running
lines of levels at intervals of 7.6 m 25 feet, or less, longitudinally and
transversely, to determine the elevation of the completed pavement
surface. Maintain detailed notes of the results of the testing and
provide a copy to the Government immediately after each day's testing. In
areas where the grade exceeds the tolerance by more than 50 percent,
remove the surface lift full depth; and replace the lift with asphalt
pavement to meet specification requirements, at no additional cost to the
Government. Diamond grinding may be used to remove high spots to meet
grade requirements. Skin patching for correcting low areas or planing or
milling for correcting high areas will not be permitted.
Table 4
Pay Factor for Plan Grade
Percent of All Measurements Outside Pay Factor, percent

Tolerance
Greater than or equal to 5 but less than 10 90

Table 4
Pay Factor for Plan Grade
Greater than or equal to 10 but less than 75

15
Greater than 15 Remove and replace the surface lift at no
cost to the Government
1.3 REFERENCES
**************************************************************************
NOTE: This paragraph is used to list the
publications cited in the text of the guide
specification. The publications are referred to in
the text by basic designation only and listed in
this paragraph by organization, designation, date,
and title.
Use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature

when you add a Reference Identifier (RID) outside of
the Section's Reference Article to automatically
place the reference in the Reference Article. Also
use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature
to update the issue dates.
References not used in the text will automatically

be deleted from this section of the project
specification when you choose to reconcile
references in the publish print process.
**************************************************************************
The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the

extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by
the basic designation only.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS

(AASHTO)
AASHTO M 156 (2013; R 2017) Standard Specification for

Requirements for Mixing Plants for
Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous Paving
Mixtures
ASPHALT INSTITUTE (AI)
AI MS-2 (2015) Asphalt Mix Design Methods
ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)
ASTM C29/C29M (2017a) Standard Test Method for Bulk

Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in
Aggregate
ASTM C88 (2018) Standard Test Method for Soundness

of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or
Magnesium Sulfate
ASTM C117 (2017) Standard Test Method for Materials

Finer than 75-um (No. 200) Sieve in

Mineral Aggregates by Washing
ASTM C127 (2015) Standard Test Method for Density,

Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
ASTM C128 (2015) Standard Test Method for Density,

Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate
ASTM C131/C131M (2020) Standard Test Method for Resistance

to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the
Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C136/C136M (2019) Standard Test Method for Sieve

Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C142/C142M (2017) Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps

and Friable Particles in Aggregates
ASTM C566 (2013) Standard Test Method for Total

Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate
by Drying
ASTM C1252 (2017) Standard Test Methods for

Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate
(as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface
Texture, and Grading)
ASTM D75/D75M (2019) Standard Practice for Sampling

Aggregates

Asphalt Materials
ASTM D242/D242M (2009; R 2014) Mineral Filler for

Bituminous Paving Mixtures
ASTM D946/D946M (2020) Standard Specification for

Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement for Use
in Pavement Construction
ASTM D979/D979M (2015) Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
ASTM D1461 (2017) Standard Test Method for Moisture

or Volatile Distillates in Asphalt Mixtures
ASTM D2041/D2041M (2011) Theoretical Maximum Specific

Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving
Mixtures
ASTM D2172/D2172M (2017; E 2018) Standard Test Methods for

Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder
from Asphalt Mixtures
ASTM D2419 (2014) Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and

Fine Aggregate

ASTM D2489/D2489M (2016) Standard Test Method for Estimating
Degree of Particle Coating of Asphalt
Mixtures
ASTM D2726/D2726M (2019) Standard Test Method for Bulk

Specific Gravity and Density of
Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous
Mixtures
ASTM D3203/D3203M (2017) Standard Test Method for Percent

Air Voids in Compacted Asphalt Mixtures
ASTM D3381/D3381M (2018) Standard Specification for

Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in
Pavement Construction
ASTM D3665 (2012; R 2017) Standard Practice for

Random Sampling of Construction Materials
ASTM D3666 (2016) Standard Specification for Minimum

Requirements for Agencies Testing and
Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
ASTM D4125/D4125M (2010) Asphalt Content of Bituminous

Mixtures by the Nuclear Method
ASTM D4791 (2019) Flat Particles, Elongated

Particles, or Flat and Elongated Particles
in Coarse Aggregate
ASTM D4867/D4867M (2009; R 2014) Effect of Moisture on

Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures

Compacted Asphalt Mixtures for Laboratory
Testing
ASTM D5444 (2015) Mechanical Size Analysis of

Extracted Aggregate
ASTM D5821 (2013; R 2017) Standard Test Method for

Determining the Percentage of Fractured
Particles in Coarse Aggregate
ASTM D6084/D6084M (2018) Standard Test Method for Elastic

Recovery of Asphalt Materials by
Ductilometer
ASTM D6307 (2019) Standard Test Method for Asphalt

Content of Asphalt Mixture by Ignition
Method
ASTM D6373 (2016) Standard Specification for

Performance Graded Asphalt Binder
ASTM D6925 (2014) Standard Test Method for

Preparation and Determination of the
Relative Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Specimens by Means of the Superpave

Gyratory Compactor
ASTM D6926 (2020) Standard Practice for Preparation

of Asphalt Mixture Specimens Using
Marshall Apparatus
ASTM D6927 (2015) Standard Test Method for Marshall

Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures
ASTM E1274 (2018) Standard Test Method for Measuring

Pavement Roughness Using a Profilograph
1.4 SUBMITTALS
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Review submittal description (SD) definitions
in Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES and edit
the following list, and corresponding submittal
items in the text, to reflect only the submittals
required for the project. The Guide Specification
technical editors have classified those items that
require Government approval, due to their complexity
or criticality, with a "G." Generally, other
submittal items can be reviewed by the Contractor's
Quality Control System. Only add a “G” to an item,
if the submittal is sufficiently important or
complex in context of the project.
For Army projects, fill in the empty brackets

following the "G" classification, with a code of up
to three characters to indicate the approving
authority. Codes for Army projects using the
Resident Management System (RMS) are: "AE" for
Architect-Engineer; "DO" for District Office
(Engineering Division or other organization in the
District Office); "AO" for Area Office; "RO" for
Resident Office; and "PO" for Project Office. Codes
following the "G" typically are not used for Navy,
Air Force, and NASA projects.
The "S" classification indicates submittals required

as proof of compliance for sustainability Guiding
Principles Validation or Third Party Certification
and as described in Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL
PROCEDURES.
Choose the first bracketed item for Navy, Air Force

and NASA projects, or choose the second bracketed
item for Army projects.
**************************************************************************
Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" or "S"

classification. Submittals not having a "G" or "S" classification are
[for Contractor Quality Control approval.][for information only. When
used, a code following the "G" classification identifies the office that
will review the submittal for the Government.] Submit the following in
accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:
SD-02 Shop Drawings

Placement Plan; G[, [_____]]
SD-03 Product Data
Diamond Grinding Plan; G[, [_____]]
Mix Design; G[, [_____]]
Contractor Quality Control; G[, [_____]]
SD-04 Samples
Aggregates
Asphalt Binder
Warm-mix Additive
SD-06 Test Reports
Aggregates; G[, [_____]]
QC Monitoring
SD-07 Certificates
Asphalt Binder; G[, [_____]]
Testing Laboratory
Warm-mix Additive
Airfield Asphalt Pavement QC Manager
Airfield Asphalt Pavement Inspector
Airfield Asphalt Pavement Technician
1.5 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL STAFF
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The airfield asphalt certification program is
intended to increase quality of construction for
work performed under this specification. The
certification program will provide knowledge to the
project team members as it relates to airfield
asphalt. Intended audience is the Contractor and
Government personnel. The below paragraph should be
modified or the general provisions of the contract
should be modified to require Title II inspectors or
third party laboratory firms attend the
certification program.
**************************************************************************
Reference Section 01 45 00.00 10 QUALITY CONTROL for Contractor personnel

qualification requirements along with the information included below.
Submit certifications for Contractor Quality Control Staff in the
following areas:

a. Airfield Asphalt Pavement QC Manager(1): The QC manager will oversee
all QC testing and inspection, review asphalt pavement transmittals
prior to submission to the Government, be responsible for making mix
design adjustments, and in charge of all other activities related to
performance. The QC manager will also ensure that daily reports and
necessary transmittals arrive for Government review as specified.
b. Airfield Asphalt Pavement Inspector(1): The Inspector will be available

on the project during all paving operations. The Inspector is
responsible for identifying observed paving issues and ensuring these
issues are addressed by the Contractor Quality Control staff.
c. Airfield Asphalt Pavement Technician(1): The Technician will be

responsible for conducting laboratory tests. The Airfield Asphalt
Pavement Technician will be present in the laboratory anytime
laboratory testing is underway.
(1)
: Registration for the Airfield Asphalt Pavement Certification Program
can be found at www.airfieldasphaltcert.com.
1.6 ACCEPTANCE
**************************************************************************
NOTE: It is recommended that an independent
material testing firm be hired by the Contractor to
provide the acceptance testing for the project. It
is also recommended to keep the Government QA
acceptance testing separate and distinct from the
Contractor's QC testing for all airfield projects.
The acceptance testing program includes material

