INTERNSHIP – CM224733

BATHYMETRIC MAPPING USING SINGLE BEAM

ECHOSOUNDER IN KUALA LINGGI, MELAKA,
MALAYSIA

MUHAMMAD RIZKY ABIYYU NUGRAHA NRP 5016201115

JOAN RAYMOND CHRISTIAN SADEN NRP 5016201118

Advisor
Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D
NIP 198005072003121001

Study Program Geomatics Engineering

Department of Geomatics Engineering

Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Surabaya
2023

ii
INTERNSHIP – CM224733

BATHYMETRIC MAPPING USING SINGLE

BEAM ECHOSOUNDER IN KUALA
LINGGI, MELAKA, MALAYSIA

MUHAMMAD RIZKY ABIYYU NUGRAHA NRP 5016201115

JOAN RAYMOND CHRISTIAN SADEN NRP 5016201118

Advisor
Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D
NIP 19800507200312101

Study Program Geomatics Engineering

Department of Geomatics Engineering
Faculty of Civil,Planning, and Geo Engineering
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Surabaya
2023

3
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4
 APPROVAL SHEET

BATHYMETRIC MAPPING USING A SINGLE BEAM ECHOSOUNDER

IN KUALA LINGGI, MELAKA, MALAYSIA
INTERNSHIP REPORT

By:

Muhammad Rizky Abiyyu Nugraha NRP. 5016201115

Joan Raymond Christian Saden NRP. 5016201118

Approved by the Advisors:

Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

Advisor I/Geomatics Engineering – FTSPK ITS

Sr Ts Dr Saiful Aman Bin Hj Sulaiman, Ph.D.

Advisor II/ Surveying Science & Geomatics – FSPU UiTM Shah Alam

Known,

Head of Geomatics Engineering Head of Centre of Studies Surveying

Study Program – FTSPK ITS Science & Geomatics

Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Sr Ts Dr Saiful Aman Bin Hj

Ph.D. NIP. 198005072003121001 Sulaiman, Ph.D.

5
 APPROVAL SHEET

BATHYMETRIC MAPPING USING A SINGLE BEAM ECHOSOUNDER

IN KUALA LINGGI, MELAKA, MALAYSIA
INTERNSHIP REPORT

By:

Muhammad Rizky Abiyyu Nugraha NRP. 5016201115

Joan Raymond Christian Saden NRP. 5016201118

Approved by the Advisor III:

Sr. Raiz bin Razali

Surveying Science & Geomatics – FSPU UiTM Shah Alam

Known,

Lecturer of Hydrography Subject of

Centre of Studies Surveying Science
& Geomatics

Sr. Raiz bin Razali

6
"This page is intentionally left blank

7
 PREFACE

All the praise and gratitude to Almighty God for the abundance of grace so that
the creation of an internship report entitled “Bathymetric Mapping Using a
Single-Beam Echosounder in Kuala Linggi, Melaka, Malaysia” can be
completed properly. We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude for the
guidance, advice and help rendered throughout the period of our survey camp for
six weeks from 8 May 2023 until 19 June 2023 by the following amazing
individuals. First and foremost, we would like to extend our sincere gratitude to
the following :
1. Our parents, who have been taking care of us with their prayers and
accommodation so we can finally conduct the practical work.
2. Prof Sr Ts Dr Saiful Aman Hj Sulaiman, Head of the Department of Surveying
Science and Geomatics study center, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM),
Shah Alam.
3. Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D., the Head of the ITS Geomatics
Engineering Department and the author's lecturer advisor during this internship.
4. Dr. Mohd Shahmy bin Mohd Said and Sr. Raiz bin Razali, Lecturer for
Hydrography Subject for the opportunity given, to conduct our survey camp in
Kuala Linggi, Malacca and for enabling us to learn and develop our
understanding, knowledge and feel of real time field works.

We would also like to thank all the UiTM friends who have been nice to us
for several weeks there, and the lesson taught in becoming a better student and
person. We value the time, effort, encouragement, and ideas that they have
contributed towards the successful completion of our survey camp stint, this report
and the valuable knowledge that have been shared throughout the survey camp
period.

8
 ABSTRACT

BATHYMETRIC MAPPING USING A SINGLE-BEAM ECHOSOUNDER

IN KUALA LINGGI, MELAKA, MALAYSIA

Nama Mahasiswa / NRP : Joan Raymond Christian Saden/5016201118

Muhammad Rizky A. Nugraha/5016201115
Departemen : Geomatics Engineering
Dosen Pembimbing : Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

Abstract

Survey camp is one of the prerequisites for students who will be graduating
in Bachelor of Surveying Science and Geomatics (Honors). In this respect, a report
of survey camp for Hydrography is provided as evidence that students engaged in
the training. It also includes an overview of student activities, processes, and
experiences. It was conducted at Kuala Linggi, Malacca.

Students must complete a six-week survey camp program in order to

accomplish their courses. The main objective of this survey camp is for students to
obtain experience and be introduced to certain field work duties during the
programme so that they are more adept in utilizing equipment and software and can
gain information once they graduate.

As a result of their experience in survey camp, students appear to be more

well-educated and self-assured to work as professionals in the future. This way, a
future workforce of high quality can be developed. This survey camp for
Hydrography report is divided into three parts.

Keywords: Bathymetric Survey, DGPS, Tides, Estuary, Coastal Area and

Singlebeam Echosound

9
 ABSTRAK

PEMETAAN BATIMETRI MENGGUNAKAN SINGLEBEAM

ECHOSOUNDER DI KUALA LINGGI, MELAKA, MALAYSIA

Nama Mahasiswa / NRP : Joan Raymond Christian Saden/5016201118

Muhammad Rizky A. Nugraha/5016201115
Departemen : Geomatics Engineering
Dosen Pembimbing : Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

Abstrak

Survey camp merupakan salah satu prasyarat bagi mahasiswa yang akan
lulus Sarjana Sains Survei dan Geomatika (Honours). Dalam hal ini, laporan kamp
survei Hidrografi disediakan sebagai bukti bahwa siswa terlibat dalam pelatihan.
Ini juga mencakup gambaran aktivitas, proses, dan pengalaman siswa. Dilakukan di
Kuala Linggi, Malaka.
Siswa harus menyelesaikan program kamp survei enam minggu untuk
menyelesaikan kursus mereka. Tujuan utama dari survey camp ini adalah agar
mahasiswa memperoleh pengalaman dan dikenalkan dengan tugas kerja lapangan
tertentu selama program berlangsung sehingga lebih mahir dalam memanfaatkan
peralatan dan software serta dapat memperoleh informasi setelah lulus.
Sebagai hasil dari pengalaman mereka di kamp survei, siswa tampak lebih
berpendidikan dan percaya diri untuk bekerja sebagai profesional di masa depan.
Dengan cara ini, dapat dikembangkan tenaga kerja masa depan yang berkualitas.
Kamp survei laporan Hidrografi ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian.

Kata Kunci : Batimetri Survei, DGPS, Tides, Estuary, Coastal Area dan
Single-beam Echosounder.

10
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET..................................................................................................i
PREFACE.................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRAK.................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................ix
LIST OF
FIGURES.................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................................1
1.1 Background..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Aims.....................................................................................................................2
1.3
Benefits.................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II FUNDAMENTAL
THEORY................................................................
2.1 Bathimetric
Survey.................................................................................................
2.1.1.a Horizontal Control
Network.............................................................................
2.1.1.b Global Navigation Satellite System.................................................................
2.1.1.c Intersection.......................................................................................................
2.1.2.a Vertical Control
Network..................................................................................
2.1.2.b Tides.................................................................................................................
2.1.2.c Geoid
Height.....................................................................................................
2.1.2.d Topographic
Height..........................................................................................
2.1.2.e Ellipsoid
Height................................................................................................
11
2.1.2.f Method of Depth
Measurement.........................................................................
2.2 Visualization of Bathymetry
Data………………………………………………...
2.3 Single Beam
Echosounder………………………………………………………..
2.4 Transducer………………………………………………………………………..
2.5 In-Situ Bathymetric
Survey………………………………………………………
2.6 Ex-Situ Bathymetric
Survey……………………………………………………...
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY...............................................................................
3.1 Study
Area..............................................................................................................
3.2 Time
Schedule........................................................................................................
3.3
Flowchart................................................................................................................
3.3.1
Planning...............................................................................................................
3.3.2 Instrument
Calibration.........................................................................................
3.3.3 Data
Acquisition..................................................................................................
3.4. Steps Conducted....................................................................................................
3.4.1 In-Situ Bathymetry
Survey..................................................................................
3.4.2 Ex-Situ Bathymetry
Survey.................................................................................
3.5 Cross-section Automation
Method.........................................................................
3.5.2 Instrument
Calibration.........................................................................................
12
3.5.3 Data
Acquisition..................................................................................................
3.6 Hydrography Survey..............................................................................................
3.7 Tidal Observation...................................................................................................
3.8 Sounding Observation............................................................................................
3.10 Datum...................................................................................................................
3.11 Mean Sea Level....................................................................................................
3.12 Detail
Survey........................................................................................................
3.13 Data Processing....................................................................................................
3.14 Data and
Equipments............................................................................................
3.14.1
Hardwares..........................................................................................................
3.14.2 Softwares...........................................................................................................
3.14.3 Equipments Specifications................................................................................
3.14.4 Software
Specifications.....................................................................................

