ADAMA SCIENCE AND THECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

Department of Electronics and communication

communication: LAB REPORT-1 and 2

Section =3 : group=5

Name id no

1 NAME ID

1. Firafol Desalegn UGR/22878/13

2.FITSUM TEFERI UGR/23625/13

3.Firaol Bekuma UGR/22563

4.Filembar Birhanu UGR/22619/13

5. Gemechu Tesfaye UGR/22500/13

6.Arsema Worku UGR/22827/13

7.Biruk UGR/

8.Firaol Fayeraa UGR/23382/13

SUBMITED TO MR ZEMENU

SUBMITED DATE JAN .3.2013

Acknowledgement

We need to express our appreciation for whom he has given us brief explanation about digital logic
design devices used during the experiment Our lab assistant; thank you for the support we have
received from you . We would also like to thank SoEEc especially department of ECE for providing us
a laboratory full of equipment

Equipment Required:

• DC power supply

• Module DL 2500

• RF and AF signal generator

. Dual Trace Oscilloscope

Spectrum Analyzer

Multi-meter

Connecting wires

Spectrum Analyzer

Objectives

 To study amplitude modulation

Theory of the Experiment

Modulation is the process of adding information, also called intelligence, to a high frequency radio
wave for communication over long distance. This process depends on the type of modulation used,
but in general, the amplitude of the information signal is used to vary the

amplitude, phase, or frequency of the radio wave: In this manual, the information signal will be
referred to as the massage, which is usually a low frequency audio signal in the 20Hz to 20 krange.
The radio frequency (RF) signal is known as the carrier, and the frequencies of the message and the
RF carrier are symbolized by fm and fe respectively.

Procedures: for task 1

1. At the beginning we have composed all the essential material on the table.
2. Adjust the voltage of your de power supply to +15V and apply it to the circuit board.
3. We set the carrier Amplitude at 75% level and frequency nob at middle of the frequency
range and then we Calibrate also the amplitude of modulating signal (600Hz) for its
minimum output
4. connect the output terminal of carrier signal generator to the input terminal of colecter
moduletor and conect the oscilloscope to terminal of collector modulator

Act 2

1 by operating the frequency control knob of the carrier generator and record the
frequency.

fr ...647 kHz

2. connect the Vm output of a modulating signal generator to the Vm input of the collector
modulator and sketch the waveform the message signal from the oscilloscope by adjusting
the amplitude knob at 75% at TAI terminal of collector modulator.

3. Also sketch the waveform of the carrier signal from the oscilloscope when its amplitude
knob position is at 100%.
4. Apply a modulating (LF) signal of 600Hz increase gradually its amplitude from zero to
25%,50%, 75% and 100% we obsserve

5 Using a dual trace oscilloscope, we observe the modulating signal voltage across the
primary of the transformer TAI or Vm out of the modulating signal and the modulated signal
(VAM) across TA2 secondary

6 Adjust the amplitude of the carrier signal to obtain the maximum amplitude of the
resonant frequency and a symmetrical AM waveform before going to the next step.

7. And we Measure the quantities V max and V min voltage of the modulated wave.
V_max=...6v. V min__0.8v

8. Increase the modulation above 100%, Observe the distortion and sketch the wave forms
(if possible). Or decrease the carrier signal to 75% and observe the distortion and sketch the
waveform (we cant increase the modulater above 100 so we didn’t )

9Measure the DC resistance of TA2 secondary as the load resistance of the modulation
system RL= 343 ohm
 M=0.7
Ac=2.6
Pc=3.38watt
Plsb=0.828
Pusb=0.828
Efficiency =0.328

Revewe exercise

1 Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique which used in comunication system most

communly transmiting message
2

3 By analyzing the output of the envelope detector, we were able to see how different
modulation indices affected the quality of the modulated signal. For example, when the
modulation index was too low, we observed a weak modulation of the carrier wave and a
poor quality modulated signal. Conversely, when the modulation index was too high, we
observed distortion and over-modulation of the carrier wave, which also resulted in a poor
quality modulated signal.3.When the modulation index of an AM signal is increased, it has
the following effects:

4 When the frequency of the modulating signal is increased in an AM signal, the envelope of
the AM waveform follows the changes in the modulating signal more rapidly. This means
that the envelope waveform will have a higher frequency variation, resulting in a more rapid
rise and fall of the amplitude. The overall effect is a compressed or "squeezed" envelope
compared to the envelope when the modulating signal has a lower frequency.

