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Electronics Lab 6

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16 views

Electronics Lab 6

Uploaded by

aneesafatima432
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

_________________________________________________________________________

TITLE : Study of VDR & Series, CDR & Parallel Circuit

DATE OF
:
EXPERIMENT

LAB NUMBER : 02

INSTRUCTOR :

: _________________________
SUBMITTED BY __
_________________________
ROLL NO :

Electronics-I Lab Page 1


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Task 1: Series circuit

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to analyze simple resistive circuits in DC. The
circuits considered here are: resistors in series, resistors in parallel. This experiment
will allow the experimental verification of the theoretical analysis.

Theory:
The theoretical analysis of the circuits under study is based on Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s
laws. The main equations relating the electrical parameters of each circuit are
presented next.

Ohm’s law:
The voltage V (in volts, V) across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I (in
amperes, A) flowing through it. The constant of proportionality is the resistance R (in
ohms).

Resistors in series:
An example of resistors connected in series is shown in figure 2.1.
• The current through N elements in series is the same for all of them.

• The voltage across the ith element is Vi=Ri Ii. The sum of the voltages across
each element is equal to the voltage applied to the entire series combination.

• The equivalent
resistance of the series
combination is the sum of the individual resistance.

Analysis:
Calculate the percentage error between the measured and theoretical data and
complete all the entries in Tables 2-1. The percentage error is given by:

Where dth and dm are the theoretical and measured


data respectively.

Electronics-I Lab Page 2


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Voltage divider rule (VDR):


Voltage divider rule, This voltage divider produces an output voltage, Vout, that is
proportional to the input voltage, V1. The output voltage is measured using a voltmeter.
The input voltage is the voltage of the voltage source. The constant of proportionality is
called the gain of the voltage divider. The value of the gain of the voltage divider is
determined by the resistances, R1,R2 and R3, of the three resistors that comprise the
voltage divider as shown in Figure 2-1. Observe how the Digital Multimeter is connected
to the output terminals of the circuit

Vout = _R2_ x Vin


RT

Circuit Diagram:

Figure: 2-1
Observations and Calculations:

Table 1:
Parameters R1 R2 R3 Req. VS VR1 VR2 VR3 IS or IT
Units KΩ Volts mA

Electronics-I Lab Page 3


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Theoretical 1 2.2 5.6 8.8 10


Experimental 1 2.0 5.7 8.7 --
Error % --

Hardware Attempts:

Software Attempts:

Electronics-I Lab Page 4


_________________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Parallel Circuits

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to analyze simple resistive circuits in DC. The
circuits considered here are: resistors in parallel, resistors in Combinational. This
experiment will allow the experimental verification of the theoretical analysis.

Theory:
The theoretical analysis of the circuits under study is based on Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s
laws. The main equations relating the electrical parameters of each circuit are
presented next.

Ohm’s law:
The voltage V (in volts, V) across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I (in
amperes, A) flowing through it. The constant of proportionality is the resistance R (in
ohms).

Resistors in parallel:
An example of resistors connected in parallel is shown in figure3.2.
• The voltage across N elements in parallel is the same for all of them.

Electronics-I Lab Page 5


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• The current through the ith element is Ii=Vi/Ri.The sum of the currents
through each element is equal to the current provided to the entire parallel
combination.

• The reciprocal of the equivalent


resistance of the parallel
combination is the sum of the reciprocal of the individual resistances.

Current divider rule (CDR):


In electronics, a current divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an
output current (IX) that is a fraction of its input current (IT). Current division refers
to the splitting of current between the branches of the divider. The currents in the
various branches of such a circuit will always divide in such a way as to minimize the
total energy expended.
The formula describing a current divider is similar in form to that for the voltage
divider. However, the ratio describing current division places the impedance of the
unconsidered branches in the numerator, unlike voltage division where the
considered impedance is in the numerator. This is because in current dividers, total
energy expended is minimized, resulting in currents that go through paths of least
impedance, therefore the inverse relationship with impedance. On the other hand,
voltage divider is used to satisfy Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. The voltage around a loop
must sum up to zero, so the voltage drops must be divided evenly in a direct
relationship with the impedance.

Electronics-I Lab Page 6


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Figure: 3-1
Analysis:
Calculate the percentage error between the measured and theoretical data and
complete all the entries in Tables 3-1. The percentage error is given by:

Where dth and dm are the theoretical and measured


data respectively.

With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same two
sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for electrons to flow from
one end of the battery to the other.

Figure: 3-2

Observations and Calculations:

Table 3-1:
Parameters R1 R2 R3 Req. VS IR1 IR2 IR3 IS or IT
Units KΩ Volts mA
Theoretical 1 2.2 5.6 10
Experimental --
Error % --

Electronics-I Lab Page 7


_________________________________________________________________________

Hardware Attempts:

Software Attempts:

Electronics-I Lab Page 8

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