CHAPTER IV RESULT &

ANALYSIS......................................................................

4.1 Instrument Calibration

Result.................................................................................

4.2 Result for In-Situ Bathymetry

Survey.....................................................................

4.3 Result for Ex-Situ Bathymetry

Survey....................................................................

4.4 Result for Cross-section Automation

Method.........................................................

13
CHAPTERV CONCLUSION..................................................................................71

5.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................71

BIBLIOGRAPHY 73

APPENDIX 75

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.a Intersection of Two Lines

Figure 2.1.b Intersection of a Line with Circle
Figure 2.1.c References Heights

14
Figure 2.1.d Satellite Derived Bathymetry
Figure 2.1.e Satellite Altimetry
Figure 2.1.f Bathymetry Lidar
Figure 2.2.a Bathimetry Contour Map
Figure 2.2.b Bathimetry Isobath Map
Figure 2.3 Single Beam Echosounder
Figure 3.1 Study Area
Figure 3.3 Flowchart
Figure 3.3.2.a Pegging Two Stations of A and B
Figure 3.3.2.c Pegging Another Stations at C in The Middle of A and B
Figure 3.3.2.b Bar Check Calibration
Figure 3.4.1.a Tide Reading Data in NAVEdit
Figure 3.4.1.b Data Sounding in NAVEdit
Figure 3.4.1.c Sounding Data in Ascii File
Figure 3.4.1.d In-Situ Bathimetry Data in Terramodel Software
Figure 3.4.1.e 3D Model of In-Situ Bathimetry Data
Figure 3.4.1.f Plotting Bathimetry Plan (In-Situ)
Figure 3.4.2.a Tracking Data in CDS
Figure 3.4.2.b Ex-Situ Bathimetry Data in Terramodel
Figure 3.4.2.c 3D Model of Ex-Situ Bathimetry Data
Figure 3.4.2.d Plotting Bathimetry Map (Ex-Situ)
Figure 3.5.a 3D Cross-ection Terramodel
Figure 3.5.b Plotting Cross-section Plan
Figure 4.2 Result of In-Situ Bathimetric Survey
Figure 4.3 Result of Ex-Situ Bathimetric Survey
Figure 4.4 Result of Cross-section Bathymetric Survey

15
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Internship Work Volume

Table 3.14.1 Hardwares
Table 3.14.2 Softwares
16
Table 31.4.3.a Specifications of Lapto[p ASUS ROG Strix G531GT
Table 3.14.3.b Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Hydrotrac II
Table 3.14.3.c Specifications of Trimble Zephyr 3 Antenna
Table 31.4.3.d Specifications of SPS461 GPS Headling Receiver
Table 3.14.3.e Specifications of Topcon GTS-235W Total Station
Table 3.14.3.f Specifications of Nikon AC-2S Waterpass Automatic Level
Table 3.14.4.a Minimum Specifications of HydroPro
Table 3.14.4.b Minimum Specifications of Terramodel
Table 3.14.4.c Minimum Specifications of GDTS
Table 3.14.4.d Minimum Specifictions of AutoCAD 2012
Table 3.14.4.e Minimum Specifications of Microsoft Office 365
Table 4.1.a Bar Check Calibration on 31st of May, 2023
Table 4.1.b Bar Check Calibration on 1st of June 2023
Table 4.1.c Result of Differential Field Test
Table 4.1.d Result of Two Peg Test

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Kuala Linggi is located in Malacca, Malaysia. It serves as one of the
community water transportation, tourism, fishing, and trade infrastructures. Due to
17
its location which most of the area are covered by ocean, research of bathymetric
work was carried out. A field of study called hydrographic surveying quantifies and
characterizes the properties of the water as well as the shape of the ocean floor.
Hydrography, in its specialized applications, deals with the measurement and
description of navigation waterways are necessary for ship security. Physical
oceanography, marine geology, geodesy, remote sensing, geophysics,
photogrammetry (in coastal areas), and marine mapping are something that
everyone concerned of in terms of mapping the ocean. To decrease depth data to
normal vertical datum values, hydrographic local tides and currents are frequently
observed, analyzed, and projected as a part of surveys. The hydrography main
objectives are to provide safe navigation and environmental preservation, as in
addition to updating the depths.

There were two methods used in undergoing the bathymetric surveying,

namely conventional methods and automated technologies are both utilized in the
process of calculating the depth of the ocean. To have a better understanding of the
approaches that were taken for hydrographic surveys both in the past and in the
present, we conducted three separate procedures concurrently. In addition to this,
readings from tapes were taken, tracking was done at the D’Qnut Chalet and
Restaurant beach, and soundings were taken all along the D’Qnut Chalet and
Restaurant coastline. The tidal readings were recorded over a period of ten minutes.
Before beginning the hydrography operation, we perform a bar inspection to
guarantee that the instrument is in satisfactory shape for use.

The use of out single beam echosounder was carried out to measure the
depth. The sonar is transmitted through a transducer that is placed just below the
surface of the water, and the SBES is responsible for listening for the return echo
from the ocean floor. The echosounder transmits an acoustic wave through a
transducer which is placed below the vessel and the acoustic wave which reflected
by seabed surface as the return of an echo is received by transducer. The time from
the acoustic wave transmitted and sent back to the transducer is converted to the
depth by multiply with sound speed.

18
1.2 Aims

The following are the aims for completing this practical work :
1. To produce a bathymetric chart in the area near Kuala Linggi.
2. To produce a cross-section diagram based on the bathymetric survey.
3. To describe the characteristics of seabed surface

1.3 Benefits
The benefits of this practical work are as follows :
1. To understand the standardization of bathymetric surveys.
2. To practice the bathymetric survey data collection techniques in the field using a
single beam echosounder.
3. To process survey data using HYDROpro, Terramodel 10.4, AutoCAD Map 3D
2012, ArcGIS 10.3 and Civil Design & Survey (CDS) softwares and ultimately
produce bathymetric maps in Kuala Linggi, Melaka, Malaysia.

CHAPTER II FUNDAMENTAL THEORY

2.1 Bathymetric Survey

According to James et al. (2015), Bathymetric Survey is a process of
mapping the underwater topography, which involves measuring the depths and

19
contours of the ocean floor. The seafloor topography is represented by depth points
obtained from bathymetric surveys. A seabed surface is created by interpolating the
bathymetric survey's depth point data. One way to process known points to
generate unknown points to close the data is through interpolation (Pratomo et al,
2022)
There are several applications in terms of bathymetric survey ranging from
its use as a navigation to create accurate nautical charts, as a media regarding
environmental protection to identify sensitive marine ecosystems such as coral
reefs and seagrass meadows allowing for their protection and conservation, as
marine resource exploration to locate and extract marine resources such as oil, gas
and minerals by understanding the seabed topography and can be used as a
scientific research studies such as understanding ocean currents, studying the
impact of climate change on sea levels and mapping the distribution of marine life.
There are several benefits of bathymetric survey namely improving safety for
mariners by creating accurate nautical charts which can prevent accidents from
occurring, impacting economic sector by developing offshore wind farms which
can generate clean energy and to increase scientific knowledge by learning about
its complex system.
2.1.1 Horizontal Position
A. Horizontal Control Network
Horizontal Control Network is a fundamental component in terms of
surveying project, this method provides the framework for accurate
measurement and positioning. A Horizontal Control Network is a group of
precisely surveyed points whose positions are known in a specific
coordinate system. These points act as benchmarks which provide reference
points for measuring distance, angles, and elevations. (Ghilani, 2002)

There are several components of a Horizontal Control Network

Namely control points which have fixed determined coordinate established
by using GPS, terrestrial surveying and aerial photogrammetry, Geodetic
Datum that defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system used
to represent the earth surfaces.one of the important of using Horizontal

20
Control Network is that this framework provides accurate positioning
information for navigation system and geographical information system.
There are two main types of horizontal control networks:

a. Triangulation:

Triangulation networks are based on the measurement of

angles between points. The positions of the points are then
calculated using trigonometry. (Ghilani, 2002).

b. Traverse:

Traverse networks are based on the measurement of

distances and angles between points. The positions of the points are
then calculated using geometry (Ghilani, 2002).

B. Global Navigation Satellite System

According to Abidin, H. Z. (2007), Global Navigation Satellite

System (GNSS) are constellations of satellites that orbit the earth and
transmit signals that can be used to determine position, speed and time
anywhere in the world. GNSS works by reveiving signals from satellites in
orbit around the earth, the receiver then uses the signals to calculate the
position, speed and time in a real time. There are four most-known GNSS
including:

i. Global Positioning System (GPS)

Developed by the United States is the most widely used

GNSS in the world. Commonly used in many applications including
navigation, surveying and timing.

ii. Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)

Developed by the Soviet Union (Russia), the second most

widely used GNSS in terms of navigation, surveying and timing.

iii. Galileo
21
 Developed by the European Union is the newest GNSS.
Now, it is still under development, but it is hoped that this will be
fully working in 2024

iv. BeiDou

Developed by China, one of the newest fully operational

GNSS. It is used in a variety of applications, including navigation,
surveying and timing.