tests to determine laboratory air voids and in-place
density, which are needed to determine percent
payment. The Contractors acceptance testing
laboratory will also conduct tests to monitor
aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and volumetric
properties. These tests would serve as a check to
the Contractor's QC testing.
For projects with less than 2000 total metric tons

tons, the entire project can be considered as a
single lot. In this case, sublot sampling could
occur over several days' production, which could
lead to higher sublot variability.
**************************************************************************
1.6.1 Acceptability of Work
Acquire the services of an independent commercial laboratory to perform

acceptance testing. Acceptance of the plant produced mix and in-place
requirements will be on a lot to lot basis. The materials and the
pavement itself will be accepted on the basis of production testing. The
Government may make check tests from split samples to validate the results
of the production testing. Testing performed by the Government does not
reduce the required testing of the independent commercial laboratory.
Split samples will be taken for Government testing to reduce the
variability between the independent commercial laboratory and the
Government's test results. When the difference between the independent

commercial laboratory and the Government's test results for split samples
exceed the acceptable range of two results for multi-laboratory precision
for the appropriate test method (i.e. ASTM) then at least one of the
laboratories is determined to be in error. An evaluation of procedures
and equipment in both laboratories will be made to determine the cause(s)
for the differences. Develop steps to correct procedures and equipment to
bring multi-laboratory precision to within acceptable limits.
1.6.2 Acceptance Requirements
Provide all sampling and testing required for acceptance and payment
adjustment. Where appropriate, adjustments in payment for individual lots
of asphalt pavement will be made based on laboratory air voids, in-place
density, smoothness, and grade in accordance with the following
paragraphs. Surface smoothness and grade determinations will be made on
the lot as a whole. Exceptions or adjustments to this will be made in
situations where the mix within one lot is placed as part of both the
intermediate and surface courses, thus smoothness and grade measurements
for the entire lot cannot be made.
1.6.3 Pavement Lots
A standard lot for all requirements is equal to one day's production or

2,000 metric tons tons, whichever is smaller. Divide each lot into four
equal sublots in order to evaluate laboratory air voids and in-place
density. When operational conditions cause a lot to be terminated before
the specified four sublots have been completed, use the following
procedure to adjust the lot size and number of tests for the lot. Where
three sublots have been completed, they constitute a lot. Where one or
two sublots have been completed, incorporate them into the next lot and
the total number of sublots (i.e. 5 or 6 sublots) is used for acceptance
criteria. Include partial lots at the end of asphalt production into the
previous lot. Complete and report all asphalt testing including but not
limited to aggregate gradation, asphalt content, theoretical maximum
density, laboratory air voids, and in-place density testing within 24
hours after construction of each lot.
1.6.4 Sublot Sampling
Obtain one random mixture sample from each sublot in accordance with
ASTM D979/D979M from a loaded truck or another approved location for
determining laboratory air voids, theoretical maximum density, Contractor
Quality Control, and for any additional testing as directed the
Government. Representative samples will be selected from random trucks,
using commonly recognized methods of assuring randomness conforming to
ASTM D3665 and employing tables of random numbers or computer programs.
Laboratory air voids will be determined from three laboratory compacted
specimens of each sublot sample in accordance with ASTM D3203/D3203M. The
specimens will be compacted within 2 hours of the time the mixture was
loaded into trucks at the asphalt plant. Samples will not be reheated
prior to compaction and insulated containers will be used as necessary to
maintain the temperature.
1.6.5 Additional Sampling and Testing
The Government reserves the right to direct additional samples and tests
for any area which appears to deviate from the specification
requirements. The cost of any additional testing will be paid for by the
Contractor. Testing in these areas will be treated as a separate lot.

Payment will be made for the quantity of asphalt pavement represented by
these tests in accordance with the provisions of this section.
1.6.6 Theoretical Maximum Density (TMD)
Measure theoretical maximum density one time for each sublot in accordance
with ASTM D2041/D2041M for purposes of calculating laboratory air voids
and determining in-place density. The average TMD for each lot will be
determined as the average TMD of the random sublot samples. When the TMD
on both sides of a longitudinal joint is different, the average of these
two TMD values will be used as the TMD needed to calculate the percent
joint density.
1.6.7 Laboratory Air Voids
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Select the appropriate tailoring option for
the Marshall or Superpave Methods.
**************************************************************************
[Prepare one set of laboratory compacted specimens for each sublot in

accordance with ASTM D6926 using the hand-held hammer for the Marshall
Method.][Prepare one set of laboratory compacted specimens for each sublot
in accordance with ASTM D6925 using the Superpave gyratory compactor.]
Provide three test specimens prepared from the same sample for each set of
laboratory compacted specimens. Compact the specimens within 2 hours of
the time the mixture was loaded into trucks at the asphalt plant. Do not
reheat samples prior to compaction. Provide insulated containers as
necessary to maintain the sample temperature. Measure the bulk density of
laboratory compacted specimens in accordance with ASTM D2726/D2726M.
Determine laboratory air voids from one set (three laboratory compacted
specimens) for each sublot sample in accordance with ASTM D3203/D3203M.
1.6.8 In-place Density
Obtain one random 100 mm 4 inch or 150 mm 6 inch diameter core from the
mat and joint of each sublot in accordance with ASTM D5361/D5361M for
determining in-place density. Where different job mix formulas are
required as part of the same project, and are adjacent to one another,
follow the same joint density sampling and joint density testing
instructions of this specification. Cut samples neatly with a diamond core
drill bit. Obtain random cores that are the full thickness of the layer
being placed. Select core locations randomly using the procedures
contained in ASTM D3665. Locate cores for mat density no closer than 300
mm 12 inches from a transverse or longitudinal joint including the
pavement edge. Center all cores for joint density on the joint. Discard
samples that are clearly defective as a result of sampling and take an
additional random core. When the random core is less than 25 mm 1 inch
thick, it will not be included in the analysis. In this case, obtain
another random core sample. Clean and tack coat dry core holes before
filling with asphalt mixture. Fill all core holes with asphalt mixture
and compact using a manual (hand-held) Marshall hammer to the density
specified. Provide all tools, labor, and materials for cutting samples,
cleaning, and filling the cored pavement. Measure in-place density in
accordance with ASTM D2726/D2726M using each core obtained from the mat
and joint.

1.6.9 Surface Smoothness
Use a straightedge and profilograph for measuring surface smoothness of

pavements. Use the profilograph method for all longitudinal testing,
except for paving lanes less than 161 m0.10 miles, and at the ends of the
paving limits for the project. Use the straightedge to also perform
smoothness checks for any localized areas that look suspicious, including
localized areas that were already tested with the profilograph. Maintain
detailed notes of the testing results and provide a copy to the Government
immediately after each day's testing. Where drawings show required
deviations from a plane surface (for instance crowns, drainage inlets),
finish the surface to meet the approval of the Government.
1.6.9.1 Smoothness Requirements
Provide finished surfaces of the pavements with no abrupt change of 3 mm

1/8 inch or more, and all pavements within the tolerances specified in
Table 5 when checked with an approved 4 m 12 foot straightedge.
Table 5
Straightedge Surface Smoothness--Pavements
Pavement Category Direction of Testing Tolerance, mm inch
Runways, taxiways, and Longitudinal 31/8

landing zones
Transverse 61/4
Shoulders (outside edge Longitudinal 61/4

stripe)
Transverse 61/4
Calibration hardstands and Longitudinal 31/8

compass swinging bases
Transverse 31/8
All other airfield Longitudinal 61/4

pavements (including
overruns) and helicopter
paved areas Transverse 61/4
Provide finished surfaces of runways, taxiways and landing zones with a

Profile Index not greater than 110 mm per km 7 inches per mile when tested
with an approved California-type profilograph per ASTM E1274. For
pavements other than runways, taxiways and landing zones, provide finished
surfaces with a Profile Index not greater than 140mm per km9 inches per
mile when tested with an approved California-type profilograph per
ASTM E1274.
1.6.9.2 Testing Method
After the final rolling, but not later than 24 hours after placement, test
the surface of the pavement in each entire lot in a manner to reveal
surface irregularities exceeding the tolerances specified above. If any
pavement areas are diamond ground, retest these areas immediately after

diamond grinding and submit results to the Government for evaluation. The
maximum area allowed to be corrected by diamond grinding is 10 percent of
the total area of the lot. Test the entire area of the pavement with a
profilograph. Check a number of random locations along with any observed
suspicious locations primarily at transverse and longitudinal joints with
the straightedge.
Determine the amount of surface irregularity by placing the freestanding

