1.

A steady, incompressible, two dimensional velocity field is given by

Where the x-and y-coordinates are in meters and the magnitude of

2. A car is being washed using a nozzle. The nozzle is 9.91 cm long, with an
inlet diameter of 1.07 cm and an outlet diameter of 0.460 cm. The volume
flow rate through the garden hose (and through the nozzle) is 0.0530
litres/sec and the flow is steady. Estimate the magnitude of the
acceleration of a fluid particle moving down the centerline of the nozzle.
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4.
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1. A 1.5 m high, 0.8 m diameter cylindrical water tank whose top is open to the atmosphere is initially
filled with water. Now the discharge plug near the bottom of the tank is pulled out, and a water
jet whose diameter is 2 cm streams out. The average velocity of the jet is approximated as V =
√2𝑔ℎ, where h is the height of water in the tank measure from the center of the hole (a variable)
and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine how long it takes for the water level in the tank
to drop to 0.5 m from the bottom.

2. A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a 4 cm diameter horizontal water pipe, and the
height of the water columns are measured to be 26 cm in the piezometer and 35 cm in the Pitot
tube (both measured from the top surface of the pipe). Determine the velocity at the center of
the pipe.
3. A horizontal water pipe of dia. 15 cm converges to dia. 7.5 cm. If the pressure at two sections are
400 kPa and 150 kPa respectively, calculate the flow rate of water.
4. A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 m from the outlet tap. A
tap near the bottom of the tank is now opened, and water flows out from the smooth and
rounded outlet. Determine the water velocity at the outlet.
5. The water level in a tank is 15 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the tank,
and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank cover is airtight, and the air
pressure above the water surface is 3 atm gage. The system is at sea level. Determine the
maximum height to which the water stream could rise.

6. A constriction in a pipe will cause the velocity to rise and the pressure to fall at section 2 in the
throat. The pressure difference is a measure of the flow rate through the pipe. The smoothly
necked-down system shown is called a venturi tube. Find an expression for the mass flux in the
tube as a function of the pressure change.
1. In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an elevation of 120 m to a turbine,
where electric power is generated. The total irreversible head loss in the piping system from point
1 to point 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the overall efficiency of the
turbine-generator is 80 percent, estimate the electric power output.

2. Commercially available large wind turbines have blade span diameters larger than 100 m and
generate over 3 MW of electric power at peak design conditions. Consider a wind turbine with a
60 m blade span subjected to 30 km/h steady winds. If the combined turbine-generator efficiency
of the wind turbine is 32 percent, determine a) the power generated by the turbine and b) the
horizontal force exerted by the wind on the supporting mast of the turbine. Take the density of
air to be 1.25 kg/m3, and disregard frictional effects on mast.

3. A 10 cm fire hose with a 3 cm nozzle discharges 1.5 m3/min to the atmosphere. Assuming
frictionless flow, find the force FB exerted by the flange bolts to hold the nozzle on the hose.
4. Underground water is to be pumped by a 78 percent efficient 5 kW submerged pump to a pool
whose free surface is 30 m above the underground water level. The diameter of the pipe is 7 cm
on the intake side and 5 cm on the discharge side. Determine a) the maximum flow rate of water
and b) the pressure difference across the pump. Assume the elevation difference between the
pump inlet and the outlet and the outlet and the effect of the kinetic energy correction factors to
be negligible.

5. An oil pump is drawing 25 kW of electric power while pumping oil with ρ = 860 kg/m3 at a rate of
0.1 m3/s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12 cm, respectively. If the
pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be 250 kPa and the motor efficiency is 90 percent,
determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump. Take the kinetic energy correction factor to be
1.05.
1. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner radius R = 2 cm, in
m/s, is given by u(r) = 4 (1 – r2/R2). Determine the average and maximum velocities in the pipe
and the volume flow rate. Plot the velocity profile.
2. Water at 10°C (ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 and μ = 1.307 x 10-3 kg/m.s) is flowing steadily in a 0.12 cm
diameter, 15 m long pipe at an average velocity of 0.9 m/s. Determine a) the pressure drop, b)
the head loss, c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop, and d)
Determine the percentage change in the pumping power requirement if the circular pipe is
replaced with a rectangular duct with length 0.12 cm and width 0.10 cm keeping all the other
parameters the same.
3. In the above question, for the circular pipe and same useful pumping power input, determine
the percent increase of the flow rate if the pipe is inclined 30 degree downward and the percent
decrease if it is incline 30 degree upward. Discuss your results.
4. Water flows steadily through a reducing pipe section. The flow upstream with a radius of R1 is
laminar with a velocity profile of u1(r) = u01 (1-r2/R2) while the flow downstream is turbulent with
a velocity profile of u2(r) = u02(1-r/R2)1/7. For incompressible flow with R2/R1 = 4/7, determine the
ratio of centerline velocities u01/u02.
1. Water at 15° C (ρ = 999.1 kg/m3 and μ = 1.138 x 10-3 kg/m.s) is flowing steadily in a 30 m long and 5 cm diameter horizontal pipe
made of stainless steel at a rate of 9 L/s. Determine a) the pressure drop, b) the head loss, and c) the pumping power
requirement to overcome this pressure drop.