C. Intersection

Intersection is a fundamental surveying technique used to determine

the horizontal position of an unknown point by taking measurements from
two or more known points. It is commonly used in situations where directly
measuring the point is impractical or impossible. There are two types of
Intersection namely:

a. Intersection of Two Lines, Both Directions are known

This illustrates the intersection of two lines AP and BP. Each

has known coordinates for one end point, and each has a known
direction. Determining the point of intersection for this type of
situation is often called the direction-direction problem. A simple
method of computing the intersection point P is to solve for the parts
of oblique triangle ABP (Ghilani, 2002).

22
 Figure 2.1.a Intersection of Two Lines

b. Intersection of a line with circle

This illustrates the intersection of a line (AC) of known azimuth

with a circle of known radius Finding the intersection for this situation
reduces to finding the intersection of a line of known direction with another
line of known length and is sometimes referred to as the direction-distance
(Ghilani, 2002).

Figure 2.1.b Intersection of a Line with Circle

2.1.2 Vertical Position

A. Vertical Control Network

Vertical Control Network is the foundation for accurate elevation

measurement in surveying sector. It consists of a series of precisely leveled
points with known elevations, providing a framework for determining the
heights of features above a defined reference surface. There are several
components of vertical control network ranging from control points which
is a permanent marked points with established elevations determined
23
through rigorous surveying techniques and vertical datum that serves as a
reference surface for elevation measurements, defining the zero-height
level.

There is several importance of vertical control network such as for

infrastructure development for designing and building bridge, dams and
other infrastructures projects and can be used to track changes in shoreline
erosion, land subsidence and other environmental phenomena (Ghilani,
2002).

B. Tides

Tides are the phenomenon of periodic movements of the rise and

fall of sea levels. This phenomenon is caused by the combination of
gravitational and attractive forces of astronomical bodies, especially the sun
and the moon on the mass of sea water on earth. Meanwhile according to
Pratomo dkk, 2019, Sea tides are a natural phenomenon natural
phenomenon, namely the periodic rise and fall of sea water periodically as a
result of the force of gravitational force of celestial bodies, especially the
moon and sun.

The influence of other astronomical bodies are negligible due to

their distance and size relatively smaller than the moon and sun. Tides in
semi-enclosed waters such as bays influenced by non-astronomical factors,
namely the shape of the coastline and the topography of the waters. There
are factors affecting Tides ranging from:

i. The shape and size of astronomical objects

The larger and closer the astronomical body is to the earth,

the greater the force of attraction will be, resulting in higher tides.
The moon has a greater influence on tides than the sun because it is
closer to the earth. (Amalina dkk, 2019)

24
 ii. The distance between the earth and astronomical objects

The farther the earth is from an astronomical body, the

smaller the force of attraction, so the tides will be lower. (Amalina
dkk, 2019)

iii. The angle between the earth, moon and sun

The angle between the earth, moon and sun affects the
amount of drag acting on the sea water. The greatest angle occurs
when the moon and sun are in a straight line with the earth, which is
during the full moon and new moon. (Amalina dkk, 2019).

iv. Sea Floor Topography

The topography of the seabed can also affect the tides. Areas
with a concave seabed topography will experience higher tides than
areas with a concave seabed topography. (Amalina dkk, 2019)

C. Geoid Height

The geoid height, in essence, measures the vertical separation between the
geoid and a location on the surface of the Earth. Consider the Earth as a flawless
sphere with a surface covered in oceans. This is the reference ellipsoid, a
mathematical model that is used to practically represent the shape of the Earth.
The actual Earth, however, is far from being a perfect sphere. The Earth's surface
is dotted with mountain ranges, ocean trenches that dip inward, and variations in
the planet's gravitational field (Amal Mahdi, 2016)

25
 Figure 2.1.c References Height

D. Topographic Height

Topographic height, also known as elevation, refers to the vertical

distance between a point on the Earth's surface and a specific reference
level. It's a fundamental concept in geography, geology, and many other
fields, helping us understand and map the Earth's diverse landscapes (Amal
Mahdi, 2016).

E. Ellipsoid Height

Ellipsoid height, also known as geodetic height, refers to the vertical

distance between a point on the Earth's surface and the surface of a
reference ellipsoid. Imagine the Earth as a smooth, perfect sphere, the
ellipsoid is a mathematical model that closely approximates the Earth's
shape while accounting for its slight bulge at the equator and flattening at
the poles (Amal Mahdi, 2016).

F. Method of Depth Measurement

There have been several methods used in determining the depth

measurement, each has its own advantages and disadvantages are the
following:

26
a. Accoustic Method
1. Echo Sounding

This method uses soundwave to measure depth. A

transducer emits a sound pulse and then measures the time it
takes for the echo until it return after reflecting off the ocean
floor. The depth is calculated using the speed sound in water.
Echo sounders can be in a form of single beam, in which will
measure the depth directly below the transducer. (Westoby,
2012)

2. Sonar

Similar to echo sounding, sonar uses sound waves to

measure depth, but it also provides information about the sea
floor topography. Sonar system is commonly used for deep
water measurements and for mapping the seabed. (Westoby,
2012)

b. Non-Accoustic Method

1. Electromagnetic Induction

This technique using the principle of electromagnetic

induction to measure the conductivity of the water of the sea floor.
The use of this method will work only if this is used in very shallow
water and its better compared to acoustic method. (Westoby, 2012).
The use of electromagnetic induction varies from SDB, Altimetry,
Bathi Lidar and Manual method.

i. Satellite Derived Bathmymetri (SDB)

A technique for measuring the depth of water bodies using

satellite data. Unlike traditional methods like echo sounders and
ship-based surveys, SDB offers a faster, more cost-effective way to

27
map large areas of water the illustratiojn of how to Sattelite
Altimetry does its work is as shown in the following :

Figure 2.1.d Satellite Derived Bathymetri

ii. Satellite Altimetry

Satellite altimetry can be used to map the global

seafloor quickly and efficiently, especially in areas that are
difficult to access by ship surveys. Bathymetry data
generated from satellite altimetry can be used for a variety of
purposes, such as navigation, environmental studies and
marine resource management.

Figure 2.1.e Satellite Altimetry

28
 iii. Bathimetry Lidar

Bathymetric Lidar is atool in hydrography surveys,

providing detailed and accurate depth measurements of the
underwater terrain. Unlike traditional methods like echo sounders,
BL utilizes laser pulses to measure water depth and seafloor
topography. BL can capture highly accurate depth measurements
with resolutions reaching centimeters, depending on the system and
water conditions.

Figure 2.1.f Bathimetry Lidar

2. Pressure Sensors

This sensor measures the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the water

coulun, letting it to increase with depth and allowing it for indirect
measurement of depth. The advantages of this is suitable for long-term
monitoring of water levels in various environments. (Westoby, 2012)

2.2 Visualization of Bathymetry Data

Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of the seabed. Bathymetry data

is required for various applications, such as navigation, marine construction,
resource exploration, and environmental protection. Bathymetry data visualization
is the process of representing bathymetry data in a form that can be understood by
humans. There are 3 types of visualization of bathymetry data namely :

29
a. Bathymetry Contour Map

There are various methods that can be used to visualize

bathymetry data. The most commonly used methods are contour
maps, isobath maps and depth profiles. Contour maps are maps that
show the depth of the ocean with contour lines connecting points of
the same depth. Contour maps are a commonly used way to
visualize bathymetry data because they are easy to understand and
can provide an overview of the seafloor topography.

Figure 2.2.a Bathymetry Contour Map

b. Bathymetry Isobath Map

An isobath map is a map that shows the depth of the sea with
lines connecting points of equal distance from a certain point. Isobath
maps can be used to visualize specific features on the seafloor, such as
coral reefs or troughs. The following is the Figure of Bathymetry
Isobath Map.

30
 Figure 2.2.b Bathymetri Isobath Map

2.3 Single Beam Echosounder

A single beam echosounder is a water depth measuring instrument that uses

a single beam as a transmitter and transmits sound wave signals (Parkinson, 1996).
Is a primary equipment used in hydrographic surveying for measuring the depth of
water bodies. It operates starting from the SBES transducer transmits a short pulse
of sound downwards, then the sound transmitted travels through the water until it
hits the sea floor, then a portion of the soundwave reflects off the sea floor and
travels back towards the transducer then the transducer receives the reflected sound
wave (echo) (Febrianto, 2015).

The SBES calculates the depth of the water by measuring the time it takes
for the sound wave to travel down and back. There are several applications of
SBES namely Navigation Safety for ensuring the safe navigation of vessels,
Hydrographic Surveying for the needs of dredging, port development and offshore
construction and for environmental monitoring to monitor the changes in water
depths and sedimentation patterns (Pribadi, 2018).

31
 Figure 2.3 Single Beam Echo Ssounder
2.4 Transducer
In Bathymetric Survey, a transducer plays a crucial role in accurately
measuring the depth of water bodies. This acts as the heart of the echo sounder.
Hereby is how it works:

a. Transmission
The transducer converts electrical signals from echo sounder into sound
waves. These sounds later on are emitted donward towards the sea floor
(Wiley, 2010).

b. Reception
The sound emitted travels through the water column and reflecting it off the sea
floor. The reflected sound waves or echoes travels back towards the transducer
(Wiley, 2010).