(unleveled) straightedge on the pavement surface and allowing it to rest
upon the two highest spots covered by its length, and measuring the
maximum gap between the straightedge and the pavement surface in the area
between these two high points. Use the straightedge to measure abrupt
changes in surface grade.
Perform profilograph testing using an approved California profilograph and

procedures described in ASTM E1274. Provide equipment that utilizes
electronic recording and automatic computerized reduction of data to
indicate "must-grind" bumps and the Profile Index for the pavement. Use a
"blanking band" that is 5 mm 0.2 inch wide and the "bump template" span
ning 25 mm 1 inch with an offset of 10 mm 0.4 inch. Provide profilograph
operated by an approved, factory-trained operator. Provide a copy of the
reduced tapes to the Government at the end of each day's testing.
1.6.9.2.3 Bumps ("Must Grind" Areas)
Reduce any bumps ("must grind" areas) shown on the profilograph trace
which exceed 10 mm 0.4 inch in height by diamond grinding until they do
not exceed 7.5 mm 0.3 inch when retested. Taper diamond grinding in all
directions to provide smooth transitions to areas not requiring diamond
grinding. The following will not be permitted: (1) skin patching for
correcting low areas, (2) planing or milling for correcting high areas. [
At the Contractor's option, pavement areas, including diamond ground
areas, can be rechecked with the profilograph in order to record a lower
Profile Index.][ Perform additional profilograph testing in all areas
corrected by diamond grinding.]
1.6.10 Plan Grade
Within 5 working days after completion of a particular lot incorporating

the final wearing course, test the final wearing surface of the pavement
for conformance with specified plan grade requirements. Provide a final
wearing surface of pavement conforming to the elevations and cross
sections and not vary more than 15 mm 0.05 foot from the plan grade
established and approved. Match finished surfaces at juncture with other
pavements with finished surfaces of abutting pavements except for where
paragraph ASPHALT PAVEMENT-PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE JOINTS apply.
Deviation from the plan elevation will not be permitted in areas of
pavements where closer conformance with planned elevation is required for
the proper functioning of drainage and other appurtenant structures
involved. The grade will be determined by running lines of levels along
the centerline of the completed lot at intervals of 7.6 m 25 feet or less
longitudinally to determine the elevation of the completed pavement
surface. Measure transverse grades at appropriate intervals. Diamond
grinding can be used to remove high spots to meet grade requirements.
Skin patching for correcting low areas or planing or milling for
correcting high areas will not be permitted. Maintain detailed notes of

the results of the testing and provide a copy to the Government
immediately after each day's testing.
1.6.11 Laboratory Accreditation and Validation
**************************************************************************
NOTE: For Army managed projects, keep the bracketed
text. For Air Force, and Navy, managed projects,
utilization of the USACE Materials Testing Center
(MTC) Validated Laboratory is optional.
**************************************************************************
Provide laboratories used to develop the Job Mix Formula (JMF), perform
acceptance testing, and Contractor Quality Control testing that meet the
requirements of ASTM D3666. Provide laboratories with a masonry saw having
a diamond blade for trimming pavement cores and samples. Perform all
required test methods by an accredited [and validated] laboratory.
Schedule and provide payment for laboratory inspections. Additional
payment or a time extension due to failure to acquire the required
laboratory accreditation is not allowed. The Government will inspect the
laboratory equipment and test procedures prior to the start of asphalt
pavement operations for conformance with ASTM D3666. [In addition, all
testing laboratories performing JMF, acceptance testing and Contractor
Quality Control requires USACE validation by the Material Testing Center
(MTC) for both parent laboratory and plant testing laboratory. Validation
on all laboratories is required to remain current throughout the duration
of the paving project. Contact the MTC manager listed at
https://mtc.erdc.dren.mil/ for costs and scheduling.] Submit a
certificate of compliance signed by the manager of the laboratory stating
that it meets these requirements to the Government prior to the start of
construction. At a minimum, include the following certifications:
a. Qualification(s) and certification(s) of personnel; laboratory

manager, supervising technician, and testing technicians.
b. A listing of equipment, with calibration dates, to be used in

developing the job mix.
c. A copy of the laboratory's quality control system.
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The temperature requirements in Table 6 are
included to avoid problems with the Contractor
achieving density because the mix cools too fast.
Waivers to these requirements, for isolated
incidences during production, are applicable if the
density requirements are still met.
**************************************************************************
Do not place asphalt pavement upon a wet surface or when the surface
temperature of the underlying course is less than specified in Table 6.
The temperature requirements may be waived by the Government, if
requested; provided all other requirements, including compaction, are met.

Table 6
Surface Temperature Limitations of Underlying Course
Mat Thickness, mm inches Degrees C F
75 3 or greater 440
Less than 75 3 745
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
This section is intended to stand alone for construction of asphalt

pavement. However, where the construction covered herein interfaces with
other sections, construct each interface to conform to the requirements of
both this section and the other section, including tolerance for both.
Perform the work consisting of pavement courses composed of mineral

aggregate and asphalt material heated and mixed in a central mixing plant
and placed on a prepared course. Provide hot-mix asphalt (HMA)warm-mix
asphalt (WMA) pavement designed and constructed in accordance with this
section conforming to the lines, grades, thicknesses, and typical cross
sections shown on the drawings. Construct each course to the depth,
section, or elevation required by the drawings and rolled, finished, and
approved before the placement of the next course. Submit proposed
Placement Plan, indicating lane widths, longitudinal joints, and
transverse joints for each course or lift.
2.1.1 Asphalt Mixing Plant
Provide plants used for the preparation of asphalt mixture conforming to

the requirements of AASHTO M 156 with the following changes:
2.1.1.1 Truck Scales
Weigh the asphalt mixture on approved scales, or on certified public

scales at no additional expense to the Government. Inspect and seal
scales at least annually by an approved calibration laboratory.
2.1.1.2 Inspection of Plant
Provide access to the Government at all times, to all areas of the plant
for checking adequacy of equipment; inspecting operation of the plant;
verifying weights, proportions, and material properties; checking the
temperatures maintained in the preparation of the mixtures and for taking
samples. Provide assistance as requested, for the Government to procure
any desired samples.
2.1.1.3 Storage Silos
The asphalt mixture may be stored in non-insulated storage silos for a

period of time not exceeding 3 hours. The asphalt mixture may be stored
in insulated storage silos for a period of time not exceeding 8 hours. No
differences in the mix removed from silos and the mix loaded into trucks
are allowed.

2.1.2 Hauling Equipment
Provide trucks used for hauling asphalt mixture that have tight, clean,
and smooth metal beds. To prevent the mixture from adhering to them,
lightly coat the truck beds with a minimum amount of paraffin oil, lime
solution, or other approved material. Do not use petroleum based products
as a release agent. Provide each truck with a suitable cover to protect
the mixture from adverse weather. When necessary to ensure that the
mixture is delivered to the site at the specified temperature, provide
insulated or heated truck beds with covers (tarps) that are securely
fastened.
2.1.3 Material Transfer Vehicle (MTV)
**************************************************************************
NOTE: A Material Transfer Vehicle (MTV) is required
for runway, taxiway, landing zone and apron
construction. The use of an MTV is optional for
shoulder construction.
**************************************************************************
Provide Material Transfer Vehicles for placement of the asphalt mixture.

To transfer the material from the hauling equipment to the paver, use a
self-propelled, material transfer vehicle with a swing conveyor that
delivers material to the paver from outside the paving lane and without
making contact with the paver. Provide MTV capable to move back and forth
between the hauling equipment and the paver providing material transfer to
the paver, while allowing the paver to operate at a constant speed.
Provide Material Transfer Vehicle with remixing and storage capability to
prevent physical and thermal segregation.
2.1.4 Asphalt Pavers
Provide mechanical spreading and finishing equipment consisting of a

self-powered paver, capable of spreading and finishing the mixture to the
specified line, grade, and cross section. Provide paver with vibrating
screed capable of placing a uniform mixture to meet the specified
thickness, smoothness, and grade without physical or temperature
segregation, the full width of the material being placed.
2.1.4.1 Receiving Hopper
Provide paver with a receiving hopper of sufficient capacity to permit a

uniform spreading operation and a distribution system to place the mixture
uniformly in front of the screed without segregation. Provide a screed
that effectively produces a finished surface of the required evenness and
texture without tearing, shoving, or gouging the mixture.
2.1.4.2 Automatic Grade Controls
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Delete information on automatic grade control
if not needed. Automatic grade control is needed
when the design requires elevations for the asphalt
pavement surface. Many maintenance and
rehabilitation projects require an overlay thickness
and do not specify actual grades.
**************************************************************************