2. Air enters a 10 m long section of a rectangular duct of cross section 15 cm x 20 cm made of commercial steel at 1 atm and 35°C
at an average velocity of 7 m/s. Disregarding the entrance effects, determine the fan power needed to overcome the pressure
losses in this section of the duct.

3. A certain part of cast iron piping of a water distribution system involves a parallel section. Both parallel pipes have a diameter
of 30 cm, and the flow is fully turbulent. One of the branches (pipe A) is 1500 m long while the other branch (pipe B) is 2500 m
long. If the flow rate through pipe A is 0.4 m3/s, determine the flow rate through pipe B. Disregard minor losses and assume the
water temperature to be 15⁰ C.

4. The flow rate of water through a 10-cm diameter pipe is to be determined by measuring the water velocity at several locations
along a cross section. For the set of measurements given in the table, determine the flow rate.

r, cm V, m/s
0 6.4
1 6.1
2 5.2
3 4.4
4 2.0
5 0.0

5. Oil with a density of 850 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of 0.00062 m2/s is being discharged by a 8 mm diameter, 40 m long
horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 4 m.
Disregarding the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe.
6. A vented tanker is to be filled with fuel oil with density of 920 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.045 kg/m.s from an underground
reservoir using a 25 m long, 4 cm diameter plastic hose with a slightly rounded entrance and two 90 degree smooth bends. The
elevation difference between the oil level in the reservoir and the top of the tanker where the hose is discharged is 5 m. The
capacity of the tanker is 18 m3 and the filling time is 30 min. Taking the kinetic energy correction factor at the hose discharge to
be 1.05 and assuming an overall pump efficiency of 82 percent, determine the required power input to the pump.
1. The resultant of the pressure and wall shear forces acting on a body is measured to be 580 N,
making 35⁰ with the direction of flow. Determine the drag and the lift forces acting on the body.

2. During a high Reynolds number experiment, the total drag force acting on a spherical body of
diameter D = 12 cm subjected to airflow at 1 atm and 5 ⁰C is measured to be 5.2 N. The pressure
drag acting on the body is calculated by integrating the pressure distribution (measured by the use
of pressure sensors throughout the surface) to be 4.9 N. Determine the friction drag coefficient of
the sphere. The density and kinematic viscosity of air at 1 atm and 5 ⁰C is 1.26 kg/m3 and 1.382 x
10-5 m2/s respectively.
3. To reduce the drag coefficient and thus to improve the fuel efficiency, the frontal area of a car is to
be reduced. Determine the amount of fuel and money saved per year as a result of reducing the
frontal area from 1.67 m2 to 0.09 m2. Assume the car is driven 20,000 km/year at an average speed
to 60 km/hr. Take the density and price of gasoline to be 800 kg/m3 and $2/ltr, respectively. The
density of air is 1.2 kg/m3, the heating value of gasoline is 40000 kJ/kg, and the overall efficiency
of the engine is 30 percent.
4. Reconsider problem 3, investigate the effect of frontal area on the annual fuel consumption of the
car. Let the frontal area vary from 0.05 to 2 m2 (take 10 points). Tabulate and plot the results (better
to use excel or other software).
5. A circular sign has a diameter of 50 cm and is subjected to normal winds up to 150 km/h at 10 ⁰C
and 100 kPa. Determine the drag force acting on the sign. Also determine the bending moment at
the bottom of its pole whose height from the ground to the bottom of the sign is 1.5 m. Disregard
the drag on the pole.
1. The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity of 95 km/h is 2.1 m wide and 8
m long. If the outdoor air is at 1 atm and 25⁰C, determine the drag force acting on the top surface
of the car.

2. Air at 25⁰C flows over a 10-m-long flat plate at 5 m/s. Determine the local friction coefficient at
intervals of 1 m and plot the results against the distance from the leading edge.

3. The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous sheet of plastic that is 1.2 m wide and
2 mm thick at a rate of 18 m/min. The sheet is subjected to airflow at a velocity of 4 m/s on both
top and bottom surfaces normal to the direction of motion of the sheet. The width of the air cooling
section is such that a fixed point on the plastic sheet passes through that section in 2 s. Using
properties of air at 1 atm and 60⁰C, determine the drag force the air exerts on the plastic sheet in
the direction of airflow.
4. A 2-m-long, 0.2-m-diameter cylindrical pine log (density = 513 kg/m3) is suspended by a crane in
the horizontal position. The log is subjected to normal winds of 40 km/h at 5⁰C and 88 kPa.
Disregarding the weight of the cable and its drag, determine the angle θ the cable will make with
the horizontal and the tension on the cable (The density and kinematic viscosity of air at 5⁰C and
88 kPa is 1.103 kg/m3 and 1.59 x 10-5 m2/s respectively).

5. A Consider an airplane whose takeoff speed is 220 km/h and that takes 15 s to take off at sea level.
For an airport at an elevation of 1600 m (such as Denver), determine (a) the takeoff speed, (b) the
takeoff time, and (c) the additional runway length required for this airplane. Assume constant
acceleration for both cases.