2.5 In-Situ Bathymetric Survey

Is the traditional method used in terms of mapping the under water depths
and topography of water bodies like ocean, rivers and reservoirs. The method used
are varies from the use of Single-Beam Echo Sounder and Multi-Beam
Echosounder. The data collected from conventional bathymetric survey undergoes
plenty processing and analysis to generate accurate and reliable bathymetric maps.
In terms of advantages, the conventional method offers us proven and reliable data
since it has been used for centuries and the data is well established, cost-effective
with making it very suitable for limited budgets and simple to operate because it
requires minimal training.

32
2.6 Ex-Situ Bathymetric Survey

Adapting along with the development of technology, bathymetric survey is

now invented as automation technology for greater efficiency, accuracy and data
coverage. In terms of its benefit, the automation bathymetric survey are fanging
from Increased efficiency which can collect the data 24/7 continously regardless of
the weather condition or visibility, significantly reducing survey time and cost,
Improved accuracy in which automation minimizes human errors and ensures
consistent data collection, leading to more reliable and precise bathymetric maps,
Enhanced data coverage which automated system can access difficult-to-reach
areas with larger coverage of area more efficiently and Realtime data access where
automation system often offer real-time data access and processing, enabling
immediate analysis and decision making.

33
 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Before the work starts, several things are carried out in order to follow the plan
that has been created and to plan the stages of work.

3.1 Study Area

Hereby is the location of interest :

Figure 3.1 Study Area

The study area is located at the beach of D’QNUT Chalet and Restaurant,
Lot 610, Jalan Kuala Linggi, 78200 Kuala Sungai Baru, Melaka. This location is
precisely at the latitude of -2.371319 and longitude of 101.976278. Facing the
Strait of Malacca. The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west
and Johor to the south, the exclave of Tanjung Tuan also borders Negeri Sembilan
to the north. Its capital is Malacca City.

3.2 Time Schedule

The location of the Bathymetric survey work is at Pantai Kuala Linggi, Kuala
Sungai Baru, Melaka, Malaysia. Hereby is the time schedule for the survey work:

34
 Table 3.1 Internship Work Volume

` MAY - JUNE JULY

WEEK WEEK WEEK 2 WEEK 3
1
DATE 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DAY SUN MO TU WE TH FR MO TU WE TH FRI
N E D U I N E D U

PREPATORY WORK
STAGE 1 : PLANNING
Study Area
Obtain the new and old certified
plan
selection of equipment
Quatation
Equitment Test
STAGE 2 : RECONNAISSANCE
Identify the suitable station
Marking the traverse station
Find NDCDB and BM
Marking the TBM
STAGE 3 : DATA ACQUISITION
Traversing
Levelling
Detailing
Tide Reading
Tracking
On board/Sounding
Bar Check Calibration
STAGE 4 : DATA PROCESSING
Traverse
Levelling
Tide Reading
Tracking
On board/Sounding
Detailing
Reduce Depth
Bathymetric Plan
Cross section Plan
STAGE 5 : FINAL OUTPUT
Bathymetric Plan
Cross section Plan

35
3.3. Flowchart

Hereby is the flowchart of the survey:

Figure 3.3 Flowchart

36
 The explanation of the stages carried out during the methodology of work
implementation includes:
3.3.1. Planning

This planning phase began with the lot, which required a search in
eBiz and the purchase of the lot's certified plan to recognize the benchmark.
Following the certification of the plan, the benchmark of the study area
must be identified. The first step at the site is to conduct a traversing, solar
observation, detailing, leveling, and hydrographic survey of the study area.
Traversing is required before beginning the hydrographic survey to cover
30m of shorelines for the seabed.

To traverse and get an azimuth bearing, solar observation includes

m- correction. Detailing is used to cover the area for vessels that cannot
pass through the route, such as those near the coast. The levelling is from
the benchmark to D’Qnut Chalet, Kampung Kuala Linggi, Malacca for tide
reading and levelling at each station. Survey planning is created using
HydroPro Nav software by inserting the coordinates of the sounding line,
number of sounding lines, and coastline. After collecting all the data, the
data needs to be processed to get the final output, which is bathymetric
plan.

3.3.2 Instruments Calibration

A. Differential Field Test (DFT)

Should be carried out on flat ground at the start of every new survey
job. The goal of this test is to determine the overall condition of the
instrument. It is important to ascertain the EDM is in the acceptable
working order. It is used in the same way as the two-peg test procedure. To
determine the value, the difference between two readings should be
computed at the end of the test. According to the Circular KPUP 6/2009, if
the distance is within tolerance, it means that the instrument is in good
condition. If DFT does not exceed 0.010 meters, determination CRM must

37
 be done again and if DFT exceeds the limit, the total station should be sent
for calibration test.

The procedures of doing DFT are as follows:

a. Pegging 2 stations of A and B with a distance not less than 50m.

Figure 3.3.2.a Pegging 2 stations of A and B

b. Set up a Total Station at station A and a prism at station B, measure

distance A to B.
c. Pegging another station at C in the middle of line A and B (use
online method).

Figure 3.3.2.b Pegging Another Stations at C in the Middle of A and B

d. After that, move Total Station to station C and set up 2 prisms at

station A and B; measure distance CA and CB.
e. Compare the distance of AB to the total separated distances of CA +
CB; if it is found to be greater than 10 mm, the instrument should
not be used and should be sent for EDM calibration testing.

B. SBES Calibration and Correction

As almost all causes of error are systematic, it is possible to build a

method to overcome them to obtain accurate measurement results.
Calibration with a check bar is an excellent approach to preserve the
announcement's correctness. This calibration is particularly useful for
acquiring the right depth size owing to several causes of inaccuracy
occurring at the same time.

The check bar consists of round or quadrangular metal plates

suspended from a scaled rope or chain and positioned beneath the
38
transducer. A scaled rope or chain is used to compare measurement data
obtained with an echo sounder equipment. Before beginning the
bathymetric survey, a bar check calibration was done to determine the
draught and velocity. A task's bar check is performed twice. Both prior to
and following the sounding work, the calibration was completed. Before
and after the survey, depths will be recorded using a single beam echo
sounder that has been bar checked calibrated. NGVD will be used to
represent the recorded depths. Only the first 30 meters or so of the water
column can be accurately set for the sound velocity by the echo sounder
using the bar check. We need to get a precise sound velocity profile for
deeper levels to take advantage of the inherent accuracy of contemporary
echo sounding equipment. The procedures of doing bar check calibration
are as follows:

a.Setting the echo sounder for a Calibration test on the display

screen.
b. Set the value of the draft that was measured beforehand
using tape and set the velocity as 1500m/s.
c.Bring down the bar plate below the transducer.
d. For the first 1 meter, check the depth if not 1 meter or
nearest 1 meter adjusts the draft to obtain actual 1 meter and
press Mark.
e.Then bring down the bar plate to 2 meters and check the depth.
If the depth is not nearest to 2 meters, then adjust the velocity to
obtain the true depth and press Mark.
f. Repeat this step until 6 meters and only adjust the velocity but
for the first meter only adjust the draft.
g.Then, repeat the step for 4 meter and 2 meters (the tolerance for
depth must not be more than 0.05)

39
 Figure 3.3.2.c Bar Check Calibration Procedures

3.3.3 Data Acquisition

1. Traverse

Traverse is a survey method that provides a sequence of stations

whose locations (or coordinates) are determined by measuring bearing and
distance from neighbouring stations. It intends to construct control points.
It is classified as either open or closed. The first and second classes of
surveys differ by linear misclosure and angular misclosure.
Reconnaissance, station selection and marking, angle and distance
measurement, fieldnote recording and measurement are all part of the
traverse procedure. The final bearing is then obtained by rectifying each
station using M and C adjustments. To acquire the M correction, solar
observation is required. The procedures of doing traverse are as follows:

a. First, undertake a site study to establish the project's location,

and then pick the best concept and design.
b. A traverse is performed at eleven stations. Observe the
traverse anticlockwise.
c. The total station is then installed at station 2, and two prisms
are installed at back bearing and forward bearing, which are
located at stations 1 and 3, respectively.

40
 d. Enter the assumed datum value into the total station using a
compass.
e. Use horizontal and vertical slow-motion screws to target the
prism, and make sure the crosshair at station 1 intersects the
reflector.
f. In the face left position, measure the bearing and horizontal
distance and manually input the data into the field book.
Repeat the preceding action on the foresight.
g. Prisms from station 2 and 4 are relocated to station 2.
h. Repeat step 6 to 8 for each consecutive station until the
traverse was closed.

2. Levelling

Levelling is a measurement used to quantify the height difference

between two places above the earth's surface. The height of the measured
item is positioned above the earth's surface and is taken into consideration
from a reference plane, that is, a plane whose height is regarded zero in the
levelling concept. To get Z values, levelling was done. In the bulk of survey
work involving engineering projects, the basic differential levelling
approach is still the most effective and reliable way to transfer height. The
levelling procedure is then completed by transferring the decreased level or
height from the confirmed BM, the value of which may be computed using
the Certified Plan. The levelling loop is started, and levelling data is
collected by acquiring backsight and foresight readings of middle staff.

The procedures of doing levelling are as follows:

a. The f i e l d w o r k b e g i n s a t B M 1 0 5 3 n e a r t h e
c o c o n u t s t a l l a n d t r a n s f e r t h e h e i g h t forward to
five TBM station across to the traverse station.
b. Place the levelling staff on the TBM, and then set the levelling
instrument between the staffs as illustrated in the figure below.