If an automatic grade control device is used, provide a paver equipped
with a control system capable of automatically maintaining the specified
screed elevation that is automatically actuated from either a reference
line or through a system of mechanical sensors or sensor-directed
mechanisms or devices which maintain the paver screed at a predetermined
transverse slope and at the proper elevation to obtain the required
surface. Provide transverse slope controller capable of maintaining the
screed at the desired slope within plus or minus 0.1 percent. Do not use
the transverse slope controller to control grade. Provide controls
capable of working in conjunction with any of the following attachments:
a. Ski-type device of not less than 9.14 m 30 feet in length.
b. Taut stringline set to grade.
c. Short ski or shoe for joint matching.
d. Laser control.
2.1.5 Rollers
Provide rollers in good condition and operated at slow speeds to avoid

displacement of the asphalt mixture. Provide sufficient number, type, and
weight of rollers to compact the mixture to the required density while it
is still in a workable condition. Do not use equipment which causes
excessive crushing of the aggregate.
2.1.6 Diamond Grinding
Those performing diamond grinding are required to have a minimum of three

years experience in diamond grinding of airfield pavements. In areas not
meeting the specified limits for surface smoothness and plan grade, reduce
high areas to attain the required smoothness and grade, except as depth is
limited below. Reduce high areas by diamond grinding the asphalt pavement
with approved equipment after the asphalt pavement is at a minimum age of
14 days. Perform diamond grinding by sawing with saw blades impregnated
with an industrial diamond abrasive. Assemble the saw blades in a cutting
head mounted on a machine designed specifically for diamond grinding that
produces the required texture and smoothness level without damage to the
asphalt pavement. Provide diamond grinding equipment with saw blades that
are 3 mm 1/8-inch wide, a minimum of 60 blades per 300 mm 12 inches of
cutting head width, and capable of cutting a path a minimum of 0.9 m 3 feet
wide. Diamond grinding equipment that causes raveling, fracturing of
aggregate , or disturbance to the underlying material will not be
allowed. The maximum area corrected by diamond grinding the surface of
the asphalt pavement is 10 percent of the total area of any sublot. The
maximum depth of diamond grinding is 12 mm 1/2 inch. Provide diamond
grinding machine equipped to flush and vacuum the pavement surface.
Dispose of all debris from diamond grinding operations off Government
property. Prior to diamond grinding, submit a Diamond Grinding Plan for
review and approval. At a minimum, include the daily reports for the
deficient areas, the location and extent of deficiencies, corrective
actions, and equipment. Remove and replace all pavement areas requiring
plan grade or surface smoothness corrections in excess of the limits
specified.
Prior to production diamond grinding operations, perform a test section at

the approved location, consisting of a minimum of two adjacent passes with
a minimum length of 12 m 40 feet to allow evaluation of the finish and

transition between adjacent passes. Production diamond grinding
operations cannot be performed prior to approval.
2.2 AGGREGATES
**************************************************************************
For Design-Bid-Build projects, select the first
bracketed text. For Design-Build projects, select
the second bracketed text..
**************************************************************************
Sample aggregates in the presence of a Government Representative. Obtain

samples in accordance with ASTM D75/D75M and be representative of the
materials to be used for the project. Provide aggregates consisting of
crushed stone, crushed gravel, crushed slag, screenings, natural sand and
mineral filler, as required. The portion of material retained on the 4.75
mm No. 4 sieve is coarse aggregate. The portion of material passing the
4.75 mm No. 4 sieve and retained on the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve is fine
aggregate. The portion passing the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve is defined as
mineral filler. Submit sufficient materials to produce 90 kg 200 pounds
181 kg 400 pounds of blended mixture for mix design verification. Submit
all aggregate test results and samples to the Government at least 14 days
prior to start of construction. Aggregate tests can be no older than [6
months prior to contract award][6 months prior to test section].
2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The requirement for sulfate soundness
(requirement b., below) may be deleted in climates
where freeze-thaw does not occur. However, in those
areas where freeze-thaw does not occur, requirement
b. must remain if experience has shown that this
test separates good performing aggregates from bad
performing aggregates. Retain this requirement for
all Navy projects.
Percentage of Wear (ASTM C131/C131M) must not exceed

40. Aggregates with a higher percentage of wear may
be specified, provided a satisfactory record under
similar conditions of service and exposure has been
demonstrated.
**************************************************************************
Provide coarse aggregate consisting of sound, tough, durable particles,

free from films of material that would prevent thorough coating and
bonding with the asphalt material and free from organic matter and other
deleterious substances. Provide coarse aggregate particles meeting the
following requirements:
a. The percentage of loss not greater than 40 [_____] percent after 500
revolutions when tested in accordance with ASTM C131/C131M.
b. The sodium sulfate soundness loss not exceeding 12 percent, or the

magnesium sulfate soundness loss not exceeding 18 percent after five
cycles when tested in accordance with ASTM C88.
c. At least 75 percent by weight of coarse aggregate contain at least two

or more fractured faces when tested in accordance with ASTM D5821 with

fractured faces produced by crushing.
d. The particle shape essentially cubical and the aggregate containing

not more than 5 percent, by weight, of flat particles, elongated
particles, or flat and elongated particles (5:1 ratio of maximum to
minimum) when tested in accordance with ASTM D4791 Method A.
e. Slag consisting of air-cooled, blast furnace slag, with a compacted

weight of not less than 1200 kg per cubic meter 75 pounds per cubic
foot when tested in accordance with ASTM C29/C29M.
f. Clay lumps and friable particles not exceeding 0.3 percent, by weight,
when tested in accordance with ASTM C142/C142M.
2.2.2 Fine Aggregate
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Set the lower limit for uncompacted void
content (requirement c., below) at 45 for fine
aggregate angularity unless local experiences
indicate that a lower value can be used. There are
some aggregates which have a good performance record
and have an uncompacted void content less than 45.
In no case set the limit at less than 43.
**************************************************************************
Provide fine aggregate consisting of clean, sound, tough, durable

particles. Provide aggregate particles that are free from coatings of
clay, silt, or any objectionable material, contain no clay balls, and meet
the following requirements:
a. Quantity of natural sand (noncrushed material) added to the aggregate

blend not exceeding 15 percent by weight of total aggregate.
b. Individual fine aggregate sources with a sand equivalent value greater

than 45 when tested in accordance with ASTM D2419.
c. Fine aggregate portion of the blended aggregate with an uncompacted

void content greater than 45.0 percent when tested in accordance with
ASTM C1252 Method A.
d. Clay lumps and friable particles not exceeding 0.3 percent, by weight,
when tested in accordance with ASTM C142/C142M.
2.2.3 Mineral Filler
Provide mineral filler consisting of a nonplastic material meeting the

requirements of ASTM D242/D242M.
2.2.4 Aggregate Gradation
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Delete from Table 7, the gradations that will
not be used as a part of this project.
Use of gradation 1 must be limited to intermediate

courses. Gradation 2 is suitable for intermediate
and surface courses. Use of gradation 3 must be
limited to shoulders and leveling courses. Do not

use gradation 1 for surface courses.
Generally, the layer thickness for gradation No. 1

would be at least 57 mm 2.25 inches, the thickness
for gradation No. 2 would be at least 37.5 mm 1.5
inches, and thickness for gradation No. 3 would be
at least 25 mm 1.0 inch. The preferred thickness of
the surface layer is 50 mm 2 inches. The surface
layer should not be less than 37 mm 1.5 inches. The
thickness of the underlying layers can be up to 75 mm
3 inches depending on the total designed thickness
of the asphalt mixture.
**************************************************************************
Provide a combined aggregate gradation that conforms to gradations

specified in Table 7, when tested in accordance with ASTM C136/C136M and
ASTM C117, and does not vary from the low limit on one sieve to the high
limit on the adjacent sieve or vice versa, but grades uniformly from
coarse to fine. Provide a JMF within the specification limits; however,
the gradation can exceed the limits when the allowable deviation from the
JMF shown in Tables 10 and 11 are applied.
Table 7
Aggregate Gradations
Gradation 1 Gradation 2 Gradation 3

Sieve Size, mm inch Percent Passing by Percent Passing by Percent Passing by
Mass Mass Mass
25.01 100 --- ---

19.03/4 90-100 100 ---
12.51/2 68-88 90-100 100
9.53/8 60-82 69-89 90-100
4.75No. 4 45-67 53-73 58-78
2.36No. 8 32-54 38-60 40-60
1.18No. 16 22-44 26-48 28-48
0.60No. 30 15-35 18-38 18-38
0.30No. 50 9-25 11-27 11-27
0.15No. 100 6-18 6-18 6-18
0.075No. 200 3-6 3-6 3-6
2.3 ASPHALT BINDER
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Specify Performance Graded (PG) asphalt
binders wherever available. Consider using the same
grade PG binder used by the state highway department
in the area as the base grade for the project (for
example, the grade typically specified in that
specific location for dense graded mixes on highways

with design ESALS less than 10 million). Do not use
grades with a low temperature higher than PG XX-22
(i.e. PG XX-16, PG XX-10).
Typically, rutting is not a problem on airport

pavements. However, at airports with a history of
stacking on end of runways and taxiway areas,
rutting has accrued due to the slow speed of loading
on the pavement. If there has been rutting on the
project or it is anticipated that stacking may
accrue during the design life of the project, then
apply the following grade "bumping" for the top 125
mm 5 inches of paving in the end of runway and
taxiway areas: for aircraft tire pressure between
0.7 and 1.4 MPa 100 and 200 psi, increase the high
temperature one grade; for aircraft tire pressure
greater than 1.4 MPa 200 psi, increase the high
temperature two grades.
For Navy projects, a high temperature increase of

two grades is required. Each grade adjustment is 6
degrees C. Polymer Modified Asphalt, PMA, has shown
to perform very well in these areas.
The low temperature grade must remain the same. The

