Assignment 4

Paper Code: CE(ES)401

Paper Name: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
MODULE - I

1. Enunciate Newton's law of viscosity and distinguish between Newtonian and non-
Newtonian fluids.

2. Explain how certain insects are able to walk on the surface of water.

3. Calculate the velocity gradient at distances of 0, 100, and 150 mm from the boundary if the
velocity profile is a parabola with the vertex 150 mm from the boundary, where the velocity
is 1 m/s. Also calculate the shear stresses at these points if the fluid has a viscosity of 0.804
N-s/m2.

4. A piston 796 mm diameter and 200 mm long works in a cylinder of 800 mm diameter. If
the annular space is filled with a lubricating oil of viscosity 5 cP, calculate the speed of
descent of piston in vertical position. The weight of piston and the axial load are 9.8 N.

6. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Viscosity (b) Vapour pressure

MODULE - II

1. State Pascal’s law. What do you understand the terms Absolute, Gauge, atmospheric &
vacuum pressure?

2. List out different types of manometers. Explain U-tube differential manometers with neat
sketches.

3. A hydraulic press has a ram 12.5 cm in dia and a plunger of 1.25 cm dia. What force would
be required on the plunger to raise a weight of 10 kN on the ram?

4. Calculate the pressure difference between the pipes A and B for the inverted U-tube
manometer reading shown in figure.

5. Calculate the pressure gauge reading for the case shown in the figure.
6. The figure shows water column with air trapped in the manometer bend. Compute the
pressure head at A in metre of water.

MODULE - III

1. Distinguish between streamlines, streaklines and pathlines.

2. Define local acceleration, convective acceleration and tangential acceleration.

3. Define steady, non-steady, uniform and non-uniform flow.

4. The velocity distribution for a three-dimensional flow is given by u= -x, v = 2y and w = 3-

z. Find the equation of the streamline passing through (1, 1, 2)

5. The velocity field in a fluid flow is given by

V=10x2y i+ 15xy j+(25t-3xy) k
Find acceleration of flow at (1, 2, -1) m at time it = 0.5 sec.

6. A pipeline carries oil (sp. gr. 0.83), at a velocity of 2 m/s through a 20 cm pipe. At another
section the diameter is 15 cm. Find the velocity at this section and the mass rate of flow.

MODULE - IV

1. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation. State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s equation.

2. Derive an expression for the rate of flow through venturimeter.

3. venturimeter with 30 cm diameter inlet and 15 cm throat is used for measuring flow of oil
of sp. gr. 0.90. The oil-mercury differential gauge shows a reading of 33 cm. Assuming the
coefficient of meter 0.98, calculate the discharge.

4. Derive the expression for Bernoulli’s equation.

5. Water is flowing through a horizontal conical pipe whose diameter changes from 20 cm to
10 cm over length of 1 m. If the velocity of flow is 4 m/s at the bigger diameter, find the
velocity heads at the two ends at the middle of the pipe. Calculate also the mass rate of flow.

MODULE - V

1. State the Buckingham‟s pi-theorem.

2. Distinguish between Geometric similarity and Kinematic similarity

3. The drag force F on a partially submerged body depends on the relative velocity V
between the body and the fluid, characteristic linear dimension ‘l’, height of surface
roughness k, fluid density ρ, the viscosity µ and the acceleration due to gravity g. Obtain an
expression for the drag force, using the method of dimensional analysis.

4. Explain the following terms:

(i) Model and prototype
(ii) Dimensional Homogeneity
(iii) Reynolds number

MODULE - VI

1. Differentiate between Laminar flow and turbulent flow.

2. Explain the boundary Layer growth over a flat plate.

3. What is turbulence? Give examples of common occurrence which characterize turbulent

flow.

4. Explain the separation of Boundary layer theory.

5. A horizontal pipe of 5 cm diameter conveys oil of specific gravity 0.9 and dynamic
viscosity 0.8 kg/ms. Measurements indicate a pressure drop of 20 kN/m2 per metre of pipe
lensth traversed. Make calculations for the :
(i) flow rate of oil and centreline velocity.
(ii) wall shear stress and the frictional drag over 100 m length of pipe length.
(iii) power of pump required assuming an overall efficiency of 60%.
(iv) velocity and shear stress at 1 cm from the pipe surface.
6. A test for determining the equivalent sand grain roughness of a certain pipe gave the
following data:
diameter of pipe = 30 cm
discharge = 0.47 m°/sec
head loss in 10 metres = 1.9 metres
kinematic viscosity of fluid = 10-6 m2/sec.
Determine the equivalent sand grain roughness of the pipe. What is the maximum roughness
in order that the pipe may act as hydrodynamically smooth at the given discharge?

MODULE - VII

1. What are the minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?

2. What are the causes of loss of energy in pipe bends?

3. What is a siphon and under what circumstances would it stop functioning?

4. A smooth pipe carries 6.5 litres/sec of water at 20°C (ν = 10-6 m2 / sec) with a head loss of
7.5 cm per 10 metre length. Determine the diameter of the pipe.

5. Water has to be supplied to a town with one lakh population at the rate of 150
litre/capita/day from a river 2000 m away. The difference in elevation between the lowest
water level in the sump and reservoir is 40 m. If the demand has to be supplied in 8 hours,
determine the size of the main and brake horsepower of the pumps required. Assume
maximum demand as 1.5 times the average demand. Assume f= 0.03, velocity in the pipe 2.4
m/s and efficiency of pump 80 percent.

6. Explain the following:

(i) Loss due to sudden enlargement
(ii) Loss due to sudden contraction
(iii) Loss of energy in Gradual Expansion

MODULE - VIII

1. Compare between reaction and impulse turbine.

2. What do you understand by turbomachines?

3.What do you mean by specific speed of a pump?

4. What do you mean by Reciprocating pump? Explain the working of a reciprocating pump.

5. A centrifugal pump impeller is 40 cm in outer diameter and 2.5 cm wide at exit and its
blade angle is 150°. When run at a speed of 2100 r.p.m., the flowrate through the pump is 80
lit / sec.

Calculate the (a) radial, (b) relative and (c) absolute fluid velocities at the impeller exit.
6. An inward flow reaction turbine of inlet diameter 1.2 m operates under a head of 150 m
and requires a discharge of 6 m3/s at a rotational speed of 400 r.p.m. The guide vane angle is
20° and the water leaves the runner blade radially. If the runner is 10 cm wide at the inlet,
calculate (i) the torque and power applied to the shaft and (i) the turbine efficiency.