41
 c. The minimum distance between the staff and the level device
for both backsight and foresight are 30 metres.
d. After the middle reading of the backsight crew is taken,
the same foresight operations should be carried out.
e. To find the source of the misclosure, the level instrument must
be moved to the other location and the same methods followed
until the TBM is closed again.
f. If the levelling along the traverse is good enough and within
acceptable tolerance, the job will continue.

3. DGPS

The Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) acts as the

positioning technique's base. One method for setting a location involves
applying a correction from a known point to an unknown one to improve
navigational accuracy and test the dependability of GPS satellite
transmissions. This is referred to as differential GPS (DGPS). The
procedures of doing GPS observation are as follows:

a. The GPS antenna and receiver on the survey boat are properly
setup.
b. The antenna is attached to the side of the boat. The antenna
offset value is measured and recorded for the HYDROpro
Navigation equipment setup.
c. The GPS observation commenced while the depth measuring
sounding survey was in progress.
d. The sounding area has been properly prepared before any
observation takes place at the research region. For example, the
available space has been used to determine and build the line
interval and number of sounding lines.
e. Therefore, for each measured location, the depth value with X
and Y coordinates is computed.

42
 f. All data is captured and analysed using the HYDROpro NavEdit
program.

3.4 Steps Conducted

Bathymetric surveys provide information on the shape and properties of the

seabed, which is used to build comprehensive topographic data of the seafloor. The
bathymetry survey took place at D’ Qnut Chalet and Restaurant, Kampung Kuala
Linggi, Malacca. This work was accomplished with an ODOM single beam echo
sounder. Both Bar check calibration was done both before and after the survey. The
distance between the two is measured using a single beam transducer that emits
a sound pulse from the water's surface to the bottom. Hydropro software is
used to detect depth during the sounding process, and Terramodel software is
utilised to build a 3D model of the seabed profile. AutoCAD is used to construct
the product, a bathymetric plan.

43
3.4.1 In-Situ Bathymetry Survey

The procedures of doing automation bathymetry survey are as follows:

a. The data of tide reading on 31st May 2023 and 1st June 2023 as shown Figure
2.5 were used as the correction to the sounding data. The interval for tide reading
is 10 minutes per reading and automatically interpolated by the NavEdit software.

Figure 3.4.1.a Tide Reading Data in NavEdit

Figure 3.4.1.b Data Sounding in NavEdit

b. The sounding data of the bathymeric work will be combined with the tide
correction in order to obtain the reduce depth of the site area. The error while
conducting the sounding work will effect to the depth reading and appear as the
spike. This error can be eliminated by using the NavEdit software.

44
c. After the data cleaning process, all the sounding data will be exported to the
Ascii File and represent as the Easting, Northing and Depth value. This data file
will be used in the Terramodel Software.

Figure 3.4.1.c Sounding Data in Ascii file

d. The software of Terramodel were used to generated depth label and contour for
the seabed surface.

Figure 3.4.1.d In-Situ Bathymetric Data in Terramodel Software

45
e. The Data of bathymetry survey can be visualise into 3D view as shown

Figure 3.4.1.e 3D Model of In-Situ Bathymetric Data

f. The data from Terramodel will be exported to the Dwg File and the process
continued with the plotting Bathymetry Plan through AutoCAD software as
shown Figure 3.13

Figure 3.4.1.f Plotting Bathymetry Plan (In-Situ)

46
3.4.2 Ex-Situ Bathymetry Survey

The procedures of doing Ex-situl bathymetry survey are as follows

a. In the process of Ex-situ bathymetric survey, the data tracking will be managed
into the stadia file in the CDS as shown Figure 3.14. The required data are
bearing, distance and calculated reduce depth. Based on the coordinate of station
tracking and tide correction, the coordinate of the sounding point can be generated
and positioned at the right place.

Figure 3.4.2.a Tracking Data in CDS

b. The data from the CDS will be exported into the AutoCAD and then exported
Into Terramodel software. the label of the depth and contour were generated by
using Terramodel function (Figure 3.12).

47
 Figure 3.4.2.b Ex-Situ Bathymetric Data in Terramodel

c. The data for the Conventional Bathymetry survey can be visualise into 3D
Model in the Terramodel software (Figure 3.14). It shows the surface of the
seabed based on the observation that has been done.

Figure 3.4.2.c 3D Model of Ex-Situ Bathymetric Data

48
d. The final product for the Bathymetric survey can be produceby generate
the Bathymetry Plan in the AutoCAD as shown in Figure 3.15 below.

Figure 3.4.2.d Plotting Bathymetry Map (Ex-Situ)

2

3.5. Cross-Section Automation Method

The procedures of doing conventional bathymetry survey are as follows:

In the process of producing cross-section drawing for bathymetric survey,

the centerline of the cross-section can be generated in the AutoCAD and export
into the Terramodel with the sounding data. The cross line was generated with
interval 100 meters and in total there 15 line of cross line (Figure 3.5.b)

49
Figure 3.5.a Cross-section Terramodel

Figure 3.5.b Plotting Cross-section Plan

50
3.6 Hydrography Survey

A hydrographic survey is frequently required closer to the coast. Two

observations must be taken during a hydrographic survey, tidal observation and
sounding observation.

3.7 Tidal Observation

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels produced by the combined
influence of the Moon's and Sun's gravitational forces, as well as the rotation of
the Earth. Tides change over timescales ranging from hours to years because of a
variety of reasons. Tide gauges at fixed stations measure the water level over time
to provide reliable records. Observation data was utilised to determine the depth
of the sea and the height of the mountain, as well as the fundamentals of marine
phenomena study papers such as tsunamis.

To compute the rate of sea-level change, observation data are combined

with statistical data on tides, such as high or low tide levels, the highest or lowest
water levels, and average sea level on monthly and yearly averages, as well as
relevant statistical or analytic procedures in a particular time. Tide readings must
also be obtained using a tape with a plumb bob connected to the end. observed
concurrently using a sounding line, with a time interval of 10 minutes between
observations. The procedures of doing tidal observation are as follows:

a. To begin obtaining tidal readings, the plumb bob was taped together.
b. The two previously stated instruments were then set at D’ Qnut Chalet and
Restaurant, Kampung Kuala Linggi, Malacca where its lower level was
attained by levelling operations.
c. Until the sounding work was completed, tide readings were obtained.
d. The tide reading for every 10 minutes of observation was then computed
using the measurements gathere

51
3.8 Sounding Observation

To get depth readings, sounding work is required. Bathymetry is the use of

data from soundings to create maps of the floor of a body of water, as displayed
on nautical charts in fathoms and feet. Soundings are also taken to determine
position, which serves as a navigation purpose rather than just for safety. Before
beginning the sounding observation, we must determine the vertical distance of
the draught transducer by measuring the transducer's tip against the sea surface.
Depth data were obtained using a sounder and a transducer. It may be calculated
by calculating the duration between a sound pulse going to the bottom of the sea
and its echo returning. A transducer transmitted a sound pulse from the surface of
the water and caught the same signal when it rebounded off the bottom. An echo
sounder is connected to the transducer filters and records the pulse's travel time. A
GPS gadget may record the location of readings at the same time. The depth
reading of work utilising an echo sounder at the start and conclusion of work
required bar check calibration. The procedures of doing horizontal positioning and
sounding observation are as follows:

i. Horizontal Positioning (Conventional)

a. At the station, the total station is set up, and the rearward bearing is targeted
from the last change station.

b. The bearing is then rotated 90 degrees relative to the rear bearing, and the
total station is clamped.

c. A multi prism was placed on the bot, and when the reading at the total
station is obtained, observers must notify another person on the bot to "FIX" the
position.

d. The bearing, distance, and time data are then recorded.

52
3.9 Sounding Observation

a. A person oversees interacting with the observer at the total station and
the bot's driver during sounding observation. The bot must be aligned with
the bearing line.
b. The bot is in the queue when the observation begins.
c. The person in control must inform "FIX" in accordance with the
observer's instructions, and the mark button is hit.
d. The depth and time readings must then be recorded.
e. The observation will be paused until the bot reaches the river's maximum
permitted depth.

3.10 Datum

In hydrographic surveying, two forms of datum are required: Mean Sea

Level (MSL) and Land Survey Datum (LSD), both of which are from JUPEM.
When levelling, we employ MSL to transmit height from the TBM to our traverse
station. To begin the traverse, the Land Survey Datum is employed.

3.11 Mean Sea Level

A mean sea level (MSL) is the average surface level of one or more bodies
of water on Earth from which heights such as elevation may be determined. A
vertical datum is the global MSL. It is a geodetic datum that is used as a chart
datum in cartography and marine navigation, as well as the standard sea level at
which atmospheric pressure is recorded to calibrate height and, hence, aircraft
flight levels in aviation.

3.12 Detail Survey

Specifics are necessary to locate and identify any land features and
structures on the site. Topographic studies are conducted at all traverse stations.
Every feature found in the survey

53
region is on the ground or on a road. The complete station was used to record the
data, which was then uploaded and evaluated with CDS and AutoCAD. The data
from a complete survey are produced in three dimensions (X, Y, and Z). The
primary goals of topographical surveys are to generate coordinates for area and
volume calculations, as well as to create contour and detail plans for future work.
A common synonym is "comprehensive survey." The surrounding environment,
such as nearby trees, buildings, and the ground, must also be accounted for. The
procedures of doing detail survey are as follows:

a. Total station set up to make a temporary adjustment at the observe station.