Engineer may lower the low temperature grade to
comply with the recommendations of the FHWA's
software program "LTPPBind", if it is believed to be
appropriate.
Retain bracketed verification testing text for

runway, taxiway, and apron projects.
For asphalt binders that are anticipated to be

polymer modified, select the bracketed text
requiring PG Plus testing. If designers are unaware
of acceptable elastic recovery, use a minimum
percentage of 75.
**************************************************************************
Provide asphalt binder that conforms to ASTM D6373 for Performance Grade
(PG) [_____][Provide asphalt binder that conforms to ASTM D946/D946M
Penetration Grade [_____]][Provide asphalt binder that conforms to
ASTM D3381/D3381M Viscosity Grade [_____]]. Provide test data indicating
grade certification by the supplier at the time of delivery of each load
to the mix plant. [For modified binders, perform PG Plus test requirements
in ASTM D6084/D6084M Procedure B on RTFO aged binder, with a minimum
elastic recovery of [_____].] When warm-mix asphalt technology involves
additives, the asphalt binder shall be graded with the asphalt binder
additive included. Submit copies of these certifications to the
Government. The supplier is defined as the last source of any modification
to the binder. The Government may sample and test the binder at the mix
plant at any time before or during mix production. [Obtain samples for
this verification testing in accordance with ASTM D140/D140M and in the
presence of the Government. Provide these samples to the Government for
the verification testing, which will be performed at the Governments
expense. Submit 20 L 5 gallon sample of the asphalt binder specified for
mix design verification and approval not less than 14 days before start of
the test section.]

2.4 WARM-MIX ASPHALT TECHNOLOGIES/PRODUCTS
Provide warm-mix asphalt technologies/products that have a record of good

performance and are included on the local state DOT's qualified products
list, if the DOT maintains a qualified products list. Also, include the
warm-mix asphalt technologies/products in at least two out of the
following three states DOT's qualified products lists: Florida, Texas, and
Virginia. These qualified products lists can be found at each state DOT's
website.
2.5 MIX DESIGN
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Use 75 blow Marshall hand-held hammer
compaction or 75 gyration Superpave gyratory
compaction for all pavements designed for tire
pressures of 690 kPa 100 psi or higher.
Use 50 Blow Marshall hand-held hammer compaction or

50 gyration Superpave gyratory compaction for all
shoulder pavements and pavements designed for tire
pressures less than 690 kPa 100 psi.
For Marshall mixes, delete the column in Table 8

which does not apply, unless the project includes
both 75 Blow and 50 Blow mixes.
Select the appropriate gradation and VMA

requirements in Table 9 to be consistent with the
gradation chosen in Table 7. Delete the other two
rows in Table 9 unless using multiple gradations.
In areas exposed to frequent freeze/thaw, require

freeze/thaw conditioning.
**************************************************************************
Develop the mix design and provide results of the Job Mix formula (JMF)
and aggregates testing performed no earlier than 6 months prior to
contract award. Provide asphalt mixture composed of well-graded
aggregate, mineral filler if required, and asphalt material. Provide
aggregate fractions sized, handled in separate size groups, and combined
in such proportions that the resulting mixture meets the grading
requirements of Table 7. Do not produce asphalt pavement for payment
until a JMF has been approved. Design the asphalt mixture using hand-held
(manual) Marshall hammer procedures contained in AI MS-2 and the criteria
shown in Table 8. Mechanical hammers are not permitted during JMF
development. Design the asphalt mixture using the Superpave gyratory
compactor set at [50] [75] gyrations using the procedures contained in AI
MS-2 and the criteria shown in Table 8. Prepare samples at various asphalt
contents and compacted in accordance with ASTM D6925ASTM D6926. Use
laboratory compaction temperatures for Polymer Modified Asphalts as
recommended by the asphalt binder supplier. For tensile strength ratio
(TSR) testing, adjust the compactive effort, as required, to provide
specimens with an air void content of 7 plus or minus 1 percent. [Use
freeze/thaw conditioning in lieu of moisture conditioning per Note 6 of
ASTM D4867/D4867M. If freeze/thaw conditioning is used, include that fact
on the report.] If the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) of the composite
mixture, as determined by ASTM D4867/D4867M is less than 75, reject the

aggregates or treat the asphalt mixture with an anti-stripping agent. Add
a sufficient amount of anti-stripping agent to produce a TSR of not less
than 75. If an antistrip agent is required, provide it at no additional
cost to the Government. Provide sufficient materials to produce 90 kg 200
pounds 181 kg 400 pounds of blended mixture to the Government for
verification of mix design at least 14 days prior to construction of test
section.
2.5.1 JMF Requirements
Submit the proposed JMF in writing, for approval, at least 14 days prior
to the start of the test section, including as a minimum:
a. Percent passing each sieve size.
b. Optimum asphalt content.
c. Percent of each aggregate and mineral filler to be used.
d. Asphalt viscosity grade, penetration grade, or performance grade and

additional test requirements as specified in paragraph ASPHALT BINDER.
e. [Number of blows of hammer per side of molded specimen.][Number of

Superpave gyratory compactor gyrations.]
f. Laboratory mixing and compaction temperatures.
g. Supplier-recommended field mixing and compaction temperatures.
h. Percentage and properties (asphalt content aggregate gradation, and

aggregate properties) of RAP in accordance with paragraph RECYCLED
ASPHALT PAVEMENT, if RAP is used.
i. Temperature-viscosity relationship of the asphalt binder.
j. Plot of the combined gradation on the 0.45 power gradation chart,

stating the nominal maximum size.
k. Graphical plots and summary tabulation of stability, flow, air voids,

voids in the mineral aggregate, and unit weight versus asphalt content
as shown in AI MS-2. Include summary tabulation that includes
individual specimen data for each specimen tested.
l. Specific gravity and absorption of each aggregate.
m. Percent natural and/or manufactured sand.
n. Percent particles with two or more fractured faces (in coarse

aggregate).
o. Fine aggregate angularity.
p. Percent flat or elongated particles (in coarse aggregate).
q. Tensile Strength Ratio and wet/dry specimen test results.
r. Type and amount of antistrip agent (if required).
s. List of all modifiers.

t. Percentage and properties (asphalt content aggregate gradation, and
aggregate properties) of RAP in accordance with paragraph RECYCLED
ASPHALT PAVEMENT, if RAP is used.
u. Date the JMF was developed. Mix designs that are not dated or which
are from a prior construction season may not be accepted.
v. Warm-mix additive.
Table 8
Marshall Design Criteria
Test Property 75 Blow Mix 50 Blow Mix
Stability, N pounds minimum 95602150(1) 60001350(1)
Flow, 0.25 mm 0.01 inch 8-16(2) 8-18(2)
Air voids, percent 4(4) 4(4)
Percent Voids in mineral See Table 9 See Table 9

aggregate (minimum)
Dust Proportion(3) 0.8-1.2 0.8-1.2
TSR, minimum percent 75 75
TSR Conditioned Strength 41560 41560

(minimum kPa psi)
(1) This is a minimum requirement. Provide significantly higher average during

construction to ensure compliance with the specifications.
(2) The flow requirement is not applicable for Polymer Modified Asphalts
(3) Dust Proportion is calculated as the aggregate content, expressed as a

percent of mass, passing the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve, divided by the effective
asphalt content, in percent of total mass of the mixture.
(4) Select the JMF asphalt content corresponding to an air void content of 4
percent. Verify the other properties of Table 8 meet the specification
requirements at this asphalt content.
Table 8
Superpave Gyratory Compaction Criteria
Test Property Value
Air voids, percent 4(1)
Percent Voids in mineral aggregate See Table 9

(minimum)
Dust Proportion(2) 0.8-1.2

Table 8
Superpave Gyratory Compaction Criteria
Test Property Value
TSR, minimum percent 75
TSR Conditioned Strength (minimum kPa 41560

psi)
(1) Select the JMF asphalt content corresponding to an air void content of 4
percent. Verify the other properties of Table 8 meet the specification
requirements at this asphalt content.
(2) Dust Proportion is calculated as the aggregate content, expressed as a
percent of mass, passing the 0.075 mm No. 200 sieve, divided by the effective
asphalt content, in percent of total mass of the mixture.
Table 9
Minimum Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA)(1)
Aggregate (See Table 7) Minimum VMA, percent
Gradation 1 13
Gradation 2 14
Gradation 3 15
(1) Calculate VMA in accordance with AI MS-2, based on ASTM C127 and ASTM C128
bulk specific gravity for the aggregate.
2.5.2 Adjustments to JMF
The JMF for each mixture is in effect until a new formula is approved in
writing by the Government. Should a change in sources of any materials be
made, perform a new mix design and a new JMF approved before the new
material is used. Make minor adjustments within the specification limits
to the JMF to optimize mix volumetric properties. Adjustments to the
original JMF are limited to plus or minus 4 percent on the 4.75 mm No. 4
and coarser sieves; plus or minus 3 percent on the 2.36 mm No. 8 to 0.30 mm
No. 50 sieves; and plus or minus 1 percent on the 0.15 mm No. 100 sieve.
Adjustments to the JMF are limited to plus or minus 1.0 percent on the
0.075 mm No. 200 sieve. Asphalt content adjustments are limited to plus
or minus 0.40 from the original JMF. If adjustments are needed that
exceed these limits, develop a new mix design.
2.6 RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Do not use Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
for surface mixes, except on shoulders. It can be
used very effectively in lower layers, or for
shoulders. Limit the amount of RAP so the asphalt
binder from the RAP does not exceed 20 percent of
the total asphalt content. Remove these paragraphs
if RAP is not used.