Conclusion

LAB Experiment No: -2

LAB TITLE: - Amplitude Demodulation

Objective: -

To study amplitude demodulation process using envelope demodulation circuit

required equipment: -

DC power supply: Oscilloscope:

Spectrum Analyzer: -

for analysis. Frequency Counter:

Multi-meter

Connecting wires:

Theoretical Hint: -

The Envelope Detector: -is Any circuit whose output follows the envelope of an AM signal can serve
as a detector, and be used to demodulate the RF wave. One of the most widely used and simplest
detectors is the non-linear charging circuit formed by a diode in series with the parallel RC network.
this kind of envelope detector is also known as a diode detector. The circuit is designed to have a
fast charge time and a slow discharge time, with the resistor controlling the discharge time
constant.The operation of the envelope detector is as follows. On the positive half cycles of the input
signal. the capacitor charges to the peak value of the input. Therefore, the voltage across BC will be
equal to that of the input signal since the diode is forward biased when the input signal drops below
this value, the diode turns off and the capacitor starts to slowly discharge through the resistor at a
rate determined by the RC time constant. on the next positive half-cycle of the input signal, the
diode is turned on and the capacitor again charges to the new value determined by the input signal.

After detection, the output of the envelope detector is usually filtered with a low pass filter. in order
to remove ripple and the unwanted harmonic content. Often, a coupling capacitor is used to remove
the de level introduced by the carrier. One of the major drawbacks of the envelope
detector is the fact that approximately 0-6 V potential difference must exist across the diode before
it conducts. This means that a 0,6 V difference between the input signal voltage and the capacitor
voltage is necessary before the output begins following the input. This is more pronounced for weak
input signals, and also when the modulation index is close to 100%

Step 1.we Adjust the voltage of your power supply to -15V and apply it to the circuit board

Step2 and Set the carrier 1. Frequency knob at the middle of the frequency range

2. Amplitude at the maximum level

Step 3. And we Connect the oscilloscope to VAM terminals of TA2 transformer secondary of collector
modulator. And we Search the resonant frequency of the maximum level______

Step 4.Apply a modulating signal 600Hz and increase its amplitude gradually until you observe (get)
almost undistorted modulated wave ( 100% modulation)

Step 5.we Connect the diode cathode (Ve) of the half wave (envelope) demodulator circuit to
thepotentiometer (RI)

Step 6.Now connect the output of your modulator circuit (VA) to the input of the half
wave(envelope) demodulator at the (VAM) terminals.

Step 7. Sketch the wave form of the modulated signal before going to the next step:

Step 8.Connect the oscilloscope probes across the demodulator potentiometer:

Step 9. By varying the potentiometer load position, analyze the demodulator circuit in different
condition.

Step 10.When a satisfactory result is achieved i.e. a demodulated waveform that is not too distomed
the carrier frequency should be adjusted again to ensure the best operating conditionis (undistorted
and stable output).

Step 11.After you get undistorted and stable output, measure the amplitude and the frequency of
the demodulated signal.

Vdm.......................V and fam.....

Step 12.Observe the original modulating signal again the oscilloscope and compare it with the
demodulated wave.
Step 13.Discuss the results of your observations and comparisons in procedure 11 and give your
Conclusion

By analyzing the output of the envelope detector, we were able to see how different modulation
indices affected the quality of the modulated signal. For example, when the modulation index was
too low, we observed a weak modulation of the carrier wave and a poor quality modulated signal.
Conversely, when the modulation index was too high, we observed distortion and over-modulation
of the carrier wave, which also resulted in a poor quality modulated signal.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the use of an envelope detector in the amplitude modulation lab experiment was
crucial for observing and analyzing the effects of modulation on a carrier wave. It provided us with
a way to extract the envelope of the modulated signal, which allowed us to see the amplitude
variations of the message signal. By analyzing the output of the envelope detector, we were able
to understand how different modulation indices affected the quality of the modulated signal.
Overall, the envelope detector is an essential tool for understanding communication systems and
designing effective modulation schemes.