The height of total station is recorded.
b. Topographical surveys are performed for a variety of reasons, but most
commonly so that area and volume may be calculated and so that contour
and detail plans can be made for subsequent construction. The phrase
"complete survey" is often used interchangeably. Trees, buildings, and the
terrain in the immediate vicinity must also be taken into consideration.
c. After all buttons are pressed, the total station will automatically record the
selected angle, distance, angle, and distance along the slope.
d. Switch the total station's focus to a new target and repeat the preceding
steps to measure all the spots that are immediately next to it.
e. The process repeated until all the details were measured.

3.13 Data Processing

The data processing phase is where all the acquired data is processed to
produce the final output, which includes all the data information. Before
processing in software, the observed bearing and distance for horizontal control
networks are manually computed, including linear misclosure, latitude and
departure, and coordinates. The lowered level for each location in the vertical
control network is computed manually based on the Temporary Benchmark
(TBM) value for height transferring. Both manual calculations are used to
determine if an observation is closed, confirmed, and within the acceptable
tolerance

54
3.14 Data and Equipments

The tools and materials used in the implementation of Internship include

tools and materials used for data collection and data processing with the following
details. The equipments needed are ranging from:
3.14.1 Hardwares
The tools that used in this Internship can be seen as follows :

Table 3.14.1 Materials used in this implementation of internship

No Tools
1
The tool used to measure the depth
of water below the keel is an echo
sounder. It does this by sending out
sound pulses that reflect off the
Teledyne Odom Hydrographi
ocean floor.
HydrotraII
2

To receive signals and data

generate for DGPS correction
1 Set Trimble SPS461 GPS
Heading Receiver
3

To provide the coordination of the

location of the sounding depth and
position of the vessel.

1 set Trimble Zephyr 3 Antenna

4 To measure the distance between
two points and to get the angle of
the straight line of sight.

55
No Tools
1 Set Topcon GTS-235W Total
Station
5

It is an optical instrument used to

establish a horizontal plane.
Usually used with vertical staff to
measure height differences and to
1 Set Nikon AC-2S Waterpass transfer height.
Automatic Level
6
To measure tide reading

1 set of measuring tape with ballast

paired
7
To help the data processing of
bathymetric and topographic data.

Laptop ASUS ROG Strix

G531GT
8
Used to travel along the project area
which is sounding line and cross
line and gather the information
about sea profile.

Survey Vessels
9

Used while performing bar check

calibration. Carried out to obtain
values of draught and sound
velocity of the water for the real
job.
Bar plate

56
No Tools
10
Used to display sounding line and
cross line for the driver to navigate
the vessel. To collect data of
sounding and crossing lines using
HydroPro.
1 set Toughbook
11
Used to display sounding line and
cross line for the driver to navigate
the vessel. To collect data of
sounding and crossing lines using
2 Computer Monitors HydroPro.
12
Is a portable three-legged frame or
stand, used as a platform for
supporting the weight and
maintaining the stability of the
instrument.
4 set Tripod
13
Used to measure change in position
of a target that is assumed to be
moved.

2 set polygon prisms

14
Used to give the greatest amount of
accuracy but limited to medium
range. Smaller in size, usually used
with a survey pole.

1 set mini prism

57
No Tools
15
Used to determine height between
point and difference in a vertical
datum.

2 set levelling target staff

16
To supply power and make sure all
the devices can be used.

1 set Generator
17
To supply power and make sure all
the devices can be used.

1 set Battery
18
As a mark to read tidal reading.

Plumb Bob
19
Used to measure depth by
propagating signals in a form of
sound waves, it penetrates into the
sea and the waves reflect back to
Transducer the transducer.
20
To hold a transducer along the
vessel.

58
 No Tools
Transducer Bracket
21
Bubble function designed to make
sure the equipment is in vertical and
horizontal balance of position.
Usually used with the 9-levelling
Bubble
staff to get accuracy in vertical
height.
22
To communicate between the
surveyor to get fixed line reading
for the sounding and tracking
process.
Walkie - talkie

3.14.2 Softwares
The software used are as follows.
Table 3.14.2 Software used in this implementation of internship

1  Enables editing depth-related information,

including depth, heave, and tide
measurements.
 An export file from the NavEdit program can be
imported directly into the Processing program.
 Tide Editor tool that is used to create Tide files,
as well as the ability to plan View Map, which
HYDROpro provides a graphic depiction of the positional
Information
2  May produce an entire map in a matter of
seconds using an intelligent model built from
Hydro pro software data or a specific ASCII
points file.
 Use a 3D database with a unique point
descriptor to conduct quick and precise survey
Terramodel 10.4 calculations.
 Contour can be generated quickly

3  To process the total station raw data

 To identify and calculate the coordinates for

59
 the created
points.

Civil Design and

Survey
4  To Combine the results of detailed point
measurements so as to form a topographic
picture in the coastal area of Tanjung Dawai.

AutoCAD Map 3D
2012
5  To assist in making internship reports

Microsoft Office 365

3.14.3 Equipments Specifications

a. Laptop ASUS ROG Strix G531GT

Table 3.14.3.a Specifications of Laptop ASUS ROG Strix G531GT

Information Explanation
Processor Intel Core i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60 GHz
Graphics NVIDIA Geforce GTX 1650
RAM / HDD 16 GB / 256 GB
Resolution 1920 x 1080
Information Explanation
Expansion ports USB-2.0, USB 3.0, Audio 3,55mm port,
HDMI, LAN
Battery 2950 mAh 44 W hrs Polymer
Camera VGA
Dimension 380 x 251 x 29.2 mm
Weight 2.45 kg
Software Operating System Windows 10 Home

60
 b. Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Hydrotrac II
The specifications on the Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Hydrotrac
II are as follows.
Table 3.14.3.b Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Hydrotrac II

Information Explanation
Output Power 600 watts
Power Requirement 11-28 V DC
Resolution 0.1 ft / 0.01m
Accuracy - 200 kHz - 1cm (0.1% of depth value (corrected for
sound velocity)
- 33 kHz - 10cm 0.1% of depth value
Maximum Depth 600m or 1800 ft
Range
Environmental -0 - 45 C
Operating -Storage -20 - 45 C
Communication 2 RS232 ports or 1 RS232 and 1 RS422
Ethernet port Ethernet port 1600 samples/ping
Printer  High resolution 8 dot/mm (203 dpi);
 16 gray shades; 216mm (8.5 in) wide thermal
paper;
 External ON/OFF switch; paper advance control
 368 mm (14.5 in) H x 419 mm (16.5 in) W x
203 mm (8 in) D
Weight 22.5 lbs (10.2 kg)

61
 Table 3.14.3.c Specifications of Trimble Zephyr 3 Antenna

Information
1. Technical Specifications
 Broad GNSS Frequency Tracking Band Including:
o GPS: L1, L2, L5
o GLONASS: L1, L2, L3
o BeiDou: B1, B2, B3
o Galileo: E1, E2, E5, E6
o SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, QZSS, Gagan, MSAS and OmniSTAR
 Quality signal tracking, even below 5 degrees elevation
 Four-point antenna feed for phase center stability and enhanced polarization
 TNC female signal connector
 Small cross-sectional area to reduce wind loading
 13 dB amplifier margin supports cable runs of over 60 m without special
coaxial cable or in-line amplifiers
 North orientation marking on exterior
 50 dB signal gain for reliable tracking in difficult environments
 Low voltage, low power consumption
 Integral low noise amplifier
 5/8” x 11 female threaded stainless steel mount point
 Powered by GNSS receiver via coaxial cable
 Advanced LNA (low noise amplifier) to reduce jamming by high power out-
of-band transmitters
2. Environmental
Operating –40 ºC to +85 ºC (–40 ºF to +167 ºF)
Temperature
Humidity 100% humidity proof, fully sealed

Input Voltage 3.5 V DC to 20 V DC

Input Current 125 mA maximum

Shock and Vibration  Shock = MIL-STD-810-F to survive a 2 m

(6.56 ft) drop onto concrete
 Vibration = MIL-STD-810-F on each axis
3. Physicalp

62
Dimensions  Zephyr 2 = 16.5 cm diameter x 7.6 cm height (6.5
in diameter x 3 in height)
 Zephyr Geodetic 2 = 34.3 cm diameter x 7.9 cm
height (13.5 in diameter x 3.1 in height)
Weight  Zephyr 2 = 0.64 kg (1.4 lb)
 Zephyr Geodetic 2 = 1.36 kg (3 lb)
Part Number
 57970-10-INT Zephyr Model 2L1/L2/L5/G1/G2
Rover

d. Trimble SPS461 GPS Heading Receiver

Table 3.14.3.d Trimble SPS461 GPS Heading Receiver

Information
1. Configuration Option (DGPS)
Type Modular
Base and rover No, rover only
interchangeability
Base operation NA
Rover operation All models
Heading operation All models
Rover position update rate 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20Hz
Rover maximum range from Unlimited
base
Rover operation within a Yes
VRS™ network
Factory options Location RTK, OmniSTAR HP/XP, Precise
Vertical, Precision RTK
2. General
Keyboard and display  VFD display 16 characters by 2 rows
 On/Off key for one-button startup
 Escape and Enter keys for menu
navigation
Dimensions (L × W × D) 24 cm (9.4 in) × 12 cm (4.7 in) × 5 cm (1.9
in)
including connectors
Weight 1.22 kg (2.70 lb) receiver only