Do not use recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in
airfield pavements.
**************************************************************************
[Reclaimed asphalt is not allowed for the project.][Provide reclaimed

asphalt consisting of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), coarse aggregate,
fine aggregate, mineral filler, and asphalt binder. Provide RAP of a
consistent gradation, asphalt content, and properties. Maintain RAP
stockpiles free from contamination, including coal-tar sealers. When RAP
is fed into the plant, the maximum RAP chunk size is 50 mm 2 inches. The
individual aggregates in a RAP chunk are not to exceed the maximum size
aggregate of the gradation specified in Table 7. Design the reclaimed
asphalt mixture using procedures contained in AI MS-2. Provide RAP job
mix that meets the requirements of paragraph MIX DESIGN. RAP is only
allowed to be used for shoulder surface course mixes and for any
intermediate courses. Limit the amount of RAP so the asphalt binder from
the RAP does not exceed 20 percent of the total asphalt content.
2.6.1 RAP Aggregates and Asphalt Binder
Provide a blend of aggregates used in the reclaimed mix that meet the
requirements of paragraph AGGREGATES. Establish the percentage of asphalt
in the RAP for the mixture design according to ASTM D2172/D2172M using the
appropriate dust correction procedure.
2.6.2 RAP Mix
Do not make adjustments to the virgin binder selection for 0-20 percent
recycled binder content.
]PART 3 EXECUTION
3.1 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL
**************************************************************************
NOTE: The Contractor may be able to meet the
specified quality control requirements with in-house
capability or may have to use the independent
commercial laboratory to provide the required
quality control testing.
**************************************************************************
3.1.1 General Quality Control Requirements
Submit the Quality Control Plan. The Quality Control Plan is specific to
this specification and supplements the overall Quality Control Plan
required by the project. Do not produce hot-mixwarm-mix asphalt pavement
for payment until the quality control plan has been approved. In the
quality control plan, address all elements which affect the quality of the
pavement including, but not limited to:
a. Mix Design and unique JMF identification code
b. Aggregate Grading
c. Quality of Materials
d. Stockpile Management and procedures to prevent contamination

e. Proportioning including percent of warm-mix additive
f. Mixing and Transportation
g. Mixture Volumetrics
h. Moisture Content of Mixtures
i. Placing and Finishing
j. Joints
k. Compaction, including Asphalt Pavement-Portland Cement Concrete joints
l. Surface Smoothness
m. Truck bed release agent
n. Correlation of mechanical hammer to hand-held (manual) hammer.

Determine the number of blows of the mechanical hammer required to
provide the same density of the JMF as provided by the hand-held
(manual) hammer. Use the average of three specimens per trial blow
application.
3.1.2 Testing Laboratory
Provide a fully equipped asphalt laboratory located at the plant or job

site that is equipped with heating and air conditioning units to maintain
a temperature of 24 plus or minus 2.3 degrees C 75 plus or minus 5 degrees
F. Provide laboratory facilities that are kept clean and all equipment
maintained in proper working condition. Provide the Government with
unrestricted access to inspect the laboratory facility, to witness quality
control activities, and to perform any check testing desired. The
Government will advise in writing of any noted deficiencies concerning the
laboratory facility, equipment, supplies, or testing personnel and
procedures. When the deficiencies are serious enough to adversely affect
test results, immediately suspend the incorporation of the materials into
the work. Incorporation of the materials into the work will not be
permitted to resume until the deficiencies are corrected.
3.1.3 Quality Control Testing
Perform all quality control tests applicable to these specifications and

as set forth in the Quality Control Program. The quality control (QC)
testing is separate and distinct from the acceptance testing in paragraph
ACCEPTANCE. Use in-house capabilities or the independent commercial
laboratory for quality control testing. Required elements of the testing
program include, but are not limited to, tests for the control of asphalt
content, aggregate gradation, temperatures, aggregate moisture, moisture
in the asphalt mixture, laboratory air voids, stability, flow, in-place
density, grade and smoothness. Develop a Quality Control Testing Plan as
part of the Quality Control Program.
3.1.3.1 Asphalt Content
Determine asphalt content a minimum of twice per lot (a lot is defined in

paragraph PAVEMENT LOTS) by one of the following methods: extraction
method in accordance with ASTM D2172/D2172M, Method A or B, the ignition
method in accordance with ASTM D6307, or the nuclear method in accordance

with ASTM D4125/D4125M, provided each method is calibrated for the
specific mix being used. For the extraction method, determine the weight
of ash, as described in ASTM D2172/D2172M, as part of the first extraction
test performed at the beginning of plant production; and as part of every
tenth extraction test performed thereafter, for the duration of plant
production. Use the last weight of ash value in the calculation of the
asphalt content for the mixture. The asphalt content for the lot will be
determined by averaging the test results.
3.1.3.2 Aggregate Properties
Determine aggregate gradations a minimum of twice per lot (a lot is

defined in paragraph PAVEMENT LOTS) from mechanical analysis of recovered
aggregate in accordance with ASTM D5444, ASTM C136/C136M, and ASTM C117.
Determine the specific gravity of each aggregate size grouping for each
18,000 metric tons 20,000 tons in accordance with ASTM C127 or ASTM C128.
Determine fractured faces for gravel sources for each 18,000 metric tons
20,000 tons in accordance with ASTM D5821. Determine the uncompacted void
content of fine aggregate (including manufactured sand and blending
aggregate) for each 18,000 metric tons 20,000 tons in accordance with
ASTM C1252 Method A.
3.1.3.3 Temperatures
Check temperatures at least four times per lot, at necessary locations, to

determine the temperature at the dryer, the asphalt binder in the storage
tank, the asphalt mixture at the plant, and the asphalt mixture at the job
site.
3.1.3.4 Moisture Content of Aggregate
Determine the moisture content of aggregate used for production a minimum

of once per lot in accordance with ASTM C566.
3.1.3.5 Moisture Content of Mixture
Determine the moisture content of the mixture at least once per lot in
accordance with ASTM D1461.
3.1.3.6 Laboratory Air Voids, TMD, and VMA VMA, and Marshall Stability and
Flow
Obtain mixture samples at least four times per lot and compacted into
specimens, using [50] [75] blows per side with the Marshall hand-held
(manual) hammer as described in ASTM D6926. The mechanical Marshall hammer
can be used only after JMF development and after correlation from
hand-held (manual) Marshall hammer to mechanical Marshall hammer per
guidance in AI MS-2.using [50] [75] gyrations of the Superpave gyratory
compactor as described in ASTM D6925. After compaction, measure the bulk
density of laboratory compacted specimens in accordance with
ASTM D2726/D2726M. Determine the laboratory air voids from the set (three
laboratory compacted specimens) for each sample in accordance with
ASTM D3203/D3203M. Also calculate the VMA of each specimen in accordance
with AI MS-2 based on ASTM C127 and ASTM C128 bulk specific gravity for
the aggregate, as well as the Marshall stability and flow, as described in
ASTM D6927. Provide VMA within the limits of Table 9.

3.1.3.7 In-Place Density
Conduct any necessary testing to ensure the specified density is

achieved. A nuclear gauge or other non-destructive testing device may be
used to monitor pavement density for Contractor Quality Control purposes
only.
3.1.3.8 Grade and Smoothness
Conduct the necessary checks to ensure the grade and smoothness

requirements are met in accordance with paragraph ACCEPTANCE.
3.1.3.9 Additional Testing
Perform any additional testing, deemed necessary to control the process.
3.1.3.10 QC Monitoring
Submit all QC test results to the Government on a daily basis as the tests
are performed. The Government reserves the right to monitor any of the
Contractor's quality control testing and to perform duplicate testing as a
check to the Contractor's quality control testing.
3.1.4 Sampling
When directed by the Government, sample and test any material which
appears inconsistent with similar material being produced, unless such
material is voluntarily removed and replaced or deficiencies corrected.
Perform all sampling in accordance with standard procedures specified.
3.1.5 Control Charts
For process control, establish and maintain linear control charts on both
individual samples and the running average of last four samples for the
parameters listed in Table 10, as a minimum. Post the control charts as
directed by the Government and maintain current at all times. Identify the
following on the control charts, the project number, the test parameter
being plotted, the individual sample numbers, the Action and Suspension
Limits listed in Table 10 applicable to the test parameter being plotted,
and the test results. Also show target values (JMF) on the control charts
as indicators of central tendency for the cumulative percent passing,
asphalt content, and laboratory air voids parameters. When the test results
exceed either applicable Action Limit, take immediate steps to bring the
process back in control. When the test results exceed either applicable
Suspension Limit, halt production until the problem is solved. When the
Suspension Limit is exceeded for individual values or running average
values, the Government has the option to require removal and replacement of
the material represented by the samples or to leave in place and base
acceptance on mixture volumetric properties and in place density. Use the
control charts as part of the process control system for identifying trends
so that potential problems can be corrected before they occur. Make
decisions concerning mix modifications based on analysis of the results
provided in the control charts. In the Quality Control Plan, indicate the
appropriate action to be taken to bring the process into control when
certain parameters exceed their Action Limits.