63
 1.37 kg (3.00 lb) receiver with internal radio
3. Antenna Options
GA510 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
(optimized
for OmniSTAR)
GA530 L1/L2 GPS, MSK Beacon, SBAS,
and
OmniSTAR
L1/Beacon, DSM 232 Not supported
Zephyr™ Model 2 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr Geodetic™ Model 2 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr Model 2 Rugged 0L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr, Zephyr Geodetic, Z- Refer to antenna specification
Plus, Micro-Centered™
4. Temperature
Operating –40 °C to +65 °C –40 °F to +149 °F)
Storage –40 °C to +80 °C (–40 °F to +176 °F)
Humidity MIL-STD 810F, Method 507.4
Waterproof IP67 for submersion to depth of 1 m (3.3 ft),
dustproof

e. Topcon GTS-235W Total Station

Table 3.14.3.e Specifications Topcon GTS-235W Total Station

Information
1. Telescope Specification
Length 150mm
Objective Lens Diameter 45mm (EDM:50MM)
Magnification 30x
Resolving Power 2.5"
Minimum Focusing Distance 1.3m
2. Distance Measurement
1 Prism 3000m

64
 Information
3 Prism 4000mcon
Accuracy ±(2mm + 2ppm x D) m.s.e
Measuring Time  Fine Mode: 1mm: 1.2sec (Initial
4sec.)
0.2mm: 2.8sec (Initial 5sec.)
 Coarse Mode: 0.7sec (Initial 3
sec.)
 Tracking Mode: 0.4sec (Initial
3sec.)
3. Angle Measurement
Method Absolute encoder reading
Detecting System H:2 side V:1 side
Minimum Reading 1"/5"
Accuracy 5"
4. Tilt Correction
Tilt Sensor Dual axis
Method Liquid Type
Compensating Range ± 3’
Correction Unit 1"
5. Display
Display Unit  Dot matrix graphic LCD 160dot x
64dot
 2 side
Keyboard 12 Keys
6. Operating Time
Including Distance 10h (Bluetooth ON:8h)
Measurement
Angle Measurement Only 45h (Bluetooth ON:25h)
7. Others
Bluetooth Yes
Protection Against Water and Dust IP66
Data Memory 8000pts
Ambient Temperature Range -20oC to +50oC
P.G. Yes
Plummet Laser (Optical plummet optional)

65
 f. Nikon AC-2S Waterpass Automatic Level

Table 3.14.3.f Specifications Nikon AC-2S Waterpass Automatic Level

Accuracy 2.0 mm (With distance ± 1 km)

Telescope Magnification 24x
Objective Lens 30 mm
Minimum Focus 0.75 m
Compensator  Magnetic Dampened
 Compensating Range: ±16’
Horizontal Circle Minimum Division: 1° (1g)
Nivo Mercury 10’/2 mm
Protection Against Water and Dust IP 54
Weight 1.25 kg

3.14.4 Software Specifications

a. HYDROpro
HYDROpro software is an application for implementing hydrographic
surveys, which collects field data, including position, depth, time, and marking
number. This software also helps plan sounding lines and cross lines, guiding the
movement of ships on predetermined paths, collecting data, and interpolating each
survey data result to plotting. HYDROpro consists of two main programs and
eight integrated utility programs with their respective functions. The two main
programs are:
- HYDROpro Navigation : Easy-to-use software in hydrographic surveys. The
software is designed with efficiency and efficiency in mind, both in planning,
conducting surveys, and collecting data.
- HYDROpro NavEdit : Software that can integrate the data collection results
obtained from the HYDROpro Navigation software. The software can
graphically filter and modify the depth and generate tidal files from tidal data.

66
 Table 3.14.4.a Minimum Specifications HYDROpro

Processor Pentium II 300 MHz

RAM 128 MB
Hard drive 4 GB
Monitor SVGA color 1024 × 768
Data devices CD-ROM drive
Operating system Windows NT, 2000, or XP Professional

b. Terramodel 10.4
Terramodel software is ideal for various survey tasks, including processing
from survey networks and terrain control. The same applies to data import
(HYDROpro NavEdit data products have a .hpo file extension), modelling, and
exporting data to AutoCAD. Leverage Terramodel's proprietary database for large
survey operations by simplifying and automating the storage of raw survey data in
a single file. Terramodel supports the design of roads, bridges, iron roads, sea
level, commercial or residential areas, and infrastructure. Here are the minimum
specifications for Terramodel software.

Table 3.14.3.b Minimum Specifications Terramodel 10.4

Processor Intel Dual Core processor or later.

RAM 1 GB
Hard drive 350 MB
Operating system Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10

c. Geodetic Datum Transformation System (GDTS)

Geodetic Datum Transformation System is software created and developed
by a geomatics organization from Malaysia called "Info-Geomatic" to make it

67
easier for surveyors or students to transform and convert the station's coordinates
from and to various reference datums.

Table 3.14.3.c Minimum Specifications Geodetic Datum Transformation System

(GDTS)

Processor Pentium Grade Processor

RAM 256 MB

Operating System Windows 98/ME/Windows 2000 SP4/XP

d. AutoCAD Map 3D 2012

AutoCAD Map 3D is computer-aided design (CAD) software developed
by Autodesk, Inc., which combines this software with GIS (Geographic
Information Systems) software. AutoCAD Map 3D has advantages, including that
images can have geo-references with a particular coordinate system, import and
export map formats such as SHP and SDF, detect and correct geometry errors in
images, and multi-user. The minimum specifications of AutoCAD Map 3D 2012
are as follows.
Table 3.14.3.d Minimum Specifications AutoCAD Map 3D 2012

Processor AMD Athlon 64, AMD Opteron™ with SSE2

technology, Intel® Xeon®, or Intel Pentium 4 with
Intel EM64T support with SSE2 technology
RAM 2 GB RAM minimum (4 GB RAM recommended)
Monitor 1,280 x 768 with true color minimum (1,280 x 1,024
with true color recommended)
Others  Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.0 or later
 DVD drive
 Citrix XenApp 5.0 on Windows Server 2003 or
Citrix XenApp 6.0 on Windows Server 2008 R2
(optional)
Operating system  Windows 7 Professional, Ultimate, or Enterprise,
Windows Vista Enterprise, Business, or Ultimate
(SP2 or later), or Windows XP Professional Edition
(SP2)

68
e. Microsoft Office 365

Microsoft Office 365 is an office software developed by Microsoft

designed for Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. In this
internship, several Microsoft Office programs are used as follows:

Table 3.14.3.e Minimum Specifications Microsoft Office 365

Information
Computer & Processor  Windows OS: 1.6 GHz or faster, 2-core. 2 GHz
or greater recommended for Skype for Business
 macOS: Intel processor

69
 CHAPTER IV RESULT & ANALYSIS

4.1 Instrument Calibration Result

Hereby is the result of Instrument Calibration Result.
a. Bar check Calibration
Below is the result of Bar Check Calibration

Table 4.1.a Bar check calibration on 31th May, 2023

Bar Check Calibration on 31th May, 2023

Time Bar Depth Calibration Difference Draft (m) Velocity

(m) Value (m) Value (m)

13:57:21 1 1.02 0.02 1500

13:57:51 2 2.02 0.02 1500

13:58:12 3 2.92 0.08 1500

0.3
13:58:25 3 2.98 0.02 1505

13:59:24 4 3.97 0.03 1510

14:00:44 6 5.97 0.03 1510

Table 4.1.b Bar check calibration on 1st June, 2023

Bar Check Calibration on 1st June, 2023

Time Bar Depth Calibration Difference Draft (m) Velocit

(m) Value (m) Value (m) y

11:29:38 1 0.99 0.01 0.26 1500

11:30:19 2 2 0 1500

11:32:22 3 2.98 0.02 0.27 1505

11:33:02 4 3.99 0.01 1510

11:34:17 5 4.99 0.01 1520

70
 Calibration with bar check is conducted before and after the depth
measurement, within a single session or day of measurement. The bar check
technique compares the depth of one point that has been determined and known to
be below sea level with the depth of that location based on transducer readings.
There are two important factors to consider: draft and velocity.

One of these two issues must be resolved to eliminate mistakes caused by

the nature of wave propagation in the marine medium. For this project, we used
the bar plate. Prior to the start of the sounding operation, the plate was lowered at
1 m intervals until it reached the seabed at the survey location, according to PKUP
Circular Number 8, 2021. According to the two tables above, the depth measuring
equipment we use are in excellent condition since the data obtained from the
transducer is near to the specified value from the data logger and is presented by
the program on the data recorder.

To check the transducer's performance, we need to perform bar check

calibration before and after a bathymetric survey. A bar check has been done to
determine the draft and sound velocity values. The calibration must be completed
to conduct the survey work of sounding process. Sounding velocity is influenced
by three factors that are temperature, salinity and pressure. The result shows bar
check calibration was done on the 31th May & 1st June, 2023. . Based on the
result of both calibrations, the transducer is in good condition because the
difference values are below the tolerance of 10 cm.

b. Differential Field Test

Hereby is the table of differential field test data
Table 4.1.c Result of Differential Field Test

BEARING/ANGLE Line
Vertical Final
STN Face From Final To Distance Date/Time
Face Left Mean Angle Distance
Right Bearing

71
 Differential Field Test A B H 152.698 7/6/2023 152.698
(152.698)

Peg Online A–B C A H 79.095 79.095

(79.094)

See Space 2 C B 73.601 73.602

(73.602)
C A 79.095
A B 152.697

In addition to performing daily checks where re-measuring the distance of

the last line is measured to ensure the error is not more than +/-10mm, the
differential field test process will also be implemented to ensure the total station
tool is in good condition. The DFT distance that we implemented follows the
recommended distance standard of not less than 50 meters.

DFT results, the error is just 1mm so the total station tool is in excellent condition
because the error does not exceed +/-10mm. If it exceeds +/-20mm, the tool needs
to be calibrated.

Distance:

A to B = 152.698

CB + CA = 152.697

Error: 152.698 – 152.697 = 0.001m

c. Two Peg Test

Hereby is the result for two peg test:
Table 4.1.d Result of Two Peg Test

Backsight (m) Intermediate (m) Foresight Distance

(m)
1.707
2.027 1.387 50

72
 1.719 50
(1.707– 1.387) – (2.027 – 1.719) = 0.320 – 0.317
= 0.003 m

According to Table 5.4, the two peg test results showed that the levelling
instrument was suitable for survey work and did not require calibration. The
difference in height is 0.003 m, which is still within the 0.005 m
tolerance. It shows that the obtained error is within the acceptable tolerance. As a
result, the levelling instrument is in good condition and can be used for additional
work in the survey project.

4.2 Result for In-situ Bathymetric Survey

Figure 3.2 shows the result for the Bathymetric Survey by using DGPS at
Kuala Linggi, Melaka. The survey of the positioning were conducted
automatically from the GNSS survey. Hereby is the result of In-situ method used

Figure 4.2 Result In-Situ Bathymetric Survei

4.3 Result for Ex-Situ Bathymetry Survey

Figure 4.2 shows the result for the Bathymetric survey by using
conventional method where the positioning of the data based on the tracking using

73
total station and the tide correction were calculated manually. Then the tide
correction was applied to the depth reading to obtain reduce depth

Figure 4.3 Result of Ex-Situ Bathymetric Survey

Analysis :
Based on the figure 4.1, the result fot the depth measurement at Kuala Linggi
show that the overall depth in the ranges 1.7 to 25.1 meters below Mean Sea
Level (MSL). However for the result conventional method in figure 3.3 show the
overall depth ranges from 2.0 to 24.6 meters below MSL. Figure 19 and figure 20
show that the depth with dark green colour indicates to the deepest area for this
study area which area around 21 to 25 meters below MSL. The index interval for
both map were every 2 meter interval. The contour line in the map visualize the
seabed surface feature with difference depth or the surface that change drastically.
At the middle of the site area for both plan show the contour that close with each
other which means that area have the drastically change of the surface depth. In
the range around 10 meters to the seaward, the depth drop 1 meters and its happen
continuously from depth 9 to 16 meters depth below MSL.

4.4 Result for Cross-section Bathymetry

74
 Figure 4.3 shows the cross-section plan of the bathymetric survey using
Terramodel Software. The cross-section of the seabed morphology was made to
determine the morphological shape of the seabed on Kuala Linggi. At such a
cross-section, the interval between the cross-section lines is 100 m, with a length
of 400 m and in total there are 15 cross-section data were generated. The basis for
drawing the cross-sectional line is to analyse the slope of the cross line that
created with interval 100 meters through the sounding line.

Figure 4.4 Result Cross-Section Bathymetric Survey

Referring to Figure 4.3, the graph shows the change of the seabed surface for
every 100 meters in the site area from the sea to the seacoast. The result from the
graph shows that from chainage 400 until chainage 800, the contour for the seabed
changes drastically from -24 meters until -8 meters below MSL. The deepest
depth for the site area is located at the chainage 400 meter and the shallow area
are at the chainage 1400 meter which are near to the seacoas

BAB V CONCLUSION

75
5.1 Conclusions

The physical properties, depths, and contours of water bodies, such as

lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and oceans, can be measured and mapped using
hydrographic survey. The primary goal is to compile accurate and comprehensive
data on the underwater environment in order to facilitate a variety of activities,
including resource exploration, engineering projects, navigation, and
environmental monitoring. while hydrographic surveys was being done by our
group. A bathymetric plan is the end result that was generated for this field work.
We used reconnaissance, survey planning, data collection, data processing,
and data analysis as our processes to create this plan. To summarize, our group
was able to complete the task given to us by our lecturers and achieve the aim and
objectives of this field scheme. As required, we were able to produce a
bathymetric plan near the D’Qunut Chalet beach. We achieved this with guidance
from our lecturers and using hydrographic software such as HydroPro, NavEdit,
and Terramodel.
With cooperation from other groups as well, we were able to collect data
for tide readings and raw depth while our group was performing tracking on the
beach. We also performed tacheometric surveying at the Umang-Umang Chalet
Beach where we managed to pick up many details. At the end of our field scheme,
we learned how to work with a large group of people and apply what we learned
in our lab in real-life work. There were many experiences that we can take away
and learn from.

76
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

77
 Amalina, A., Warsito, A., & Pranowo, W. S. (2016). Karakteristik pasang
surut di Teluk Jakarta berdasarkan data 253 bulan. Jurnal Riset Jakarta, 13(2),
111-124

Analisis Ketelitian Posisi GNSS Menggunakan Metode PPP (Precise Point

Positioning)" oleh Abidin, H. Z. (2007). Jurnal Geodesi Indonesia, 2(1), 1-
13.

Bathymetric mapping using aerial photogrammetry" by Westoby, M. J., et al.

(2012). International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33(12), 3924-3940.

Bathymetric mapping using satellite imagery" by Chust, G., et al. (2010). Remote
Sensing of Environment, 114(8), 1844-1854.

Bathymetric mapping using single-beam echo sounder" oleh Febrianto, T., et al.
(2015). Jurnal Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan, 6(2), 139-147

JUPEM. (2009). PKPUP Bil 3/2009 Garis Panduan Mengenai Penukaran

Koordinat, Transformasi Datum dan Unjuran Peta untuk Tujuan Ukur dan
Pemetaan (bil 3 ed.).

JUPEM. JUPEM. (2009). PKPUP Bil 5-2009 Peraturan Ukur Kadastre (Bil 5 ed.).
JUPEM. JUPEM. (2009).

JUPEM. JUPEM. (2021). PKPUP Bil 8/2021 Garis Panduan Teknikal Cerapan
Air Pasang Surut (Bil 8 ed.). JUPEM.

Ontario. (June 2004). Manual of Instructions Bathymetric Survey.

Parkinson, B. W., & Spilker, J. J. (2019). Global navigation satellite systems:

Theory and applications. In Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
(Vol. 283). Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics

Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan(13 October 2021). Garis Panduan
Teknikal Cerapan Air Pasang Surut. Bilangan 8 tahun 2021.

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PKPUP Bil 6/2009 - Garis Panduan Amalan Kerja Ukur Kadaster dalam
Persekitaran eKadaster (bil 6 ed.). JUPEM. JUPEM. (2021). PKPUP Bil
7/2021 Garis Panduan Teknikal Ukur Aras (bil 7 ed.).

Surveying: Principles and Applications by Barry Kavanagh and Stephen W. Lichti

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Uji Kualitas Data Pengukuran Batimetri Singlebeam Echosounder Berdasarkan

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W. Michael Gibson and Stephen K. Gil (September 1999). Tides And Water
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79
 APPENDIX

1. Letter of Application for Internship

2.

Activity Documentation

80
81
82
83
 1. Result of Work

3a. Tidal Observation Result

Date Time Tide reading (m)

14:00 1.652
14:10 1.682
14:20 1.662
14:30 1.686
14:40 1.682
14:50 1.652
15:00 1.641
15:10 1.588
15:20 1.542
15:30 1.411
15:40 1.441
15:50 1.382
18/05/2022 16:00 1.292
16:10 1.210
16:20 1.132
16:30 1.032
16:40 0.942
16:50 0.882
17:00 0.742
17:10 0.692
17:20 0.602
17:30 0.551
17:40 0.452
17:50 0.338
18:00 0.238
18:10 0.178
18:20 0.026
18:30 -0.048
18:40 -0.126
18:50 -0.120
12:53 1.082
13:03 1.15
13:13 1.223
13:23 1.293
13:33 1.343
13:43 1.374

84
 13:53 1.438
14:03 1.452
14:13 1.474
14:23 1.5

14:33 1.516
14:43 1.552
14:53 1.546
15:03 1.544
15:13 1.552
15:23 1.52
15:33 1.502
15:43 1.45
15:53 1.404
16:03 1.352
16:13 1.28
16:23 1.222
16:33 1.171
16:43 1.123
16:53 1.05
17:03 0.984
17:13 0.913
17:23 0.823
17:33 0.762
17:43 0.682

85