Table 10
Action and Suspension Limits for the Parameters to be Plotted on Individual and
Running Average Control Charts
Individual Samples Running Average of Last Four
Samples
Parameter to be Plotted Action Suspension Action Limit Suspension Limit

Limit Limit
4.75 mm No. 4 sieve, 6 8 4 5

Cumulative Percent Passing,
deviation from JMF target;
plus or minus values
0.6 mm No. 30 sieve, 4 6 3 4

0.075 mm No. 200 sieve, 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.5

Asphalt content, percent 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3

plus or minus value
Laboratory Air Voids, percent No specific action and suspension limits set since
deviation from JMF target value this parameter is used to determine percent payment
In-place Mat Density, percent No specific action and suspension limits set since
of TMD this parameter is used to determine percent payment
In-place Joint Density, No specific action and suspension limits set since
percent of TMD this parameter is used to determine percent payment
VMA, percent deviation from JMF target

Gradation 1, 2 & 3 -0.5 -1.0 -0.25 -0.5
P0.075/Pbe Ratio, deviation 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.4

from 1.0; plus or minus values
Table 10 cont'd
Action and Suspension Limits for the Parameters to be Plotted on Individual and Running
Avereage Control Charts
Stability, N pounds (minimum)
75 blow JMF 78301760 72901640 95602150 90302030
50 blow JMF 4230950 3690830 60001350 54701230

Flow, 0.25 mm 0.01 inch
75 blow JMF 8 min. 7 min. 9 min. 8 min.
16 max. 17 max. 15 max. 16 max.
50 blow JMF 8 min. 7 min. 9 min. 8 min.
18 max. 19 max. 17 max. 18 max.
3.2 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT BINDER MATERIAL
Heat the asphalt binder material while avoiding local overheating and
providing a continuous supply of the asphalt material to the mixer at a
uniform temperature. Maintain the temperature of unmodified asphalts to
no more than 160 degrees C 325 degrees F when added to the aggregates.
The temperature of modified asphalts is not to exceed 175 degrees C 350
degrees F.
3.3 PREPARATION OF MINERAL AGGREGATE
Heat and dry the aggregate for the mixture prior to mixing. No damage to
the aggregates due to the maximum temperature and rate of heating used is
allowed. Maintain the temperature no lower than is required to obtain
complete coating and uniform distribution on the aggregate particles and
to provide a mixture of satisfactory workability.
3.4 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURE
Weigh or meter the aggregates and the asphalt binder and introduce into
the mixer in the amount specified by the JMF. Limit the temperature of
the asphalt mixture to 175 degrees C 350 degrees F 132 degrees C 270
degrees F when the asphalt binder is added. Mix the combined materials
until the aggregate obtains a thorough and uniform coating of asphalt
binder (testing in accordance with ASTM D2489/D2489M may be required by
the Contracting Officer) and is thoroughly distributed throughout the
mixture. The moisture content of all asphalt mixture upon discharge from
the plant is not to exceed 0.5 percent by total weight of mixture as
measured by ASTM D1461.
3.5 PREPARATION OF THE UNDERLYING SURFACE
**************************************************************************
NOTE: If the underlying surface to be paved is an
unbound granular layer, apply a prime coat,
especially if this layer will be exposed to weather
for an extended period of time prior to covering
with an asphalt mixture. Benefits derived from a
prime coat include an additional weatherproofing of
the base, improving the bond between the base and
asphalt layer, and preventing the base from shifting
under construction equipment. If the prime coat
requirement is not a separate pay item and is waived
from this contract, make an adjustment to the
contract price. Environmental laws in certain
states may not allow prime coats to be applied.
If the underlying surface to be paved is an existing

asphalt or concrete layer, use a tack coat to ensure
an adequate bond between layers.
Tack and prime coat requirements will need to be

covered in the contract documents.
**************************************************************************
Immediately before placing asphalt pavement, clean the underlying course

of dust and debris. Apply a [prime coat][ or ][tack coat] in accordance
with Section 32 12 13 BITUMINOUS TACK AND PRIME COATS.
3.6 TEST SECTION
Prior to full production, place a test section for each JMF used.
Construct a test section 75 to 150 m 250 to 500 feet long and two paver
passes wide with a longitudinal cold joint. Do not place the second lane
of test section until the temperature of pavement edge is less than 80
degrees C 175 degrees F. Construct the test section with the same depth
as the course which it represents. Ensure the underlying grade or
pavement structure upon which the test section is to be constructed is the
same or very similar to the underlying layer for the project. Use the
same equipment in construction of the test section as on the remainder of
the course represented by the test section. Construct the test section as
part of the project pavement as approved by the Government.
3.6.1 Sampling and Testing for Test Section
**************************************************************************
NOTE: Table 11 applies only to the test section.
The limits in Tables 1, 3, and 10, apply to a number
of tests run from a lot. This is why the limits
listed in Table 11 are different from those listed
in Tables 1, 3 and 10.
Select the appropriate VMA requirement to match the

selected gradation. Select the appropriate
stability and flow value to match the laboratory
compactive effort (50 or 75 blows).
**************************************************************************
Obtain one representative sample from random trucks at the plant, compact
triplicate specimens, and test for stability, flow, and laboratory air
voids. Test a portion of the same sample for theoretical maximum density
(TMD), aggregate gradation and asphalt content. Test an additional
portion of the sample to determine the TSR. Adjust the compactive effort
as required to provide TSR specimens with an air void content of 7 plus or
minus 1 percent. Obtain four randomly selected cores from the finished
pavement mat, and four from the longitudinal joint, and test for density.
Perform random sampling in accordance with procedures contained in
ASTM D3665. Construction may continue provided the test results are
within the tolerances or exceed the minimum values shown in Table 11. If
all test results meet the specified requirements, the test section may
remain as part of the project pavement. If test results exceed the
tolerances shown, remove and replace the test section and construct
another test section at no additional cost to the Government.

Table 11
Test Section Requirements for Material and Mixture Properties
Property Specification Limit
Aggregate Gradation-Percent Passing (Individual Test Result)
4.75 mm No. 4 and larger JMF plus or minus 8
2.36, 1.18, 0.60, and 0.30 mmNo. 8, No. JMF plus or minus 6
16, No. 30, and No. 50
0.15 and 0.075 mmNo. 100 and No. 200 JMF plus or minus 2.0
Asphalt Content, Percent (Individual Test JMF plus or minus 0.5

Result)
Laboratory Air Voids, Percent (Average of JMF plus or minus 1.0
3 specimens)
VMA, Percent (Average of 3 specimens) See Table 9
Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) (At 7 percent 75 percent minimum
plus/minus 1 percent air void content)
Conditioned Strength 415 kPa 60 psi minimum

Mat Density, Percent of TMD (Average of 4 92.0 - 96.0
Random Cores)
Joint Density, Percent of TMD (Average of 90.5 minimum

4 Random Cores)
Table 11 cont'd
Marshall Compaction
Stability, (Average of 3 specimens) [9560 N 2150 pounds minimum for 75-blow][

6000 N 1350 pounds minimum for 50-blow]
Flow, 0.25 mm 0.01 inch (Average of 3 [8 - 16 for 75-blow] [8 - 18 for 50-blow]

specimens)
3.6.2 Additional Test Sections
If the initial test section proves to be unacceptable, make the necessary

adjustments to the JMF, plant operation, placing procedures, and rolling
procedures before beginning construction of a second test section.
Construct and evaluate additional test sections, as required, for
conformance to the specifications. Full production paving is not allowed
to begin until an acceptable test section has been constructed and
accepted.
3.7 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING
3.7.1 Transporting
Transport asphalt mixture from the mixing plant to the site in clean,
tight vehicles. Schedule deliveries so that placing and compacting of
mixture is uniform with minimum stopping and starting of the paver.
Provide adequate artificial lighting for night placements. Hauling over
freshly placed material is not permitted until the material has been
compacted as specified, and allowed to cool to 60 degrees C 140 degrees F.

3.7.2 Placing
Place the mix in lifts of adequate thickness and compacted at a

temperature suitable for obtaining density, surface smoothness, and other
specified requirements. Place the mixture to the full width by an asphalt
paver; strike off in a uniform layer of such depth that, when the work is
complete, the required thickness conforms to the grade and contour
indicated. Do not broadcast waste mixture onto the mat or recycle it into
the paver hopper. Collect waste mixture and dispose off site. Regulate
the speed of the paver to eliminate pulling and tearing of the asphalt
mat. Begin placement of the mixture along the centerline of a crowned
section or on the high side of areas with a one-way slope. Place the
mixture in consecutive adjacent strips having a minimum width of 3 m 10
feet. Offset the longitudinal joint in one course from the longitudinal
joint in the course immediately below by at least 300 mm 1 foot; however,
locate the joint in the surface course at the centerline of the pavement.
Offset transverse joints in one course by at least 3 m 10 feet from
transverse joints in the previous course. Offset transverse joints in
adjacent lanes a minimum of 3 m 10 feet. On isolated areas where
irregularities or unavoidable obstacles make the use of mechanical
spreading and finishing equipment impractical, the mixture may be spread
and luted by hand tools. Construct the free edge of shoulder pavements
following a guide (e.g. plumb-bob, stringline, etc.) to prevent various
widths of the asphalt shoulder. Contractor may elect to cut-back the
asphalt edge to maintain consistent shoulder dimensions shown on the plans.
3.8 COMPACTION OF MIXTURE
3.8.1 General
a. After placing, thoroughly and uniformly compact the mixture by

rolling. Compact the surface as soon as possible without causing
displacement, cracking or shoving. Determine the sequence of rolling
operations and the type of rollers used, except as specified in
paragraph ASPHALT PAVEMENT-PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE JOINTS and with
the exception that application of more than three passes with a
vibratory roller in the vibrating mode is prohibited. Maintain the
speed of the roller, at all times, sufficiently slow to avoid
displacement of the asphalt mixture and be effective in compaction.
Correct at once any displacement occurring as a result of reversing
the direction of the roller, or from any other cause.
b. Furnish sufficient rollers to handle the output of the plant.

Continue rolling until the surface is of uniform texture, true to
grade and cross section, and the required field density is obtained.
To prevent adhesion of the mixture to the roller, keep the wheels
properly moistened, but excessive water is not permitted. In areas
not accessible to the roller, thoroughly compact the mixture with hand
tampers. Remove the full depth of any mixture that becomes loose and
broken, mixed with dirt, contains check-cracking, or is in any way
defective, replace with fresh asphalt mixture and immediately compact
to conform to the surrounding area. Perform this work at no expense
to the Government. Skin patching is not allowed.
3.8.2 Segregation
The Government can sample and test any material that looks deficient.
When the in-place material appears to be segregated, the Government has
the option to sample the material and have it tested and compared to the

aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and in-place density requirements in
Table 11. If the material fails to meet these specification requirements,
remove and replace the extent of the segregated material the full depth of
the layer of asphalt mixture at no additional cost to the Government.
When segregation occurs in the mat, take appropriate action to correct the
process so that additional segregation does not occur.
3.9 JOINTS
Construct joints to ensure a continuous bond between the courses and to

obtain the required density. Provide all joints with the same texture as
other sections of the course and meet the requirements for smoothness and
grade.
3.9.1 Transverse Joints
Do not pass the roller over the unprotected end of the freshly laid
mixture, except when necessary to form a transverse joint. When necessary
to form a transverse joint, construct by means of placing a bulkhead or by
tapering the course. Utilize a dry saw cut on the transverse joint full
depth and width on a straight line to expose a vertical face prior to
placing the adjacent lane. Neither cutting equipment that uses water as a
cooling or cutting agent nor milling equipment is permitted. Remove the
cutback material and cutting debris from the project. Provide a tack coat
in accordance with Section 32 12 13 BITUMINOUS TACK AND PRIME COATS to all
contact surfaces before placing any fresh mixture against the joint.
3.9.2 Longitudinal Joints
Cut back longitudinal joints which are irregular, damaged, uncompacted,

cold (less than 80 degrees C 175 degrees F at the time of placing the
adjacent lane), or otherwise defective, a maximum of 75 mm 3 inches from
the top edge of the lift with a cutting wheel to expose a clean, sound,
near vertical surface for the full depth of the course. Remove all
cutback material from the project. Neither cutting equipment that uses
water as a cooling or cutting agent nor milling equipment is permitted.
Remove the cutback material and cutting debris from the project. Provide
tack coat in accordance with Section 32 12 13 BITUMINOUS TACK AND PRIME
COATS to all contact surfaces prior to placing any fresh mixture against
the joint.
3.9.3 Asphalt Pavement-Portland Cement Concrete Joints
Joints between asphalt pavement and Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) require
specific construction procedures for the asphalt pavement. The following
criteria are applicable to the first 3 m 10 feet or paver width of asphalt
pavement adjacent to the PCC.
a. Place the asphalt pavement side of the joint in a direction parallel

to the joint.
b. Place the asphalt pavement side sufficiently high so that when fully
compacted the asphalt pavement is greater than 3 mm 1/8 inch but less
than 6 mm 1/4 inch higher than the PCC side of the joint.
c. Compact with steel wheel rollers and at least one rubber tire roller.
Compact with a rubber tire roller that weights at least 18 metric tons
20 tons with tires inflated to at least 620 kPa 90 psi. Avoid
spalling the PCC during placement and compaction of the asphalt

pavement. Operate steel wheel rollers in a way that prevents spalling
the PCC. Repair any damage to PCC edges or joints as directed by the
Government. If damage to the PCC joint or panel edge exceeds a total
of 1 m 3 feet, remove and replace the PCC panel at no additional
expense to the Government.
d. After compaction is finished, diamond grind a minimum width of 1 m 3

feet of the asphalt pavement so that the asphalt pavement side is less
than 3 mm 1/8 inch higher than the PCC side. Perform diamond grinding
in accordance with subparagraph DIAMOND GRINDING above. The asphalt
pavement immediately adjacent to the joint is not allowed to be lower
than the PCC after the grinding operation. Transition the grinding
into the asphalt pavement in a way that ensures good smoothness and
provides drainage of water. The joint and adjacent materials when
completed is required to meet all of the requirements for grade and
smoothness. Measure smoothness across the asphalt pavement-PCC joint
using a 4 m 12 feet straightedge. The acceptable tolerance is 3 mm
1/8 inch.
e. Consider the asphalt pavement next to the PCC as a separate weighted

pay factor associated with the lot being placed for evaluation. Lots
are based on individual lifts. Do not comingle cores from different
lifts for density evaluation purposes. Take four cores for each lot
of material placed adjacent to the asphalt pavement-PCC joint. The
size of lot is 3 m 10 feet wide by the length of the joint being
paved. Perform the same computation as displayed in paragraph PAY
FACTOR BASED ON IN-PLACE DENSITY above to determine the weighted pay
factor. Select the lowest computed pay factor for the lot. Locate the
center of each of the four cores 150 mm 6 inches from the edge of the
concrete. Take each core at a random location along the length of the
joint. The requirements for joint density, adjacent to the PCC joint,
are the same as that for the mat density specified in Table 1. For
asphalt pavement-PCC joints at taxiways abutting runways, aprons, or
other taxiways, take two additional randomly located cores along each
taxiway intersection.
f. All procedures, including repair of damaged PCC, are required to be in

accordance with the approved Quality Control Plan.
-- End of Section --

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USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-32 12 15.13 (November 2020)

UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS

References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2022

SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS

ASPHALT PAVING FOR AIRFIELDS

1.1 FULL PAYMENT

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 1

2.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.1 CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 2

-- End of Section Table of Contents --

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 3

UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS

References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2022

ASPHALT PAVING FOR AIRFIELDS

Adhere to UFC 1-300-02 Unified Facilities Guide

Comments, suggestions and recommended changes for

Specifications developed for Corps of Engineers

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 4

This specification utilizes a Quality Assurance and

1.1 FULL PAYMENT

1.1.1 Method of Measurement

Do not delete PART 1 for lump sum Contracts.

1.1.2 Basis of Payment

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 5

[Quantities of hot-mixwarm-mix asphalt pavement, determined as specified

1.2 PERCENT PAYMENT

When a lot of material fails to meet the specification requirements for

1.2.1 Mat and Joint Densities

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 6

b. Step 2: Determine ratio of joint area to mat area. The area

d. Step 4: Where freshly placed asphalt pavement abuts old (not in

94.0 - 96.0 100.0 Above 92.5

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 7

93.5 99.4 92.0

1.2.2 Pay Factor Based on In-place Density

a. Step 1: Determine pay factor based on mat density and on joint

Mat density of 93.2 percent = 98.3 pay factor.

Joint density of 91.5 percent = 97.3 pay factor.

b. Step 2: Determine ratio of joint area (length of longitudinal joint x

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 8

(2,000 feet x 10 feet)/30000 square feet = 0.6667 ratio of joint area

c. Step 3: Weighted pay factor (wpf) for joint is determined as indicated

1.2.3 Payment Adjustment for Smoothness (Final Wearing Surface Only)

1.2.3.1 Profilograph Testing

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 9

1.2.4 Laboratory Air Voids and Theoretical Maximum Density

Laboratory air voids will be calculated in accordance with

1.2.4.1 Mean Absolute Deviation

An example of the computation of mean absolute deviation for laboratory

= (0.5 + 1.0 + 0.0 + 0.3)/4 = (1.8)/4 = 0.45

The mean absolute deviation for laboratory air voids is determined to be

O.60 or less 100

SECTION 32 12 15.13 Page 10

1.2.5 Pay Factor Based on Plan Grade

Within 5 working days after completion of a particular lot incorporating

Percent of All Measurements Outside Pay Factor, percent